Chemistry Practical

Revision
 Table of Contents

01 Volumetric
Analysis 03 Energy Changes & Speed
of Reactions

02 Qualitative
Analysis 04 Planning & Overall
 01
Volumetric Analysis
 Volumetric Analysis
01 Types of Titration
02 Handling Apparatus & Chemicals
03 Performing the Experiment
04 Using the Indicators
05 Recording the Results
06 Chemical Calculations
07 Key Sources of Error
Volumetric Analysis
Types of Titration
• Check the type of titration you are doing:

 Redox titration
 Acid-alkali titration
 Acid-soluble carbonate titration
 Volumetric Analysis
Handling Apparatus & Chemicals
• Draw a diagram to illustrate which solution should
be in burette/pipette (conical flask).
• Check that burette is in working solution during
rinsing.
• Rinse apparatus with the respective solutions
after rinsing with distilled water.
• Pipette solution directly from given bottle instead
of pouring solution into a beaker.
 Volumetric Analysis
Performing the Experiment

• Make sure no air bubbles in burette tip (open air hole fully). If
can't get rid, tilt the burette, open tap to release the solution.
• Remove funnel from burette before starting experiment.
• Add drop-wise near end point to get color change.
Question Answer

How do I know if it is the Question usually states the colour at end point if it
end-point colour? is not a common indicator you have been using
(e.g. methyl orange). At that colour, read your final
reading first and then add 1 – 2 more drops to
check and decide which colour will be better and
use that colour for the rest of the titrations.
 Volumetric Analysis
Using the indicators (Acid-Alkali)

• Methyl Orange
 red to orange (acid in conical flask)
 yellow to orange (alkali in conical flask)

• Screened Methyl Orange

 red to grey (acid in conical flask)
 green to grey (alkali in conical flask)
 Volumetric Analysis
Using the indicators (Redox Titration)

• No indicator (for titrations involving aq KMnO4)

 Permanent pink colour at end point

• Starch Indicator
 Dark blue solution turns colourless
 Volumetric Analysis
Recording the results
• All burette readings to be recorded in the burette
table to 2 d.p.
• Volume in pipette is usually constant at 25.0 cm3
so there is no need to record in the table.
• Note the headings and units in the table.
 Volumetric Analysis
Chemical Calculations
 • Ensure final answers are calculated to at least 5 s.f before rounding off to 3
s.f.
• Use the 5 s.f. values from previous parts to calculate the next part.
• Ensure that all answers given to 3 s.f. even if answer is an exact answer.
(e.g. 0.02 mol should be represented as 0.0200 mol) unless asked to find x
in a hydrated salt (e.g. CuSO4. xH2O) or mole ratio of 2 reactants. Answer
would be given as whole number.
• Molar mass (g/mol) =
 Volumetric Analysis
Key Sources of Error
• Acid-alkali/carbonate titration
There may be acidic impurities in A (solution in conical flask), hence volume of solution
(in burette) used will be higher or lower (choose 1) than expected. 
There may be alkaline impurities in A (solution in conical flask), hence volume of solution
(in burette) used will be higher or lower (choose 1) than expected.
 
• Redox Titration
There may be oxidising impurities in A (solution in conical flask), hence volume of
solution (in burette) used will be higher or lower (choose 1) than expected.
 may be reducing impurities in A (solution in conical flask), hence volume of solution (in
burette) used will be higher or lower (choose 1) than expected.
 Volumetric Analysis
Other types of errors that affect results
Question
What if the conical flask
was rinsed with solution?
What is the volume
needed if the acid is
changed to a dibasic acid
from a monobasic acid?
What is the volume of
alkali needed if the acid is
changed to a dibasic acid
from a monobasic acid?
What if there is an air
bubble in the burette?
Answer
The volume of solution in the conical flask will be
higher in actual and hence the volume of
solution needed for titration will be higher than
actual
The acid volume will be half of your titration
volume as the concentration of H+ ions in the
dibasic acid is higher and hence number of
moles needed is halved.
The alkali volume needed will be twice since
with the dibasic acid, the concentration of H +
ions will be twice, number of moles
The air bubble present will result in a higher
volume of (solution in burette) needed.
Thank
you