Assembly Language

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#./01-21345 6)78$‫א‬#9:5 (‫א‬#./01-7 .;< :=## $ 78$‫א‬
.#( ‫א‬#9>? .;@A13‫א‬5 =
#A9-I.5 (‫א‬#.C‫!א‬#6 ). D*-0‫א‬E#0‫א‬#. 8‫ א‬4F#.GH
.#6 )F‫א‬# )J‫א &א‬-0‫א‬4&1 F‫א‬7A1-0‫א‬4KL-)1/01M‫א‬7 ‫א& א‬N."‫א‬O9-
R 1ST<!-0‫א‬UR T<!V032914PQ'G‫א‬/01M@‫א‬72;‫א‬L-)#9:‫א‬
$@A 7 .;‫@א‬Y#6 )F‫א&א‬T‫אא‬K@‫א‬%‫א‬Z ،X2"R N 4T<!&1 F
.[‫א‬- \‫ &א\ א‬+
.# a:‫?א‬D/01M‫א‬7 .;#]‫א‬#.^_5 (‫א‬#./01-79`# $ Z #9:‫א‬
−:
‫א‬
#bAssembler*)9/01-#6‫א‬#]‫א‬#.5 (‫א‬#./01-79`Z9
-0‫א‬E@‫א‬72;‫א‬T<e‫*אא‬f،Assembler‫א‬: +,-9*Qc dc?8& ‫א‬
.#0%)"‫א‬
34hAfQ‫א‬-04*+-67ijk l-0‫א‬U‫א‬4& ‫א‬V0+gV0/01M‫א‬329
.& ‫א‬V0m+1n
&‫א‬p9\‫א‬#]‫א‬#._:9qAssembler‫@א‬A9o‫א‬Instructions& ‫א‬4-0‫א‬U‫א‬
s 8t7u0 r‫א &א‬KF@ AAssembler&‫א‬p9_*Assembler-Directives
.*+-f/01- dN."-‫אא‬V0T<!
?8‫ א‬H5 (‫א‬#.-0‫א‬U‫א‬7
NAME OPERATION OPERAND(S) COMMENT
*+Q‫א‬w‫א‬-fx329G4(SPACE)-6)"‫א‬4TAB‫א‬v$0#6‫א‬AJ‫א‬m78$‫א‬Z9 •
.‫א‬7AJ‫א‬7AQ7m7yU‫א‬
0T<!(/01M‫א‬V0-6)‫){אא‬-0U‫{אא‬59-$# +|Q#QNAMEZz‫א@א‬%‫א‬Z9 •
.G? ‫א‬7AQ/01M‫א‬V0
.c $6"‫א‬-0U‫*א‬+ijOperation7AJ‫א‬ •
-16- SUST
:
___________________________________________________________
9 r‫א‬-0U‫א‬#6‫ א‬$6"‫'&א‬0"‫א‬470"‫*א‬+ijOperation(s)7AJ‫א‬ •
.(7AJ‫! אא‬6z-0‫א‬U‫א‬Kx34PQz).-0U‫א‬1*+

./01M‫ א‬S@%)9J‫א‬-0U‫*א‬+ +@%)9Comments‫&א‬q"‫א‬7AQ •

Srart: MOV CX , 5 ; initialize counter
Zy-‫א‬5n*05Zy-‫א‬CX&'0"‫א‬MOV@%)"‫א‬-0U‫א‬Start3‫א‬+-0U‫א‬c
. ‫א‬# a‫א‬z‫א‬# A‫א‬5349&YQ'"‫א‬7AQCX7()"‫א‬5
:&‫א‬p9u0
Main Proc
‫"!א‬#‫א‬V+|q9 f.Main Z(T‫א‬-!_) +-f/01-O9-@A9p9\‫אא‬
: $
Name Field%‫'"א&!א‬
T43'+\n+-f/01MZ‫א‬T6+\4 d-0U3‫א‬+T6+\7AJ‫א@אא‬%‫א‬Z9
.-‫אא‬V9+_7AJ‫אא‬79`Z9،&‫א‬N."‫א‬
n7AJ‫א‬7 ‫&א‬f)0 !v)0N,-Q31*Q67AJ‫אא‬32934V2
NF2‫א‬,-J‫א‬m9-$‫א‬Z9zZy-4F9zZz‫א‬#9‫א‬z_“.”,-J‫@א‬%)9z
. fN.8‫א‬
:#FA0TU#u04
start – counter - @character – sum_of_digits - $1000 – done? -.test
:#FA0NTU#u04
two words &‫א‬-f+Gj
2abc Zy-4F9
a45.ab %& ' (.) !
Operation Field()*‫'"א)א‬

iQ_3234b-6)‫ אא‬$6"‫א‬OpCode-0U‫א‬+7AJ‫אא‬Gj
@A k QAssembler‫א‬/01M‫א‬#e@A G‫א‬/01M#f-"‫א &א‬
Z #f-0& :MovAddSub& ‫א‬nu#]‫א‬#._:9q
.C AQz7 8$:+k9J‫א‬
17 SUST
:
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Assembler‫?א‬6 \:2#]‫א‬#.:9`Z9'fPseudo-Op‫א‬Cp9_1‫_א‬04
Procedure+-f/01-O9-@%)ProcC'u0 dT;@A

Operand Field, ‫'"א‬
J‫א‬-0U‫ א‬$Z o‫אא‬S&‫א‬N.0&'()0V0&'0"‫א‬+7AJ‫אא‬Gj
z4Q‫א‬# y4m y+Gj347AJ‫{אא‬V2('C u05e‫א‬# +7u0) : +
n# ‫א‬#u0U‫@א‬%)"‫א‬-0U‫א‬1)Qn'I\‫א‬+# yG4+Gj
, ‫א‬ )*‫א‬
&'00!z NOP
CX7()"‫א‬Q‫א‬700!9 INC CX
2Zy-‫א‬Word1N."‫א‬3'00!9 ADD Word1 , 2
*)9 f#( ‫א‬V9<tZ G‫א‬U‫א‬70"‫א‬329m0"‫א&א‬AJ‫א‬#Q
PQz)-‫ אא‬d5y04&'()"‫א‬Q40_329destination Operand )"
Source ?8"‫א‬+Gq f1u‫א‬70"‫א‬04(C'D4#( ‫א‬V9<%@Az-0‫א‬U‫א‬K34
.J‫א‬-0U‫ א‬$ yN .Z9z +Operand
.p9\‫א‬V+# f_&00+ +70"‫א‬Gq f&‫א‬p9#F)04

Comment Field-', ‫א‬."‫'"א‬
@A90 +J‫א‬-0U‫א‬+&A /0M"‫א‬V0&YQ'0+7AJ‫אא‬Gj
.:fc+)/01M‫א‬4-A9ys%GU $032y# f_&00G4-0U‫א‬#$
+:=Z9#IA"‫א‬#D$‫א‬c5A?F+G4";"#IA"‫א‬#D$7AJ‫אא‬TZ9
.&YQ'0:14
V01fv-;‫א‬KF: f& ‫`[א‬5 (‫א‬#.3UV2G? ‫א‬7AJ‫אא‬34Z?
5Z90 +N)$[j4‫א‬N-04G4+&A 5Z9347fU‫א‬
."‫א א‬5# $ V+V0<‫?א‬-M‫א)א‬Z9/01M‫א‬-64V0-67+
:0N‫א א‬C'uf
MOV CX , 0 ; move 0 to CX
:‫א א‬#Z9347fU‫א‬V03
18 SUST
:
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MOV CX , 0 ; CX counts terms, initialized to 0
u"‫ א‬d-Afv-#Qn 14+70-6@‫א‬%‫א‬C1 Q4Z9
:‫א‬
;
; Initialize Registers
MOV CX,0
MOV BX, 0
Program Data/01‫א‬23 ‫א‬04‫א‬
5070‫א‬Z95 (‫א‬#./0‫א‬-# aS@y?4?D&1 F‫א‬5070/01M‫@א‬A9
.,-Q?D*Q4#9-;‫א‬4-;+# ‫א)א‬4# au‫?א‬8‫@א‬y?U‫א‬
Numbers5‫א‬6*‫א‬
aSZy-‫א‬34+#zb4B,-J‫א‬:10?D# au‫@א‬y?U‫א‬#Z9 •
Binary
11100011b401010111B7u0 •
:34V2،#9:‫א‬,-Q3 "‫?א‬8‫א‬:Z9#9-;‫@א‬y?U‫א‬ •
.–234D1345d12347u0Decimal#9-;+:14+#z d,-J‫א‬4D,-J
:14+#zh,-J‫א‬4H,-J:Zy-4F34b-;+# ‫@א)א‬y?U‫א‬ •
U‫א‬u"‫א‬0‫א‬F)‫)א‬.56H40abh7u0Hexadecimal -;+# ‫א‬

.(ab*)"‫א‬N."‫ א‬ab-;+‫א)א‬Zy-‫א‬6"‫א‬34
*‫א‬7$89!:‫א‬.;‫א‬
&q0 Zy-‫א‬
G-;+ 10011
aS 10011b
G-;+ 6455
-;+‫א‬ -456h
(Zy-4F9z)H6 FFFFh
(y?N,-Q*+Gj)H6 1,234
(H4h,-J:9)H6 0ab

19 SUST
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Characters<.)#‫א‬
79`C ‫ א‬Z9‘SUDAN’ 4‘A’ 'C u0s 8‫&א‬0'+7 ‫ א‬7e‫א‬,-J‫א‬5Z9
:9<tAssembler‫א‬#6‫א‬ASCII‫ א‬-"‫@א‬y?U‫_א‬,-J‫א‬
A,-q-"‫א‬Zy-‫)א‬41hZy-‫‘א‬A’,-J‫א‬m-f!9zn*+-‫אא‬
.-‫אא‬V9<%‫א‬# Q1V04/01M‫א‬7 ‫ א‬n(e‫א‬
VARIABLES‫א )א‬
‫א‬i)"‫&א&א‬./0‫א‬M‫א‬FG‫א?א‬$15 (‫א‬#.&‫א‬N."‫א‬
9`bn*+.)‫א‬2F‫א‬#.7u0High Level Programming Languages
N.072-‫אא‬320<(QZ k QN.071/01M‫א‬#0%)"‫א&א‬N."‫א‬T4
O9-‫א‬e‫א@א‬%
‫א‬Z9.N."‫א‬O9- -(nN."‫א‬15096
.$9-6"‫א‬N."‫א‬p9_7N;9k Q5 (‫א‬#.&‫א‬N."‫א‬
?& ‫א‬ =:>‫א‬
-‫אא‬Q‫א‬#1 7.;9-QN.0O9- DB (Define Byte)
-‫אא‬m 0m1 7.;9#N.0O9- DW (Define Word )
-‫אא‬# 0&1 #?47.;9N.0O9- DD (Define Double Word)
-‫אא‬# 0&1 37.;9N.0O9- DQ (Define Quad Word)
-‫אא‬# 0&1 -;+7.;9N.0O9- DT (Define Ten Bytes)
.DW DB‫א‬V0&‫א‬N."‫א‬5070@AT<e‫אא‬

:Byte Variables@)#‫אא‬A ‫א‬
:# ‫?א‬8# f-J‫א&א‬N."‫א‬O9-Z9
Name DB Initial_Value
'C u0
Alpha DB 4
y5Z9Alpha‫א‬-‫אא‬Q‫א‬1 7.;9N.0O9-p9\‫@אא‬A9
.N."‫אא‬4?‫א‬A0# a‫אא‬
.- .# a‫ אא‬y !@+#Q(‫@)؟‬:$z‫א‬#0'+‫א‬Z9
Byte DB ? :u0
20 SUST
:
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:9<tZ9o‫@א‬y?U‫א‬#Q2550 mv‫א‬N."‫אא‬:9<tV2o‫א‬Z A‫א‬
:9<tZ9o‫@א‬y?U‫א‬#Q+127−128mUnsigned Numbers?_3
.Signed Numbers?
Word Variables;‫אא‬A

Two Bytes-‫אא‬V0m1 9<tZ9Word‫א‬V014+N."‫א‬O9-Z9
#. 8‫א@א‬%n
name DW initial_value
‫א‬O9-‫א‬C'u0
WRD DW -2
f(2–Zy-‫)א‬# a‫אא‬# y5WRDZN.0O9- fZ9
.N.# a‫אא‬# y !@+#Q‫؟‬#0'‫א‬5Z9# f-J‫א&א‬N."‫א‬#Q
#Q(216 –1)655350mv‫@א‬y?4V9<tword‫א‬V0N.V2
Unsigned Numbers(hAf#F!"‫_?)א‬3@y?U‫א‬

#Q(215 - 1)32767*Q(-215)32768–V0@y?U‫א‬V9<tV2
?@y?U‫א‬
.Signed Numbers(#F)‫א‬#F!"‫)א‬

Arrays@! ‫א‬
-‫אא‬#D‫&א"א‬2‫א‬4,-J‫א‬V0#+g:14+&f$8"‫א‬507015 (‫א‬#.
Z A3Bytes-J‫אא‬V0@y?4#S'S+G`#f$80O9-C'uf.# 0V9+
:‫א‬O9-‫א@א‬%‫א‬Z9 ‫א‬+30h20h10h# a‫אא‬
B_ARRAY DB 10h, 20h, 30h
B_ARRAY + 1Zz‫(א‬10h ‫)א‬,$8"‫א‬U‫א‬-8‫_א‬N;9B_ARRAYZz‫א‬
s 8t‫_א‬C'uf.ku‫א‬-8‫_א‬N;9B_ARRAY + 2Zz‫א‬1u‫א‬-8‫_א‬N;9
:9-‫אא‬72329B_ARRAYN.0200h#Q‫א‬p\‫א‬3‫א‬+
(Symbol<0-‫)א‬Zz‫א‬ 3‫אא‬ Gr‫א‬
B_ARRAY 0200h 10h
B_ARRAY + 1 0201h 20h
B_ARRAY + 2 0202h 30h

21 SUST
:
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O9-‫א‬C'uf&V0320,$80O9-Z9#A9-6‫א‬$
W_ARRAY DW 1000h, 2000h, 3000h
. ‫א‬+3000h2000h1000h# a‫אא‬Z A-D+#S'S+Gj,$80O9-@A9
W_ARRAY +23‫אא‬# 1u‫א‬# A‫א‬W_ARRAY3‫ (אא‬1000h )^U‫א‬# A‫א‬V9-tZ9
3‫אא‬V0C‫א‬T-‫אא‬,$8"‫א‬V9<tC'uf.‫א‬2W_ARRAY + 43‫אא‬#uu‫א‬# A‫א‬
:9-‫אא‬72329300h

(Symbol<0-‫)א‬Zz‫א‬ 3‫אא‬ Gr‫א‬
W_ARRAY 0300h 1000h
W_ARRAY + 2 0302h 2000h
W_ARRAY + 4 0304h 3000h

3p‫א&א‬#1‫א‬V9<tZ9k Qm1 -‫אא‬:9<tZ9‫אא‬V0&‫א‬N.34PQz
'C uf.-F0‫א‬3‫אא‬High ByteMU‫א‬3p‫א&א‬#1‫א‬U‫א‬#1‫א‬Low Byte7yU‫א‬
Word1 DW 1234h:O9-‫א‬93‫_א‬
7uG‫)א‬12h Zy-‫א‬word1 3‫(אא‬7yU‫א‬3p‫א&א‬#1‫א‬7uG‫)א‬34h Zy-‫א‬V9<tZ9
.word1 + 13‫(אא‬MU‫א‬3p‫א&א‬#1‫א‬
Character StringsB!&‫א‬.CD)‫א‬
4,-Q?D# a‫א‬z‫א‬# A‫א‬5Z9,-J‫א‬V0#):14+R8‫א‬V9<tZ9
$1_39 93 ‫א‬3$9-‫א‬C'ufASCII Table,-J‫!א‬,-q-"‫א‬Z A‫א‬
f‘ABC”# a‫א‬z‫א‬# A‫א‬5Letters‫א‬N.0O9-#( ‫א‬

1 - Letters db ‘ABC’
2 – Letters db 41h, 42h,43h
‫א‬u"‫{א‬-"‫א‬Z A‫א‬,-J‫א‬Gq# a‫א‬z‫א‬# A‫א‬/0 V2
msg db 0dh,0ah,’Sudan$’
Small N.8‫א‬,-J‫א‬Capital LettersNF2‫א‬,-J‫א‬m#y-$‫א‬5F6Z9
.Letters
E$‫א!א‬
‫א‬u‫א‬O9-nZ:$‫א‬T‫א‬-A‫א‬k QV07:4/01M‫א‬7e‫א‬u‫א@א‬%‫ א‬+Z9
+‫א‬u‫א‬O9-EQU (EQUate )p9\‫א@א‬%‫א‬Z9./01M‫א‬#0%)"‫א‬#$%"‫א‬
:‫א‬q‫א‬

22 SUST
:
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name EQU Constant
210Ah# a‫אא‬# ALF*)9SO9-C'u0.u‫א‬Z‫א‬namek Q
LF EQU 0Ah
@‫א‬%‫א‬V+CzMOV AL , LF]0AhZy-‫א‬V+CzLFu‫א@א‬%‫א‬V2
Zy-‫_א‬/01M‫א‬7 ‫ א‬LFu‫א‬79qAssembler‫@א‬A9k Q.MOV AL,0Ah]‫א‬
.0Ah
‫א‬u"‫א@א‬%‫א‬2n
Prompt EQU ‘Type your Name’
Msg DB prompt
N.0O9-+/9z-044 p9_V+?F+EQU34PQz
.-‫אא‬

DD*‫א)א‬.*‫א‬7$
:0‫א‬%‫א‬+#$%"‫ א‬A‫א‬:0‫א‬%‫א‬# $ # U‫א‬-0‫א‬U‫א‬K+,-T<e‫אא‬
Word2Word1Z#&‫א‬N.0Byte2Byte1Z# f-Q&‫א‬N.0934L$
MOV)*‫–א‬1
4#0‫א")('&א‬V0U‫א‬c- ]320V0&1 F‫א‬7A1MOV-0U‫@א‬%)9
V0 d320#S# y(5)7A1*Q4-‫א&אא‬N."‫א‬4#D‫א")('&א‬
-0E#0‫?א‬8‫א‬.7()0+4-‫אא‬
MOV Destination , Source
?8"‫א‬# y-SHzDestination )"‫_א‬Source?8"‫&א‬9d7A1Z9k Q
'C u0-0U‫ א‬$
MOV AX , Word1
# U‫א‬# A‫א‬AfZ95F6.AX7()"‫_א‬Word1N."‫(א‬# y)&9d)1Z9k Q
-0U‫א‬n.-0U‫ א‬$AX7()
MOV AL, ‘A’
.AL7()"‫(א‬ASCII‫!א‬A,-q-"‫א‬Zy-‫)א‬041hZy-‫א‬5@A9
MOV-0U‫א@א‬%‫ א‬y9‫א‬e‫א‬

F5!3 ‫א‬
23 SUST
:
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E$M A
I" 3 H6 3
G ‫א‬
(J)‫א‬K‫א‬2
L!)
v)0N v)0 v)0 v)0 H6 3
v)0N v)0 v)0N v)0
I" 3
v)0N v)0N v)0 v)0 (J)‫א‬K‫א‬2
L!)A
v)0N v)0 v)0N v)0 E$M

(Exchange)XCHG)*‫א‬−2
-‫ אא‬d5y0507()0# y‫א‬Fz4m()0# y‫א‬FzXCHG-0U‫@א‬%)9
:-0E#0‫א‬#. 8‫א‬.(N.0)
XCHG Destination, Source
:
XCHG AH, BL
.(AHi)BLBL# yi)AH# yF8)AH, BLm()"‫א‬Z y FZ9k Q
:
WORD1N."‫א‬50AX7()"‫א‬# y‫א‬F@A9‫א‬-0U‫א‬
XCHG AX, WORD1
XCHG)*‫א‬H‫א‬D‫א‬5!L89!:‫א‬.;‫א‬
01 MOV ( ) * + , -./ F5!3 ‫א‬

1 ' 234 ' ()5 )6 XCHG
MOV Word1,Word2 .0 J)‫א‬K‫א‬2
L! H6 3 G ‫א‬
+ ,786 9 4: ;< =>? =>0
:@ 3 A BCD E80 v)0 v)0 H6 3
Mov AX , Word2
Mov Word1 , AX v)0N v)0 J)‫א‬K‫א‬2
L!
:ADD, SUB, INC, DEC, NEG$3#‫אא‬−3

-‫אא‬5y07()04m()0&9dv-I45eSUBADDV9-0U‫א@א‬%‫א‬Z9
−:V9-0E#0‫א‬#. 8‫א‬-‫אא‬5y0507()047()050-‫אא‬5y04
24 SUST
:
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ADD Destination, Source
SUB Destination, Source
-0U‫א‬C'u0
ADD WORD1, AX
N."‫א‬#( ‫א‬V9<tZ9WORD1N."‫א‬# y_AX7()"‫&א‬9d5@A9
-0U‫א‬n(-0U‫ א‬$AX7()"‫&א‬9d# yN .Z9z)WORD1
SUB AX, DX
PQz)AX7()"‫א‬#( ‫א‬V9<tZ9AX7()"‫א‬V0DX7()"‫&א‬9dv-IZ9k Q
(-0U‫ א‬$N.zDX7()"‫&א‬9d34
SUB.ADDN:)*‫א‬D‫א‬5!LO4:‫א‬.;‫א‬
F5!3 ‫א‬
J)‫א‬K‫א‬2
L! H6 3 G ‫א‬
v)0 v)0 H6 3
v)0N v)0 J)‫א‬K‫א‬2

L!
v)0 v)0 E$M
-0U‫א‬3fQ‫א‬-04-‫אא‬5y‫א‬0m-F"‫א‬v-6‫א‬45ev)0N14PQz
:?8‫*א‬+ +_V2V2v)0NADD BYTE1, BYTE2
MOV AL, BYTE2 ; 5e‫א‬# +7Fy7()0^_N."‫א‬# yZ9k Q
ADD BYTE1, AL
.BL7()"‫א‬#( ‫א‬V9<tBL7()"‫&א‬9d^_5Zy-‫א‬5@A9ADD BL,5-0U‫א‬
FA0N‫א‬-0U‫א‬346‫א‬$1{V9N."‫א‬32934b1‫א‬0+#YQ'
MOV AX ,BYTE1
.2-BYTEm1 I3fAX7()"‫א‬04Q‫א‬1 BYTEN."‫א‬I3Un
(‫א‬$1V03234b(&'0"‫א&)א‬N."‫א‬34G4)

-0U‫א‬7FA)9ASEMBLER‫ א‬
(9n32934b?8"‫א‬3f9AH@‫ א‬0)MOV AH, ‘A’
-0U‫א‬7FA94@A9AH7()"‫א‬41hZy-‫א‬5Z9k Q
25 SUST
:
___________________________________________________________
(#n32934b?8"‫א‬3f#AX@‫ א‬0)MOV AX ,’A’
.AX7()"‫א‬0041hZy-‫א‬5Z k Q
INC (Increment) , DEC (Decrement) , NEG)‫א‬.*‫א‬

1?‫א‬A-‫אא‬5y047()0 y38A14 9p: fZ9INC ,DECV9-0U‫א‬04
:{#0‫א‬#. 8‫א‬
INC Destination ; Destination = Destination +1
DEC Destination ; Destination = Destination - 1
WORD1- ."‫&א‬9d^_15@A9INC WORD1-0U‫'א‬uf
.WORD2- ."‫&א‬9dV01Zy-‫א‬RA1@A9DEC WORD2-0U‫ א‬
Zy?_!"‫א‬Zy-‫_?א‬79q7)9G‫א‬NEG(Negate)-0U‫א‬V+|q1C‫א‬N 4
mSz72"‫_^א‬9qn!0Zy?_9`Z9)‫א‬Zy-‫א‬
:-0E#0‫א‬#. 8‫א‬2’SComplement
NEG Destination
-‫אא‬5y04&'()"‫א‬Q45070‫א‬Z9k Q
:u0
NEG BX ; BX = -BX
NEG BYTE ; BYTE = -BYTE.
−:
‫א‬/‫)א‬$JG!P‫א‬G4‫א‬:!Q
#gM‫&א‬.V0& ‫א‬K79qT<e‫@אא‬A#A)‫א‬-0‫א‬U‫א‬5070‫א‬Z92
.5 (‫א‬#.& _High Level Programming Languages ‫א‬
.WORD‫א‬V0V9N.0V+?F+BAV9N."‫א‬34f‫_אא‬
B=A?F‫א‬79q
?F‫א‬79`@<9C-F0-‫אא‬- N.0_-‫אא‬N."&9d7A1V2z1U
6"‫א‬Zy-‫_א‬7()"‫א‬# y7A1ZS7()0_N."‫א‬# y7A1_
MOV AX , A B ^‫א‬:A17FyAX7()"‫אא‬A&9d7A1‫א‬
MOV B , AX
-0‫א‬U‫_^א‬#9`Z9A= 5 - A-0U‫א‬04
MOV AX , 5 AX55
SUB AX , A 5-A+G`AX
MOV A , AX A:
26 SUST
:
___________________________________________________________
-0‫א‬U‫_^א‬4
NEG A
ADD A,5
-0‫א‬U‫_^א‬#9`Z9A=B-2*A-0U‫א‬C‫א‬N 4
MOV AX,B
SUB AX,A
SUB AX, A
MOV A,AX
−:/01H‫א‬RS‫א‬
U‫א‬56A"‫א‬ijk l#$5IA0^_-‫אא‬Z )A# + y)‫א‬78$‫א‬
+ij- 56A0CODE SEGMENT/01M‫א‬56A0*)9)$1/01M‫א‬+
GjkS56A0DATA SEGMENT&1 F‫א‬56A0*)9/01M‫א‬#0%)"‫&א‬1 F‫א‬

STACK SEGMENTX2"‫א‬56A0*)9X2"‫א‬+
# $ 50ASSEMBLER‫א‬#6‫א‬5IA"‫א‬c # $ Z T<e‫אא‬
./01M‫א‬7 ‫ א‬56A07O9-#
:MEMORY MODELSJ)‫א‬K‫א‬UVT
Q‫א‬56A05)934V2k lN.D6"‫א‬/01M‫א‬329y1‫*א‬0 f1-
Z9.cQ*+7278$056A0@‫א‬%‫`[_א‬yX2"‫&א‬1 F‫א‬/01M‫א‬V072hAf
:‫א‬-6)‫א‬#2nMODEL.#2‫אא‬
.MODEL MEMORY_MODEL
:q Z9,-‫[א‬V0-u‫א‬9!9#6A1G4O9-7Fy-6)‫אא‬#Z9

SMALL[‫א@א‬%‫א‬CFZ9C‫א‬NF&1 F‫א‬Z(QV29‫_א‬C0+V2‫א‬e‫א‬
?8‫*א‬+-6)‫א‬#Z9.{-6o‫א‬/0‫א‬M‫אא‬J‫אא‬
SMALL MODEL .:# ‫א‬
:07sa8 #$%"‫א‬-‫'&אא‬9 0T49‫א‬e‫א‬

OD‫א‬ MODEL79 "‫א‬

Q‫א‬56A0&1 F‫א‬Q‫א‬56A0 2‫א‬ SMALL
Q‫א‬56A0&1 F‫א‬56A0V0-u4 2‫א‬ MEDIUM
27 SUST
:
___________________________________________________________
56A0V0-u4&1 F‫א‬Q‫א‬56A0 2‫א‬ COMPACT
v)0NV256A0V0-u4 &1 F‫א‬56A0V0-u4 2‫א‬ LARGE
64k BYTEV0M‫א‬,$80O9-
34V2V256A0V0-u4&1 F‫א‬56A0V0-u4 2‫א‬ HUGE
64k BYTEV0M‫א‬6,$80x329

:DATA SEGMENT04‫
א‬I"
4&1 F‫א‬56A0:$9-V2‫א‬u#F)&‫א‬N."‫א‬7O9-*+&1 F‫א‬56A0ij
.-‫אא‬3207.;z:1U#F)1- 320G4
-F0‫א‬u‫א&א‬N."‫א‬O9-Z9nDATA.O9-‫א@א‬%‫א‬Z9&1 F‫א‬56A0O9-
n9‫א‬u"‫א‬
.DATA
WORD1 DW 2
WORD2 DW 5
MSG DB ‘THIS IS A MESSAGE’
MASK EQU 10011001B
:Stack SegmentWR ‫
א‬I"
TS4&1 F‫א‬92# +0‫א‬%‫א‬Z -‫אא‬V0T<!<(QX2"‫א‬56A0V0L-.‫א‬
7V9<%)zQ8y4X2"‫א‬7V9<%Z(J‫אא‬32934b./ 01M‫ א‬$
.(/01M‫א‬7+TS4:)926"‫א‬Z A‫א‬
Stack Size.:O9-‫א@א‬%X2"‫א‬56A0O9-Z9
O9-@A9‫א‬u"‫א‬.bytes&‫א‬QX2"‫א‬Z(QC 9? ‫אא‬C +7usizek Q
100hZ(lX2"‫א‬
.Stack 100h
.Assembler‫א‬#6‫א‬1KBZ(J‫א‬L‫א‬f‫א‬Z9Z(J‫א‬O9-Z9‫_א‬
:Code Segment/01‫
א‬I"
q‫*א‬+$9-Z9/01M‫א‬7 ‫ א‬#0%)"‫א &א‬-0‫א‬U‫*א‬+56A"‫אא‬ij
:‫א‬
.Code Name
28 SUST
:
___________________________________________________________
93z)Small[‫א‬#Q56AZ‫א‬T6+\+‫ א‬z.56A"‫א‬Z‫א‬Namek Q
.#J‫א‬cH6 #?T6+Assembly‫א‬/01-@A k Q(hAfQ‫א‬56A0
h )4Procedure(&‫א‬T‫א‬-!_)- .D/0‫א‬-?D-0‫א‬U‫א‬5Z9/01M‫א‬56A07 ‫א‬
‫א‬q‫*א‬+&‫א‬T‫א‬-!\‫א‬c{O9-
Name Proc
; T‫א‬-!\‫א‬7 ‫א & א‬-0‫א‬U‫א‬
Name ENDP
Pseudo_Ops &‫א‬p9_:fEndpProc04،T‫א‬-!\‫א‬Z‫א‬Namek Q
/0)$
I"89!:‫א‬XY;‫א‬
.CODE
MAIN PROC
;T‫א‬-!\‫א‬7 ‫א‬ & ‫א‬-0‫א‬U‫א‬
MAIN ENDP
; :Z9&‫א‬T‫א‬-!\‫א‬# A
q‫*א‬+329.small[‫א‬#Q/01M@‫א‬72;‫א‬3f/01M‫א‬5IA0794?343]‫א‬
:‫א‬
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100H
.DATA
; ‫א‬u‫א&א‬N."‫א‬O9-329
.CODE
MAIN PROC
; T‫א‬-!\‫א‬7 ‫א‬ -0‫א‬U‫א &א‬
MAIN ENDP
;2&‫א‬T‫א‬-!\‫א‬# A
END MAIN
./01M‫ )א‬a-‫א‬T‫א‬-!\‫א‬Z#+F0 END/01M‫א‬#9:1#ij/01M‫א‬-6-

INPUT &OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS U‫)א‬Z‫א‬.5Z‫א‬
@‫א‬%n[‫א‬- \‫א\ א‬ 1‫א‬0@‫א‬%# !?‫<א‬:!U‫א‬50 y‫א"א‬709

c@‫א‬%‫א‬Z9.[‫א‬- _T 0#2OUT -0‫א‬U‫_ א‬T 0*fT‫א‬-AIN -0‫א‬U‫א‬
z +!?‫א‬p:e‫א‬5070‫א‬#+-6"‫א‬3‫א&_א‬3 QU‫א‬K-0‫א‬U‫א‬
p:!V0Oty 1‫א"א‬V9+34U‫א‬mFF)# A F6‫א‬/0‫א‬M‫א‬-0‫א‬U‫א‬c@‫א‬%‫א‬Z9
# !?‫<א‬:!U‫א‬5070‫א‬7:U‫א‬V01‫א‬1u‫א‬،-0 7/01M‫א‬7969¡- ]
29 SUST
:
___________________________________________________________
NfZ9SERVICE ROUTINES#0 & ?#6‫<א‬:!E#8"‫&א‬-;‫א‬#6‫א‬
.<:!E#8"‫&א‬-;‫א‬#6‫א‬
BIOS (BASIC U‫)*א‬9 1‫א"א‬5070‫א‬#0%)"‫א‬#0‫? &א‬3+1!9
:9<tZ9BIOS‫? &א‬.DOS‫א@א‬%1u‫א‬INPUT /OUTPUT SYSTEM )

‫&א‬0 [‫א‬- \‫א\ א‬ 1‫א‬050-F0709(ROM ‫ )א‬hAfT‫א‬-A‫א‬-‫א‬
‫א@א‬% +@A,-Q#)#+FIC'u0C‫ א‬A-u4 & + $@ADOS
.-F0[‫א‬- _/ _& + $BIOS
INT (INTERRUPT #IA0T‫א‬1@‫א‬% d# + $DOS‫א‬4BIOS‫א‬T‫א‬1Z9
?8‫א‬c*+T‫)אא‬
INT INTERRUPT_NUMBER
BIOS‫א‬#0 6@A9INT 16hC'u0 dZy?#IA"‫א‬T‫א‬1Zy?9`Z9k Q
Z DOS‫א‬V0#0 T‫א‬R INT 21h $"‫א‬#Q# yT‫א‬-A#D *
£‫א‬3CAQz&0‫א‬V09<0*+,-‫א‬
(INT 21H)21H[LG
\" ‫א‬X‫א‬0
k QDOS7 .;‫@א‬Y1:0A9o‫&א‬0‫א‬V0NF#+g $T‫א@אאא‬%‫א‬Z9
i- 4&'()0Z A‫א‬K5-0U‫א‬69yAH7()"‫א‬#6"‫א‬#0‫א‬Zy?5Z9
FA‫א‬-0U‫א‬69y.21H#IA"‫א‬IT‫א‬1Z9n#6"‫א‬#0‫א‬1)Qn
!#$%"‫&א‬0‫א‬5Z9.&'()"‫א‬:Z9k Q#IA"‫א‬T‫א‬1 dZ y
.:0&!-%"‫א‬: _&' "‫א‬#0 7#$ 9NF

H-&‫א`א_^]א‬Na"@M,M89!:‫א‬.;‫א‬
(m-‫)א‬OD‫ א‬#0‫א‬Zy?
$"‫א‬#QV0Q‫א‬# yT‫א‬-y 1
#;‫א‬Q‫א‬,-Q# 2
#;‫א‬,-J‫א‬V0#+g# 9

`‫א‬bKc7$.&D‫א‬XY;‫א‬2
8 ‫!'א‬N<)'JX‫)א‬L:1[LG`‫א‬
30 SUST
:
___________________________________________________________
AH7()"‫א‬1Zy-‫א‬5:, ‫א‬
#Q +h.‫א‬G‫א‬,-qASCII‫ א‬+GjAL7()"‫א‬ :d) ‫א‬
NON CHARACHTER KEY-QNv$0*+h.‫א‬#Q04 $"‫א‬
.(F1-F10 $"‫'א‬u0)
−:]‫א‬#Z#0‫א‬c $
MOV AH, 01
INT 21H
v$0G4*+h.‫א‬+. $"‫א‬#Q*+h.‫א‬mQ^_@%)"‫?א‬Y1#0‫א‬c@A
h.‫א‬G‫א‬,-J‫א‬L-+Z9AL7()"‫א‬V0v$ASCII ‫* א‬+8J‫א‬Z9
-YhAf:f@%)"‫_א‬#??#0‫א‬c@Az.#;‫א‬+ $"‫א‬#Q +
Gj,)fF1-F107u0#D‫ א‬$"‫א‬Kh.‫_א‬.v$0*+h.‫א‬Z9*Q
%AL7()"‫א‬sqf5 6)INT 21ho‫א &א‬.-$D# A‫א‬+AL7()"‫א‬
."‫א‬7$‫א‬
.[RQ e.K &.fgS‫?א‬6<)'h)6:2[LG`‫א‬−2
.AH7()"‫א‬02Zy-‫א‬5: , ‫א‬
.DL7()"‫א‬-+6"‫א‬,-q ASCII‫א‬-$5
.AL7()"‫א‬Z9-+G‫א‬,-qASCII‫ א‬2‫א‬: d) ‫א‬
#;‫א‬+@:$‫א‬#0'+L-# ‫א‬-0‫א‬U‫א‬:u0
MOV AH , 02H
MOV DL , ‘?’
INT 21H

#9:1J‫א‬5‫א‬3‫א)_א‬5"‫_א‬-"‫א‬x-q9#;‫*א‬+,-J‫א‬#+FI
.(9e‫א‬-6)‫א‬#9‫_א‬-"‫א‬x-q9-6)‫א‬
9‫א‬e‫א‬C94Control CharacterZ2q‫א‬,-Q#+F6#0‫א‬c@‫א‬%‫א‬Z9
(Z2q‫א‬,-QK
#$ ‫א‬ <0-‫א‬ ASCII 2‫א‬
&D?‫א‬D_ BEL (Beep) 7
(Back Space )O%#f)0 BS (Back space) 8
Tab?‫א‬Ax-` HT (Tab) 9
9!-6 LF (Line Feed) A
31 SUST
:
___________________________________________________________
J‫א‬-6)‫א‬#9‫ א‬CR (Carriage return) D
Z2q‫א‬,-JASCII-$+AL7()"‫א‬78j $‫א‬

:.*‫א‬/01‫א‬
‫א‬-6)‫א‬#9‫_ א‬G‫א‬,-J‫א‬#+FIZS $"‫א‬#QV0,-QT‫א‬-A@A U‫א‬g1-
./01M‫א‬T:1_ZS
:# ‫א‬T‫!<א‬U‫א‬V0/01M‫א‬329
#;‫*א‬+"‫@"؟‬:$z‫א‬#0'+?:_ −1
MOV AH,2
MOV DL,’?’
INT 21h
$"‫א‬#QV0,-QT‫א‬-y −2
MOV AH,1
INT 21h
DL7()"‫@א‬%)1UnC'u0BL- 7()0 _G‫א‬,-J‫א‬P$Q −3
2#0‫א‬34PQz)AL7()"‫&א‬9dN .nG 9e‫א‬-6)‫א‬#9‫_א‬-"‫א‬n9-`
b¡AL7()"‫א‬F6"‫א‬,-J‫ א‬+@ADL7()"‫א‬+FI6"‫א‬,-J‫א‬FA@A
BL7u0- 7()09dV9<tb( f#()"‫א‬# A‫א‬A$1
MOV BL , AL
Z2q‫א‬,-Q#+FIb9e‫א‬-6)‫א‬#9‫_א‬7()"‫א‬n9-q −4
]nZ9Line FeedCarriage Return
MOV AH,2
MOV DL,0dh ; Carriage Return
INT 21h
MOV DL,0ah ; Line Feed
INT 21h
(3)6‫א‬BL7()"‫א‬9<t1‫א‬PQz) _G‫א‬,-J‫א‬#+FI −5
MOV DL , BL
INT 21h
AH7()"‫א‬4ChZy-‫א‬5nZ97 .;‫@א‬Y1^‫א א‬/01M‫א‬T:1_ −6
.21hZy?#IA"‫א‬T‫א‬1T+‫א‬
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21h

:# ‫?א‬8‫*א‬+/01M‫א‬F89n*+
TITLE FIRST: ECHO PROGRAM
.MODEL SMALL
32 SUST
:
___________________________________________________________
.STACK 100H
.CODE
MAIN PROC
;(‫א‬#0'+?:‫א‬
MOV AH,2 ; ,-Q#+FI
MOV DL,’?’ ; +FI6"‫א‬,-J‫א‬

INT 21H
; $"‫א‬#QV0,-QT‫א‬-y
MOV AH,01 ; ,-QT‫א‬-y

INT 21H
MOV BL,AL ; ,-J‫א‬V9<t
; 9!-6^_‫א‬
MOV AH,02
MOV DL,0DH ; carriage return
INT 21H
MOV DL,0AH ; line feed
INT 21H
; _G‫א‬,-J‫א‬#+FI
MOV DL,BL ; ; 7()"‫א‬V0,-J‫?א‬Q_
INT 21H
; DOS 7 .;‫@א‬Y1^_ ‫א‬
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
MAIN ENDP
END MAIN
4Ch#$ ‫א‬INT 21h $DOSZ2q‫א‬j1f/01M‫א‬Oy90+14PQz
/01M‫&אא‬1 F‫א‬6y,QAf&‫א‬N."‫א@א‬%‫א‬Z91U

−:/01‫א‬S.XS0
−:# ‫א&א‬6‫א‬nV9k Q7 .;/01M‫ <א‬:=T;1_#A9-IT<e‫אא‬
(?8"‫א‬/01-O0).)‫א‬u"‫א"א‬/01M‫א‬#2Text Editor/01-G4@‫א‬%‫ א‬−1
.OBJECT FILE*)"‫א‬O"‫ א‬ASSEMBLER‫א@א‬%‫ א‬−2
7 .;‫א‬O0 OBJECT‫&א‬$0h-LINKERh-‫א‬/01-@‫א‬%‫ א‬−3
.EXECUTABLE FILE
./01M‫א‬7 .; −4
33 SUST
:
___________________________________________________________
−:#A)‫א&א‬6‫א‬V06 77 8$ 9 f

−:SOURCE FILE/‫א‬1‫א‬jXS0−1
81O0/9?-dG4@‫א‬%‫א‬V2/01M‫א‬#2Editor R81?-dG4@‫א‬%‫א‬Z9
u"‫'א‬u0ASM (Extention) ‫א‬0O"‫א‬V9<t +Z9EDIT7u0Text Editori +
.FIRST.ASMZzO"‫א‬P$¤)‫א‬

−:ASSEMBLE THE PROGRAM/01‫
א‬k−2
MASM(Microsoft 7u0Assembler‫א‬Q4#6‫א‬/01M‫א‬#e09-IV+‫א‬Z9
G‫א‬DU‫א‬O"‫א‬79q@Ao‫א‬TASM(Turbo Assembler)4Macro Assembler)
.(OBJECT FILE)* )9#]‫א‬#.^_-y‫א‬O0^_5 (‫א‬#.#2"‫א‬/01M‫*א‬+ij
Z9k Q/01M‫א‬#H6 G4 !@+V0H‫א‬O"‫א‬5070‫א‬Z9# ‫א‬cTS4
T6 4 !@#?*+78¤*Q:q q8T6 U‫א‬9`(1) 6‫!_א‬-‫א‬
./01M‫א‬
:‫א‬q‫*א‬+Z9MASM4TASM/01M‫א@א‬%‫א‬
TASM FILENAME;
MASM FILENAME; 4
−:# ‫א‬c9‫א‬T<e‫א‬TASM/01-@%)T<e‫אא‬

>TASM FIRST;
TURBO ASSEMBLER VERSION 3.1 COPYRGHT(C)1988,1992BRLAND
INTERNATIONAL
ASSEMBLING FILE: FIRST.SAM
ERROR MESSAGE: NONE
WARNING MESSAGE:NONE
PASSES: 1
T6 UV9-6 9O"‫א‬Z‫א‬91u‫א‬-6)‫א‬ASSEMBLER‫א‬19U‫א‬-6)‫א‬
./01M‫!א‬o‫א‬
F1-6)‫א‬Zy?G`#??:_Z9DU‫א‬/01M‫א‬H6 G4x3‫_א‬14PQz
i- 4-0 ‫א‬ZSH6‫ א‬q8first.asm DU‫א‬O"‫א‬fbk QH6‫א‬V+#9-
.first.objO"‫*א‬+78¤*Q6‫א‬c +_

Linking the program/01‫א‬a$G−3
34 SUST
:
___________________________________________________________
N2Machine Language#]‫א‬#.O0#A)‫א‬6‫א‬c>;1_G‫א‬O"‫א‬
:# ‫א‬FEn $#A‫א‬/0‫א‬M"‫א‬72;‫*א‬+Gjz1U $7y

z/01M‫א‬7 ‫ א‬#1‫ א‬+3f-‫אא‬O"‫א‬7 `320O9-@+−4
. $V2
V0-u4h?#Q&‫א‬#f-0N32/01M‫א‬7 ‫ א‬V9‫א‬TU‫א‬K−
.- O020i- 4 +-f/0‫א‬-T‫א‬1/0‫א‬M‫א‬Q4V0Z9k Q/01-

9`#$%"‫א‬Object Files‫א‬mh-‫א‬# +T‫א‬-!@A9Link Programh-‫א‬/01-
*+(Executable File). EXE $7yO0[1n@A9/01M‫א‬7 ‫ א‬V9‫א‬
:‫א‬q‫א‬
> TLINK First;
Turbo Link Version 2.0 Copyright (c) 1987 Borland International.

Run The Program /01‫א‬K &–4
DOS‫א‬kdV0‫א‬#hAfZ9/01M‫א‬7 .;
C:\ASM > first
?t
t
C:\ASM >
@A9. $"‫א‬#QV0v$0+h.‫א‬mQ_?Y1z‫ "؟"א‬,-J‫א‬#+F6/01M‫@א‬A9
‫א‬T:1z‫א‬ZS +h.‫א‬G‫א‬,-J‫א‬#+FI9e‫א‬-6)‫א‬#9‫_א‬/01M‫א‬
.7 .;‫@א‬Y1_

Display StringgS‫א‬6DGG]e
FAz@%)21hZy?#IA"‫א‬T‫א‬1V01 Zy?#$ ‫א@א‬%‫א)א‬/01M‫א‬

.#;‫א‬+,-Q#+F62Zy?#$ ‫א‬n $"‫א‬#QV0,-Q
9Zy?#0‫א@א‬%‫א‬Z9#;‫א‬+#0#??:\u"‫אא‬
gS‫א‬6DGG]e: 9[LG
DX7()"‫א‬Z9#-‫א‬#9‫א‬FOffset#Q‫א‬p\‫א‬3‫א‬+: , ‫א‬
("$",-J#-‫א‬:34b)
35 SUST
:
___________________________________________________________
,-QG4+#-‫&א‬Q‫_אא‬.#;‫א‬++FIZz#-‫א‬#9:1"$",-J‫א‬
.#+F6‫א‬TS4c $Z91fControl CharacterZ2`
cO9-Z9.#;‫‘א‬Hello!’#-‫?א‬:@A9/01-#2@A# ‫א‬c
# ‫א‬#y-6&1 F‫א‬56A0#-‫א‬
msg db ‘HELLO!$’
LEA)*‫א‬
DX7()"‫א‬#-‫א‬#Q‫א‬p_3‫א‬+< :=_INT 21h#IA"‫א‬T‫א‬19Zy?#0‫`[א‬
LEA ( Load Effective Address)-0U‫ א‬$Z9n7
LEA Destination , Source
@A9.(-‫אא‬5y0)-J‫א‬N."‫א‬Z‫?א‬8"‫א‬#0‫א")('&א‬Q4 )"‫א‬k Q
-0U‫א‬C'uf. )"‫א‬7()"‫?א‬8"‫א‬N.#Q‫א‬p\‫א‬3‫א‬+5-0U‫א‬
LEA DX, MSG
.DX7()"‫א‬msgN."‫א‬3‫א‬#Q‫א‬p\‫א‬# y5@A9
_N;92DS7()"‫ <א‬:=_[¤1f&1 56A0+Gj/01M‫אא‬3U
.&1 F‫א‬56A0

PSP (Program Segment Prefix)/01‫
א‬I"C5$
/01M#1 256s 8%7 .;‫@א‬Y1@A9-‫אא‬/01M‫א‬7 `Z90+
70‫א‬/01M‫א‬5 6)9n+/01M‫א‬V+&00+PSP‫א‬Gj.PSP)
m()"‫א‬V07R‫א‬56A"‫א‬3‫א‬+5DOS7 .;‫@א‬Y1@A9.&0"‫א‬c50
3‫א‬++GjzDS&1 F‫א‬56A07()03fn#( 1/01M‫ א‬$7FyESDS
&1 56A0+Gj/01-G43f#2;"‫א‬c['/01MR‫&א‬1 F‫א‬56A0
+/01MR‫&א‬1 F‫א‬56A0_N; &1 F‫א‬56A07()0< :(4F934b
‫א‬q‫א‬
MOV AX, @DATA
MOV DS, AX
‫@א‬A9k QDATA.,-"‫א‬/01MR‫&א‬1 F‫א‬56A03‫א‬+@DATA k Q
V9<t5 6)1z1U56A"‫א‬3‫א‬+7uZy?_@DATA Zz‫א‬79qASSEMBLER
f# A‫א‬5Z9h 7()AX@+7()‫א‬Af-F0DS7()"‫א‬#( ‫א‬
.DS7()"‫_א‬:A1Z9nCz4
36 SUST
:
___________________________________________________________
@‫א‬%‫א‬DX7()"‫א‬:1‫א‬+59-IV+n‘HELLO!’#-‫א‬#+FIV2n
7 8$# ‫א‬c9‫א‬/01M‫א‬.21hZy?#IA"‫א‬T‫א‬19Zy?#0‫א‬
TITLE SECOND: DISPLAY STRING

.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100H
.DATA
MSG DB 'HELLO!$'
.CODE
MAIN PROC
; initialize DS
MOV AX,@DATA
MOV DS,AX
;display message
LEA DX,MSG ; #-‫א‬+78Q‫א‬
MOV AH,09H ; #))‫א‬L-+#$
INT 21H
;return to DOS
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H ; 7 .;‫@א‬Y1‫[א‬-‫א‬
MAIN ENDP
END MAIN
:A Case Conversion Program<.)#‫'א‬:!Q/0)$
/01M‫@א‬A9lower-case letterN.D,-Q @A @%)"‫@)אא‬Au"‫אא‬
upper-case NF,-Q?D^_9` _G‫א‬,-J‫א‬5F6#??:
'C u0letter
Enter A Lower Case Letter: a
In Upper Case It Is: A
CR,LF V07O9-EQUp9\‫א@א‬%‫א‬/01M‫אא‬Z
CR EQU 0DH
LF EQU 0AH
‫א‬q‫*א‬+7a-‫א‬O9-Z9
MSG1 DB ‘Enter A Lower Case Letter:$’
MSG2 DB CR,LF,’ In Upper Case It Is: ‘
Char DB ? ,’$’
#-‫?א‬:@A /01M‫א‬3U n-F0MSG2#-‫א‬$9-charN."‫א‬O9-+
Z9Upper -case^_9` _G‫א‬,-J‫)א‬char,-J-F0#+F0msg2
( _G‫א‬,-J‫א‬V020hZy-‫א‬v-I#A9-6n
.9e‫א‬-6)‫א‬#9‫א‬V04F#-‫א‬7!,:msg2#-‫א‬7FyCR,LFZ2q‫א‬,-QO9-
37 SUST
:
___________________________________________________________
,-J‫א‬#+FI#+F6‫א?א‬-z‫א‬Z 1f‘$’#-‫א‬#9:1#0':zmsg2#-‫א‬3U
.(-F0charN."‫א‬#9:1!‘$’#0'‫א‬34PQz)#;‫א‬char
$"‫א‬#QV0,-J‫א‬T‫א‬-yZSmsg1#-‫?א‬:/01M‫א‬4F9
LEA DX ,msg1
MOV AH ,9
INT 21h
MOV AH ,1
INT 21h
3Un),-J‫א‬V0 20h ‫א‬v-6nupper-caseNF,-Q^_,-J‫א‬79`Z9n
V0¥T‫אא‬NF2‫א‬,-J‫א‬4Fk Q20h ‫א‬ASCII!N.8‫א‬NF2‫א‬,-J‫א‬m-$‫א‬
charN."‫א‬#( ‫א‬V9<tZ9(61h V0¥T‫אא‬N.8‫א‬,-J‫א‬4F 41h
SUB AL,20h ; NF,-Q‫א‬Q
MOV char ,AL ; N."‫¦א‬1§< ZS
f.C A1-charN."#+F05F6msg2# 1u‫א‬#-‫?א‬:/01M‫@א‬A9n

:/01M‫א‬s19
TITLE THIRD: CASE CONVERSION PROGRAM
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100H
.DATA
CR EQU 0DH
LF EQU 0AH
MSG1 DB 'ENTER A LOWER CASE LETTER: $'
MSG2 DB CR,LF,'IN UPPER CASE IT IS:'
CHAR DB ?,'$'
.CODE
MAIN PROC
; initialize DS
MOV AX,@DATA
MOV DS,AX
;print user prompt
LEA DX,MSG1
MOV AH,09H
INT 21H
;input character and convert to lower case
MOV AH,01H
INT 21H
SUB AL,20H
MOV CHAR,AL
;display on the next line
LEA DX,MSG2
MOV AH,09H
INT 21H
;return to DOS
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
MAIN ENDP
38 SUST
:
___________________________________________________________
END MAIN
−:N:Gl
‫؟‬...‫"א‬IBM PC#D‫א‬5 (‫א‬#.H6 :94Cq qD# ‫א‬TU‫א‬V0G4-‫א‬−1
1- two_words
2- ?1
3- tow words
4- t=
‫א‬4G-;+aSZy-‫א‬1-‫א‬#q qD1‫_א‬.H6 :94 qD# ‫@א‬y?U‫א‬V0G4−2
.G-;+
1- 246 2- 246h 3- 1001 4- 1.101
5- 2EAH 6- FFEH 7-1011B
(C 2¡3‫)_א‬# ‫א&א‬N."‫א‬V0¨7O9-©h+4−3
.52# a‫אא‬# yA‫א‬word#N.0−4
.# a‫אא‬# y!zword1‫א‬word#N.0−
.52# a‫אא‬# yB‫א‬Byte,-QN.0−!
.# a‫אא‬# y!zC‫א‬Byte,-QN.0−
.65536# a‫אא‬# yword2‫א‬word#N.0−
# a‫אא‬# y: f5Array1:‫&א‬#f$80−
.7G)9Bell‫א‬S−p
‘This Is A Message $’G)9msg‫א‬#?S−Q
0000h#Q‫א‬p\‫א‬V0¥T‫אא‬-‫אא‬#1<# ‫&א‬1 F‫א‬34Lf‫א‬−4

A DB 7
B DW 1ABCH
C DB ‘HELLO’
.A,B,C&‫א‬N.#Q‫א‬p\‫א‬3‫א‬+©h+4−4
.0002h#Q‫א‬p\‫א‬+9F‫&א‬9d−
.0004h#Q‫א‬p\‫א‬+9F‫&א‬9d−!
.‘HELLO’#‘O’,-q#Q‫א‬p\‫א‬3‫א‬+−
Byte# f-Q&‫א‬N.0V+?F+B1,B2k QH6 4#q qD# ‫?א&א‬F‫א‬1‫_א‬−5
.words&&‫א‬N.0?F+w1,w2
1-MOV Ds,Ax 2-MOV Ds,1000h
3- MOV CS,ES 4-MOV w1,DS
5-XCHG w1,w2 6-SUB 5,B1
7-ADD B1,B2 8-ADD AL,256
9-MOV w1,B1
39 SUST
:
___________________________________________________________
# y‫?א‬#.#2"‫א‬# ‫?א&א‬F‫א‬#ªMOV, ADD , SUB ,INC , DEC , NEG-0‫א‬U‫@א‬%‫א‬−6
:5 (‫א‬#.&‫?א‬F+^_
1- A=B - A
2- A= -(A+1)
3- C= A + B
4- B= 3* B + 7
5- A= B - A- 1
:]@A(70/01- )&‫?א‬F+‫א‬−7
.-6)‫א‬$1#;‫אא‬5"‫א‬+FIZS,-QT‫א‬-y−1
#;‫א‬-6)‫א‬$‫א‬5"‫א‬+FIZSUpper case letterNF,-QT‫א‬-y−2
.Lower case letterN.D,-Q?Dn

:$R/‫)א‬$
:]@A9/01-‫א‬−8
.‘?’#0'‫א‬#+FI−1
10 ‫א‬V07y4:+gm9-;+my?T‫א‬-A@A9−2
.‫א‬-6)‫א‬#( ‫א‬#+FIV9 ‫א‬g)l/01M‫@א‬A9−3
$u0
? 35
The sum of 3 and 5 is 8
,-Q7:+FI#S'u‫א‬,-J‫א‬T‫א‬-A/01M‫@א‬A9.,-Q#S'S#6@A9/01-‫א‬−9
$u0.78$0-6
Enter Three Letters: ABC
A
B
C
Zy-‫א‬#+F6/01M‫@א‬A9(A-F )-;+‫@א)א‬Y‫א‬,-J‫א‬Q4T‫א‬-A@A9/01-‫א‬−10
$u0.‫א‬-6)‫א‬G-;‫@א‬Y‫א‬-"‫א‬
Enter A Hexadecimal Digit: C
In Decimal It Is: 12
40 SUST

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 ‫א

.(7AJ‫ ! אא‬6z-0‫א‬U‫א‬Kx34PQz).-0U‫א‬1*+

 Operation Field()*‫'"א )א‬

:34V2،#9:‫א‬,-Q3  "‫?א‬8‫א‬:Z9#9-;‫@א‬y?U‫א‬ •

U‫א‬u"‫א‬0‫ א‬F)‫)א‬.56H40abh7u0Hexadecimal -;+# ‫ א‬

(Zy-4 F9z)H6 FFFFh

-‫אא‬# 0&1 #?47.;9N.0O9- DD (Define Double Word)

-‫אא‬# 0&1 37.;9N.0O9- DQ (Define Quad Word)

-‫אא‬# 0&1 -;+7.;9N.0O9- DT (Define Ten Bytes)

 Word Variables ;‫אא‬A

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 :ADD, SUB, INC, DEC, NEG $3#‫א  א‬−3

 SUB.ADDN:)*‫ א‬D‫א‬5! LO4:‫א‬.;‫א‬

v)0 v)0  H6 3

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v)0 v)0  E$M

 INC (Increment) , DEC (Decrement) , NEG)‫א‬.*‫א‬

GjkS56A0DATA SEGMENT&1 F‫א‬56A0*)9/01M‫א‬#0 %)"‫&א‬1 F‫א‬

:q Z9,-‫[א‬V0-u‫א‬9  !9#6A1G4O9-7Fy-6)‫אא‬#Z9

:07sa8  #$%"‫א‬-‫'&אא‬9 0T49‫ א‬e‫א‬

OD‫א‬ MODEL79 "‫א‬

@‫ א‬%n[‫א‬- \‫א\ א‬ 1‫א‬0@‫ א‬%# !?‫<א‬:!U‫א‬50 y ‫א"א‬709

:9<tZ9BIOS‫? &א‬.DOS‫ א@א‬%1u‫א‬INPUT /OUTPUT SYSTEM )

£‫א‬3CAQz&0 ‫א‬V0 9<0*+,-‫א‬

Z2q‫א‬,-JASCII-$+AL7()"‫א‬78j $‫ א‬

MOV AH,2 ; ,-Q#+FI

MOV DL,’?’ ; +FI6"‫א‬,-J‫א‬

MOV AH,01 ; ,-QT‫א‬-y

−:# ‫א‬c9‫א‬T<e‫א‬TASM/01-@ %)T<e‫אא‬

:# ‫א‬FEn $#A‫א‬/0‫א‬M "‫א‬72;‫*א‬+Gjz1U $7y

FAz@ %)21hZy?#IA"‫א‬T‫ א‬1V01 Zy?#$ ‫ א@א‬%‫א)א‬/01M‫א‬

TITLE SECOND: DISPLAY STRING

MOV char ,AL ; N."‫¦א‬1§< ZS

 f.C A1-charN."#+F05F6msg2# 1u‫א‬#-‫?א‬:/01M‫@א‬A9n 

0000h#Q‫א‬p\‫א‬V0¥T‫א א‬-‫אא‬#1<# ‫&א‬1 F‫א‬34Lf‫א‬−4

.Lower case letterN.D,-Q?Dn

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Operation Field()*‫'"א)א‬

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U‫א‬u"‫א‬0‫א‬F)‫)א‬.56H40abh7u0Hexadecimal -;+# ‫א‬

(Zy-4F9z)H6 FFFFh

-‫אא‬# 0&1 #?47.;9N.0O9- DD (Define Double Word)

-‫אא‬# 0&1 37.;9N.0O9- DQ (Define Quad Word)

-‫אא‬# 0&1 -;+7.;9N.0O9- DT (Define Ten Bytes)

Word Variables;‫אא‬A

Unsigned Numbers(hAf#F!"‫_?)א‬3@y?U‫א‬

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01 MOV ( ) * + , -./ F5!3 ‫א‬

:ADD, SUB, INC, DEC, NEG$3#‫אא‬−3

SUB.ADDN:)*‫א‬D‫א‬5!LO4:‫א‬.;‫א‬

v)0 v)0 H6 3

v)0N v)0 J)‫א‬K‫א‬2

v)0 v)0 E$M

INC (Increment) , DEC (Decrement) , NEG)‫א‬.*‫א‬

GjkS56A0DATA SEGMENT&1 F‫א‬56A0*)9/01M‫א‬#0%)"‫&א‬1 F‫א‬

:q Z9,-‫[א‬V0-u‫א‬9!9#6A1G4O9-7Fy-6)‫אא‬#Z9

:07sa8 #$%"‫א‬-‫'&אא‬9 0T49‫א‬e‫א‬

OD‫א‬ MODEL79 "‫א‬

@‫א‬%n[‫א‬- \‫א\ א‬ 1‫א‬0@‫א‬%# !?‫<א‬:!U‫א‬50 y‫א"א‬709

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£‫א‬3CAQz&0‫א‬V09<0*+,-‫א‬

Z2q‫א‬,-JASCII-$+AL7()"‫א‬78j $‫א‬

MOV DL,’?’ ; +FI6"‫א‬,-J‫א‬

MOV AH,01 ; ,-QT‫א‬-y

−:# ‫א‬c9‫א‬T<e‫א‬TASM/01-@%)T<e‫אא‬

:# ‫א‬FEn $#A‫א‬/0‫א‬M"‫א‬72;‫*א‬+Gjz1U $7y

FAz@%)21hZy?#IA"‫א‬T‫א‬1V01 Zy?#$ ‫א@א‬%‫א)א‬/01M‫א‬

MOV char ,AL ; N."‫¦א‬1§< ZS

f.C A1-charN."#+F05F6msg2# 1u‫א‬#-‫?א‬:/01M‫@א‬A9n

0000h#Q‫א‬p\‫א‬V0¥T‫אא‬-‫אא‬#1<# ‫&א‬1 F‫א‬34Lf‫א‬−4

.Lower case letterN.D,-Q?Dn