by: Cillan, MJ

USTET Reviewer
A.Y. 2023 - 2024

A. Mental Ability
1. Common Sense Questions
2. Ratio and Proportion
Ratio
The mathematical tool used to compare quantities using
division
Shows how the quantity of an object is related to the
quantity of another object
Sample ratios = 15 : 23 , 4 : 13 , 21 : 27
Format of ratios = <first number> : <second number>
Ratios as Fractions
15 : 23 = 15/23

Ratios in comparing Parts to a Whole

<portion of the whole> : <total number of portions
of the whole>

Proportion
Indicates that 2 ratios are equal
"Ratios are proportional" = Ratios are equal in value
Sample proportion = 1 : 2 = 2 : 4
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 USTET Reviewer
A.Y. 2023 - 2024

A. Mental Ability
Determining if Proportions are Equal
Convert Ratio to Fraction > Cross Multiply
1 : 2 = 2 : 4 -> 1 2
2 4
1x4=4
(equal)
2x2=4

Multiply numbers in a ratio with the same number

1 : 2 (5) = (1 x 5) : (2 x 5) = 5 : 10
1 : 2 = 5 : 10

Parts of a Proportion
Extremes and Means
a:b=c:d
a and d are EXTREMES
b and c are MEANS

Properties of a Proportion
The product of the means is equal to the product
of the extremes
N : 8 = 2 : 16 -> N x 16 = 8 x 2
8 x 2 = 16 , N = 1
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 USTET Reviewer
A.Y. 2023 - 2024

A. Mental Ability
The reciprocals of the ratios in a proportion are
equal
a c b d
a : b = c : d -> = -> =
b d a c

Switching the means or the extremes in a

proportion will result in a proportion
1 : 3 = 7 : 21 (true)
1 : 7 = 3 : 21 (true)

Sample Problem
When A is divided by 5, the result will be equal to the result
when you divide B by 2. What is the result if you divide A by
B? A
A÷5= =A:5
5
B
B÷2= =B:2
2

A : 5 = B : 2 -> A : B = 5 : 2
A 5
= = 2.5
B 2
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 USTET Reviewer
A.Y. 2023 - 2024

B. English
1. Elements of a one-act play
One - act Play
A dramatic composition that contains only one act
Performed without disruption or intervals
Tends to focus on single themes or situation
Structured in 5 parts:

Exposition is the start of the play

Rising Action pushes the plot by building tension
Climax is the turning point of the play
Falling Action deflates and unwinds story tension
Denouement is the resolution of the play

Composed of 6 elements, according to Aristotle:

Plot - the arrangement of events onstage.

Character - actors represented in the play
Theme - the thought / reason for the play
Music - sounds of the play
Spectacle - visual elements of the play
Diction - dialogue and language of the play
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 USTET Reviewer
A.Y. 2023 - 2024

B. English
2. Oral Communication
The ability to verbally transmit information and ideas
to one or more people.
Nature of Communication
Communication is a message understood.

Communication is social interaction through messages.

3. Research - related Questions

4. Semi - reading comprehension items

*Review past lessons from Communication Skills

*Study grammar, vocabulary, structure, and composition

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 USTET Reviewer
A.Y. 2023 - 2024

C. Science
1. Earth Science
An Environmental Science that includes all fields of
natural science related to the structure, properties,
processes, and evolution of the Earth.
Scales of Space and Time

Geologic Time - Span of time since Earth's formation

Geologic Time Scale - Divides history of Earth into

different units

Scientific Inquiry

Sciences assume that the natural world is

Consistent & Predictable
The goal of Science is to
Discover Patterns in Nature
Use knowledge to predict
An idea can become a:
Hypothesis - A tentative explanation
Theory - A confirmed hypothesis
Paradigm - A theory that explains a number of
interrelated aspects of the natural world. 6
 USTET Reviewer
A.Y. 2023 - 2024

C. Science

Scientific Method
Collecting Facts
Developing a Hypothesis
Conduct Experiments
Reexamine the Hypothesis
Accept, Modify, or Reject

Early Evolution of Earth

Nebular Theory
The solar system evolved from an enormous
rotating cloud called the solar nebula, composed
mostly of hydrogen and helium.
The nebula began to contract, assuming a flat, disk
shape with the protosun (Pre-Sun) at the center.
Inner planets begin to form from metallic, rocky
clumps.
Larger, outer planets formed from fragments with
a high percentage of ice.

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 USTET Reviewer
A.Y. 2023 - 2024

C. Science

Formation of the Earth

Iron and nickel melted and sunk towards the center.
Lighter, rocky components floated outwards, toward
the surface.
Gaseous material escaped from the interior to form
the Earth's atmosphere.
Earth's Spheres

Hydrosphere - Water components of Earth

Atmosphere - Air components of Earth
Biosphere - Life components of Earth
Geosphere - Land components of Earth
CRUST - Relatively thin, rocky outer layer
Continental - Granitic, less dense, many rock types
Oceanic - Dense, basaltic rocks
MANTLE - Second layer; 82% of Earth's volume
Upper Mantle
Lower Mantle
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A.Y. 2023 - 2024

C. Science
CORE - Innermost layer
Outer Core - Liquid layer; Earth's magnetic field
Inner Core - Solid layer
Mobile Geosphere
Plate Tectonics - lithospheric slabs in constant motion
Plate Motion - Described using plate boundaries:
Divergent - Plates move away from each other
Convergent - Plates move towards each other
Transform - Plates slide against each other

The Face of the Earth

Continents
Asia , Africa , Antarctica, Australia , Europe, North
America, South America
Oceans
Arctic , Atlantic , Indian , Pacific

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 USTET Reviewer
A.Y. 2023 - 2024

C. Science
Astronomy
The study of celestial bodies and phenomena beyond
Earth's atmosphere.
Ancient Greeks used philosophical arguments and
observational data to depict 7 Heavenly bodies, also
called "7 Wanderers" :
Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter ,
Saturn , Sun , and Moon

Aristarchus - the first Greek to profess a

heliocentric universe

Modern Astronomy
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543)
Concluded Earth was a planet
Constructed a Solar System model that put the
Sun in the center, but used circular orbits for
the planets.
Tycho Brahe (1546 - 1601)
Attempted to find the stellar parallax
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 USTET Reviewer
A.Y. 2023 - 2024

C. Science
Johannes Kepler (1571 - 1630)
3 laws of planetary motion:
1. Planets orbit in an elliptical manner.
2. Planets revolve around the sun at varying
speeds
3. The relation between a planet's orbital
period and its distance to the sun is
proportional.
Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642)
Supported the Copernican theory
Constructed an astronomical telescope in 1609

Sir Isaac Newton (1643 - 1727)

Law of universal gravitation
Proved that gravity combined with a planet's
tendency to remain in a straight-line motion
results in elliptical orbits.

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 USTET Reviewer
A.Y. 2023 - 2024

C. Science
Constellations

Configuration of stars named in honor mythological

characters or great heroes

*The order of brightness is identified by the letters of the Greek

alphabet (alpha, beta, etc.)

Earth Motions

Rotation - Earth spinning on its own axis

Revolution - Earth moving around space

Eclipses

Solar - Moon moves between the Earth and sun

Lunar - Moon moves within the shadow of Earth

Phases of the Moon

New Moon Full Moon
Waxing Crescent Waning Gibbous
First Quarter Third Quarter
Waxing Gibbous Waning Crescent
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 USTET Reviewer
A.Y. 2023 - 2024

C. Science
The Atmosphere
Weather - Atmospheric change over a short time
Climate - Atmospheric change over a long time
Elements of Weather and Climate
Temperature Precipitation
Humidity Air Pressure
Cloudiness Wind Speed and Direction
Composition of the Atmosphere

Nitrogen - 78%
Oxygen - 21%
Carbon dioxide - 0.04%
Other gases

Water vapor - 4% of air's volume

Aerosols - tiny particles that reflect sunlight
Ozone - absorbs harmful UV radiation

*Human activity is depleting the ozone layer by adding

chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's)
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 USTET Reviewer
A.Y. 2023 - 2024

C. Science
Structure of the Atmosphere

Troposphere (bottom layer)

Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

Pressure = weight of the air

Pressure changes = decreases with altitude

Seasons

Results from the change in Sun's angle :

Summer solstice
Vernal Equinox
Autumnal Equinox
Winter solstice

Earth's divisions - NORTHERN and SOUTHERN Hemispheres

*Human activity is depleting the ozone layer by adding

chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's)
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 USTET Reviewer
A.Y. 2023 - 2024

C. Science
Clouds

Cirrus - thin, feather-like clouds

Cumulus - fluffy, cotton ball clouds
Nimbus - rain clouds
Stratus - spread out, blanket-like clouds

Precipitation
Rain and Drizzle
Snow
Sleet
Hail

Minerals
Natural, inorganic, solid materials that possess an
orderly internal structure of atoms

Properties of Minerals

Habit, Luster, Color, Streak, Hardness, Cleavage,

Fracture, Specific Gravity, Tenacity
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A.Y. 2023 - 2024

C. Science
Natural Resources

Renewable
Can be replenished in short time spans
Water, Wind, etc.
Non-renewable
Earth has fixed quantities
Oil, Aluminum, Coal, etc.
Mineral Resources
Occurrences of useful minerals that will
eventually be extracted
Ore deposits

Rocks
IGNEOUS - Weathering, transportation, and
deposition
SEDIMENTARY - Lithification
METAMORPHIC - Melting

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 USTET Reviewer
A.Y. 2023 - 2024

C. Science
Weathering, Soil, and Mass Movement
Weathering
Mechanical - breaking rocks into smaller pieces
Chemical - change of rocks into one or more
new compounds
Mass Movement
The transfer of rock material downslope under
the influence of gravity
Slump, Rockslide, Debris Flow, Earthflow, Creep,
Solifluction
Erosion
The transportation of material by a mobile
agent
Soil Types

LOAM
SAND
SILT
CLAY
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 USTET Reviewer
A.Y. 2023 - 2024

C. Science
II. Chemistry
The study of matter and its properties
Matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass
States of Matter
Solid - Has a fixed shape and volume
Liquid - Adapts to the shape of the container
Gas - Has no fixed shape and volume
Plasma - Ionized Gas

*For matter to change from one state to another, HEAT must be

absorbed or released
Melting - Solid to Liquid
Freezing - Liquid to Solid
Evaporation - Liquid to Gas
Condensation - Gas to Liquid
Sublimation - Gas to Solid
Deposition - Solid to Gas
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 USTET Reviewer
A.Y. 2023 - 2024

C. Science
Particles composing Matter

Atoms - smallest unit of matter

PROTONS - Positively charged particles
ELECTRONS - Negatively charged particles
NEUTRONS - neutrally charged particles

Molecules - groups of chemically bonded atoms

Ions - particles that have either gained or lost a
valence electron

Properties of Matter

Physical - odor, color, volume, state, density,

melting point, and boiling point
Chemical - flammability, toxicity, acidity,
reactivity of various types, heat of
combustion, and the ability to rust

Changes of Matter
- PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL changes
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