Cagayan de Oro National High School- Senior High School

8th- 2nd Sts., Nazareth, Cagayan de Oro City

S.Y. 2022-2023

In Partial Fulfilment of Special Problems in STEM (Practical Research 2)

Water Quality Analysis of Tap Water

in Cagayan de Oro National High School-
Senior High School

Research Adviser
IRA A. QUITAT, REE, RME

Researchers:
Dennis P. Gamayon
Reyna Liz T. Gaballo
Vea V. Agbalog
Zea A. Molde

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 Acknowledgement

The proposed research study was successfully implemented. Many difficulties

encountered were overcome. Foremost, the researchers would like to express their

heartfelt gratitude to the One who is above of all, who give knowledge, strength, and

life, to the one who have given grace and unconditional love, to our Almighty God.

We would also like to express our gratitude to our research adviser, Miss Ira

Quitat – a kind, caring, understanding, and beautiful research adviser, for her

patience, support, and willingness to assist us in this research study, as well as all of

the Grade 12 students who are under her Practical Research subject advisory.

Besides the researchers’ research adviser, we would like to express our

appreciation to our class adviser, Ms. Mai A. Dal, for her advices and support us.

The researchers would also like to express their gratitude to their families,

friends, and a special someone for their emotional support and assistance. Their words

of encouragement boosted the researchers' confidence in carrying out the research

study.

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 Abstract

Water is the most abundant sources of our plant. We use it for everyday uses, such

as, washing, bathing and specially, drinking. Water quality for human consumption

includes safe drinking and cooking water, both of which are essential for human

health and are covered by public health policy. Access to high-quality water fit for

human consumption, also known as "potable water," is a fundamental human right

and a requirement for individual and societal health and development. Due to health

risk factors of drinking Tap Water, the researches decided to analyst the quality at

Cagayan De Oro National High School. This study aims to analyze the tap water of

the institution and to give awareness to the teachers, students and faculty.

The study of tap water quality analysis was within the standard set of parameter

indicators. Considering the PH (μ = 7.91) is exactly in neutral level on scale that is

good for human body and for consumption, and TDS (μ = 385) that rate as a “good”

level of the total dissolved solids. The study have concluded that the tap water quality

in Cagayan de Oro National High School – Senior High School, are acceptable, safe,

good for drinking.

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 Table of Contents

Acknowledgment .......................................................................................................... 2

Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 3

1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 6

1.1 Background of the Study ......................................................................................... 6

1.2 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................ 7

1.3 Objectives of the Study ........................................................................................... 7

1.4 Conceptual Framework ........................................................................................... 8

1.5 Significance of the Study ........................................................................................ 8

1.6 Scope and Limitation .............................................................................................. 9

2.0 Review if Related Literature/Studies .................................................................... 10

2.1 pH Scale Indicator ................................................................................................. 10

2.2 TDS in PPM Indicator ........................................................................................... 11

2.3 Digital pH Meter .............................................................................................. 11-12

2.4 Total Dissolved Solids Meter (TDS) ..................................................................... 12

2.5 Related Literature/Studies ................................................................................ 12-13

2.5.1 Foreign Studies ................................................................................................... 13

2.5.1.1 Tap Water Quality and Habits of Its Use: A Comparative Analysis in

Poland and Ukraine ..................................................................................... 13

2.5.1.2 Perception of Trust, Risk, Water Quality .............................................. 14-15

2.5.2 Local Studies ...................................................................................................... 15

2.5.2.1 Health Factors and Cases of Unsafe Water ................................................ 15-16

2.5.2.2 Locality of Cagayan de Oro, Philippines .............................................. 16-17

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3.0 Methodology ......................................................................................................... 18

3.1 Research Design ................................................................................................... 18

3.2 Research Setting/Local .................................................................................... 18-19

3.3 Research Instrument .............................................................................................. 19

3.4 Methodology Flow Chart ...................................................................................... 20

3.4.1 Gathering of Materials ................................................................................... 21

3.4.2 Tap Water Testing/Process ....................................................................... 21-22

3.4.3 Assessment ..................................................................................................... 22

4,0 Results and Discussion .......................................................................................... 23

4.1 Parameters Scale Indicator .................................................................................... 23

4.2 Data Analysis ................................................................................................... 23-26

4.3 Finalization of Data ............................................................................................... 27

5.0 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 28

Definition of Terms ..................................................................................................... 29

References .............................................................................................................. 29-34

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Water is one of the primary sources of survival for humans and other earthly

beings. It is an important component of all life on Earth. Water makes up roughly

60% of our bodies, and we can only survive without fluids for three to five days. It

performs a variety of functions in the body, such as waste removal, temperature

regulation, nutrient transport, and digestion. In addition, to bathing to keep us clean,

water is used for drinking, cooking, and as a cleanser for other necessities of life.

Water is necessary for all forms of life, and thankfully, the Earth will never run out of

it; there is as much as there has ever been or will ever be but we need to use it

properly.

Water quality is the quality or condition of the water. Water quality for human

consumption includes safe drinking and cooking water, both of which are essential for

human health and are covered by public health policy. Access to high-quality water fit

for human consumption, also known as "potable water," is a fundamental human right

and a requirement for individual and societal health and development.

Moreover, in 1909, a Danish Chemist Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen introduced

the concept of PH as a scale convenient way of expressing whether the substance is

acidic or basic (alkalinity). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S EPA)

guidelines state that the acceptable level of pH for drinking of tap water should be

between 6.5 and 8.5. Additionally, the Total Dissolved Solids scale indicator, U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency (U.S EPA) implemented that the recommended

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maximum amount of the TDS for the drinking water is 500 ppm (parts per million).

Any measurement that is higher than 1,000 ppm is an unsafe level of TDS. Parameters

indicator or a chart indicator is a foundation of the solutions result tested.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Health diseases such as Diarrhea are one of the common problems by consuming

contaminated or unsafe water. Other health risks often linked to cause by

contaminated or unsafe water such as cholera, dysentery, typhoid, hepatitis A, and

polio. Moreover, Diarrheal diseases is a leading cause of death in the Philippines. It

was rank at 24 in the country and 75 in the world ranking. Approximately 3.77

thousand reported cases of diarrhea on 2019 data on the country. Consequences of not

being concerned about tap-water consume and the water quality will have adverse

effect or health hazards for humans, or wildlife. Common illnesses caused by drinking

a contaminated water can cause stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, fever,

kidney failure. Infectious diseases such as hepatitis can also occur. In addition,

common reason for drinking tap water to be considered is to save money for buying

bottled water. Through this study, the researcher will be able to conclude the safety

and availability of water for on Cagayan de Oro National High School – Senior High

School.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The researcher of the study will be able to determine the safety of consuming tap

water. This study will have the following objectives:

• To be able to analyze the tap water quality at CDONHS-SHS,

(a) Analyze in terms of TDS

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 (b) Analyze in terms of pH

• To determine the water for health risk factor,

• To give awareness to students, teachers, and significant individuals.

1.4 Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of this study will layout the process of analyzing the

water quality by using the I.P.O method.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

TAP WATER TESTING

USING WATER
TESTING WATER TEST
APPARATUS TESTING RESULTS
APPARATUS

Furthermore, this framework aims to identify factors that will be useful in

conducting the research study. These variables are then classified based on their

experimental nature (independent variable or dependent variable)

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

TAP WATER pH and TDS Meter

Results

1.5 Significance of the Study

The discovery of the study will ensure the significance of water quality and

safety. This will provide the end-users for healthy and functional if proper standards

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are maintained. The importance of analyzing the tap water quality is considered and

for the students, teachers, and significant individual on CDONHS-SHS which will

benefit. This paper will provide an in-depth analysis of the said research topic.

1.6 Scope and Limitation

The main purpose of the study is to analyze the safety of the tap water in taken.

The study will not focus on other water types except tap water. The limitation of this

study is based only in TDS and pH Meter. Furthermore, the possible outcomes of this

research restraint in the materials used. In addition, the scope of this study is only on

Cagayan de Oro National High School – Senior High School and we’ll not include

other schools. Thus, this study aims to determine the safety and quality of the said

water for human consumption.

Recent studies that are conducted will be used as a reference in the analysis of the

water quality for significant individuals at the institutions of the experimentation.

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 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter discusses the relevant literature and studies that the researchers used

to build the current study on. It aims to provide an overview of the research study that

synthesizes the key concepts in developing the research topic, and its current

significance. Materials used of this study are also provided.

2.1. pH Scale Indicator

The pH Indicator Chart is colorful and appealing, assisting in the selection of the

best indicator for any PH range as well as the recognition of color changes. The pH

scale, which ranges from 0-14, measures the acidity or alkalinity of water. (Google,

2019)

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 Source: https://www.aliexpress.com/item/32602870428.html

2.2 TDS in PPM Indicator

Total Dissolved Solids in Parts per million use to indicate the acceptability of

quality of the water whether the drinking is fit for individuals.

Source: https://aquafreshropurifier.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/What-is-TDS-
in-Drinking-Water.jpg

2.3 Digital pH Meter

A pH Meter is an electronic device that is used for measuring the pH. pH is either

the concentration of Hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution or the active number of

Hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution. The pH scale can measure how acidic or basic

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a solution is. The pH scale has a range of 0 to14. A pH 7 of in the solution is neutral;

A pH less than 7 in the solution is acidic. A pH greater than 7 of the solution is basic.

PH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. A pH

meter, often known as pH, is a device that assesses the acidity or alkalinity of a

solution. pH is the unit of measurement used to express the level of acidity or

alkalinity. It is rated from 0 to 14 on a scale. The pH value's quantitative data

expresses the level of an acid or base's activity in terms of hydrogen ion activity.

(Pakale & PratibhaTanajiJadhav, N.D.)

2.4 Total Dissolved Solids Meter (TDS)

Dissolved solids" refer to any minerals, salts, metals, cations, or anions dissolved

in water. Total dissolved solids (TDS) comprise inorganic salts, principally calcium,

magnesium, potassium, sodium, bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates, and some small

amounts of organic matter that are dissolved in water. (Google, 2017) . Total Dissolve

Solids (TDS) is a parameter that counts all dissolved minerals in the water. (Islam,

2016)

2.5 RELATED LITERATURE/STUDIES

As the human population has grown, so has the demand for goods and services

that are required or desired by the population, resulting in increased water use and

water population. Water quality has grown in importance because the quantity of

water is frequently insufficient without considering its quality. Water quality is an

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important factor in residential, agricultural, and industrial water supply, fisheries

and aquaculture production, aquatic recreation, and ecosystem health.

Efficient water resource management necessitates the application of water

quality knowledge. Some areas are well-watered, while others have little, and water

may be scarce in well-watered areas during droughts. Water quality varies from

location to location and over time. (Boyd, C. E., 2019)

2.5.1 Foreign Studies

2.5.1.1 Tap Water Quality and Habits of Its Use: A Comparative

Analysis in Poland and Ukraine

Most societies operate on the principle that water is one of the primary media of

human existence on Earth. Examines various water resource management initiatives

as well as the analysis of selected tap water quality metrics in Poland and Ukraine.

The study’s objective was to compare perspectives on tap water quality and usage

practices in Poland and Ukraine while considering various seasons as well as times of

the year when supplied water is used. The study’s main premise was that varied water

supply periods in Poland and Ukraine result in different evaluations of tap water

parameters. Due to the intricacy of the study process, a mixed-methods research

approach was employed, including a survey, statistical analysis, and literature review.

The questionnaire “Survey of consumers” thoughts on selected aspects of tap water

delivered in Poland and Ukraine was developed by the authors for the aim of the

survey. The research’s findings supported the theory, allowed for the creation of a

model for assessing the characteristics of tap water distributed in Poland and Ukraine,

and helped researchers better understand the demands of those nations’ citizens. The

13
provided models offer useful recommendations that may be applied to enhance water

quality metrics, optimize water supply, and satisfy customer expectations. (Ober et al.,

2022)

2.5.1.2 Perception of Trust, Risk, Water Quality

Perception of tap water is subject to a wide range of factors and interactions.

These include risk perception, tap water quality and organoleptic perceptions,

microbiological and chemical quality, prior experiences, information sources, trust in

water companies and other groups, and perceived control and contextual factors,

among others. Assessing the factors that influence and determine citizen behavior

regarding drinking water was the objective. The findings indicate that drinking water

quality is only loosely related to overall satisfaction with tap water. The water

consumption profile was strongly related to satisfaction levels with the taste, odor,

and color of tap water. The relationship between an individual's tap water satisfaction

and water consumption behavior was mediated by the water treatment strategies used

at home (filtering, cooling), knowledge about drinking water quality and production,

and risk perception. Lastly, prioritizing the population’s encouragement of using tap

water as a primary source was an aim by cooling and filtering tap water to improve

population satisfaction. The reduction of risk perception through targeted information

campaigns is also of primary importance for decreasing the number of citizens who

exclusively drink bottled water. (Delpla et al., 2020)

Similarly, Grupper et al., (2021) stated that the provision of safe drinking water

by water utilities is challenged by disturbances to water quality that have become

increasingly frequent due to global changes and anthropogenic impacts. Many water

utilities are turning to adaptable and flexible strategies to allow for resilient

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management of drinking water supplies. The success of resilience-based management

depends on, and is enabled by, positive relationships with the public. Findings

indicated that people who drink more tap water have more trust in their water

managers, have a more favorable opinion of water quality, have lower risk

perceptions, and are less concerned about changes in their tap water. Utility managers

can gain insight into aspects of their community relationships by examining drinking

water behavior, which can then be used to inform future interactions with the public,

with the goal of increasing resilience and adaptability to external water supply threats.

2.5.2 Local Studies

2.5.2.1 Health Factors and Cases of Unsafe Water

In rural areas all over the world, the major environmental health problem remains

with contaminated drinking water. In the study of Patorgo & Magtibay (2021) in

Barobo, Surigao del Sur, Philippines, diarrhea cases remain in the top 10 leading

causes of morbidity in the municipality despite active drinking water quality

monitoring of the Local Government Unit. However, this did not show the association

between drinking water and the incidence of these diarrhea cases. The research

barangays' drinking water sources were sampled at a total of 62 distinct locations on

both wet and dry days, and the samples were tested for fecal coliforms. All samples

were examined bacteriologically using the fecal coliform test and the multiple tube

fermentation method. 34% of the total samples obtained have fecal coliform test

results that are unsatisfactory. According to the Philippine National Standard for

Drinking Water, it is dangerous for humans to consume water that has an

15
unacceptable fecal coliform test result or >1.1 MPN/100mL of water since it poses a

health risk. The study concluded that the water sources found in barangays do not

have any water treatment, and so, water from sources is unsafe for consumption.

Moreover, similarly, a study that analyzes drinking water in terms of

physicochemical properties and bacterial content in public schools in Tarlac City,

Central Luzon, Philippines, according to Corpuz et al., (2016), these schools were

selected because of the high population of students enrolled and is located along busy

streets in the city. Findings revealed that of the 21 samples, two registered abnormal

color (30 apparent platinum-cobalt unit for both) and high total dissolved solids

(>500mg/mL). Moreover, 11 samples out of 21 had shown total coliform and fecal

coliform >8 MPN/100mL; 5 samples positive with E. coli; and 5 samples with very

high HPC (>4000 CFU/mL). The study concluded that some of the water samples are

unfit for drinking unless they are boiled. The study recommended that schools

voluntarily conduct regular testing of water to ensure safe water for the students.

DOH may also conduct random unscheduled water testing to validate voluntary water

testing in the schools. Investigation of the incidents of water-borne diseases among

the school stakeholders may be carried out in schools found to have positive results to

analyze health impact.

2.5.2.2 Locality of Cagayan de Oro, Philippines

Studies were conducted to determine the drinking water quality in Cagayan de

Oro, Philippines. In the case of District I, analyses further included quantifying risk

quotient and comparing findings to drinking water quality standards. Studied

parameters were pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids

(TDS), salinity, conductivity, and turbidity using portable probe pre-calibrated meters.

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Overall, determined concentrations passed reference standards for drinking water with

sampling station and sampling period variation. Although no risk was determined on

the studied parameters, it is however recommended to conduct further monitoring

incorporating other water quality parameters. (Salvane et al., n.d.)

In addition to a similar study, in District II, all studied tap water samples from

selected stations passed the drinking water regulations except for conductivity (Risk

quotient>1). Similarly, both pH and turbidity analyses showed a sampling date

specific variations (p<0.05) while the analyses of temperature and salinity showed

station specific variations (p<0.05). A strong correlation of studied parameters was

also found between conductivity-salinity (r = 0.98); conductivity-TDS (r = 0.90); and

salinity-TDS (r = 0.92). Extrapolating from this it can be concluded that the tap water

samples were safe to drink. All samples were analyzed using portable meters

determining the pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, conductivity, salinity,

turbidity, and total dissolved solids (TDS). (Alambatin et al., 2017)

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 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This research study's methodology describes the various methods and processes

that the researchers used. The Research Design is presented in this chapter, it serves

as the foundation for the research approach used. A Methodology Flow Chart is also

provided, in which the processes are listed in order, including the materials required.

Research Setting/Local, and Research Instrument are consequently given an in-depth

overview.

3.1 Research Design

This research study will be conducted at the old site of Cagayan de Oro National

High School – Senior High School to test the tap water quality. This research will

define the objectives that will lead to conclusion of the researchers inclusively for the

Alma Mater to achieve the possible opportunities and availability of resources.

Moreover, this study is a Field Research of Water Quality Analysis of Tap Water

in Cagayan de Oro National High School – Senior High School. Considering that it is

a type of Experimental Research, Observational, and a mixed of Qualitative and

Quantitative Research.

3.2 Research Setting / Local

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 The study is in Cagayan de Oro National High School – Senior High School at

8th-2nd Sts. Nazareth, Cagayan de Oro City, 9000 Misamis Oriental. A public

institution that bolds the students to be a future leader.

Currently, the school is separated into two campuses called the Junior High

School (28th Sts., Nazareth) and the Senior High School (8th-2nd Sts., Nazareth) of

different nearby streets but in the same barangay.

Source: Google Map 2023

3.3 Research Instrument

The researchers gathered materials for the observational and experimental process.

The main materials are Tap Water, Digital pH meter, Total Dissolved Solids Meter,

Water Sample Container and Distilled Water. Parameter indicators serves as the main

foundation which it defines the possible outcomes of results.

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3.4 Methodology Flow Chart

In this part, the researcher introduces the methods and step-by-step process used

in the study. The first section describes the research flowchart, then the materials

required, general procedure, and the testing. The methodology is explained in detail in

this chapter.

Start

Gathering of Materials

Tap Water Testing

Assessment

End

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 3.4.1 Gathering of Materials

The gathering of materials was gathered after knowing of what materials are

needed. Materials gathered are PH meter, TDS meter, water container, distilled water,

and tap water in water container. PH and TDS meter is ordered through online since

researchers do not know the availability of these equipment here in Cagayan de Oro

City. The rest materials are found in respective homes and store.

3.4.2 Tap Water Testing/Process

Before performing the testing phase, researchers followed and organize the flow

of the overall method, and, of, how this study performed. The general procedure helps

for reaching the end. Materials gathered are prepared in the table. Checking and

organizing the materials were done before proceeding.

The solution or tap water and distilled are poured into a small container. Also,

distilled water is used for cleansing the PH and TDS electrodes and its protection cap.

Distilled water rinse the chemicals from the solution, and to maintain the accuracy of

the meters.

Researchers used two cups for the sample as Tap #1 and Tap #2. These water

samples are collected at the same time. Researchers used this method to differentiate

the properties of the two samples, respectively. The step-by-step process are followed:

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  First, PH meter is used to test the water quality on Tap #1 and calibrate. After

testing, researchers obtained the result, and the result was photographed and

recorded. PH meter is rinsed and stirred through the distilled water to clean its

electrode and shook to remove the water after using and proceed to Tap #2,

and rinse again after testing using PH meter.

 The second testing was using the TDS meter to determine the total dissolved

solids and electrical conductivity of the tap water. The process is repeated like

in testing the PH and the results were recorded. The overall process was

repeated.

3.4.3 Assessment

Researchers obtain the test results and analyze. Based on the readings, TDS and

pH testing results expressed an excellent calibrated value that indicate a better-quality

level of the tap water. It shows a standard value referring to the indicators.

Subsequently, researchers will assess the data to obtain the prime level value among

the results. To do so, researchers will use a mathematical calculation using the

Arithmetic Mean Formula and Standard Deviation to get the average value between

the sets of results. The objective is to have guarantee level of result that standardize to

indicators.

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 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter shows the results and discussions of the method commence by the

researchers to achieve the aim of the study. The researcher must make an assessment

considering the indicators and the water test results.

4.1 Parameters Scale Indicator

The parameters indicator of pH and TDS will be the basis to assess the tap water

quality analysis if it’s fit or safe for the consumption of individuals in Cagayan de Oro

National High School – Senior High School. It will serve as a key if it all passes the

standard.

4.2 Data Analysis

In this chapter, the results and discussions of the conducted research study is

presented. Table 4.1 and 4.2 shows the results gathered after performing the testing

water testing parameters in the solution. In the table, it shows the property values of

each testing. Mean or the sample mean is used to get the average value of two set of

results by tap 1 and tap 2. A standard deviation is a measure of how widely distributed

23
the data is in relation to the mean. Furthermore, images of results are followed the

tabulated data.

Temperature pH TDS Conductivity

(°C) (ppm) (μm/cm)

Tap #1 28.0 8.25 0372 0746

Tap #2 28.0 8.17 0372 0746

Mean 28 8.21 372 746

SD 0 0.056 0 0

Table 4.1. 1ST Test (November 22, 2022)

Temperature pH TDS Conductivity

(°C) (ppm) (μm/cm)

Tap #1 30.5 7.63 0401 0804

Tap #2 29.0 7.60 0394 0788

Mean 29.75 7.615 397.5 796

SD 1.06 0.02 1.41 11.3

Table 4.2. 2ND Test (November 23, 2022)

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 These are the data of testing results wherein taken as proof of the tabulated data

above.

1ST Test (November 22, 2022)

Conductivity &
SAMPLE pH TDS Temperature

Tap 1

Tap 2

25
 2ND Test (November 23, 2022)

Conductivity &
SAMPLE pH TDS Temperature

Tap 1

Tap 2

26
4.3 Finalization of Data

All results were expressed descriptively as mean with standard deviation.

However, the desirable result was not yet achieved. There are two different values of

pH and TDS since were several water samples tested (see Table 4.1 & 4.2). Therefore,

researchers will calculate again the mean’s to have the average that will associate to

the parameter indicators standard. Table 4.3 shows the final calculation between the

means of each parameter.

pH TDS

Mean (1) 8.21 372

Mean (2) 7.615 397.5

Mean Final 7.9125 = 7.91 384.75 ≈ 385

Table 4.3 Final Data Results

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 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

Researchers of this study finally came to conclusion. Considering the pH test

results, with an average value of (μ = 7.91), along the pH scale indicator, the result

indicates a neutral level of measurement. Wherein, the calculated pH average value

shows that the quality of water is within standard, good, and acceptable.

Moreover, for Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), result shows that the average value

of TDS (μ = 385) is within the good level of measurement. This indicates that TDS

average value have a good quality of TDS in water. This specify that the tap water is

safe.

Overall, the study of tap water quality analysis was within the standard set of

parameter indicators. Considering the pH is exactly in neutral level on scale that is

good for human body and for consumption, and TDS that rate as a “good” level of the

total dissolved solids. Results are only determined by TDS and pH meter with the

foundation of indicators. Other factors that can affect the test results are not included.

Researchers have concluded that the tap water quality in Cagayan de Oro

National High School – Senior High School, are acceptable, safe, good for drinking.

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Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of the study, the following terms are defined in the

context of this research.

 Water Quality – Refers to the state of the water, including its chemical,

physical, and biological characteristics, as well as its suitability for a specific

purpose such as drinking.

 Tap Water – A water that is supplied through a tap, a water dispenser valve

or faucet.

 Acidity – Describes the amount of acid or chemical in a substance.

 Alkalinity – The buffering capacity of a water body; a measure of the ability

of the water body to neutralize acids and bases and thus maintain a fairly

stable ph level.

 Microbiological – Studies or test on very small living things such as bacteria

and their effect on humans.

 Contaminated – Having been made impure by exposure to or addition of a

poisonous or polluting substance.

 Parameter - Temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, ORP, and

turbidity are all parameters that are frequently sampled or monitored for water

quality. However, total algae, ISEs (ammonia, nitrate, chloride), or laboratory

29
 parameters such as BOD, titration, or TOC may also be measured during water

monitoring.

References:

1) Alambatin, A. K. V., et.al. (2017). Drinking Water Quality of Selected Tap Water

Samples in Cagayan de Oro (District II), Philippines. Journal of Sustainable

Development Studies, 10(1). Retrieved October 13, 2022, from

https://infinitypress.info/index.php/jsds/article/view/1583

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October 13, 2022, from https://books.google.com.ph/books?

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+&ots=YHsEQI4JSD&sig=U8PKA_svBX2g1ebshCXkeQdnIEQ&redir_esc=y

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bacteriological analysis of drinking water in public schools of Tarlac City, Central

Luzon, Philippines. University of Visayas Journal of Research, 10. Retrieved October

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https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/230830448.pdf

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4) Delpla, I., Legay, C., Proulx, F., & Rodriguez, M. J. (2020, June 20). Perception of

tap water quality: Assessment of the factors modifying the links between

satisfaction and water consumption behavior. Science of the Total Environment, 722,

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969720312985

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Privatising water utilities and user perception of tap water quality: Evidence from

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