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Limit Test
Objective
At the end of this lecture, student will be able to
• Explain principle and procedure involved in the limit test chlorides, sulphates, iron, heavy metals, Arsenic, lead
• Explain the modified procedures for limit test for chlorides and sulphates
Limit Test
The quantitative or semi-quantitative tests designed to identify and control small quantities of impurity which are likely
to be present in the substance
• Specific to impurities
2. Comparison method
3. Quantitative determinations
Comparison Method
• Standard containing a definite amount of impurity
• Direct comparison
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Principle:
Sample –
dil. HNO 3
Silver chloride(opalescence)
Standard-
dil. HNO 3
Sample Standard
Chlorides + silver nitrate sodium Chloride + silver nitrate
Conc.HNO3 Conc.HNO3
Opalescence of the sample solution is less than the standard solution Sample passes the limit test
Opalescence of sample solution is more than the standard solution Sample fails the limit test
Standard Sample
•10 ml of standard sodium chloride solution. •10 ml of sample solution
•Stir •Stir
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• Principle:
Sample –
dil.CH3COOH
Standard –
dil.CH3COOH
25 ppm
Opalescence of the sample solution is less than the standard solution sample passed
Opalescence of the sample solution is more than the standard solution sample failed
Standard Sample
• 1 ml of 25% w/v barium chloride • 1 ml of 25% w/v barium chloride
•one drop /0.15 ml of 5M acetic acid •one drop /0.15 ml of 5M acetic acid
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Comparison of colour intensity [sample and standard (ferric ammonium sulphate, 20ppm)]
Colour intensity of the sample solution is less than the standard solution Sample passes the limit test
Colour intensity of the sample solution is more than the standard solution Sample fails the limit test
Standard sample
•2ml of standard iron solution •2ml of sample iron solution
•2 ml of 20%w/v iron free citric acid. •2 ml of 20%w/v iron free citric acid.
•one drop /0.1 ml of thioglycollic acid. •one drop /0.1 ml of thioglycollic acid.
•Stir •Stir
•by adding ammonia drop wise •by adding ammonia drop wise
•until red litmus turns to blue. •until red litmus turns to blue.
•Stir. •Stir.
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• Processing equipment
Methods
Substances which do not give clear and colourless solution Reagent - H2S
Reagent– Thioacetamide
PH = 3 - 4
PH = 3 - 4
Heavy metals + Hydrogen sulphide Respective sulphides, brown to light brown colour
1. Colour intensity of the sample solution is less than the standard solution Sample passes the limit test
2. Colour intensity of the sample solution is more than the standard solution Sample fails the limit test
Standard Sample
•1 ml of standard lead nitrate solution •sample solution
•Dilute up to 25 ml with distilled water. •Dilute up to 25 ml with distilled water.
•Adjust the pH between 3-4 using ammonia and dilute •Adjust the pH between 3-4 using ammonia and dilute
acetic acid. acetic acid.
• Dilute with water to about 35 ml • Dilute with water to about 35 ml
• Mix • Mix
•10 ml of H2S •10 ml of H2S
•Mix •Mix
•Dilute with distilled water •Dilute with distilled water
• Allow stand for 5 minutes. • Allow stand for 5 minutes.
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As 3+ or As 5+ -------- arsine gas -------- mercuric chloride -------- stains paper yellow
Colour intensity of the sample stain is less than the standard stain colour intensity
Colour intensity of the sample solution is more than the standard stain colour intensity
Reduction
• H3AsO3 +6[H] ---------- AsH3 + 3H2O
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Standard Sample
1 ml of standard arsenic solution in 50 ml of distilled Dissolve 1 g of NaCl in 50 ml of distilled water
water.
10 ml of stannated HCl solution. 10 ml of stannated HCl solution.
1g of potassium iodide. 1g of potassium iodide.
1 g of zinc granules or granulated zinc. Stopper the 1 g of zinc granules or granulated zinc. Stopper the
container with a capillary tube, fitted with lead acetate container with a capillary tube, fitted with lead acetate
cotton wool and rubber bungs, fitted with mercuric cotton wool and rubber bungs, fitted with mercuric
chloride paper. chloride paper.
Allow the container to stand at 40ºC for 40 minutes. Allow the container to stand at 40ºC for 40 minutes.
Processing equipments
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dithizone (green)
Colour intensity of the sample solution is less than the standard solution colour intensity Sample passes the limit test
Colour intensity of the sample solution is more than the standard solution colour intensity Sample fails the limit test
The colour of chloroform layer is not more intense than that obtained by treating in the same manner a volume of lead
nitrate solution, 1 ppm
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• Alkaline substance
Potassium permanganate
Solution is filtered
Chemical Reaction
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Benzoate
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Chemical Reactions
Summary
• Limit test is the quantitative or semi-quantitative tests to identify & control small quantities of impurity
Detect even small quantities of impurities, Specific to impurities, Simple test involves visible reactions, Direct
comparison with standard
Chlorides + silver nitrate in presence of nitric acid forms silver chloride forms opalescence
• If opalescence/colour intensity of test solution is more than the standard sample fails the limit test
Method A
Colour intensity of test is less than standard then sample passes the limit test
Arsenic is converted into arsine gas + mercuric chloride paper stains yellow mercuric arsenite
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Colour intensity is less than the standard sample passes the limit test
Lead acetate cotton plug is to trap sulphur impurity (H2S) as lead sulphide
Green colour of unreacted dithizone + red colour of complex gives violet colour
Colour intensity is compared with standard (lead nitrate), if it is more than sample fails the limit test
• Deeply coloured substance like KMnO4 should be decolourised with alcohol and filtrate is used for normal limit test
•Alkaline substances should be treated with conc. HNO3/conc. HCl till effervescence ceases and use it for normal limit
test
• Salt of organic acids should be treated with conc. HNO3/conc. HCl and filtrate is used for normal limit test
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