ANSWERS GRAMMAR (ING) AND (ED) FORMS Ex 2

1 There were many items stolen from our house that have never been recovered
1 There were many items stolen from our house that have never been recovered
(non-finite participle construction linking two nouns= reduced relative clause:
which/that were stolen...)

2 The young child sat by the window staring out at the snow
2 The young child sat by the window staring out at the snow (Non-finite present
participle= coordinate or subordinate relationship: and stared out... or as she stared out
...)

3 Released from prison, the old man had no idea what to do next
3 Released from prison, the old man had no idea what to do next (Non-finite past
participle subordinate relationship= Since he was released...)

4 Being a mean person, he never spent more money than was strictly necessary
4 Being a mean person, he never spent more money than was strictly necessary (Non-
finite present participle subordinate or coordinate relationship=As he was a mean... or
He was a mean person and he never...) Same question as in nº4: is there any preference
for the order of the information?

5 A mistake worth making

5 A mistake worth making (Construction= to be worth it/something, thus a noun is
required after worth: because we want to give a dynamic, active meaning we must use
the verbal noun, or the gerund)

6 A most convincing argument

6 A most convincing argument (present participle adjective)

7 English-speaking people can be found throughout the whole world

7 English-speaking people can be found throughout the whole world (present participle
adjective forming composite adjective which must be hyphenated)

8 Having got to know her better over the years that followed, I regretted that I
had judged her so unfairly
8 Having got to know her better over the years that followed, I regretted that I had
judged her so unfairly (Non-finite perfect participle indicating a subordinate
relationship of events –cause and effect-which happened in the past, one before the
other: Since I had got to know her better...)

9 Having grabbed what gear they could, all four trudged on to a safer spot
9 Having grabbed what gear they could, all four trudged on to a safer spot (Similar to
above but a temporal consecutive relationship: After they had grabbed...)
 ANSWERS GRAMMAR (ING) AND (ED) FORMS Ex 2

10 As the train pulled out of the station, she saw them waving good-bye
10 As the train pulled out of the station, she saw them waving good-bye (Verb of senses
construction with infinitive or with gerund to indicate duration of action: infinitive is
completed action and gerund is ongoing)

Good, you have passed that hurdle, so now for something a trifle more difficult…

1 The new business was doing very well, with profits soaring in the first few months
1 The new business was doing very well, with profits soaring in the first few months
(Subordinate clause introduced by “with”, an adverbial relationship of cause and effect:
As the business was doing very well...or a coordinate relationship linked by “and”: is there
any difference in the order of the information?)

2. Every year we have seen enormous interest in this subject, with the number of candidates
increasing twofold since we started.
2 Every year we have seen enormous interest in this subject and the number of
candidates has increased twofold since we started. (Coordinate clause adding
information using ‘and’ or subordinate clause of cause and effect, The number of
candidates has increased twofold since we started because of the enormous interest in
this subject.)

3. It is a particularly tragic situation, with many people suffering quite unnecessarily

3 It is a particularly tragic situation, and many people have suffered/are suffering quite
unnecessarily. (Coordinate clause adding information using ‘and’)

However, compare the following…

1 The women with the black shawls were all huddled together 1
1 The women with the black shawls were all huddled together (Preposition “with” +
adjective + noun: noun group)

2 He started a new job in sales, with surprising results

2 He started a new job in sales, with surprising results (Preposition “with” + ing
participle adjective + noun)

3 I left with one bag containing all my worldly possessions

3 I left with one bag containing all my worldly possessions (Preposition “with” + non-
finite participle construction linking two nouns=reduced relative clause: which contained)