English

booklet

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To have another language is to possess a second soul. – Charlemagne

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Table des matières

VOCABULARY…………………………………………………………………….….11

GRAMMAR ………………………………………………………………………….. 28

READING COMPREHENSION …………………………………………………… 63

ORAL DISCUSSION ……………………………………………………………….. 86

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VOCABULARY

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GRAMMAR

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With HE / SHE / IT, the verb always ends with an S.

- If the verb already ends with S (to press), you add –ES = he
presses
- If the verb ends with O, you add –ES = he goes
- If the verb ends with X, SH, CH, you add –ES = He mixes, she
smashes, it approaches
- If your verb ends with Y :

If the letter before the Y is a vowel (play) : you add an –S= He

plays
if the letter before the Y is a consonant (cry) : you change the Y
for –IES : HE CRIES.

- If you want to put your verb in the negative form FOR

REGULAR VERBS :

Put ‘’don’t’’ between your pronoun and your verb

If your pronoun is third personal singular (he/she/it), put
‘’doesn’t’’ between your pronoun and your verb.

I don’t cry. He doesn’t cry.

- If you want to put your verb in the negative form for

IRREGULAR VERBS :

Put ‘’not’’ after your verb : for example : They are = They are not

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Simple question (yes/no questions) in English :

WITH THE VERB TO BE AND TO HAVE: Normal sentence / answer : You are good in English.

To make a question, you PUT YOUR VERB IN THE FRONT OF YOUR SENTENCE` :

You are good in English. = Are you good in English?

WITH OTHER VERBS : Put DO or DOES + VERB INFINITIVE FORM

Do (I / you / we / they) speak English?
Does (he / she / it) talk fast?

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To put a verb in the future tense, you simply have to
put ‘’will’’ between the pronoun and the verb. the verb
has to stay infinitive.

If your action will start in the future and will

continue, you use future continuous : will + -ing
I will be playing at the jazz festival all summer long.

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You use ‘’a’’ or ‘’an’’ when the object is more general.
You use ‘’the’’ when the object is specific.

An apple : CAN BE ANY APPLE ON THE COUNTER

the apple : there is one apple onlY or You’re talKing
ABOUT THE SPECIFIC ONE

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ARTICLES

INDEFINITE ARTICLES
SINGULAR PLURAL
A/AN SOME or (nothing)
Examples : Examples :
- a book - books
- a mountain - mountains
- an apple - apples
- an envelope - envelopes

Use indefinite articles for objects that are not specific

She is reading a book. (a book in general)

Apples are good for you ( apples in general)

Use the indefinite article the first time you speak of something :

She found a wallet.

He is a busboy in a restaurant.

DEFINITE ARTICLES
SINGULAR PLURAL
THE THE
Examples : Examples :
- the book - the books
- the mountain - the mountains
- the apple - the apples
- the envelope - the envelopes

Use definite articles for objects that are specific or unique. It is clear which
particular objects are being referred to.

She is reading the book I gave her yesterday. (a specific book)

Can I have the green apple? (a specific apple)

Use the definite article the second time you speak of something :

The wallet contained a lot of money.

The restaurant s downtown.

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Use definite articles for : Names of rivers, oceans and seas (I swam in the
Atlantic Ocean)

Names of deserts, forests, gulfs, peninsulas and

mountains (I went skiing in the Alps)

DO NOT use articles for : Sports (I play basketball in high school)

Hobbies, activities and school subjects ( He likes

playing chess and math)

Names of streets, roads, avenues (My house is on

Aragon street)

Languages (Olga speaks Spanish and Russian but not

French)

Names of continents, countries, provinces or states

Names of lakes and bays

Names of individual mountains (Mount Everest)

Exceptions : The United States, the Republic of China, the Nertherlands…

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Nouns

TYPE FUNCTION FORM EXAMPLE

Common nouns To refer to things like Locker, toothbrush,
objects, professions rapper…
and locations

Proper nouns Names of people, Start with a capital Ontario, English,

places or things like letter Catherine, CN tower,
organizations ONU

Possessive nouns To show ownership - add ‘s to - lisa’s purse

nouns in the - the dogs’ owner
singular - Rogers’s house
- add ‘ to plural - The princess’
nouns crown
- add ‘s or just ‘
to words that
end in an ‘’s’’
sound

PLURALS

The usual : add –s

End in s, ch, sh, x or z : add –es > exception: when ch sounds like k, only add –s

End in f or fe : change de f to a v and add es (knife:knives, leaf:leaves) >

exceptions : beliefs, chiefs, proofs, roofs, safes

End with a vowel and y : add s (birthdays)

End with a consonant and a y: drop the y and add ies (lady:ladies)

End with o : add es > exceptions: music terms (pianos, tangos…)

Invariable nouns : deer, fish, offspring, salmon

Irregular plurals : child – children, man – men, woman – women, foot – feet, tooth
– teeth

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Personal pronouns Possessive adj and Reflexive
pronouns pronouns
SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE
FORM FORM ADJECTIVE PRONOUN
I Me My Mine Myself
You You Your Yours Yourself
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
It It Its Its Itself
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
You You Your Yours Yourself
They They Their Theirs Themselves

RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

Pronouns Function examples

Who For people only I know a doctor who is
cute.
That For people or We saw the film that won
objects/concepts all the awards.
Which For objects/concepts The rules of the game,
when the information which are complicated,
added is not essential are explained.

Whose (adjective) To show ownership The author, whose work

we studied, is from here.

Everybody (everyone) - Always singular Somebody is at the door.

Nobody (no one) - Can be the subject of a Everyone knew he stole
sentence
Somebody (someone) - Usually used only in the
the money.
Something affirmative
Nothing

Anybody (anyone) - Always singular There is nothing anybody

Anything - Used with a negative form can do.
of the verb
- Synonym for everybody or
Anyone can learn the
everything game.
Does anybody have an
extra pen?

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THIS VERSUS THAT

This (singular) / These (plural) : is used to indicate that the object is near the speaker.

That (singular) / Those (plural) : is used to indicate that the object is at a distance.

WHERE TO PUT THE ADJECTIVES?

DETERMINER OPINION APPEARANCE AGE COLOUR ORIGIN MATERIAL PURPOSE NOUNS

TWO BEAUTIFUL BIG OLD RED CHINESE BRASS READING LAMPS

A FANTASTIC SHINY NEW BLACK CANADIAN GLASS HOCKEY TABLE

ADJECTIVES TO COMPARE THINGS

If the adjectives are equivalent; so if the two things you compare are worth the same, you put
‘’as’’ before and after the adjective.

- My brother is as smart as his girlfriend.

- My brother works out as hard and intense as my father.
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If you use the ajective to compare two things on different levels :
one syllable : (positive) adj + -er + than : faster than
(negative) less + adj + than : less fast than

Two syllables: (positive) : more + ajd + than : more famous than

(negative) : less + ajd + than : less interesting than
two syllable ending with –y, -er, -le : prettier than / simpler than
Exceptions :

- As Far as : farther or further

- As Many as : more
- As Little as :less
- As Bad as : worse
- As Good as : better
- As Old as : elder than

If the adjective defines rank or status when comparing 3+ things, you –est at the end of the word
( only positive)
One syllable : Fastest, smartest
Two syllables with –y, -er, -le : strongest, prettiest, simplest,
Two syllables : most : most famous, most effective
exceptions : farthest, furthest, most, least, worst, best, eldest

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 adverbs :
words that modify a verb, an adjective or another verb. They add description and
detail to your writing and speaking.

For most adjectives, you add –ly and it becomes an adverb. (careful : carefully)
Adjective ends in –ble : change it to –bly (incredible : incredibly)
adjective ends in –y : change the –y for –I and add –ly (easy : easily)
Adjective ends in –ic : add –ally (basic : basically)

frequency :
never
almost never
rarely – seldom – rarely ever
occasionally
sometimes
frequently often
usually – normally
always

Intensity
Fairly
Quite
Very
Really
Extremely

Draw an object and put symbols according to the prepositions

On
In
Under
Above
Between
In front
Behind
Across from
Against
Next to
Near
Far
To the left
To the right

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Preposition to show direction (where)

Across Over to the other side (across the lake)

Into Entering a place or a building (into the store)
Onto Up to the top of something (onto the pile of clothes)
Through In one side and out of the opposite (through the tunnel)
Toward In the direction of (walk toward her)

Preposition to show time (when)

Since To show when the action began

For To show how long
During To show when(no specific time)
Ago To show in the past

Subordinating conjunctions :

Are used to write complex sentences. If you want to look fancy in an email, these are
the words you need to use.

After As soon as Since Whereas Although

As though So Wherever As Before
Unless Whether or not As if Even if Until
While As long as Even though When As much as
If whenever

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LARGE NUMBERS :

1,000 : one thousand COINS

10,000 : ten thousand Penny : one cent
100,000 : one hundred thousand Nickel : five cents
1,000,000 : one million Dime : ten cents
1,000,000,000 : one billion quarter : 25 cents

Loonie : one dollar

toonie : two dollars

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Forming and using the verb tenses
Tense When to use it
Simple present - For habits and usual
activities
- For facts or general
truths
- For likes and
dislikes
Simple future - For actions in the
future
- To express a future
intention
- To make prediction
Simple past For an action that
happened at a
specific moment in
the past
Present perfect - For a past action that
has the possibility of
being repeated
- For a recent action
that has a present
effect
Future perfect For an action
completed before a
specific time in the
future
Past perfect For an action that
happened before
another action in the
past
Present continuous - For actions
happening at the
present moment
- For near future
intentions
Future continuous For an action that
will be in the process
of happening in the
future
Past continuous - For an action that
was going on in the
past when
something
interrupted it
How to form it Keywords and
examples
Base form of the verb Generally, everyday,
(3rd p.sing. takes –s) often, on Monday,
always.. They play
soccer every Sunday.
Will + base form of Tomorrow, next
the verb week… I will be there
Add –d, -ed, -ied to Yesterday, last night,
the base form of in 2002… we
REGULAR verbs watched a movie last
night
Have (has) + the past Since, for, never, yet,
participle up to now, so far…
the hockey team has
won many games.
They have never
visited Europe
Will have + the past Already, when,
participle before, by next
week… By next week,
I will have finished
my PPT.
Had + past participle Already, when,
before… Ken had
already eaten when
he came
Present of to be (am, Right now, at this
is are) + base form moment.. I am
with –ing planning a trip to BC
right now
Will be + base form Tomorrow, next
with –ing week.. At this time
next week, I will be
enjoying the beach
Was/were + base During, when, while…
form with –ing She was talking when
the door shut.
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Tense When to use it How to form it Keywords and
examples
Present perfect For an action that Have (has) + been + For five years now,
continuous started in the past base form –ing recently, since… Lea
and still is going on has been sturying
ballet for 10 years
Future perfect For an action that Will have been + Already, for, by… By
continuous will be taking place base form of the the time we arrive,
up until a specific verb –ing Kim will have
time in the future already been
working at the job
Past perfect For an action that Had + been + base Prior to that time, up
continuous was going on when form –ing until then… They
something had been skiing for
interrupted it 20 minutes when
the accident
happened
Conditional For hypothetical Would + base form If… If I had time, I
action of the verb would go there

Past conditional For a hypothetical Would have + past If.. If I had known
action in the past participle you were here, I
would have gone
there before.

Form
If-clause If + simple past
Independent clause Conditional tense (would +
base form of the verb)
Examples
- If I had enough money, I
would go to Mexico for
spring break.
- She would date him if he
asked her

If-clause If + past perfect If I had had enough money, I

Independent clause Conditional perfect tense would have gone to Mexico
(would + base form of the for spring break.
verb) She would have dated him if
he had asked her.

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Gerunds

Gerunds always end in –ing. They look like verbs but function as nouns or adjectives.
Example : finding the right job is not easy. She loves dancing and being on stage.
Verbs may be followed by gerunds or infinitives. It depends on the verb. There is no
special rule for which one to use, it has to be learned by heart.

Some verbs followed by gerunds:

To admit – to appreciate – to avoid – can’t help – can’t stand – to consider – to delay – to
deny – to detest – to discuss – to dislike – to enjoy – to feel like – to finish – to forgive – to
give up – to imagine – to involve – to mention – to mind – to miss – to postpone – to
practise – to put off – to quit – to recommend – to regret – to risk – to suggest – to
understand

Example : He quit smoking. Do you mind sitting here. She dislikes speaking.

Some verbs followed by infinitives :

To agree – to appear – to ask – to decide – to demand – to deserve – to hope – to learn –
to need – to offer – to plan – to pretend – to promise – to refuse – to seem

Example :he has decided to learn to play drums. She refuses to accept our apology.

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Modals

Modal Function Example

Can - To show ability You can run fast.

- To ask for informal permission You can use my car.
- To make informal request Can I borrow your bike?

Could - To show past ability I could run fast when I was young.
- To make a polite request Could you help me?
- To show possibility She could be shopping.

May - To make polite request May I go to the bathroom?

- To ask for formal permission You may leave the room
- To show possibility He may be at the library.

Might - To show possibility He might be at the library. He

might have forgotten his
appointment.

Should - To give advice I should study tonight

- To show strong possibility She should do well on the test

Must - To express obligation I must go to class today

- To express prohibition You must not go to the forest
- To express certainty She must be sick

Have to - To express obligation I have to work today

- To show lack of necessity I don’t have to work today

Would - To ask a polite question Would you like more coffee?

- To indicate a repeated action in the We would meet there for coffee
past (habit) every Friday.

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 READING
COMPREHENSION

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