Case Study

Comparative Analysis on the Adoption and Use of BIM in

Road Infrastructure Projects
Heap Yih Chong 1; Robert Lopez 2; Jun Wang 3; Xiangyu Wang 4; and Zeyu Zhao 5
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Abstract: The uses of building information modeling (BIM) in building and infrastructure projects are numerous. Most previous BIM case
examples focused on buildings, and limited studies have reported on the adoption and use of BIM in infrastructure projects. Therefore, this
research aims to analyze and compare the adoption and use of BIM in infrastructure projects, particularly in constructing major road projects
in Australia and the People’s Republic of China. The related BIM uses and associated technologies of the projects were analyzed based on a
case study approach. Subsequently, a number of comparative analyses were conducted on the cultural and managerial aspects between the
projects, as well as different BIM uses between buildings and infrastructure projects. The results show both case studies had quite similar uses
of BIM, yet the adopted managerial strategies and issues encountered were rather different. The evolution of BIM uses from buildings to
infrastructure projects is also discussed. The research presented can provide insightful references for the future adoption and use of BIM in
other infrastructure projects. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000460. © 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Author keywords: Building information modeling (BIM); Comparative; Software; Case study; Road; Infrastructure; Australia; China.

Introduction Previous studies regarding the use of BIM in infrastructure proj-

Three-dimensional (3D) modeling methods have been applied in
government-procured infrastructure projects for many years. How-
ever, building information modeling (BIM) goes beyond the pro-
duction of 3D models generally in its philosophy and applications,
not entirely limited to the visualization of a facility. It encompasses
the proper creation and use of digitized time-related and cost-
related information throughout the entire project, as well as in
maintaining the lifecycle of its deliverables. This is vital for infra-
structure projects in general to handle the highly complex and
diverse nature of project requirements, particularly for managing
the expenses incurred during major road/highway construction.
It involves satisfying numerous project stakeholders, as well as
coordinating the complexities introduced by utility providers,
existing or proposed supply of services, adjacent structures, and the
environment.
1
Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Construction Management, School of Built
Environment, Curtin Univ., GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
E-mail: heap-yih.chong@curtin.edu.au
2
Research Fellow, Australasian Joint Research Centre for Building
Information Modelling, Curtin Univ., GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845,
Australia. E-mail: r.lopez@curtin.edu.au
3
Ph.D. Candidate, Australasian Joint Research Centre for Building
Information Modelling, Curtin Univ., GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845,
Australia (corresponding author). E-mail: wangjun19891224@126.com
4
Curtin-Woodside Chair Professor for Oil, Gas and LNG Construction
and Project Management and Co-Director, Australasian Joint Research
Centre for Building Information Modelling, Curtin Univ., GPO Box
U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia; International Scholar, Dept. of Housing
and Interior Design, Kyung Hee Univ., Seoul 02447, South Korea. E-mail:
xiangyu.wang@curtin.edu.au
5
Ph.D. Candidate, School of Economics and Management, Tongji
Univ., No.1 Bldg., 2 Chifeng Rd., Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092,
China. E-mail: 31593903@qq.com
Note. This manuscript was submitted on July 21, 2015; approved on
March 8, 2016; published online on June 30, 2016. Discussion period open
until November 30, 2016; separate discussions must be submitted for in-
dividual papers. This paper is part of the Journal of Management in En-
gineering, © ASCE, ISSN 0742-597X.
ects were in general primarily focused on the forthcoming develop-
ment and coordination of their functional uses. Most of them were
related to road or railway design and construction projects, as
well as in six-dimensional (6D) facility management using BIM.
Notable examples in particular would include the maintaining of
subway tunnels (Marzouk and Abdel-Aty 2012), integration of
BIM and lean principles (last planner system) in motorway projects
(Dave et al. 2013), prototype development of geographic informa-
tion systems (GIS) to be used with BIM in planning design and
construction (Borrmann et al. 2014), as well as open information
transfer in road, railway, and watercourse construction projects
(Heikkilä et al. 2013). In another example, integration of data as
a concept was proposed by Neath et al. (2014) for maintaining
the whole lifecycle of an airport facility using BIM (Neath et al.
2014). Software vendors have also briefly illustrated a relative
few road infrastructure government projects using BIM, but their
uses were found to be seemingly restricted as users had to work
with the very limited information available (Shou et al. 2015).
The researchers recognize the need for further BIM research to
be undertaken that yields qualitative findings based on the users’
viewpoints from different cultures. The research undertaken called
for a wider perspective on the practical illustration and BIM uses in
the road projects than from a single case study. Therefore, the re-
search aims to analyze the use of BIM and its associated technol-
ogies in infrastructure projects, particularly in constructing major
road projects in Australia and the People’s Republic of China.
A case study approach was adopted to analyze and compare the
BIM-enabled road projects in both countries. The collected data
were validated and verified by the key personnel of organizations
involved in the two case study projects. This is to ensure the ac-
curacy of the analyzed data and also to avoid reporting confidential
information.
Eventually, the findings will contribute to and extend the under-
standing of the current uses of BIM in road projects. They will also
provide insights into the effective adoption and use of BIM in other
infrastructure projects that may be procured in future by govern-
ments of other countries.

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 BIM in Infrastructure Projects
BIM rather serves as a process than a tool, where it is a modeling
technology and associated set of processes to produce, communi-
cate, and analyze building models (Eastman et al. 2011). Although
BIM data in buildings differ from those of infrastructure projects,
most of these sets of principles originated from their development
in the former (Shou et al. 2015). In certain occasions, the principles
can be grouped and applied in similar ways for both buildings and
infrastructure projects (Hassan-Ibrahim 2013).
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Potential BIM Uses in Road Design, Construction, and
Maintenance
The use of BIM in either road or railway infrastructure projects for
design, construction, and maintenance would serve to create, man-
age, and maintain all critical information pertaining to an asset
such as geospatial information, graphic representation of the trans-
portation networks, resources required in the project, etc. The
proper utilization of BIM data will help to achieve a generally cost-
effective design solution and improve efficiency in communication
among project stakeholders.
The forthcoming review of related literature examines the po-
tential and overview of BIM uses in road/highway infrastructure
design, construction, and maintenance. It makes reference to and
modifies certain BIM uses which have been derived from Liebich
(2013) and also includes some sources from BIM uses in buildings.
Subsequently, the overview of the BIM uses has been categorized
into three phases for the ease of referencing, namely, preconstruc-
tion, construction, and postconstruction.
Preconstruction
The preconstruction stage comprises of areas of planning, design,
site preparation, and supply chain management in design and con-
struction subcontracting. Some of the activities involved with BIM
during this stage are as follows:
• Site setting out: Field reconnaissance and dilapidation survey-
ing normally will be carried out by the builder and surveying
consultant onsite to understand the existing surroundings.
BIM models generated based on existing site plans and as-
constructed drawings if available can help to provide these par-
ties with precise information and coordinates required for the
site setting out (Han and Golparvar-Fard 2015);
• Site layout and logistics: Site layout drawings would normally
be prepared to help the builder organize construction and mo-
bilization activities onsite. Virtual environments created in BIM
models would instead represent a good platform for simulation
and planning (Eastman and Sacks 2008). With BIM and intel-
ligent algorithms, the layout of a site can be automatically or-
ganized and planned through careful builder involvement in the
early stages before construction (Wang et al. 2015);
• Project scheduling: Through the use of four-dimensional (4D)
simulation from BIM models, users can visualize the construc-
tion progression at a predetermined scale of time (Eastman et al.
2011). This will improve the processes of schedule resourcing,
monitoring, and updating;
• Material management: Tracking of materials can be managed
together with the assistance of BIM models, whereby support-
ing technologies such as Global Positioning System (GPS),
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), or Geographic Infor-
mation System (GIS) can be integrated to make material sup-
ply and management more effective and efficient (Wang and
Chong 2015). This is important, particularly in the supply
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chain management of the builder, to avoid instances onsite of
either missing materials or a delay in their delivery; and
• Engineering analysis: BIM is able to provide a platform to
simulate the loads required in the building to ensure structural
safety and serviceability (Lee et al. 2012). It will assist in pro-
ducing a lean design and reducing unnecessary wastes.
Construction
Following the preconstruction stages would be the project phase,
which involves the construction team’s scheduled activities that can
benefit significantly from the use of BIM. Some examples are as
follows:
• Construction inspection: All the information required for design
and construction workmanship inspection and specifications of
materials to be used can be found from BIM models (Bryde et al.
2013). The information from BIM models can be retrieved by
users when it is needed and in an accurate form, based on their
inputs both before and during construction;
• Human resource management and progress tracking: BIM
models can be integrated with mobile computing for resource
management and progress tracking (Turkan et al. 2012). All in-
formation pertaining to the required number of human resources
can be combined with 4D simulation to assist decision-makers
to track the progress of subcontracted trades and materials
onsite;
• Quality assurance: BIM provides quality related design and
construction information from its models (Bryde et al. 2013).
Mobile computing can be integrated with BIM to provide a
practical means for field workers from various subcontracted
trades to deal with real-time construction workmanship quality
issues that are monitored with onsite supervision, work tracking,
and project schedule checking. Moreover, quality checklists for
each task can be captured and managed within the BIM models;
• Safety onsite: BIM is able to demonstrate potential safety ha-
zards under a virtual construction platform (Zhang et al. 2013).
It can then also simulate a relatively safer onsite workplace en-
vironment for the required subcontracted trade work practices;
• Cost control: Fifth-dimensional (5D) BIM adds an additional
dimension, which is cost-related information, onto the model
(Wang et al. 2014b). It assists the project’s BIM user stake-
holders in tracking and forecasting the cash flow information
at any stage within the project. If any changes happen in the
model, it will also in turn update the project cash flow informa-
tion accordingly; and
• Constructability reviews: BIM facilitates the construction pro-
cess and provides a good platform of visualization for the train-
ing of personnel in stakeholder organizations (Zhang et al.
2014). Different construction method statements can be tested
for those larger-scale complex projects and will assist the
builder in making informed decisions toward better design con-
structability (Wang et al. 2016).
Postconstruction
The postconstruction phase explains the activities after construc-
tion, whereby the project has already been handed over to the
client. Some BIM related activities during this stage could be con-
sidered to include the following:
• Planned maintenance: BIM provides a centralized system that
would readily be able to enhance visualization and information
retrieval for quality maintenance (Chong et al. 2014). The
planned maintenance using BIM will improve building perfor-
mance and reduce ongoing lifecycle costs;
J. Manage. Eng.
 • System analysis: This activity examines the system’s actual
performance compared to that of the original design model. This
enables users of BIM, as well as their operators and mainte-
nance managers, to create an accurate simulation of the project
within the constraints of required standards and specifications
(Becerik-Gerber et al. 2011);
• Asset management: This is to increase the value of the project
and maximize its lifecycle by having effective facility manage-
ment. Asset management could also use the data contained in
BIM models to determine any potential cost implications of
changing or upgrading the assets modeled in 3D, 4D, 5D, and
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Research Approach
An approach involving two exploratory case studies was adopted.
The cases were selected as the researchers were allowed to access
the BIM models of both projects. The data were mainly collected
from the BIM models and the related documents; yet a few on-site
observations were also carried out to have a clear picture of the
virtual design and actual site conditions. The actual duration of
the data collection and analysis was from August until December
2014 in Australia; and from January to March 2014 in the People’s
Republic of China. This approach would determine the related data
for the formulation of valid and reliable findings, subject toward

6D (Wang et al. 2013);
• Emergency plan: During emergency events, such as in acci-
dents, critical information can be assessed and evaluated for
further actions. BIM could potentially improve the efficiency
of the response and minimize any unnecessary risks (Li et al.
2014). Its continued use would assist in making timely and in-
formed decisions during an emergency; and
• Transportation management: BIM is also capable of managing
high volumes of traffic and sophisticated transportation net-
works (Wang et al. 2014a). It can provide a proactive forecasting
medium to assist planning and monitoring of the traffic flow.
fulfilling the required criteria for its validity and reliability (Streb
2010). Therefore, the validity and reliability are of critical impor-
tance, particularly for this research approach. As the cases were
rather new, the authors intended to uphold a certain degree of con-
fidentiality and sensitivity with the information provided. The val-
idity and reliability processes had both been conducted internally
via two approaches. First, several discussions and workshops were
organized with the companies during the data collection and analy-
sis period. Second, this paper was reviewed and verified by the per-
son in charge of each company. As a result, these processes would
uphold the validity and reliability of this case study approach.

BIM-Related Software
Case Study Project in Australia
Fundamentally, the applications of BIM software in civil works
projects would be quite similar to the ways they are utilized within There are very limited BIM-enabled road projects in Australia. The
other types of construction projects in terms of their design devel- selected case study was located in Western Australia and Fig. 1
opment. However, some specialized BIM software are available illustrates the actual project site. Table 1 offers general information
and suitable for transportation projects, for example: about the Australian case study.
• Autodesk Incorporated series: AutoCAD Map 3D; Storm and
Sanitary Analysis; ReCap; InfraWorks; AutoCAD Civil 3D;
Background
Bridge Module; Rail Layout Module; River and Flood Analysis
Module; AutoCAD Utility Design; and Robot Structural Analy- The upgrade consisted of expanding approximately 4.2 km, or
sis Professional; 4,200 m, of the highway from four to six lanes. It also included the
• Bentley System Incorporated series: Power Rail Track; Power construction of a central median along the length of the upgraded
Rail Overhead Line; Power InRoads; Power GEOPAK; section, upgrading major intersections to allow for wider circles of
MXROAD; PowerCivil; RM Bridge; LEAP Bridge Enterprise; turning movements, bus lanes, on-road cycling facilities, and a con-
Bentley PowerRebar; LEAP Bridge Steel; gINT software; In- tinuous pedestrian path. The project aims to ease congestion along
spectTech; ProjectWise; and AssetWise; and
• Tekla and Trimble Incorporated series: TEKLA Structures;
TEKLA BIMSight; TEKLA Field3D; TRIMBLE Feedback;
TRIMBLE Locus; TRIMBLE DMS; TRIMBLE Eservices; TRIM-
BLE Webmap; and TRIMBLE Communication Networks.
The utilization of BIM would generally be concerned with the
involvement of fewer design consultants, suppliers, and trades from
the design perspective, as the road infrastructure would be typically
led by a civil and structural engineering entity rather than an archi-
tect. Information from fewer suppliers and trades would also be
inputted into the BIM model of road infrastructure, with its promi-
nent materials normally comprising of not much more than various
grades of layers for compacted fill and structural concrete. The
other construction trade packages from which information would
be inputted into a road infrastructure BIM model would normally
be limited to the masonry for retaining walls, structural steel for
concrete reinforcement and barriers, signage, stormwater drainage,
as well as electrical services for lighting and power (Lavin 2014).
It is debatable as to whether or not the usage of Autodesk AutoCAD
is prominent amongst engineering disciplines globally and if this
would have made their Navisworks BIM software package best
compatible for the design and construction of both road infrastruc-
Fig. 1. Upgrade of existing highway images (image courtesy of GHD,
ture case studies presented in this paper (Autodesk Incorporated
with permission from Nick Rostin)
2014).

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 Table 1. Brief Information and Procurement Method of Australian Case Study
Project information Description
Project title Upgrade of construction and civil works for an existing highway
Project duration The original duration was 12 months or 290 working days. It was completed approximately 3 months or 70 working days
ahead of target completion date in June 2013
Project cost The cost was approximately AU$175 million or US$125.4 million including both in design and construction. AU$1.00
approximately equated to US$0.72 (XE 2015)
Procurement method The project was delivered based on an alliance partnering arrangement

the highway by increasing its capacity by 70%, from 50,000 to the accuracy and currency of visualization for project stakeholder
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85,000 vehicles daily. It will also improve access to the airport and
surrounding areas, increase roadside safety for local residents and
other users of the highway, as well as deliver better facilities for
pedestrians and cyclists. The upgrade also included two variable
message sign boards, Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras
at each of the major signalized intersections, and a wedge shaped
backbone running the length of the median. These systems will be
used by the local authority to help manage traffic congestion.
The BIM tools used in the Australian case study project were
Autodesk AutoCAD Civil 3D and Navisworks, as well as 12D
Model and Bentley MXRoad (Autodesk Incorporated 2014; Bentley
Systems Incorporated 2014; 12D Solutions 2014).
BIM Uses in Preconstruction Stage
BIM was adopted by the project team from the beginning of the
project. The major stakeholders each had participated and contrib-
uted to the development of the BIM model. This was the first at-
tempt at using BIM in a team effort as per the alliance partnering
arrangement. All processes such as, file storage, folder structure,
naming, etc., were developed from scratch.
The common BIM uses of engineering analysis, quantity-take
off, and clash detention were carried out to support and coordinate
the BIM 3D, 4D, and 5D modeled information. The information
was then used and demonstrated in the virtual design and construc-
tion of the project as shown in Fig. 2. The benefits in terms of both
consultation were found to be significant, where it could compare
and demonstrate different details and needs for the subcontractors.
Moreover, transportation management or traffic impact simula-
tions were conducted to predict the volume and saturation on the
highway, and also to avoid any potential congestion during the con-
struction period. For example, one of the simulations considered
the 4D information in the model, especially on the time to excavate
the existing earth, and also to fill and compact the required con-
struction materials. This helped in preparing and planning the site
layout.
The preconstruction stage was the main process for the BIM
uses and development in the project. This was a tedious and rather
complicated process as it was the first time they had used BIM for a
road project and coordinating a number of key stakeholders as per
the procurement system.
BIM Uses in Construction Stage
As the contractor was one of the key stakeholders and involved in
the design development, the data from the BIM model could be
used to conduct the field survey and setting out. The coordinates
and precise boundaries helped the contractor in carrying out the
earthwork on site. Besides, to address construction quality assur-
ance requirements, the head contractor’s project engineer was
aware of areas where the earthworks subcontractor should not ex-
cavate. Both the design and construction teams could virtually and

Fig. 2. Different levels of screenshot detail in BIM from the engineering analysis and the results of clash detection

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Fig. 3. Comparison of As-built Image versus as-planned based on the Field Survey: (a) as-planned 3D model; (b) as-built site image (image courtesy
of GHD, with permission from Nick Rostin)

physically see the onsite space and obstructions. Fig. 3 illustrates
the accuracy of the information provided by the model, particularly
when it is compared to the locations of as-built existing obstruc-
tions during construction.
The project team had been provided access via electronic tablets
to an enhanced version of the web-based interface containing their
added layers of information. The model had been updated regularly
by the project team, but only synchronized once a month with the
Autodesk AutoCAD Civil 3D model and updated utilizing GIS and
Navisworks data on the website.
From the screenshot of the Web Viewer (Fig. 4), the project can
be viewed on screen and acted as singular points of truth during the
Australian case study project’s construction. The Viewer is avail-
able to the general public over the web to view the current and
planned works, as well as better understand what will be occurring
in their neighborhood. The project has impacted hundreds of sur-
rounding land holders and businesses.
BIM Uses in Postconstruction Stage
Some shortcomings need to be considered in the project. The scope
of the project ended after construction and the maintenance was
handled by the Government client. Yet, there was a very strong
level of interest to adopt other BIM uses during operation and

Fig. 4. Web-based interface screenshot

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 maintenance after completion of the project, such as road manage-
ment and geospatial issue tracking. In reality, these applications
have not yet been fully developed in working with the BIM plat-
form, which require further research and investigation.
client that the project would not cause any major disturbances to
traffic flows within the five existing roads surrounding the site.
The BIM tools used in the Chinese case study project were
Autodesk Revit, Navisworks, Robot Structural, Ecotect Analysis,
and Infrastructure Modeler (Autodesk Incorporated 2014).

Case Study Project in People’s Republic of China

BIM has been actively used in numerous types of infrastructure
projects in China. The road project was selected as the case study
due to its high profile and media coverage in China. The project
was located in Shanghai and Fig. 5 illustrates the actual project site
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BIM Uses in Preconstruction Stage
The project was undertaken through an Engineering, Procurement,
and Construction (EPC) procurement system and the in-house
design team used various packages of Autodesk software. This

of the case study. Table 2 offers the general details of the case study
in China.
Background
The new road was constructed for four lanes in each direction. The
total length of the Chinese case study project was 500 m. Five
existing roads were connected into, as well as provided access and
egress to, the site including an existing highway. There was an ad-
jacent road, which was only 2.7 m away from the Chinese case
study project site, causing certain constraints over the working
space and created a greater challenge for the construction of under-
ground structures. Besides, the contractors needed to ensure their
strategy helped the team in coordinating the BIM model easily and
improved the design practice significantly relative to other procure-
ment methods. The common BIM uses in 3D, 4D, 5D, quantity
take-off, and clash detection were adopted in this stage. The virtual
information of the BIM model also included the geotechnical and
soil conditions of the construction site. It aimed to provide a clear
picture and relationship between the project and the surrounding
environment, which helped the designers and contractors to have
proper planning on the site.
Besides, Autodesk Revit software was integrated with its Robot
Structural Analysis for having analytical reliability and effective-
ness in complying with required engineering specifications of
the civil works project. The generated simulations or calculations

Fig. 5. Construction of new road (image courtesy of Shanghai Urban Construction Design and Research Institute, with permission from Mingfeng
Huang)

Table 2. Brief Information and Procurement Method of Chinese Case Study

Project information Description
Project title A new road construction and civil works for a highway
Project duration The duration was approximately 18 months or 544 working days for about 0.5 km of road construction
Project cost The cost was approximately 23,392,200 RMB or AU$3.6 million including both design and construction. 1 RMB
approximately equated to AU$0.15 (XE 2015)
Procurement method The project was delivered based on an engineering, procurement, and construction contracting arrangement
(EPC Engineer 2014)

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Fig. 6. Construction safety analysis screenshot

were useful for confirming the compliances on the structural

loads and safety requirements in the project, as illustrated in Figs. 6
and 7.

BIM Uses in Construction Stage

At the outset of construction, the contractors had utilized an auto-
mated theodolite system integrated with the BIM model designed
from Autodesk Revit software. The system was located at the con-
struction site where the surveying subcontractor was able to visu-
alize the setting out points and perimeter boundaries as illustrated
in Fig. 8. This would serve to increase the accuracy and efficiency
of the setting out (Autodesk Incorporated 2014).
Subsequently, Autodesk Navisworks software was integrated
in the Chinese case study project together with their Infrastructure
Fig. 7. Live and dead load structural analyses screenshots
Modeler again, but at this stage it was used to track onsite construc-
tion progress. Multiple CCTV cameras were installed to provide

Fig. 8. BIM integrated automated theodolite system (images courtesy of Shanghai Urban Construction Design and Research Institute, with
permission from Mingfeng Huang)

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Fig. 9. Tracking of onsite construction progress (images courtesy of
Shanghai Urban Construction Design and Research Institute, with
permission from Mingfeng Huang)
Fig. 10. Laser scans for deviation detection screenshot (image courtesy
of Shanghai Urban Construction Design and Research Institute, with
permission from Mingfeng Huang)
the relevant information for storage into the system as illustrated in
Fig. 9. It provided a clear visualization of the progress onsite, as
well as enhancing the communication and decision-making proc-
esses of the various stakeholders in the project.
Another notable BIM feature of the Chinese case study project
was the ability of this system to apply laser scanning for deviation
detection during the construction progression in its entirety, as
illustrated in Fig. 10. It stored and managed most of the site infor-
mation gathered via a web-based server from the beginning of the
project until its completion.
Lastly, the design team also applied 3D printing technology to
check if the model was of adequate structural integrity to satisfy
quality and onsite construction safety requirements from a smaller
scale and different perspective. The 3D printed model was used to
simulate the results of certain construction processes and their safe
work method statements required in the Chinese case study project.
It also helped to determine working space requirements and avail-
ability, as well as proper site management. Fig. 11 illustrates the
printed model of the civil works road infrastructure project.
BIM Uses in Postconstruction Stage
The Chinese case study was also the first infrastructure road
project handled by the contractors involved. Some BIM uses were
not applied, particularly in operation and maintenance following
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Fig. 11. 3D printed model (image courtesy of Shanghai Urban
Construction Design and Research Institute, with permission from
Mingfeng Huang)
completion and handover of this case study project, such as the
subsequent road management of traffic.
Comparative Analyses
Australia and the People’s Republic of China have different codes
of practice and working cultures in their construction industries. It
is important to understand this with regard to the cultural and mana-
gerial aspects of the projects. Hence, the comparative analyses were
conducted to examine culture, BIM uses and associated technolo-
gies, roles, responsibilities, and managerial issues of both projects.
Moreover, differences between BIM for buildings and infrastruc-
ture projects were also discussed. This would highlight new in-
sights into the BIM development in infrastructure projects.
Cultural Aspects
Both countries have different working cultures on BIM. The na-
tional culture traits impact the management practices in construc-
tion projects (Naoum et al. 2015). BIM seems to be a trend for
all construction projects in China, which is also heavily promoted
by the government. At the time of the study, the adoption and use of
BIM in infrastructure projects was very limited in China, and this
project was very important for the sake of demonstrating a case
study in the industry. Hence, only a very small part of the project
(0.5 km) was investigated and led by the EPC contractor for using
BIM uses and its associated technologies. As a result, the true ap-
preciation of BIM benefits might not be fully realized in the project
as this was a typical case where the acceptance and use of BIM
was driven by the individual or organization’s intention (Lee et al.
2015).
On the other hand, the Australian client had a strong desire to
acquire BIM knowledge to improve productivity and reduce labor
costs encountered in the country. Therefore, the client initiated the
partnering procurement system and absorbed all costs in relation
to the development and exploration of BIM models and its uses
in the project. Consequently, reworks or errors on site were greatly
reduced. The virtual and precise information from BIM helped to
improve the productivity of the project. Besides, the web-based in-
terface on the BIM model and progress of work also contributed
to the need for public engagement, as regulated in the Australian
policy.
BIM Uses and Associated Technologies
Table 3 presents the summarized and technical analyses from the
projects. The results show that both of them had successfully imple-
mented BIM and its associated technologies. The projects incorpo-
rated most of the BIM uses and associated technologies except the
Chinese case study, which adopted a laser scanning technology for
deviation detection and 3D model printing, which a new approach
J. Manage. Eng.
 Table 3. Technical Analyses of Australian and Chinese Case Study in the projects. The Australian project had more flexibility and
Projects control in terms of accidental and unwanted changes during the
Australian Chinese construction stage (Rezgui et al. 2013) compared with the Chinese
Adopted BIM uses and associated case study case study case study.
technologies project project Other related BIM roles could be grouped and classified as lead-
3D engineering analysis Yes Yes ing modelers or coordinators. Although they had different roles and
Design clash analysis Yes Yes position titles, their responsibilities were rather similar too. Their
4D construction progress visualization Yes Yes scopes of work include (1) liaising with software vendors regularly
5D cost analysis Yes Yes for updates and training availabilities; (2) collecting data from in-
Construction safety analysis Yes Yes coming site surveying data to maintain accurate records of incom-
Live and dead load structural analysis Yes Yes ing data and also to request new areas to be surveyed where existing
BIM integrated site setting-out or surveying Yes Yes
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information was lacking or not readily available; (3) converting site

Tracking onsite construction progress Yes Yes
Transportation management Yes Yes
Laser scanning for deviation detection — Yes
3D model printing — Yes
Web-based interface Yes — providers to establish design criteria for each provider; (5) carrying
for the industry. Meanwhile, the Australian case study also used a
new web-based BIM interface to engage with the public on the
project.
These applications could be categorized into two groups, as
illustrated in Fig. 12. Some of the BIM applications or associated
technologies were not directly operated within the BIM model.
They took advantage of virtual, geometric, and geographic infor-
mation from the BIM model to perform the functions required for
the projects. Most of them had room for further development, and
the full benefits have yet to be discovered.
Managerial Aspects
The managerial aspects of both projects should be compared and
investigated further, particularly on their roles, responsibilities, and
related managerial issues.
Table 4 shows the key persons, together with their roles and
responsibilities, involved in each of the case study projects through-
out the whole project lifecycle. The client in the Australian case
study had full control over the management processes, whereas the
BIM consultant, who was also the EPC contractor, was directing
the management processes in the Chinese case study. Both projects
included a few new roles in relation to BIM, namely, BIM mod-
elers, BIM experts, and external consultant supervisors. They were
all led by the BIM coordinators, who were also the design managers
surveying data into 3D BIM models for use within the Autodesk
Navisworks environment primarily to perform the clash detection
function (Autodesk Incorporated 2014); (4) liaising with utility
out new utility designs, as well as indicate redundant utilities and
subterranean clashes to be pegged by the surveyor onsite before
construction; (6) checking the as-constructed data for compliance,
i.e., what was installed is within design tolerances; and (7) updating
the available live online BIM model with all as-con data to close
data loops, particularly when identified; and issuing nonconform-
ance notices if and when required. A couple of managerial issues
were concerned in the BIM projects, namely:
• Development process of BIM models: The design development
commenced with two-dimensional designs that were then con-
verted into a three-dimensional model in the Chinese case study
project. This may have created certain coordination obstacles
in terms of realizing, let alone appreciating, the advocated
theoretical benefits of BIM. On the other hand, the Australian
case study developed the BIM model directly from the three-
dimensional model. This practice prevented errors or alterations
due to information loss from the BIM model;
• Data and information management was a key issue: In the
Australian case study, for example, the size of files became too
large to manage with hardware the project team had during that
time. The solution was to split the BIM design work from each
discipline or utility provider into separate individually stored
files and coordinate each of them either via Autodesk Navis-
works or through external referencing into their Autocad soft-
ware packages (Autodesk Incorporated 2014);
• Data and information accuracy: This was another potential
issue that could have been encountered in both case study

Fig. 12. Overview of BIM uses in the case studies

© ASCE 05016021-9 J. Manage. Eng.

J. Manage. Eng., 05016021

 Table 4. Roles and Responsibilities
Role Project responsibilities
Project client • In the Australian case study, the project client was a government department
• In the Chinese case study, the project client was a private transportation company
Contractors • The design and construction team members were contracted by the project client in both case study projects
• Five contractors were engaged under the alliance procurement arrangement in the Australian case study project to facilitate BIM
coordination
• Two contractors were engaged under an EPC procurement arrangement in the Chinese case study project to facilitate BIM
coordination (EPC Engineer 2014)
Leading BIM • In both case study projects, the BIM modelers reported to and assisted the design managers in each designer consultancy
coordinators • These design managers were to become the leading BIM coordinators in both case study projects
BIM experts • The projects were highly complex so both projects had engaged BIM experts to solve the technical issues and share the right data and
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information between stakeholders

Consultant • Like the contractors, the consultant supervisors were also engaged by the project client in both case study projects
supervisors • Two other government departments were also involved to supervise the Australian case study project onsite for BIM model
compliance
• A construction consulting company was engaged to supervise the Chinese case study project onsite for BIM model compliance
Design managers • Coordinated the design teams in both case study projects
• Set weekly priorities for design teams to work toward
• Met with utility providers to obtain their verifications for the design teams to carry out their scope of work
• Coordinated the work inputs from various different design and construction disciplines
• Acted as the business interface between the design and construction teams in both case study projects
• Carried out administrative tasks in creating a formalized system/set of documentation for the construction team to request design
support. Referred to as triage in the Australian case study project

projects in the absence of effective risk management. The issue
of maintaining the accuracy of schematic and surveyed data
and information within the same models was overcome in the
two case study projects generally by default through the nam-
ing conventions that were adopted by both sets of project
teams; and
• BIM legal issues: The BIM software packages were generally
used as design tools. The BIM model itself was not part of the
original scope of work for both case study projects and therefore
not included as a deliverable that was required to be presented to
the civil works road infrastructure asset owners. The project
team members in both case studies did, however, deliver the
completed BIM models to each of these road infrastructure asset
owners, including their typical 3D-generated string data accu-
racy disclaimers against liability.
Differences of BIM Uses between Buildings and
Infrastructure Projects
According to the recent comparative review, BIM uses in the build-
ing industry have been focusing on the development and detailed
analysis of BIM 3D models, and gradually using 4D schedule ap-
plication and 5D cost planning, whereas the BIM uses in infrastruc-
ture projects are only at an average level of implementation in the
sector (Shou et al. 2015). The adoption and use of BIM in infra-
structure projects are still slow. This is evident from the analyzed
case studies in that both were the first BIM attempt on road projects
undertaken by the top designers or contractors in the respective
countries. Nevertheless, the case studies demonstrated certain ex-
amples of the evolution of BIM uses as compared to the practice of
BIM in the building industry:
• Road design and planning simulation: The intention here was to
create efficient transportation management through the proper
design and planning of the road. It was also possible to avoid
traffic congestion caused by site works during the construction
stage. The virtual information from the BIM model could be
used effectively to simulate various alternatives based on the
surrounding environment, whereas this use of BIM is very rare
for buildings;
• Web-based interface for BIM model: The road project affected
quite a number of stakeholders or residents alongside the con-
struction. There was a need to inform and engage the public
regarding the progress of the construction. To this end, the
BIM model was converted into a much lighter model and hosted
on the website. This was a new approach for engaging with the
public using the BIM model, which could be used in buildings
or other projects in the future;
• Integration BIM with GIS: The integration was for site setting-
out and surveying, which was a peculiar development for road
projects due to the need for accurate locality information and
boundaries for the construction site. However, this integration
might not be as beneficial for buildings, which are usually lo-
cated within a relatively small construction area. Yet, this could
be still applied to buildings from the perspective of tagging and
tracking materials (Irizarry et al. 2013);
• Construction progress tracking and update on BIM model: The
tracking of the construction progress was conducted on site via
the data captured by CCTV and transferred back to the BIM
model. It helped in monitoring and controlling the site progress
more effectively. This approach could be considered in build-
ings if the contract sum is large enough to compensate the initial
and operational costs involved;
• Integration of BIM and laser scanning: This approach was suc-
cessfully tested and implemented in the Chinese case study for
deviation detection. Yet, the synchronization between the BIM
and laser scanning required further development, which this area
is still developing as highlighted in recent studies (Wang et al.
2015; Bosché et al. 2015; Kim et al. 2015). Nevertheless, this
practice could be applied similarly in buildings; and
• 3D model printing: The approach used the information of the
BIM model and printed the main section of the project to en-
hance the decision making process. The method is quite feasible
for buildings due to the popularity and reasonable cost of a 3D
printer. Yet, it needs to be considered for the actual needs and
benefits required for the buildings.
In summary, the complex project characteristics and large
capital investment would be the main influence on the different
BIM uses between buildings and infrastructure projects.

© ASCE 05016021-10 J. Manage. Eng.

J. Manage. Eng., 05016021

 Discussion
The comparative analyses show both projects had more or less the
same BIM uses, associated technologies, key persons’ roles, and
responsibilities. One of the probable reasons for this could be traced
to the intended BIM’s agenda and standardized formats as pro-
moted in the BIM community globally. The users referred to the
limited sources of references as developed by the professional
bodies or associations, such as BuildingSMART and the National
Institute of Building Science (NIBS). Moreover, both projects used
similar software for developing the BIM models. This would influ-
ence the BIM key personnel to follow similar rules and guidelines,
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as provided by the software vendor.
Besides, the projects should follow the unique naming conven-
tions of the BIM data and information contained within their mod-
els. This was necessary due to the amount of information required
to be available with relative ease. Any element within the model
could be selected and its current record established, potentially
through instant recognition by users, via this naming convention.
Yet, this naming is different from the common BIM model level of
detail (LOD), which is commonly referred to in buildings. This
needs to consider varying levels of design detail that are used and
designed based on the potential project impact and the risk profile
of the deliverable road assets. Consequently, the Australian case
study project team had this information, which was included as a
unique layer with its own name within the model. The level of con-
fidence in the information in relation to buried utilities was classed
and could be used as a good reference point for the LOD in road
infrastructure projects, for example:
• Level A—Confirmed 3D survey following potholing;
• Level B—Confirmed 2D surface location via nonintrusive meth-
ods such as Ground Penetrating Radar and Metal Detection. The
indicative depths were marked when available;
• Level C—Information available from utility authorities di-
rectly and/or via the Dial Before You Dig (2014) service in
Australia; and
• Level D—Utilities which have not been documented, but are
thought to exist based on site observation or anecdotal evidence.
Apart from that, limited BIM uses were demonstrated for both
projects in the postconstruction stage. Although the BIM models
used traffic simulations for transportation management, the simu-
lations were mainly applied for design use. The live or real-time
monitoring of traffic and the network should be considered and in-
corporated within the BIM models. This will be beneficial for
maintaining the facility and also for controlling the flow of traffic
when necessary. Moreover, the live monitoring data could be col-
lected and analyzed for future improvement of the flow of traffic
and safety.
Nevertheless, the case studies are deemed to have been
completed successfully in terms of cost, time, and the quality of
construction workmanship by applying numerous BIM uses in
projects. Eventually, both projects serve as a valuable asset to their
companies as the BIM models can be used as a template and learn-
ing platform for other infrastructure projects in the near future.
Insights
Both case studies achieved the required outcomes of the projects
in terms of cost, time, and the quality of construction workmanship.
In particular, the Australian project saved approximately AU
$31,000,000 or US$22,500,000 based on the rough calculations
on (1) 3 months ahead of the targeted completion date, and
(2) the costs saved from the changes and reworks of the project
that were contributed to by the BIM model’s accurate virtual,
© ASCE 05016021-11
J. Manage. Eng., 05016021
geometric, and geographic information. Although the calculation
could not be elaborated in detail, due to certain limitations as high-
lighted in the subsequent section of the paper, both case studies
were deemed to be successful for adopting numerous BIM uses
and associated technologies in completing the projects. Conse-
quently, the insights or key strategies behind the projects’ successes
should to be uncovered.
For instance, there is a very healthy working culture in the
Western Australian construction industry, where all stakeholders
have a relatively high level of trust between each other. The part-
nering procurement system was adopted successfully in the case
study, where the key stakeholders could learn and explore the first
BIM attempt in the project. Their risks were very well allocated and
shared. Incentives were also given for early completion of the
project. Therefore, the designers and contractors had full support
and freedom to put forward their ideas, based on the shared and
similar objectives in the project. As a result, the details of the
BIM model were enhanced and perfected progressively, while the
cost of the BIM model development was absorbed by the client.
The team leadership role played by the client promoted team inte-
gration and fostered a culture of collaboration in the project allianc-
ing approach (Ibrahim et al. 2015). This approach is becoming
more popular and is perceived as the future trend in the construction
procurement system (Ruparathna and Hewage 2015). To summa-
rize, this strategy supported the effective use of the information
gained from BIM and improved the productivity of the project,
which in turn achieved the desire outcomes and enabled the project
to be completed ahead of time.
On the other hand, the strategy adopted in the Chinese case
study project was to engage a competent BIM consultant to lead
the first BIM road project under a fixed-contract sum. Hence, the
selected EPC contractor in the project was a well-known design
consultant for infrastructure projects in China. The client made
BIM uses the top priority in the project and gave the EPC contractor
full authority to explore the potential benefits of BIM. The contrac-
tor could test numerous BIM uses and the associated technologies
during the design, procurement, and construction stages. Conse-
quently, a number of new BIM uses were implemented and the
project was completed on time and within budget.
It is important to understand how to unlock or transfer BIM
knowledge from buildings to infrastructure projects. Some insights
could be drawn based on the case studies and referred to as the
factors contributing to the success transition, such as
• Emphasis on the planning and simulation of the project during
the pre-construction stage;
• Empowerment given by the client to the project team;
• Need for complying with the complex nature and characteristics
of the projects;
• Selection of proper project delivery approaches as per the
cultural aspects; and
• Availability and maturity of the BIM software and associated
technologies.
Nonetheless, the BIM model still needs to be developed well
and completely in order to provide useful information for sub-
sequent stages of the project.
Conclusions
The research has achieved its primary aim of analyzing and com-
paring the adoption and use of BIM in the road projects in Australia
and the People’s Republic of China. The qualitative findings were
yielded largely based on the analysis of the BIM models and the
related documents in both projects. Numerous innovative BIM uses
J. Manage. Eng.
 and associated technologies were successfully implemented in the
projects. Certain limitations need to be considered in the research.
The BIM uses and associated technologies were applied for the
first time in the case studies. The researchers failed to access some
detailed information that was commercially sensitive and confiden-
tial, such as some sophisticated technological know-how in imple-
menting the BIM uses and associated technologies, the details of
the contractual clauses in the contract document, and costs involved
in calculating the savings or profits of the projects. Furthermore, the
selected cases were rather small in terms of the contract values
and the project lengths. Adjustments and care needs to be taken
when attempting to generalize the findings for similar transporta-
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by CURTIN UNIV OF TECHNOLOGY on 07/26/16. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
tion projects.
Nevertheless, the case studies show the BIM uses were quite
similar in the projects, yet the adopted managerial strategies and
encountered issues were rather different when referring to the
cultural aspects of the two countries. Several examples were also
discussed for the BIM evolution from the building industry to the
infrastructure projects. Overall, the research can render practical
references and new insights into greater adoption and use of BIM
in infrastructure projects.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to extend their gratitude to the Sustainable Built
Environment National Research Centre (SBEnrc) for their financial
support and also wish to thank GHD in Australia and the Shanghai
Urban Construction Design & Research Institute in China for pro-
viding the case studies.
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