Project

EVEREST ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Affiliated to Pokhara University)

Sanepa-2, Lalitpur
Subject Code: PRJ

A MINOR PROJECT PROPOSAL ON
“ To study about distribution and system of water supply in Nepal ”
Submitted By
Bipin Babu Khanal (Roll no:07)
Jeewan Prakash Bhatta (Roll no:18)
Bishal Kc (Roll no:08)
Md Aslam Husain (Roll no:22)
Submitted To
Department of civil Engineering
November 2022
The study reviews the
sustainability issues that are
associated w i t h r u r a l
community water
provision and some of the
challenges experienced in the in
Niger Delta region of Nigeria
within the context of project
benefits sustenance. Several
rural communities in Nigeria
derive water supply through
hand pump operated water
supply wells. The sustainability
of
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this approach to water provision
was assessed using a qualitative
research methodology and
undertaking a comparative
review of Micro-Projects
Programme (MPP3) in Nigeria
with that of Volta Region
Community Water Supply
Programme (VRCWSP), in
Ghana. The findings reveal
the absence of sustainability in
the current approach and the
paper recommends that if
community based hand pump
operated rural water supply
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projects are to be sustainable;
the
sustainability factors must be
given full consideration in its
design and implementation. A
post-project management
approach is suggested which
should be effectively
monitored, assessed, linked
and integrated into the
implementation
and post-operational
management of hand pumps
water supply systems. The use
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of a community based and
community
driven project-management
options in the management of
community rural water supply
is proposed as this remains a
credible alternative over control
by external or government
agencies.
Keywords: Sustainability,
Water-Supply, Hand-Pumps,
Project Management, Project
Benefit
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community water
of
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the
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implementation
community
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agencies.
Benefit
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community water
of
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the
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implementation
community
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agencies.
Benefit
Abstract
Water is the foundation of our life as we think about our personal lives.It is
predicted that the next world war will be fought for water if man does not learn
how to use to it judiciously. In the proposal we are going to learn about the use
and supply of pure drinking water from source to the consumer .Also we would
stud about methodology and demands of water. We have included the problems
of water supply and also we tried to eradicate the those problems.
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he study reviews the
associated with rural
community water
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of
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the
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implementation
community
agencies.
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Benefit.
Table of content
Abstract………………………………………………………… ii
Table of content ……………………………………………. iii
List of figure…………………………………………………… iv
Chapter I : Introduction
1.1 Introduction…………………………………………... 1
1.1.1Types of water demand in Nepal…………… 2-3
1.1.2Method of water distribution system
in Nepal…………………………………………………………. 4-6
1.2. Objective………………………………………………… 7
1.3. History…………………………………………………… 8
1.4. Statement of Problem……………………………… 9-10
Chapter II :Literature Review
2.1Theoretical Review ………………………………….. 11-12
2.2Review of previous data…………………………… 13-14
Chapter III :Methodology
3.1 Research Design………………………………………. 15
3.2 Primary Data collection………………………………15
3.3 Secondary Data collection …………………………..16
3.4 Working Schedule……………………………….. 17
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ChapterIV : Expected Outcomes
5. REFRENCES……………………………………………….. 13
LIST OF OF FIGURE
FIGURE PAGE NO
Figure 1.1…………………………………………………….. 4
Figure 1.2…………………………………………………….. 5
Figure 1.3……………………………………………………… 6
Figure 1.4……………………………………………………….. 8
Figure 1.5 …………………………………………………………10
Figure 2.1………………………………………………………….12
Figure 2.2………………………………………………………….13
Figure 2.3………………………………………………………….14
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Chapter I: Introduction
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Next to the air, the other important requirement for human life to exist is water.
Water is available in various forms such as rivers, lake, streams etc. The earliest
Civilizations organized on the banks of major river systems and required water for
drinking, bathing, cooking etc. But with the advancement of civilization the utility
of water enormously increased and now such a stage has come that without well-
organized public water supply scheme, it is impossible to run the present civic life
and the develop the towns. The importance of water from only a quantity
viewpoint was recognized from the earliest days and the importance of quality
come to be recognized gradually in the later days.
Water Supply Engineering is a branch of Civil Engineering that deals with the
Development of Sources of Supply, Distribution, and Treatment of water .Water
Supply Engineering helps us to supply clean water to particular urban and rural
area.
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1.1.1 Types of water Demand in Nepal
Domestic Demand (DD): The domestic demand includes water used for drinking,
bathing, cooking, house washing, utensils washing, cloth wasting, latrine,
gardening and so on. 112 lpcd for fully plumbed houses, 45 lpcd for partly
plumbed houses, 45 lpcd for rural areas served by public stand posts. As per WHO
guidelines, 135 lpcd is recommended for domestic demand.
Livestock Demand (LD) Livestock demand includes the quantity of water
consumed by domestic animals and birds as cows, buffalos, horses, sheep, goat,
pigs, chicken, ducks, etc. 45 lits/animal/day for big animals as cows, horses, etc,
20 lits /animal/day for medium sized animals as pigs, sheep, goats, etc, 20
lits/100birds/day for birds such as chicken ducks, etc, The livestock demand
should not exceed 20% of the total domestic demand. The livestock demand in
the urban area is much lower as compared to the domestic demand and can be
neglected.
Commercial Demand (CD) : Commercial Demand includes the demand of water
by offices, restaurants, schools, colleges, hospitals, hotels and other institutions.
500-1000 lits/day for offices (Depending upon the size),500 lits/bed/day for
hospitals with the bed, 2500 lits/day for hospitals without bed and health clinics.
200 lits/bed/day for hotels with the bed ,500 - 1000 lits/day for hotels without
the bed, 500 – 1000 lits/day for restaurants and tea stalls.
Public/Municipal Demand (PD) :Public Demand includes the quantity of water
required for watering of public parks and gardening purposes. It includes cleaning
of roads and sewers. This demand is taken into consideration in urban
communities only,5-10% of the total consumption is made for public/municipal
demand.
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Industrial Demand (ID) :Water consumed by industries is included within the
industrial demand. The consumption depends upon the size and type of
industries. 20-25% of the total consumption is made for industrial demand.
Fire Demand (FD): The quantity of water that is required for firefighting purposes
is included under fire demand. For cities and towns provision of fire, demand
should be included in the water supply scheme.
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1.1.2 Method of Water Distribution system in Nepal
 Gravity System
When the distribution reservoir is located at a higher elevation than the target
community; then water is supplied with the gravity flow and such a system is
called Gravity Flow Water Distribution System .This method is much more suitable
when the source is the river or impounded reservoir at sufficient height than the
target community. Usually pumping water is not required at any stage of this type
of distribution .In hilly or high altitude regions of Nepal water supply is generally
done by the gravity method. There is no control of water pressure in
pipelines .Due to the high gradient the velocity of water is also very high. So,
Break Pressure Tanks are built at suitable distances to reduce the hydrostatic
pressure in the pipe. This prevents the bursting of pipes.
Fig no :1.1 (Gravity water supply)
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 Pumping System
In the pumping water distribution system, water is supplied to the

consumers with the help of pumps .Some extra pumps are also installed for
emergency causes like fire hazards, peak water demand, etc. This method is
suitable if the source is at a lower elevation than the target
community .However, this system of distribution becomes very expensive
for long-term use .In this system, the water may be insufficient when the
power fails. So diesel pumps are also managed as an alternative .This
method has no problem with the pressure and maintaining the head at the
consumer’s tap.
Fig no:1.2 Pumping Water supply
 Combined System
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It is a combination of a gravity system and a pumping system. So it is called
the Dual System.In this system, the treated water is pumped and stored in
an elevated reservoir, from where it is supplied to the consumer by gravity.
Fig no: 1.3 Combined water supply
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1.2 Objective
 To study about the limitation of water supply in Nepal.
 To study about the water supply type on the basis of eco-regions.

 To study about the system and method of distribution of water in Nepal.
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1.3 History
History of piped water supply system development in Nepal dates back to 1895
A.D., when the first Bir Dhara system (1891-1893) was commissioned in
Kathmandu by then rana Prime Minister Bir Sumsher. The system also led to
establishment of Pani Goshowara Adda (The office for water supply) and it
provided limited private and community standpipes in few selected parts of
Kathmandu. The water supply services were then gradually extended to few other
prominent places like Amalekhgunj, Birgunj, Palpa and Jajarkot Khalanga where
either the rana rulers themselves or their family/relatives resided.
1.4BIR DHARA
Till then the sector started to receive a fair priority since the First
Periodic Development Plan of 1956-61. But the sector activities were
placed still under the Department of Irrigation for a long while until the
Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) was formally
established in 1972. The Department itself was housed under the then
Ministry of Water Resources. The sector was largely guided by the
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policies and programs as pronounced in the periodic and annual
development programs of the Government. No sector policies and
legislations were at place.
1.4 Problem of statement
Although Nepal has made remarkable progress in the drinking water only sector
from past few decades, the status of drinking water, in terms of climate change, is
poorly documented and thus less known. This review aims to sum up drinking
water status in climate change perspectives by reviewing available secondary data
from published and gray literature. Climate change, and its impact on the drinking
water sector, is undeniable. Though many policies and laws are enforced to
address climate change issues, very few policies and laws have incorporated
climate change-resilient WASH as a priority. It is of current need to carry out
action-based research followed by eco-region wise interventions for adaptation
and mitigation of impacts on WASH sector due to climate change.
From the study we
found the following problem.
• Half of the total population are deprived of pure and safe drinking water.
• In the hilly areas the sources of water very far and limited.
• There is no sufficient water in urban areas like Kathmandu ,Bhaktaour, lalitpur
• Diseases like dysentery, diarrhea, typhoid and cholera spread due to unsafe and
polluted water.
• The water of terai suffer from skin diseases due to presence of arsenic in the
tube well water.
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1.5 Problem of water in
urban and rural area
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Chapter II: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1Theoretical Review
Water supply Nepal, only 25% of water supply schemes are functioning well. 36%
need minor repairs and 39% need major repairs, rehabilitation or reconstruction.
While there are several approaches to setting up schemes, there is only one
model of ongoing service management – community-based management through
local water user committees. This is applied everywhere, from small rural systems
to more complex urban systems. Research has shown that these committees are
often unable to operate schemes sustainably. This is because they typically
struggle to collect enough money through tariffs, don’t have the technical
capacity to carry out maintenance, and lack accountability or transparency.
Oxfam, international consultant LeFil Consulting and Nepali enterprise SmartPaani
set out to explore alternative models while rehabilitating or rebuilding 200
schemes in the Hills districts and implementing two new schemes in the Terai.
Oxfam and Smart Paani surveyed the condition of water supply schemes in these
two regions (mostly gravity-flow systems in the Hills and systems where water is
pumped from underground, stored in a tank and distributed using gravity in the
Terai), collecting quantitative and qualitative data on technical, financial,
governance and social factors affecting sustainability across 26 schemes. Le Fil
Consulting compiled this data to assess the actual financial health of these
schemes and derive ‘typical’ economics (in the form of profit and loss statements)
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for systems in the Hills and the Terai . It then identified possible levers to improve
profitability, and developed a model to understand how, and how much, these
could affect financial sustainability. Le Fil then developed recommendations on
the best ways to improve the financial sustainability of water schemes in both
regions, which are currently being tested by Oxfam.
2.1 Condition of water supply in nepal
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2.2 Review of previous Data
Recent data from the Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Management
(DWSSM) in 2019 reported, merely 51.69% of the population have piped water
coverage and the remaining 48.31% are relying on un-piped locally and privately
managed systems like private tubewells (Figure 1). Even if Nepal achieved the
water supply related MDG goals, when analyzed by facility type, non-piped
coverage has increased from 36% in 2000 to 44% in 2017 (JMP 2019). Similarly
when analyzed by the service level, during these 20 years, safely managed
improved water supply sources have just decreased from from 24% to only 18%
(JMP 2021).
Fig: 2.2 Water supply type on the basis of eco-regions

(Source: DWSSM 2019).
After achieving the basic water supply target of MDGs (NPC 2016), Nepal has now
set its target for the SDGs. The specific SDG 6 targets for the year 2030 include
basic water supply coverage to 99%, piped water supply to 90%, and improved
sanitation to 95% of households (NPC 2017). Despite the fact that Nepal is trying
its best to improve the accessibility and sustainability of water supply, there are
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disparities in the ecological division level. The water supply and sanitation
coverage seem to be unequal though not so noteworthy (Figure 1).
‘Poorly functioning systems result in unreliable, insufficient and unsafe water
supply, which has direct impact on the proper use and cleanliness of toilets and
hand washing’ as well as hygiene behaviors (Budhathoki 2019S). Nepal's
functionality of the water supply schemes is not as expected as the met target of
basic water supply. Only 28.13% of drinking water schemes are fully functional
(DWSSM 2019). Even if there is a decreasing trend in water supply schemes
requiring repairs, reconstruction, and rehabilitation (Figure 2.3), available data
indicate that water supply systems are not in good condition to have a reliable
water supply that is sustainable. This also raises concerns on affectivity and
sustainability of sanitation and hygiene-related activities.
Fig no :2.3 Comparative status of the functionality of water supply schemes

from 2010 to 2018
(Sources: NMIP 2010; NMIP 2014; DWSSM 2019S).
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Chapter III METHODOLOGY
In this chapter the methodology used in this research is outlined. The population,
sample, study area and research design of the study are specified here. The
sources of data, sampling technique, process of data collection and data
processing techniques are explained in this chapter. Beside this data analysis and
interpretation procedure is also explained.
3.1 Research Design
The research design of the study will include both exploratory and descriptive
design. Descriptive design will be adopted to describe the prevalent condition of
water supply in the research area while exploratory will be conducted to find out
the prospects and problems of water supply in the research area.
Nature and Sources of Data

Both primary and secondary data will be utilized for this study, primary data will
be collected through survey , focus group discussion, and observation. The
secondary data will be collected through published and unpublished literature
Journals, NGOs/INGOs reports, web-sites, research report and other relevant
literatures. Both the quantitative and qualitative techniques will be used for the
data collection.
Tools and Technique of Data Collection

There are different types of data collection techniques. To get the real
information the researcher will collect the data through the following techniques
i.e. Informal interviews, Key Informant Interview, survey questionnaire, etc. The
researcher will use these Techniques to find realistic data from the field.
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3.2 Primary Data collection
The study is mainly based on the primary data. The following methods will be
used to collect the primary data.
 Observation
The information’s such as local people’s income generation activities, knowledge
about water supply and other activities will obtain through semi-participant
observation.
 Key Informant study

To obtain required data, which cannot be collected by interviews and
observation, key informant’s interviews will be conducted. The key informant
Interviews will be taken from the member of water supply related person, local
resident, department engineer etc.
3.3 Secondary Data collection

Secondary data required for the study will be taken from different sources such as
journals, research articles, published and unpublished written documents,
literatures, policy papers and websites of water supply department.
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5.0 Working Schedule
SN TASK Start finish
NAME
1 Member Nov 3 Nov
formation 4
2 Topic Nov Nov
selection 5 6
3 Data Nov 7 Nov

collection 12
4 Proposal Nov Nov
Writing 13 20
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Chapter IV : Expected Outcomes
 In Nepal, only 25% of water supply schemes are functioning well 36% need
minor repairs and 39% need major repairs, rehabilitation or reconstruction
 Only 27 percent of the population has access to safely managed water
 People living in rural areas of Nepal, face extreme hardship to fetch water
from far away sources which take up to hours every day
 Rainwater harvesting need to used to help solve the water problem in
urban areas
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Reference
GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL (2016) NEPAL WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND
HYGIENE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2015–30)
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=what+is+water+supply+system
https://www.google.com/
https://mows.gov.np/about-ministry-of-water-supply/
Kansakar B.R. (2015), Water Supply Engineering, Divine Print Support, Lagan Tole,
Kathmandu. Punmia B.C., Jain A., and JainA. (1998), Water Supply Engineering,
Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd., New Delhi, India.
https://dreamcivil.com/water-distribution-system/
https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article/11/6/859/84261/Drinking-water-status-
in-Nepal-an-overview-in-the
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EVEREST ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Affiliated to Pokhara University)

Subject Code: PRJ

Department of civil Engineering

Fig no :1.1 (Gravity water supply)

In the pumping water distribution system, water is supplied to the

Fig no:1.2 Pumping Water supply

Fig no: 1.3 Combined water supply

 To study about the water supply type on the basis of eco-regions.

1.4 Problem of statement

2.1 Condition of water supply in nepal

Fig: 2.2 Water supply type on the basis of eco-regions

Fig no :2.3 Comparative status of the functionality of water supply schemes

3.1 Research Design

Nature and Sources of Data

Tools and Technique of Data Collection

 Key Informant study

3.3 Secondary Data collection

3 Data Nov 7 Nov

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