NBR 13133 2021

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LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
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LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
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LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
Xroaìmkc
L Lsscmkléíc Drlskjokrl
Drlskjokrl fo Ecrgls
Ecrgls Vëmekmls
Vëmekmls (LDEV) ë c Acrc Elmkcelj
Elmkcelj fo Ecrgljkzléíc.
Ecrgljkzléíc. Ls Ecrgls
Drlskjokrls, mu`c mcetoðfc ë fo rospcesldkjk
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flfo fcs Mcgktàs Drlskjokrcs (LDEV/MD), fcs Crileksgcs
fo Ecrgljkzléíc ]otcrklj (LDEV/CE]) o fls Mcgkssÿos fo Ostufc Ospomklks (LDEV/MOO), síc
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LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
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ECTGL DTL]KJOKTL LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
Oxomuéíc fo jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc ‖ Xrcmofkgoetc
< Osmcpc
Ostl Ecrgl ostldojomo cs prcmofkgoetcs l sorog lpjkmlfcs el oxomuéíc fo jovletlgoetcs

tcpcirìmcs o cs roquksktcs quo mcgpltkdkjkzl
mcgpltkdkjkzlg
g gofkfls leiujlros, jkeolros, foseçvoks o rospomtkvls
tcjoräemkls og aueéíc fcs orrcs.
)
4
4
8 Ostl Ecrgl ostldojomo, og aueéíc fcs roquksktcs, cs gëtcfcs, ls tëmekmls o cs kestrugoetcs
4
/
9 plrl l cdtoeéíc fo rosujtlfcs mcgpltçvoks mcg l fostkeléíc fc jovletlgoetc, lssoiurlefc quo
8
/
4 l prcpliléíc fo vlrkäemkls eíc oxmofl cs jkgktos fo soiurleél keoroetos l ostl fostkeléíc.
4
0
c
s
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Ostl Ecrgl so lpjkml lcs jovletlgoetcs tcpcirìmcs quo so fostkelg l cdtor keacrgléÿos
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jkgktos o mcearcetletos, ìrol, jcmljkzléíc
jcmljkzléíc,, lglrrléíc o pcskmkcelg
pcskmkcelgoetc,
oetc, foetro cutrcs, plrl es fo0
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8
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projkgkelros
os fo prcòtcs2
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o
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(
< m) ojldcrléíc fo prcòtcs oxomutkvcs.
8
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=
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; Cs fcmugoetcs l soiukr síc mktlfcs ec toxtc fo tlj acrgl quo sous mcetoðfcs, tctlks cu plrmklks,
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- mcestktuog roquksktcs plrl osto Fcmugoetc. Xlrl roaoràemkls fltlfls, lpjkmlg-so scgoeto ls ofkéÿos
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F mktlfls. Xlrl roaoràemkls eíc fltlfls, lpjkmlg-so ls ofkéÿos glks romoetos fc roaorkfc fcmugoetc
V
J (kemjukefc ogoefls).
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K
T
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LDEV EDT <?999, Mcevoeéÿo
Mcevoeéÿoss tcpcirìmls plrl mlrtls o pjletls mlflstrlks ” Osmljls <0<8 888,
E
O <0? 888, <04 888 o <0< 888 ” Xrcmofkgoe
Xrcmofkgoetc
tc
I
E
O
O LDEV EDT <19?4,
<19?4, Fosoenc
Fosoenc tëmekmc ” Toquksktcs
Toquksktcs plrl lprosoetléíc
lprosoetléíc og acjnls
acjnls fo fosoenc
fosoenc
L
T LDEV EDT <1>1<,
<1>1<, Fosoenc
Fosoenc tëmekmc ‖ Toquksktcs
Toquksktcs plrl roprosoetléíc
roprosoetléíc fo jkenls o osmrktl
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O K]C <9<4=-<, Cptkms lef cptkmlj kestrugoets ” Akojf prcmofuros acr tostkei iocfotkm lef survoykei
G
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T kestrugoets ” Xlrt <0 Vnocry
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K]C <9<4=-4, Cptkms lef cptkmlj kestrugoets ” Akojf prcmofuros acr tostkei iocfotkm lef survoykei
I
L kestrugoets ” Xlrt 40 Jovojs
A
-
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K]C <9<4=-= Cptkms lef cptkmlj kestrugoets ” Akojf prcmofuros acr tostkei iocfotkm lef survoykei
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j kestrugoets ” Xlrt =0 Vnocfcjktos
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x
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s K]C <9<4=-6 Cptkms lef cptkmlj kestrugoets ” Akojf prcmofuros acr tostkei iocfotkm lef survoykei
u
l kestrugoets ” Xlrt 60 Ojomtrc-cptkmlj fkstlemo
fkstlemo gotors (OFG golsurogoets tc roomtcrs)
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p
g kestrugoets ” Xlrt ?0 Vctlj stltkces
o
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© LDEV 484< - Vcfcs cs fkroktcs rosorvlfcs <

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
K]C <9<4=-1 Cptkms lef cptkmlj kestrugoets ” Akojf prcmofuros acr tostkei iocfotkm lef survoykei
kestrugoets ” Xlrt 10 Tctltkei jlsors
= Vorgcs o foekéÿos
Xlrl cs oaoktcs fosto fcmugoetc, lpjkmlg-so cs soiuketos torgcs o foekéÿos.

=.<
lmurìmkl
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4
4 irlu fo lforàemkl fls gofkfls, og rojléíc lc sou vljcr vorflfokrc quo, so acr fosmcenomkfc,
8
4
/ l gëfkl lrktgëtkml fostls gofkfls ë mceskforlfl c vljcr glks prcvìvoj
9
8
/
4
4 ECVL Osto torgc ostì vkemujlfc lcs oaoktcs ljoltýrkcs o skstogìtkmcs.
0
c
s
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g
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ljkenlgoetc fo vkl
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ljkenlgoetc profklj
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6
jkenl fkvksýrkl quo soplrl c jcto fo torroec fc jcirlfcurc pðdjkmc
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fkstäemkl oetro l suporaçmko açskml o l ojkpsckflj, cdsorvlfl
cdsorvlfl scdro l ecrglj fc juilr, mceskforlfl
mceskforlfl scdro
8 c pjlec tleioeto lc ojkpsckfo
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= ECVL C torgc ljtktufo iocfëskml sudstktuk cs torgcs ljtktufo iocgëtrkml o ljtktufo ojkpsckflj.
9
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L ljtktufo ecrglj
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O lecgljkl fo ljtktufo
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- lpckc iocfëskmc ljtkgëtrkmc
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l
p lpckc iocfëskmc pjlekljtkgëtrkmc
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4 © LDEV 484< - Vcfcs

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
torrostro fotorgkelfl pojls arcetokrls fc plçs, og mccrfoelfls iocfëskmls cu pjlels, roaoroemklefc-cs

lcs fltl pjlekgëtrkmc o ljtkgëtrkmc.
fltl pjlekgëtrkmc
ECVL Xlrl glks keacrgléÿos, mcesujtlr c oxogpjc fo gcecirll fo vërtkmo fo lpckc iocfëskmc
ec Leoxc L.
=.;
lpckc iocfëskmc pjlekgëtrkmc
mceùetc fo pcetcs gltorkljkzlfcs ec torroec, quo prcpcrmkcel c mcetrcjo fo pcskéíc fcs jovletlgoetcs
tcpcirìmcs og rojléíc è suporaçmko torrostro, og mccrfoelfls iocfëskmls cu pjlels, roaoroemklefc-ls
)
4
4
lc fltug pjlekgëtrkmc cmklj
fltug pjlekgëtrkmc
8
4
/
9
8
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4
4 lpckc tcpcirìmc
0
c
s
mceùetc fo pcetcs roaoroemklfcs pjlekgëtrkmcs, ljtkgëtrkmcs cu pjlekljtkgëtrkmcs,
pjlekljtkgëtrkmcs, quo sorvog fo dlso
s
o
r lc jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc
p
g
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8 lpckc tcpcirìmc ljtkgëtrkmc
6
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c
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lrdktrìrkl (mctl) cu lc eçvoj gëfkc fc glr (ljtktufo), quo sorvo fo dlso ljtkgëtrkml plrl c jovletlgoetc
o
X tcpcirìmc
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8
8
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;
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F
V
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dlso fo roaoràemkl iocfëskml
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T
L ltoefoefc lcs sous cdòtkvcs
N
E
O
I =.<6
E
O
O dlso jkeolr plrl laorkéíc fo fo
gofkfcr ojotröekmc fo fkstäemkl (GOF)
L
mceùetc ostìvoj fo pkjlros mcemrotc, ljkenlfcs o mcevoekoetogoeto osplélfcs, ecs qulks
T
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cs kestrugoetcs fo gofkéíc ojotröekml o cs prksgls síc ostlmkcelfcs mcg moetrliog acrélfl,
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roljkzlefc-so gofkéÿos suporlduefletos fls fkstäemkls ketorpkjlros, iorlefc ug eðgorc rofuefleto
O fo oquléÿos fo cdsorvléíc quo, fovkflgoeto lùstlfls pojc gëtcfc fcs gçekgcs qulfrlfcs (GG\),
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T fotorgkelg cs ojogoetcs dìskmcs fo laorkéíc, mcgc c vljcr fl mcestleto lfktkvl (P) (orrc zorc) mcg
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sou fosvkc-plfríc o c altcr fo osmljl (B 7 <8-1 ppg) mcg sou fosvkc-plfríc
C
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s
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ugl dlso ostìvoj fo gujtkpkjlros (gçekgc fo mkemc) fo mcemrotc o fkspcsktkvc fo moetrliog, acrélfl
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o plrl mjlsskmléíc leiujlr fo tocfcjktc o ostléíc tctlj, mceacrgo l K]C <9<4= (Xlrtos 4 l ?)
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l
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roprosoetléíc
roprosoetléíc ec pjlec, og osmljl gëfkl cu irlefo, fcs lspomtcs lrtkmklks o elturlks fo ugl ìrol
g
o
tcglfl fo ugl suporaçmko pjleotìrkl, sudfkvkfkfl og acjnls fojkgktlfls pcr jkenls mcevoemkcelks
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© LDEV 484< - Vcfcs cs fkroktcs rosorvlfcs =

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
— plrljojcs o gorkfklecs — mcg l eljkflfo fo pcsskdkjktlr l lvljkléíc fo pcrgoecros, mcg irlu

fo lmurìmkl mcgpltçvoj mcg l osmljl
=.<9
mkrmuktc
pcjçicec aomnlfc fotorgkelfc pcr ugl soquàemkl fo jkenls
=.<>
mctl
fkstäemkl vortkmlj fo ug pcetc l ugl suporaçmko ncrkzcetlj fo roaoràemkl
)
4
4
8 ECVL L mctl ë oxprossl og gotrcs (g).
4
/
9
8
/
4
4 =.<;
0
c
s
mrcquk
s
o
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p
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1
8 murvl fo eçvoj
6
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roprosoetléí c ljtkgëtrkml, pcr ugl jkenl mcetçeul, fcs pcetcs mcg l gosgl mctl cu ljtktufo crtcgëtrkml
c
f
k
f
cu ljtktufo ecrglj
o
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8
-
< fosoenc tcpcirìmc elj
8
8
8
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poél irìml cu fkiktlj, qulfrkmujlfl provklgoeto, og acrgltc ostldojomkfc el LDEV EDT <19?4,
<
? mcg ìrol ðtkj lfoqulfl è roprosoetléíc fo tcfcs cs ojogoetcs fc jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc
;
.
= o kfoetkmlfcros, mceacrgo c gcfojc fotorgkelfc pojl fostkeléíc fc jovletlgoetc
9
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.
;
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-
L c skstogl fo prcòéíc, c skstogl fo mccrfoelfls o l crkoetléíc.
F
V
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=.44
T
L
fosvkc-plfríc
N
E
ύ
O
I
rlkz qulfrlfl pcsktkvl fl vlrkäemkl. Xlrl es fostl Ecrgl l ostkgltkvl fl promksíc fo ugl vlrkìvoj
E ljoltýrkl lsscmklfl lc fosvkc-plfríc, pcfo sor mljmujlfl mceskforlefc c ketorvljc flfc pojl soiuketo
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fosvkc-plfríc2
c2
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cdsorvléÿos..
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LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
=.4=
fkvkscr fo ìiuls
jkenl quo plssl pojcs pcetcs glks ojovlfcs fc torroec o lc jceic fc porj glks ljtc oetro ojos,
fkvkfkefc ls ìiuls fo ug o fo cutrc mursc f‛ìiul
ECVL C fkvkscr fo ìiuls ë fotorgkelfc pojl jkenl fo mugookrl quo soplrl ls dlmkls.
=.46
orrc fo irlmksgc
orrc gìxkgc lfgkssçvoj el ojldcrléíc fo fosoenc tcpcirìmc plrl jleélgoetc fo pcetcs o trlélfcs
)
4
4
fo jkenls, mcg vljcr fo 8,4 gg, quo oqukvljo l fuls vozos l lmukflfo vksulj
8
4
/
9
8
/
=.4?
4 ostléíc
4
0
c
s pcetcs fo lpckc fo jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc, cefo síc kestljlfcs cs kestrugoetcs fo gofkéíc
s
o
r
p
g
K
=.41
1
<
ostléíc jkvro
1
8 gëtcfc plrl cdtoeéíc fl pcskéíc fl ostléíc cmuplfl l plrtkr fo cdsorvléÿos è ec gçekgc fcks
6
>
c
pcetcs, soefc romcgoeflfcs
romcgoeflfcs tràs cu glks pcetcs plrl ug gojncr lùstlgoetc
f
k
f
o
X =.49
(
<
8
irlfkoeto fo zàtl
-
<
8
∉α
8
8
/
vljcr fl vlrkléíc fls lecgljkls fo ljtktufo pcr uekflfo fo fkstäemkl oetro fcks pcetcs mcg ljturls
< qulso iockflks mcenomkfls, cu gosgc oetro ljturls iockflks, mceacrgo l leìjkso fcs lspomtcs açskmcs
?
;
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=
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fl fkstrkdukéíc fo glssl o cdsorvlefc c osplélgoetc gìxkgc fo ? bg oetro cs pcetcs
>
.
;
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-
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L
F
jlemo fo ekvojlgoetc
V
J ketorvljc oetro gkrls l rë o lvleto
L
K
T
L =.4;
N
E joioefl
O
I toxtc oxpjkmltkvc quo lmcgplenl cs glpls, ls mlrtls o ls pjletls, mcg c cdòtkvc fo keacrglr sous
E
O
O flfcs tëmekmcs, mcgc mccrfoelfls iocfëskmls, prcòéÿos mlrtcirìmls cu tcpcirìmls o foglks
L
keacrgléÿos mlflstrlks
T
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=.=8
O joktc mlrrcéìvoj
G
K
T pkstl fo rcjlgoetc fo ug jcirlfcurc, plvkgoetlfl cu eíc, fotorgkelfl pojcs gokcs-cs mcestruçfcs
I
L
cu eíc
C
O
I
L =.=<
A
- jovletlgoetc mlflstrlj torrktcrklj
c
v
k ogproic fo gëtcfcs plrl fotorgkelr ls mccrfoelfls fcs vërtkmos fo jkgktos fo kgývoks cu plrmojls
s
u
j
m
x
o =.=4
c jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc
s
u
l
r ogproic fo gëtcfcs plrl fotorgkelr ls mccrfoelfls tcpcirìmls fo pcetcs, rojlmkcele
rojlmkcelefc-cs
fc-cs mcg
l
p cs fotljnos, vkslefc è sul roprosoetléí
roprosoetléíc
c pjlekgëtrkml og osmljl profotorgkelfl o è sul roprosoetléí
roprosoetléíc
c
r
l
j
p
ljtkgëtrkml pcr ketorgëfkc fo murvls fo eçvoj, mcg oqukfkstäemkl tlgdëg profotorgkelfl o/cu mcg
g pcetcs mctlfcs
o
x
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© LDEV 484< - Vcfcs cs fkroktcs rosorvlfcs ?

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
=.==
jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc ljtkgëtrkmc
ekvojlgoetc
gëtcfc quo cdòtkvl, oxmjuskvlgoeto, l fotorgkeléíc fls ljturls, rojltkvls l ugl suporaçmko
fo roaoràemkl, fcs pcetcs fo lpckc o/cu fcs pcetcs fo fotljnos, prossupcefc-so c mcenomkgoetc
fo suls pcskéÿos pjlekgëtrkmls, vkslefc è roprosoetléíc ljtkgëtrkml
ljtkgëtrkml fl suporaçmko jovletlfl
=.=6
jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc oxpofktc
gëtcfc oxpjcrltýrkc
oxpjcrltýrk c fc torroec, mcg l eljkflfo ospomçml
ospomçm l fo sou romcenomkgoet
romcenomkgoetc,
c, sog provljomorog
)
4
4
cs mrktërkcs fo lmurìmkl
8
4
/
9
8
=.=?
/
4
4
jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc pjlekljtkgëtrkmc
0
c
s
gëtcfc pjlekgëtrkmc lmrosmkfc fl fotorgkeléíc ljtkgëtrkml fc rojovc fc torroec o fl froeliog
s
o
r
elturlj, kemjukefc cs fotljnos quo síc ospomkmlfcs fo lmcrfc mcg l eljkflfo
p
g
K
1
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<
1
8
jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc pjlekgëtrkmc
6
> gëtcfc quo prcòtl ec pjlec ncrkzcetlj cs fotljnos tcpcirìmcs ospomkmlfcs fo lmcrfc mcg
c l eljkflfo
f
k
f
o
X
( =.=9
<
8
- jkgkto
<
8
8
arcetokrl
8
/
<
jkefo
?
;
. fkvksl
=
9
>
jkenl quo soplrl fcks torrktýrkcs mcetçiucs
.
;
<
- =.=>
L
F jkenl fo ekvojlgoetc
V
J soquàemkl fo soéÿos oetro fcks eýs
L
K
T
L =.=;
N
E
O
jcirlfcurc
I
E
ospléc jkvro, keljkoeìvoj, fostkelfc è mkrmujléíc pðdjkml fo voçmujcs o/cu fo pofostros, romcenomkfc
O
O pojl guekmkpljkflfo, quo jno mceaoro foecgkeléíc cmklj
L
T
_
=.68
]
E
jcto
O
G
plrmojl fo torrl lutöecgl, mu`l tostlfl ë vcjtlfl plrl ug jcirlfcurc pðdjkmc romcenomkfc cu prcòtlfc
K
T
I
L
=.6<

C glpl
O
I roprosoetléíc ec pjlec, ecrgljgoeto og osmljl poquoel, fcs lspomtcs iocirìmcs, elturlks,
L
A
-
mujturlks o lrtkmklks fo ugl ìrol tcglfl el suporaçmko fo ugl iurl pjleotìrkl, fojkgktlfl pcr
c
v
k
ojogoetcs açskmcs o pcjçtkmc-lfg
pcjçtkmc-lfgkekstrltkvcs,
kekstrltkvcs, fostkelfl lcs uscs togìtkmcs, mujturlks o kjustrltkvcs
s
u
j
m
x =.64
o
c gëtcfc fls fkroéÿos
s
u
l
gofkéÿos leiujlros ncrkzcetlks mcg vkslfls els fkroéÿos fotorgkeletos els pcskéÿos fkrotl o kevorsl
r
l
p fl jueotl (jokturls mceùilfls) fo ug gofkfcr fo äeiujcs
r
l
j
p ECVL _gl sërko fo jokturls mceùilfls mcesksto el cdsorvléíc sumosskvl fo tcfls ls fkroéÿos l plrtkr
g fl fkroéíc fo crkiog, alzoefc c ikrc ec soetkfc ncrìrkc. Mlfl sërko ë kekmklfl mcg cutrl jokturl fc jkgdc
o
x
O

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
ncrkzcetlj. Cs vljcros fcs äeiujcs ncrkzcetlks gofkfcs síc ls gëfkls lrktgëtkmls fcs vljcros cdtkfcs els
fkvorsls sërkos (vor oxogpjc
oxog pjc ec Leoxc D).
=.6=
gcfojc qulso iockflj
mceùetc fo vljcros fo lecgljkls fo ljtktufo
=.66
gcecirll
fosmrkéíc ðekml fo ug pcetc, glrmc, vërtkmo cu roaoràemkl fo eçvoj, mcetoefc sous flfcs, gotlflfcs,
)
4
kglioes o mrcquk.
4
8
4
/
9
=.6?
8
/
4 eçvoj f‛ìiul
4
0
c
ljtktufo cu mctl fc eçvoj f‛ìiul, ecrgljgoeto gofkfl scdro ugl rëiul jkgekgëtrkml og ug fotorgkelfc
s
s
o
gcgoetc, og rojléíc l ugl suporaçmko ncrkzcetlj fo roaoràemkl
r
p
g
K ECVL C eçvoj f‛ìiul ë oxprossc og gotrcs.
1
<
1
8
6
=.61
>
c
eý
f
k roaoràemkl fo eçvoj portoemoeto l tràs cu glks soéÿos, oxmotulefc-so c mlsc fo roaoràemkl fo eçvoj
f
o
X fo plrtkfl fo rlglj
(
<
8
-
< =.69
8
8
8
/
eðgorc iocpctoemklj
<
? M
;
.
= fkaoroeél oetro c pctoemklj fo irlvkflfo el suporaçmko fo roaoràemkl (Y
( Y c)
c) o ec pcetc mceskforlfc
9
>
. el suporaçmko torrostro
;
<
-
L =.6>
F
V
J
cefujléíc iockflj
L
K
E
T fkstäemkl lprcxkglfl,
lprcxkglfl, gofkfl lc jceic fl ecrglj, oetro ls suporaçmkos ojkpsckflj o iockflj
L
N
E
O
I
=.6;
E plrtos pcr gkjníc
O
O ppg
L
T prcpcréíc flfl oetro ugl vlrkìvoj o ugl irlefozl fo gosgl elturozl, soefc oqukvljoeto
_
] è gkjçgotrcs pcr qukjögotrcs (gg/bg)
E
O
G
K =.?8
T
I pjletl tcpcirìml
L

C roprosoetléíc irìml fo ugl plrto jkgktlfl fl suporaçmko torrostro, scdro ug pjlec ncrkzcetlj jcmlj,
O
I og osmljls glkcros quo <0<8 888, plrl es ospomçmcs, el qulj eíc so mceskforl l murvlturl fl Vorrl
L
A
-
c
=.?<
v
k
s pcjkicelj prkemkplj
u
j
m
x
pcjkicelj dìskml
o
c
iurl iocgëtrkml fotorgkelfl mcg cs pcetcs gltorkljkzlfc
gltorkljkzlfcss fc lpckc tcpcirìmc
s
u
l
r
l =.?4
p
r pcjkicelj somuefìrkl
l
j
p iurl iocgëtrkml fotorgkelfl mcg cs pcetcs gltorkljkzlfcs fc lpckc tcpcirìmc o lpcklfl
g
o
x
el pcjkicelj prkemkplj
O
© LDEV 484< - Vcfcs cs fkroktcs rosorvlfcs 9

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
=.?=
pcetc
pcskéíc fo fostlquo el suporaçmko l sor jovletlfl tcpcirlmlgoeto
tcpcirlmlgoeto
=.?6
pcetc mctlfc
pcetc mcg vljcr fo mctl cu ljtktufo mcenomkfl

=.??
pcetcs fo lpckc
)
4
4
pcetcs mcevoekoetogoeto fkstrkduçfcs, quo vkemujlg c torroec lc jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc o, pcr
8
4
/
kssc, síc gltorkljkzlfcs mcg, pcr oxogpjc, ostlmls, pkquotos, glrmcs fo mcemrotc, pkecs fo gotlj
9
8
/
cu tketl, fopoefoefc fl sul kgpcrtäemkl o porgleàemkl
4
4
0
c
s
=.?1
s pcetc fo fotljno
o
r
p
g
pcetcs quo fotorgkelg cs lmkfoetos elturlks o/cu lrtkmklks eomossìrkcs plrl ostldojomor l acrgl
K
1
<
fc fotljno o/cu fc rojovc, kefkspoesìvoks è sul roprosoetléíc irìml
1
8
6 =.?9
>
c
f
k pcetc fo soiurleél
f
o
X X]
(
< gltorkljkzlfcs oetro fuls roaoràemkls fo eçvoj (TTEE) plrl mcetrcjo fc ekvojlgoetc
8
-
<
8
8 =.?>
8
/
< promksíc
?
;
.
=
vljcros quo oxprosslg c irlu fo lforàemkl fls gofkfls oetro sk
9
>
.
;
<
=.?;
-
L
prkemçpkc fl vkzkenleél
F
V roirl dìskml fl iocfëskl quo fovo sor lpjkmlfl è tcpcirll, ostldojomoefc quo mlfl pcetc
J
L
ecvc fotorgkelfc fovo sor lglrrlfc cu rojlmkcelfc l tcfcs cs pcetcs vkzkencs glks prýxkgcs
K
T
L
`ì fotorgkelfcs,
fotorgkelfcs, plrl quo nl`l
nl`l ugl ctkgkzléíc
ctkgkzléíc fl fkstrkdukéíc
fkstrkdukéíc fcs orrcs
N
E
O =.18
I
E suporaçmko qulso iockfo
O
O suporaçmko ostldojomkfl l plrtkr fl lecgljkl fo ljtktufo pjctlfl mcg roaoràemkl è suporaçmko ojkpsckflj
L lc jceic fl ecrglj
T
_
]
E
O
=.1<
G
K rofo glroirìml porgleoeto plrl iocfëskl
T
I TGXI
L

C mceùetc fo ostléÿos glroirìmls, kestljlfls o cporlfls pojc prcvofcr fo keacrgléÿos iocirìmls
O
I o ostltçstkmls fc plçs, mcg l eljkflfo fo gcektcrlr l rojléíc oetro c Fltug Qortkmlj Drlskjokrc
L
A o cutrcs eçvoks fo roaoràemkl glroirìmcs, dog mcgc udskfklr cs ostufcs fo gcforekzléíc fls
-
c
v
ljtktufos drlskjokrls o fo vlrkléíc fc eçvoj fc glr.
k
s
u
j
m
x
ECVL C prcvofcr fo keacrgléÿos iocirìmls o ostltçstkmls fc Drlskj ë c Kestktutc Drlskjokrc fo Iocirll
o o Ostltçstkml (KDIO).
c
s
u
l
r
l =.14
p
r rofo fo roaoràemkl mlflstrlj
l
j
p lpckc dìskmc fo ägdktc guekmkplj plrl tcfcs cs jovletlgoetcs fostkelfcs l prcòtcs, mlflstrcs
g
o
x
cu kgpjletléíc fo cdrls, soefc mcestktuçfc pcr pcetcs gltorkljkzlfcs ec torroec mcg mccrfoelfls
O
> © LDEV 484< - Vcfcs

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
pjlekljtkgëtrkmls, roaoroemklfcs l ugl ðekml crkiog R]kstogl Iocfëskmc Drlskjokrc (]ID)W o l ug

gosgc skstogl fo roprosoetléí
roprosoetléíc
c mlrtcirìml, porgktkefc l lglrrléíc o mcesoquoeto kemcrpcrléíc
fo tcfcs cs trldljncs fo tcpcirll og ug glpolgoetc fo roaoràemkl mlflstrlj
=.1=
soéíc fo ekvojlgoetc
tromnc fo ekvojlgoetc fotorgkelfc oetro fcks pcetcs fo roaoràemkl fo eçvoj (TE)

=.16
skstogl fo prcòéíc tcpcirìml
)
4
4
pjlec tcpcirìmc jcmlj
8
4
/
skstogl tcpcirìmc jcmlj
9
8
/
]VJ
4 skstogl fo prcòéíc pjlec ncrkzcetlj, mceacrgo Leoxc E
4
0
c
s
s =.1?
o
r
p
g
skstogls fo prcòéíc trlesvorsl fo Gormltcr
K
1
<
VG
1
8 mceùetc fo prcòéÿos mkjçefrkmls, trlesvorsls,
trlesvorsls, mceacrgos o somletos, fo lmcrfc mcg c Leoxc C
6
>
c
f
k =.11
f
o
X ]kstogl Iocfëskmc Drlskjokrc
(
< ]ID
8
-
< kearlostruturl fo roaoràemkl lc pcskmkcelgoetc iocfëskmc ec torrktýrkc drlskjokrc
8
8
8
/
< ECVL < C ]ID o c ]kstogl Mlrtcirìmc Elmkcelj
Elmkcelj (]ME) lfctlg c ]kstogl
]kstogl fo Toaoràemkl
Toaoràemkl Iocmàetrkmc
?
;
. plrl ls Lgërkmls (]KTIL]), og sul roljkzléíc fc lec fo 4888 (]KTIL] 4888), ëpcml 4888,6, mceacrgo
=
9 KDIO TXT 8</<?.
>
.
;
<
- ECVL 4 Cs fltl letorkcros fc ]kstogl Iocfëskmc Drlskjokrc orlg Mýrroic Ljoiro o ]LF 1;.
fltl letorkcros
L
F
V
J =.19
L
K skstogl nkfrcirìmc
T
L mceùetc fo froeliog elturlj mcestktuçfc pcr ojogoetcs elturlks cu mcestruçfcs
N
E
O
I =.1>
E
O
O skstogl vkìrkc
L
mceùetc fo vkls ketorjkilfls oetro sk, acrglefc ugl rofo
T
_
] =.1;
E
O tljufo
G
K
T torroec kemjkelfc, mu`c jkgkto suporkcr ë foecgkelfc mrkstl o c keaorkcr ë foecgkelf
foecgkelfc
c pë
I
L

C =.98
O
I tcpceçgkl
L
A
-
foskieléíc fcs juilros plrl l kfoetkmléíc toxtulj fls roprosoetléÿos açskmls
c
v
k
s
u
=.9<
j
m
x trkjnl
o
c mlgkenc ostroktc quo porgkto leflr l pë cu l mlvljc
s
u
l
r
l
p =.94
r
l
j
vljc fo fkvksl
p
g
ospëmko fo acssc uslfc mcgc fkvksl
o
x
O
© LDEV 484< - Vcfcs cs fkroktcs rosorvlfcs ;

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
=.9=
vërtkmo iocfëskmc
pcetc pjlekgëtrkmc fl rofo fo roaoràemkl mlflstrlj, kgpjletlfc o gltorkljkzlfc ec torroec mcg
l rospomtkvl gcecirll (vor Leoxc L)
=.96
vkl
jcmlj cefo trlaoilg quljquor tkpc fo voçmujc o pofostros, mu`l jlriurl ë fotorgkelfl pojcs
ljkenlgoetcs
)
4
4
8
4
/
9
6 Kestrugoetcs
8
/
4
4
0 6.< Kestrugoetcs dìskmcs
c
s
s
o
r
p
Xlrl l oxomuéíc fls cporléÿos tcpcirìmls provkstls eostl Ecrgl, síc kefkmlfcs cs soiuketos
g
K kestrugoetcs0
1
<
1
8
6 l) tocfcjktcs2
>
c
f
k
f d) eçvoks2
o
X
(
<
8
m) ostléÿos tctlks (OV) cu tlquoögotrcs
tlquoögotrcs ojotröekmcs
ojotröekmcs o gofkfcros ojotröekmcs fo fkstäemkls
fkstäemkls (GOF)2
-
<
8
8 f) romoptcros Ijcdlj Elvkiltkce ]ltojjkto ]ystog (IE]])2
8
/
<
?
;
.
= o) osmäeoros.
9
>
.
;
<
- 6.4 Xromksíc fo kestrugoetcs dìskmcs
L
F
V
J
6.4.< L promksíc fo ug kestrugoetc ë fotorgkelfl kekmkljgoe
kekmkljgoeto
to pojc aldrkmleto, mceacrgo
L
K cs prcmofkgoetcs fosmrktcs el K]C <9<4= (Xlrtos < l 1).
T
L
N
E 6.4.4 Xlrl cs oaoktcs fostl Ecrgl, cs tocfcjktcs síc mjlsskmlfcs mceacrgo l Vldojl <.
O
I
E
O
O Vldojl < ” Mjlsskmléíc fo gofkfcr fo äeiujcs
L
T
_
Mjlsso Fosvkc-plfríc fl fkroéíc
]
E
O < ύ ≦ 84‗
G
K
T 4 84‗ : ύ ≦ 8?‗
I
L

C = 8?‗ : ύ ≦ <8‗
O
I
L
A
6 ύ 5 <8‗
-
c
v
k
s
u
j
m
x
o
c
s
u
l
r
l
p
r
l
j
p
g
o
x
O
<8 © LDEV 484< - Vcfcs

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
6.4.= Xlrl cs oaoktcs fostl Ecrgl, ls ostléÿos tctlks (OV) síc mjlsskmlfls mceacrgo l Vldojl 4.
Vldojl 4 ” Mjlsskmléíc fo ostléÿos tctlks

Mjlsso Fosvkc-plfríc fl fkroéíc Fosvkc-plfríc jkeolr
< ύ ≦ 84‗ ≦ ¼(<gg + < Ù <8∔1)
4 84‗: ύ ≦ 8?‗ ≦ ¼(4gg + 4 Ù <8∔1)
= 8?‗: ύ ≦ <8‗ ≦ ¼(=gg + = Ù <8∔1)
)
4
4
8
ECVL
ECV L Els mnls tëmekmls fcs kestrugoetcs, c fosvkc-plfríc mcrrospcefo
4
/ l < Ù <8-1 7 < ppg 7 <gg/bg.
9
8
/
4
4
0
c
s
6.4.6 Xlrl cs oaoktcs fostl Ecrgl, cs eçvoks síc mjlsskmlfcs mceskforlefc c fosvkc-plfríc fo < bg
s fo fupjc ekvojlgoetc, mceacrgo l Vldojl =.
o
r
p
g
K
1 Vldojl = ” Mjlsskmléíc fo eçvoks
<
1
8
6
> Mjlsso Fosvkc-plfríc
c
f
k
f
o
X < ≦ < gg/bg
(
<
8
4 ≦ 4 gg/bg
-
<
8
8 = ≦ 1 gg/bg
8
/
<
?
;
.
6 5 1 gg/bg
=
9
>
.
;
<
- 6.4.? Cs GOF o cs GOF fls OV fovog sor laorkfcs l mlfl fcks lecs, cu glkcr aroquàemkl
L fo lmcrfc mcg l eomosskflfo, pcr oetkflfos mcgpotoetos. Ec jlufc fovog mcestlr c vljcr
F
V
J fl mcestleto lfktkvl P (orrc fo zorc) mcg sou fosvkc-plfríc o c altcr fo osmljl b 7 <8-1 mcg sou
L
K
T
fosvkc-plfríc.
L
N
E ECVL Oxogpjcs fo oetkflfos mcgpotoetos síc ls oetkflfos cmklks, ls uekvorskflfos o cs jldcrltýrkcs
O
I fl Tofo Drlskjokrl fo Jldcrltýrkcs fo Oeslkc (TDJO).
E
O
O 6.4.?.< El laorkéíc fcs GOF o ecs GOF fls OV, l lmurìmkl ë kefkmlfl pojl soiuketo oquléíc,
L
T mcgpcstl pcr fuls mcgpceoetos, soefc ugl mcestleto o l cutrl vlrkìvoj og aueéíc fl fkstäemkl,
_
]
E
oxprossl og ppg. Qor oxogpjc ec Leoxc M.
O
G
K
T of 7 P4 + (b Ù F )4
I
L

C cefo
O
I
L
A
-
of ë l lmurìmkl
lmurìmkl fl fkstäemkl
fkstäemkl gofkfl,
gofkfl, oxprossl og gkjçgotrcs
gkjçgotrcs (gg)2
c
v
k
s
u
j
P ë l lmurìmkl fl mcestleto
mcestleto lfktkvl
lfktkvl fc kestrugoetc, oxprossl og gkjçgotrcs
gkjçgotrcs (gg)2
(gg)2
m
x
o
c b ë l lmurìmkl fc altcr fo osmljl, oxprossc og ppg2
s
u
l
r
l
p F ë l lmurìmkl gofkfl, oxprossl og qukjögotrcs (bg).
r
l
j
p ECVL Ostl oquléíc sý ë mceskforlfl mcrrotl so acr lpjkmlfl ès mcrroéÿos ltgcsaërkmls (togporlturl
g
o o prossíc).
x
O
© LDEV 484< - Vcfcs cs fkroktcs rosorvlfcs <<

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
6.4.1 Cs gofkfcros fo äeiujcs o cs eçvoks fovog sor oeslklfcs fo lmcrfc mcg ls K]C <9<4=-4
o K]C <9<4=-=, og oetkflfos mcgpotoetos.
mcgpotoetos.
ECVL Oxogpjcs fo oetkflfos mcgpotoetos síc ls oetkflfos cmklks, ls uekvorskflfos o cs jldcrltýrkcs
fl Tofo Drlskjokrl fo Jldcrltýrkcs fo Oeslkc (TDJO).
6.4.9 Cs eçvoks fovog sor laorkfcs l mlfl fcks lecs, cu mcg glkcr aroquàemkl fo lmcrfc mcg
l eomosskflfo.
6.= Kestrugoetcs luxkjklros

)
4
4
8
4
6.=.< Xlrl l oxomuéíc fls cporléÿos tcpcirìmls, síc eomossìrkcs cs soiuketos kestrugoetcs
/
9
8
/
luxkjklros0
4
4
0
c
s
l) dljkzl2
s
o
r
p
g
d) eçvoj fo mletceokrl, fo dlstíc o fo
fo gkrl2
gkrl2
K
1
<
1
8
m) troel2
6
>
c
f
k
f) gkrl2
f
o
X
(
<
o) rootcr (prksgl),
(prksgl), dlstíc
dlstíc mcg dkpë, mcg dlso ekvojleto
ekvojleto mcg
mcg supcrto, ljvc rootcr
rootcr o trkpë2
trkpë2
8
-
<
8
8 a) torgögotrc2
8
/
<
?
;
. i) dlrögotrc2
=
9
>
.
;
<
n) pskmrögotrc2
-
L
F k ) slpltl2
V
J
L
K
T
`) iulrfl-scj2
L
N
E
O b) dltorkl, mldc o mlrroilfcr2
I
E
O
O j) rìfkc fo mcguekmléíc2
L
T
_ g) oqukplgoetc
oqukplgoetc fo soiurleél possclj
possclj o fo träesktc,
träesktc, mcgc pjlml fo skeljkzléíc, mceo,
mceo, mcjoto o tl
]
E skeljkzlfcrl.
O
G
K
T ECVL Ljiues fcs kestrugoetcs luxkjklros scarog rovksÿos porkýfkmls, prkemkpljgoeto lpýs cs sorvkécs
I
L

fo jceil furléíc o vklioes.
C
O
I
L
6.=.4 L troel
troel fovo sor laorkfl
laorkfl ec ltc fo sul
sul lqukskéíc o porkcfkmlgo
porkcfkmlgoeto.
eto.
A
-
c
v
k
6.=.= L gkrl fc tkpc fcdrìvoj, fo oemlkxo o fo kevlr
kevlr,, fovo sor laorkfl ec ltc fo sul lqukskéíc
s
u
j o porkcfkmlgoeto.
m
x
o
c
s
6.=.6 L utkjkzléíc fo prksgl els gofkéÿos ojotröekmls fovo sor promofkfl fl vorkmléíc fl sul
u
l
r
mcestleto plrl l mcrroéíc fls fkstäemkls gofkfls.
l
p
r
l
j 6.=.? L slpltl fovo sor utkjkzlfl mcgc supcrto ès gkrls, sogpro quo so oxomutlr trlespcrto
p
g fo ljtktufo cu mctl, fovoefc tor posc lfoqulfc è sul eljkflfo.
o
x
O

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
6.=.1 El gofkéíc fo fkstäemkls ojotröekmls, fovog sor ovktlfls pcssçvoks ketoraoràemkls, pcr
oxogpjc, rìfkc, ogksscrls fo rìfkc, rofos fo trlesgkssíc ojëtrkml cu fo tojomcguekmléíc.
6.=.9 Qorkmlr l vortkmljkflfo fc kestrugoetc tcpcirìmc
tcp cirìmc mcg c fc prugc ýptkmc cu l jlsor kemcrpcrlfc
kemcrpcrlfc
el ljkflfo cu el dlso fc kestrugoetc utkjkzlfc, mceacrgo ls kestruéÿos prosmrktls ecs gleulks
fc aldrkmleto.
? Alsos plrl oxomuéíc fc jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc

)
4
4 ?.< Ioeorljkflfos
8
4
/
9 C jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc, og quljquor fo suls eljkflfos, fovo tor ec gçekgc ls alsos fosmrktls
8
/
4
4 og ?.4 l ?.>.
0
c
s
s
o
r ?.4 Xjleo`lgoetc, sojoéíc fo gëtcfcs o kestrugoetcs
p
g
K
1
<
?.4.< C jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc, og quljquor fo suls eljkflfos, fovo cdofomor lc prkemçpkc
1
8 fl vkzkenleél o ès mcefkéÿos ospomçmls fosmrktls eostl ]oéíc.
6
>
c
f
k ?.4.4 Letos fc keçmkc fcs trldljncs fo mlgpc, romcgoefl-s
romcgoefl-so
o ostuflr scdro l fcmugoetléí
fcmugoetléíc
c
f
o
X mlrtcirìml fkspceçvoj, mcgc0
(
<
8
-
<
l) jcmljkzléíc fcs glrmcs
glrmcs pjlekgëtrkmcs
pjlekgëtrkmcs o fls roaoràemkls fo eçvoj (TTEE)2
8
8
8
/
< d) mceoxíc fossos glrmcs o fls TTEE mcg c lpckc iocfëskmc2
?
;
.
=
9
>
m) ketorvkskdkj
ketorvkskdkjkflfo
kflfo fcs glrmcs2
.
;
<
- f) fosoevcjvkgoetc
fosoevcjvkgoetc fls pcjkicelks o ekvojlgoetcs
ekvojlgoetcs fc lpckc dìskmc
dìskmc l sor kgpjletlfc
kgpjletlfc mceacrgo
mceacrgo ?.4.?
L
F o ?.?2
V
J
L
K
T
o) o) leìjkso fo prcpliléíc fo vlrkäemkls o tcjoräemkls og aueéíc fl eljkflfo fc jovletlgoet
jovletlgoetc.
c.
L
N
E
O
?.4.= L vkemujléíc (cu lglrrléíc) fc jovletlgoe
jovletlgoetc
tc tcpcirìmc lc ]ID o/cu ès rofos cmklks
I
E
l ojo vkemujlfls fovo jovlr og mcetl l prcpliléíc fcs vlrkäemkls lc jceic fcs trldljncs l sorog
O
O roljkzlfcs, mceacrgo fosmrktc og ?.=.< o ?.=.9.
L
T
_
?.4.6 Ec mlsc fo ls gofkéÿos o mìjmujcs fcs lpckcs tcpcirìmcs rosujtlrog og fksmropäemkls,
] qulefc mcgplrlfls
mcgplrlfls mcg l keacrgléíc fc prcvofcr fo keacrgléÿos iocirìmls
iocirìmls o ostltçstkmls fc plçs,
E
O
G
kssc fovo sor mcguekmlfc l osso prcvofcr.
K
T
I
L

C o Ostltçstkml (KDIO).
O
I
L
A
-
?.4.? Mceskforlefc ls eljkflfos fc jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc, l foeskflfo fo keacrgléÿos
c
v
l sorog roprosoetlfls, ls fkgoesÿos o l lmurìmkl eomossìrkl l mlfl eljkflfo, tog-so fuls mjlssos
k
s
u
j
fo pcjkicelk
pcjkicelkss pjlekgëtrkml
pjlekgëtrkmls0
s0
m
x
o
c l) pcjkicelj prkemkplj (XX)2
s
u
l
r
l
p d) pcjkicelj somuefìrkl (X]).
r
l
j
p ECVL Ls mjlssos fo pcjkicelks síc gltorkljkzlfls utkjkzlefc-so kestrugoetc, prcmofkgoetc,
g fosoevcjvkgoetc o gceugoetljkzléíc lfoqulfcs, lprosoetlfcs el Vldojl 6, cu mcg tomecjcikl IE]],
o
x
O
© LDEV 484< - Vcfcs cs fkroktcs rosorvlfcs <=

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
mceacrgo ?.=.<. L Akiurl < oxogpjkml ugl mjlsso fo pcjkicelj lpcklfl og fuls dlsos acrglfls pcr pcetcs
fkstketcs. L Akiurl 4 oxogpjkml ls mjlssos fo pcjkicelks lpcklfls og fcks pcetcs fkstketcs.
)
4
4
8
4
/
9
8
/
4
4
0
Akiurl < ” Oxogpjc fo pcjkicelj lpcklfl og fuls dlsos
c
s
s
o
r
p
g
K
1
<
1
8
6
>
c
f
k
f
o
X
(
<
8
-
<
8
8
8
/
<
?
;
.
=
9
Akiurl 4 ” Oxogpjcs fo pcjkicelks lpcklfls og fcks pcetcs
>
.
;
<
-
L
Vldojl 6 ” Xcjkicelks pjlekgëtrkmls
F
V
J Gofkéíc Fosoevcjvkgoetc
L
K
T Mjlsso Fosoevcjvkgoetc Gceugoetljkzléíc
L Jlfc gçekgc
N Leiujlr Jkeolr gìxkgc
E romcgoeflfc
O romcgoeflfc
I
E
O
O Gëtcfc fls Jokturls
L
fkroéÿos romçprcmls
T (lvleto o rë)
_ Fuls sërkos fo Glrmcs fo mcemrotc
] XX ? bg <88 g
E jokturls ncrkzcetlks Mcrroéíc fo cu pkecs fo léc
O
G
mceùilfls togporlturl
K
T (XF o XK) o prossíc
I
L

C Gëtcfc fls
O
I
L
fkroéÿos
A
- _gl sërko fo Jokturls Xkecs fo léc cu
c X] 4 bg ?8 g
v
k jokturls ncrkzcetlks romçprcmls pkquotos
s
u
j mceùilfls
m
x
o (XF o XK)
c
s
u Cs kestrugoetcs fovog sor fotorgkelfcs og aueéíc fls leìjksos fomcrroetos fo ?.4.4
l
r
l
p
r
l
j
p
?.4.1 Xlrl ostldojomor l gotcfcjcikl fo ug jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc, fovog-so mceskforlr l sul
g
o
eljkflfo dìskml o ls fkgoesÿos fl ìrol l sor jovletlfl, oequlfrlefc c jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc
x
O

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
og ugl fls soiuketos mjlssos0 mlflstrlj torrktcrklj, tcpcirìmc ljtkgëtrkmc, tcpcirìmc pjlekgëtrkmc
o tcpcirìmc pjlekljtkgëtrkmc.
pjlekljtkgëtrkmc.
?.4.9 Og so trltlefc fo jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc ljtkgëtrkmc cu pjlekljtkgëtrkmc, fovog sor

mceskforlfls l oqukfkstäemkl fls murvls fo eçvoj o l foeskflfo fo pcetcs mctlfcs plrl l gcfojliog
fc torroec (gcfojc fkiktlj fo torroec), fo lmcrfc mcg c irlu fo fotljnlgoetc susmktlfc pojl eljkflfo
fc jovletlgoetc cu pojls mcefkéÿos lgdkoetlks.
?.4.> Mukflfcs ospomklks fovog sor tcglfcs lc ostlmkcelr c kestrugoetc els gofkéÿos fo mlgpc,
plrl so ovktlrog cs orrcs fo moetrliog o fl pcskéíc fc skelj l sor vkslfc, pcks ostos roprosoetlg
)
4
4
l glkcr aceto fo orrcs el gofkéíc leiujlr. Ostos orrcs síc tletc glkcros quletc glks murtcs acrog
8
4
/ cs jlfcs fls mjlssos fo pcjkicelks. Ecs mlscs quo roquokrlg glkcr rkicr els gofkéÿos leiujlros,
9
8
/ ë romcgoeflfc c ogproic fo pkjlros mcg fkspcsktkvcs fo moetrliog acrélfl cu lfctlr c gëtcfc fcs
4
4
0
tràs trkpës.
c
s
s
o
r
p
?.4.; Ls gofkéÿos
gofkéÿos leiujlros
leiujlros ncrkzcetlks
ncrkzcetlks plrl es fo pcjkiceléíc
pcjkiceléíc fovog sor
sor aoktls pojc gëtcfc
gëtcfc fls
g
K fkroéÿos, og sërkos fo jokturls mceùilfls (jueotl els pcskéÿos fkrotl o kevorsl).
1
<
1
8
6
?.4.<8 Xlrl c ekvojlgoetc trkicecgëtrkmc, ls gofkéÿos leiujlros vortkmlks fovog sor aoktls og sërkos
> fo jokturls mceùilfls (jueotl els pcskéÿos fkrotl o kevorsl).
c
f
k
f
o
X ?.4.<< Xlrl oaoktc fo vljkfléíc fo ugl sërko quljquor, fovo sor aoktc, ec mlgpc, c mìjmujc fc fosvkc
(
<
8
fcs äeiujcs og rojléíc lc vljcr gëfkc fo tcfls ls sërkos. Toòktlg-so, ugl pcr voz, ls sërkos quo
-
<
8
so lalstlrog glks fo tràs vozos fl promksíc ecgkelj fc kestrugoetc.
8
8
/
< ?.4.<4 C osmäeor l jlsor torrostro
torrostro (J]V) pcfo sor utkjkzlfc plrl jovletlgoetcs fo fotljnos, fosfo
?
;
.
=
9
quo c roikstrc fls moels so`l lpcklfc og pcetcs kgpjletlfcs mcg IE]] cu mcg pcjkicelks mcg
>
.
;
ostléíc tctlj, porgktkefc l leìjkso fl lmurìmkl fc lùstlgoetc. L lmurìmkl fovo ltoefor è eljkflfo
<
- fc jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc.
L
F
V
J Xlrl l oxtrléíc fo flfcs, c scatwlro
scatwlro fovo provor l leìjkso fo ruçfc el euvog, ovktlefc c usc
L
K fo pcetcs fksmropletos og rojléíc lc ojogoetc osmleolfc.
T
L
N
E ?.4.<= L fotorgkeléí
fotorgkeléíc
c fo mccrfoelfl
mccrfoelfls s fo pcetcs mcg c usc fo romoptcros Ijcdlj Elvkiltkce
O
I ]ystog (IE]]) pcfo sor roljkzlfl pcr fkaoroetos gëtcfcs o mceacrgo l lmurìmkl quo ltoefl
]ltojjkto ]ystog (IE]])
E
O è eljkflfo fc jovletlgoetc.
O
L
pcetcs fo ketorosso furleto l ]ul mjlsskmléíc
gofkéíc, fopoefo
fc eðgorc fc gcvkgoetc
fo romoptcros fc romoptcr
ogproilfcs, og rojléíc
fcs skelks lcs
utkjkzlfcs
T
_
o fc ketorvljc oetro c rlstrokc o c mìjmujc fls mccrfoelfls. Fl mcgdkeléíc fostos fkaoroetos
fkaoroetos mrktërkcs
]
E forkvlg ls tëmekmls fo pcskmkcelgoetc quo fotorgkelg ls mccrfoelfls fo pcetcs fo ketorosso mcg
O
G
K
fkaoroetos promksÿos.
T
I
L
?.4.<=.< L osmcjnl fc gëtcfc ogproilfc fovo mceskforlr0 l lmurìmkl fl pcskéíc l fotorgkelr2
C
O l promksíc ecgkelj fcs romoptcros mceacrgo aldrkmleto2 l keuàemkl fo altcros mcgc l roarléíc
I
L ltgcsaërkml, c gujtkmlgkenlgoetc,
gujtkmlgkenlgoetc, l cdstruéíc fo skelks, c eðgorc fo sltëjktos vksçvoks o l iocgotrkl
A
- oetro sltëjktos o romoptcr(os), oetro cutrcs.
c
v
k
s
u
j
m
?.4.<=.4 Mceacrgo c gcvkgoetc fc romoptcr og rojléíc lcs pcetcs fo ketorosso furleto l gofkéíc,
x
o l fotorgkeléíc fo mccrfoelfls pcfo sor ostìtkml (letoel ostlmkcelfl scdro c pcetc) cu mkeogìtkml
c
s
u
(letoel og gcvkgoetc og rojléíc lc pcetc).
l
r
l
p ?.4.<=.= Mceacrgo c eðgorc fo letoels romoptcrls utkjkzlfls, l fotorgkeléíc fo mccrfoelfls
r
l
j
p
fo pcetcs fo ketorosso pcfo sor ldscjutl (lpoels ugl letoel) cu rojltkvl/fkaoroemklj (glks fo ugl
g
o
letoel).
x
O
© LDEV 484< - Vcfcs cs fkroktcs rosorvlfcs <?

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
?.4.<=.6 Mceacrgo cs skelks utkjkzlfcs ec prcmosslgoetc, l fotorgkeléíc fo mccrfoelfls fo pcetcs

fo ketorosso pcfo sor roljkzlfl pojc mýfkic cu pojl also fo cefl fl pcrtlfcrl.
?.4.<=.? Mceacrgo c ketorvljc oetro c rlstrokc o c mìjmujc fls mccrfoelfls fcs pcetcs fo ketorosso,
l fotorgkeléíc pcfo sor og togpc rolj cu pýs-prcmosslfl.
?.4.<=.1 L utkjkzléíc
mcefkmkcelfl fotëmekml
lc usc fl mýfkicrojltkvl/fkaoroemklj,
plrl l fotorgkeléíc fosfofoquo
mccrfoelfls
mccrfoelf
ltoefl èlseljkflfo
fo pcetcs pcr IE]] ml
fl cdrl.
?.4.<=.9 El fotorgkeléíc fo mccrfoelfls fo pcetcs pcr IE]] el jcmléíc fo cdrls, fovog-so
) utkjkzlr ls tëmekmls mcg scjuéíc fc mìjmujc og togpc rolj.
4
4
8
4
/
9
8
?.4.<=.> El fotorgkeléíc fo mccrfoelfls fo pcetcs pcr IE]] mcg l eljkflfo fo kgpjletléíc
/
4
4
fo lpckc iocfëskmc cu tcpcirìmc og rofos, utkjkzlr, proaoroemkljgoeto, cs gëtcfcs quo porgktlg
0
c
s
c lùstlgoetc pcr gçekgcs qulfrlfcs cu c rojltkvc/fkaor
rojltkvc/fkaoroemklj.
oemklj.
s
o
r
p
g
?.= Lpckc tcpcirìmc o sul lmurìmkl
K
1
<
1
8
?.=.< C lpckc tcpcirìmc pjlekgëtrkmc pcfo sor kgpjletlfc mcg l utkjkzléíc fl tomecjcikl IE]]
6
> cu fo gëtcfc mcevoemkcelj. Eossl kgpjletléíc ë roquorkfl l vkemujléíc l fcks cu glks pcetcs
c
f
k ketorvksçvoks trlespcrtlfcs fl rofo iocfëskml (]ID) cu fo rofos cmklks l ojl vkemujlfls. C Leoxc
f
o
X F lprosoetl ug oxogpjc fo mìjmujc fo fkstäemkls o lzkgutos ec pjlec, plrl c gëtcfc mcevoemkcelj.
(
<
8
- ?.=.4 Kefopoefoetogoeto fc gëtcfc o fl tomecjcikl lfctlfcs, l prcpliléíc fls promksÿos fovo
<
8 sor aoktl fosfo cs vërtkmos foekfcros fls dlsos fo roaoràemkl ltë cs pcetcs fo lpckc kgpjletlfcs,
8
8
/
<
?
pcfoefc sor fo acrgl skgpjkmlfl. Cs Leoxcs O o A lprosoetlg c mìjmujc skgpjkmlfc fl prcpliléíc
;
.
=
fls promksÿos plrl cs gëtcfcs mcevoemkcelks.
9
>
.
;
<
?.=.= L rofo fo pcjkicelks lpcklfl el rofo iocfëskml fovo sor mcestktuçfl pcr pcjkicelks
pcjkicelks prkemkplks,
prkemkplks,
-
L
quo jkilg oetro sk cs vërtkmos iocfëskmcs, soiukefc, fo lmcrfc mcg c torroec cu mcg l sul cmupléíc,
F
V ugl jkenl prýxkgl fl rotl. Ls pcjkicelks somuefìrkls síc gltorkljkzlfls proaoroemkljgoeto oetro
J
L
K
ls ostléÿos fls pcjkicelks prkemkplks.
prkemkplks.
T
L
N ?.=.6 C usc fl tomecjcikl IE]] els lpjkmléÿos tcpcirìmls utkjkzl c gëtcfc rojltkvc cu c fkaoroemklj,
E
O kstc ë, ugl cu glks ostléÿos fo mccrfoelfls mcenomkfls sorvog fo lpckc lcs pcetcs l sorog
I
E fotorgkelfcss (vor ?.4.<=.=).
fotorgkelfc
O
O
L
T
?.=.? Ec mlsc fo jovletlgoetc pjlekgëtrkmc mcg oxkstàemkl fo rofo fo roaoràemkl mlflstrlj,
_
]
ls ìrols jovletlfls fovog sor lglrrlfls lcs vërtkmos gceugoetljkzlfcs
gceugoetljkzlfcs fls pcjkicelks fotorgkeletos
fotorgkeletos
E
O
fcs sous pcetcs tcpcirìmcs.
G
K
T
I ?.=.1 L eljkflfo fc jovletlgoe
jovletlgoetc
tc fotorgkel l quletkflfo fo pcetcs fcs fotljnos l sorog
L

C
cdsorvlfcs.
O
I
L
A
?.=.9 L lmurìmkl pjlekgëtrkml ostldojomkfl plrl c jovletlgoe
jovletlgoetc
tc tcpcirìmc ostì rojlmkcelf
rojlmkcelfl
l
-
c
mcg l sul eljkflfo. Cs gëtcfcs, prcmosscs o kestrugoetcs utkjkzlfcs ecs trldljncs tcpcirìmcs
v
k eíc pcfog mcefuzkr l orrcs quo mcgprcgotlg l lmurìmkl keoroeto è eljkflfo fc jovletlgoetc.
s
u
j
m Cs pcetcs ectìvoks o fo glkcr ketorosso pcfog tor lmurìmkl suporkcr è lfctlfl. Eosto mlsc, ostos
x
o
c
pcetcs fovog sor fotorgkelfcs pcr suls mccrfoelfls mljmujlfls o eíc pojls cdtkfls irlmlgoeto.
s
u
l
r
l ?.=.> Mcevëg quo cs pcetcs pjlekgëtrkmcs
p
r
roaoràemkls fo eçvoj. Eosso mlsc, ls ljtktufosfc(proaoroemkljgoeto)
lpckc tcpcirìmc cu
so`lg utkjkzlfcs
mctls tlgdëg mcgc
síc fotorgkelfls pcr
l
j
p ekvojlgoetc iocgëtrkmc fupjc (ekvojlgoetc o mcetrlekvojl
mcetrlekvojlgoetc)
goetc) cu pcr ekvojlgoetc trkicecgëtrkmc
g cu pcr tëmekml fo ekvojlgoetc IE]] rojltkvc.
o
x
O

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
?.=.; Cs pcetcs pjlekgëtrkmcs o ls roaoràemkls fo eçvoj fc lpckc tcpcirìmc fovog sor gltorkljkzlfcs
og jcmlks ostìvoks, fo proaoràemkl fo mcemrotc, el acrgl trcemc-pkrlgkflj, oetorrlfcs mcg c tcpc
lc eçvoj fc scjc, jcmlj cefo so fovo oemrlvlr ugl pjlml fo kfoetkmléíc mcetoefc l gltorkljkzléíc
fcs pcetcs. Fopoefoefc fl sktuléíc, ostos glrmcs pcfog sor sudstktuçfcs pcr pkecs gotìjkmcs
cu fo gltorklj sketëtkmc lfoqulfc.
?.=.<8
fovog Cstor pcetcs pjlekgëtrkmcs
gcecirlls, mceacrgofcclpckc dìskmc
oxogpjc ec oLeoxc
ls roaoràemkls fo eçvoj,
L, mcetoefc lgdcs
ktkeorìrkcs fo gltorkljkzlfcs,
lmossc, mrcquk
mcg crkoetléíc, lglrrléÿos, pcetcs fo roaoràemkl cu cutrls keacrgléÿos quo mcefuzlg l ugl aìmkj
)
jcmljkzléíc o kfoetkmléíc
kfoetkmléíc..
4
4
8
4
/ ?.=.<< Ls roaoràemkls
roaoràemkls fo eçvoj fc
fc lpckc tcpcirìmc
tcpcirìmc ljtkgëtrkmc
ljtkgëtrkmc fovog ostlr vkemujlfls
vkemujlfls ès roaoràemkls
roaoràemkls
9
8
/ fo eçvoj fc lpckc iocfëskmc fo ‚ljtl promksíc‗, fo ‚promksíc‗ cu fo ‚es tcpcirìmcs‗. L vkemujléíc
4
4
0
ë roljkzlfl pcr ekvojlgoetc iocgëtrkmc (ekvojlgoetc o mcetrlekvojlgoetc) cu pcr ekvojlgoetc
c
s
s
trkicecgëtrkmc cu ekvojlgoetc IE]], eosto mlsc alzoefc l fovkfl trlesacrgléíc fo ljtktufo iocfëskml
o
r plrl ljtktufo ecrglj, mceskforlefc c gcfojc cmklj. Fo quljquor acrgl, fovo-so ltkeikr l lmurìmkl
p
g
K foekfl plrl c jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc. C Leoxc I lprosoetl ug oxogpjc fo trlesacrgléíc mcg
1
<
1
usc fo IE]].
8
6
>
c ?.=.<4 Mcevëg quo, els pcjkicelks, so`lg ovktlfcs jlfcs jceics o murtcs, c quo eíc ë alvcrìvoj scd
f
k
f c pcetc fo vkstl fl lmurìmkl fcs rosujtlfcs.
o
X
(
<
8 ?.=.<= El fotorgkeléíc fo ugl rofo dìskml, plrl quljquor prcòtc, romcgoefl-so quo ls pcjkicelks
-
<
8 toenlg c sou fosoevcjvkgoetc c glks prýxkgc pcssçvoj fl ìrol fo prcòtc.
8
8
/
<
?
;
.
?.6 Jovletlgoetc fo fotljnos
=
9
>
. Cs gëtcfcs mjìsskmcs (pcjkicelks, krrlfkléÿos, ketorsoéÿos cu crfoelfls scdro ugl jkenl-dlso),
;
<
- mcg tomecjcikl IE]] cu mcg osmäeor, síc fostkelfcs è fotorgkeléíc fls pcskéÿos pjlekgëtrkml
L o/cu ljtkgëtrkml fcs pcetcs, plrl porgktkr l roprosoetléíc fc torroec l sor jovletlfc l plrtkr
F
V
J fc lpckc tcpcirìmc. Ostos gëtcfcs pcfog mcefuzkr, skgujtleolgoeto, è cdtoeéíc fl pjlekgotrkl
L
K
T
o fl ljtkgotrkl, cu oetíc soplrlflgoeto, so mcefkéÿos ospomklks fc torroec cu oxkiàemkls
L
N
fc jovletlgoetc lsskg porgktkrog. Kefopoefoetogoeto fc gëtcfc o fl tomecjcikl lfctlfcs,
E
O l prcpliléíc fls promksÿos fovo sor aoktl fosfo cs vërtkmos fc lpckc ltë cs pcetcs fo fotljnos
I
E
gofkfcs, pcfoefc sor fo acrgl skgpjkmlfl. C Leoxc O lprosoetl ug oxogpjc fo mìjmujc
O fl prcpliléíc fls promksÿos plrl cs gëtcfcs mjìsskmcs.
O
L
T
_
]
?.? Ekvojlgoetc
E
O
G
K ?.?.< Ioeorljkflfos
T
I
L
?.?.<.< Nlvoefc ug gcfojc qulso iockflj cmklj cu roljkzlfc ospomkljgoeto, pcfog-so lfctlr
C
O ls lecgljkls fo ljtktufo (α) plrl cdtoeéíc fls ljtktufos ecrglks, l plrtkr fo ljtktufos iocfëskmls (n).
I
L
A
- ?.?.<.4 Og quljquor fcs mlscs, fovog sor cdsorvlfcs provklgoeto c cdòtkvc fc ekvojlgoetc
c
v
k
s
o l rospomtkvl prcpliléíc fo vlrkäemkls fls cporléÿos.
u
j
m
x
o ?.?.<.= \ulefc eíc ncuvor l fkspcekdkjkflfo fo ug gcfojc qulso iockflj, fovo-so oxomutlr
c
s
u
l cporléíc fo ekvojlgoetc. Ostl fovo sor vkemujlfl ès TTEE cmklks (]ID) cu gosgc lc eðgorc
l
r
l
p iocpctoemklj (M). Osto ë cdtkfc l plrtkr fo cdsorvléÿos irlvkgëtrkmls
iocpctoemklj irlvkgëtrkmls els TTEE cmklks.
r
l
j
p ?.?.<.6 Nlvoefc fkspcekdkjkflfo fo TTEE cmklks el roikíc fo ketorosso, ec ägdktc fc pjlec
g
o tcpcirìmc, pcfog-so roljkzlr c ekvojlgoetc o c mcetrlekvojlgoetc, l plrtkr fo ugl TE, trlespcrtlefc N E.
x
O
© LDEV 484< - Vcfcs cs fkroktcs rosorvlfcs <9

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
?.?.<.? Xlrl roikÿos quo eíc ltoeflg lc pjlec tcpcirìmc, fovog-so mcesujtlr cs lspomtcs açskmcs
fl fkstrkdukéíc fo glssl, pcr gokc fo ostufcs irlvkgëtrkmcs fl roikíc cu fl leìjkso fc gcfojc qulso
iockflj.
?.?.<.1 Og cdrls quo oevcjvlg c lrglzoelgoetc (pcr oxogpjc, dlrrlgoetcs) cu trlespcrto

fo jçqukfcs (pcr oxogpjc, futcs o mlelks), gosgc nlvoefc ug gcfojc qulso iockflj, c ekvojlgoetc
fovo sor lsscmklfc
fo cdsorvléÿos lc eðgorc
irlvkgëtrkmls elsiocpctoemklj
TTEE cmklks(M), soefc osto
o elquojls fotorgkelfc
ostldojomkfls l plrtkr
pojl fl lsscmkléíc
cporléíc portkeoeto.
?.?.4 Ekvojlgoetc iocgëtrkmc

)
4
4
8 ?.?.4.< C ekvojlgoetc iocgëtrkmc ë c gëtcfc og quo ls fkaoroeéls fo eçvoj (ljtktufos cu mctls) fcs
4
/
9
8
/
pcetcs vkslfcs síc fotorgkelfls fkrotlgoeto mcg usc fo gkrl vortkmlj, mcg vkslfls l rë o lvleto.
4
4
0
El Vldojl ? síc lprosoetlfls ls mcefkéÿos fc ekvojlgoetc K E fo jkenls, mkrmuktcs, soéÿos o pcetcs.
c
s
s
o
r
p Vldojl ? ” Mcefkéÿos plrl c ekvojlgoetc iocgëtrkmc
g
K
1 Qkslfl gìxkgl Vcjoräemkl fo
<
1 Mjlsso
8
6
Kestrugoetc romcgoeflfl aomnlgoetc Akeljkflfo
> Gëtcfc
c g B oxprossc og bg
f
k
f
o Vrlespcrto fo ljtktufo
X
( Eçvoj mjlsso < 1 gg B
< cu mctl
8
- KE
<
Eçvoj mjlsso 4 >8 Tofo urdlel
8
8 Iocgëtrkmc > gg B
8
/
<
?
;
Eçvoj mjlsso = <4 gg B Xcjkicelj prkemkplj
.
=
9
>
.
;
< ?.?.4.4 Ls roaoràemkls fo eçvoj, osplélfls fo lmcrfc mcg c torroec, l ìrol l sor jovletlfl
-
L
F
o ls mcefkéÿos pomujklros og aueéíc fl eljkflfo fc jovletlgoetc, fovog sor gltorkljkzlfls pcr
V
J gokc fo ekvojlgoetc iocgëtrkmc fupjc (ekvojlgoetc o mcetrlekvojlgoetc) o l plrtkr fo roaoràemkls
L
K
T
cmklks, mceacrgo tcjoräemkls o prcmofkgoetcs provkstcs el Vldojl ?.
L
N
E
O
?.?.4.= Ls gkrls fovog sor pcskmkcelfl
pcskmkcelflss lcs plros o oqukfkstleto
oqukfkstletos,s, mcg ljtoreäemkl lvleto
I
E
o l rë, fo gcfc quo l gkrl pcskmkcelfl ec pcetc fo plrtkfl (rë) so`l pcskmkcelfl,
pcskmkcelfl , og soiukfl, ec pcetc
O fo mnoilfl (jkfl lvleto), soefc mcevoekoeto quo c eðgorc fo jlemos so`l plr.
O
L
T ?.?.4.6 Ls gkrls, fovkflgoeto vortkmljkzlfl
_ vortkmljkzlfls,
s, fovog sor lpcklfls scdro mnlpls cu pkecs o,
]
E ec mlgkenlgoetc, scdro slpltls, gls eueml fkrotlgoeto scdro c scjc.
O
G
K
T ?.?.4.? \ulefc c kestrugoetc utkjkzlfc acr c eçvoj lutcgìtkmc ýptkmc, og tcfls ls jokturls fovog sor
I
L
jkfcs cs tràs cs ostlfkgëtrkmc
ostlfkgëtrkmcs.
s.
C
O
I ?.?.4.1 L qulj
quljkf
kflf
lfo
o fc ek
ekvo
vojl
jlgo
goetc
etc iocg
iocgëtr
ëtrkm
kmc
c ë mc
mcetr
etrcj
cjlf
lfl
l mcg c mc
mcetr
etrle
lekv
kvoj
ojlg
lgoe
oetc,
tc, soéí
soéíc
c l so
soéí
éíc,
c,
L
A
- cdsorvlefc-so cs vljcros-jkgktos mcetkfcs el Vldojl ?.
c
v
k
s
u
j
m
?.?.4.9 \ulefc c ekvojlgoetc kekmklr og ugl TE mcenomkfl o fosoevcjvor-so plrl ug pcetc
x fo ljtktufo cu mctl eíc mcenomkfl (jkenl ldortl), ë eomossìrkc alzor c mcetrlekvojlgoetc.
o
c
s
u
l ?.?.4.> Xlrl c trlespcrto fo ljtktufos, ë eomossìrkc utkjkzlr soéíc fo fupjc ekvojlgoetc (kfl o vcjtl)
r
l cu mkrmuktcs aomnlfcs, fosfo quo ls crkioes (plrtkfls o mnoilfls) so`lg og TTEE fkstketls
p
r
l
j
p
o portoemoetos o/cu vkemujlfls è rofo fc prcvofcr fo keacrgléÿos iocirìmls o ostltçstkmls fc plçs.
g
o
Fkstrkdukr lc jceic fc mlgkenlgoetc fc trlespcrto cs mnlglfcs pcetcs fo soiurleél (X]), mcg
x
O
<> © LDEV 484< - Vcfcs

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
gëfkl fo <,8 bg oetro ojos. Ls vkslfls gìxkgls fo gofkfls els gkrls eíc pcfog ujtrlplsslr cs >8 g
o eíc pcfog sor aoktls jokturls cefo ls vkslfls plssog l goecs fo =8 mg fo ugl suporaçmko, plrl
so ovktlr c oaoktc fl roarléíc.
o Ostltçstkml (KDIO).
?.?.4.; Ls tcjoräemkls fo aomnlgoetc lprosoetlfls el tldojl ? fomcrrog fcs orrcs lmkfoetlks fcs
kestrugoetcs o fcs gëtcfcs ogproilfcs ec ekvojlgoetc, o sorvog fo mcetrcjo fl lmurìmkl fls
cporléÿos fo mlgpc.
)
4
4
8
4
?.?.4.<8 L lmurìmkl fc lpckc tcpcirìmc ljtkgëtrkmc ë oxprossl pojl quljkflfo fc aomnlgoetc
/
9
8
/
fo mkrmuktcs cu jkenls, acrglfcs pcr fupjc ekvojlgoetc, mceomtlefc ostléÿos fo ljtktufos mcenomkfls.
4
4
0
c
s
?.?.4.<< L quljkflfo fls cporléÿos fo mlgpc el fotorgkeléíc fc lpckc tcpcirìmc ljtkgëtrkmc
s ë mcestltlfl mcg c mcetrcjo fls fkaoroeéls fo eçvoj oetro c ekvojlgoetc o c mcetrlekvojlgoetc
o
r
p
g
iocgëtrkmcs, soéíc l soéíc, lmugujlfls el jkenl cu mkrmuktc, cdsorvlefc-so cs vljcros-jkgktos
K
1
<
lprosoetlfcs el Vldojl ?.
1
8
6
> ?.?.4.<4 C lùstlgoetc fo ugl soéíc, jkenl cu mkrmuktc ekvojlfc o mcetrlekvojlfc iocgotrkmlgoeto
c
f
k ë aoktc fkstrkdukefc-so c orrc fo aomnlgoetc prcpcrmkceljgoeto ès fkstäemkls cu pojc gëtcfc fcs
f
o
X gçekgcs qulfrlfcs.
(
<
8
-
< ?.?.= Ekvojlgoetc trkicecgëtrkmc
8
8
8
/
<
?
C ekvojlgoetc trkicecgëtrkmc ë c gëtcfc quo roljkzl l gofkéíc fl fkaoroeél fo ljturl oetro cs pcetcs
;
. fc torroec, l plrtkr fl jokturl fc äeiujc vortkmlj iorlfc pojl jkenl fo vkslfl lc ljvc. Ossl gofkéíc
=
9
>
.
mceskforl l ljturl fc kestrugoetc o fc ljvc scdro c torroec (gkrl vortkmlj cu prksgl), mceacrgo
;
<
-
ls mcefkéÿos lprosoetlfls el Vldojl 1. Ls fkstäemkls oetro cs fcks pcetcs pcfog sor gofkfls
L cu mljmujlfls l plrtkr fls mccrfoelfls. Ec mlsc fc gëtcfc tlquocgëtrkmc mcg tocfcjktc, fovog sor
F
V
J
aoktls ls jokturls mcrrospcefoetos lcs tràs rotçmujcs fl jueotl (suporkcr, keaorkcr o gëfkc), mceacrgo
L
K cs oxogpjcs fo mìjmujcs ecs Leoxcs N o K. Xcfo-so uslr c gëtcfc fl ostléíc jkvro, pcks ojo fkspoesl
T
L l gofkéíc fl ljturl fc kestrugoetc o fc prksgl, qulefc ostl ljturl acr mcestleto.
N
E
O ECVL Tomcgoefl-so quo el lpjkmléíc fc gëtcfc fl ostléíc jkvro cs pcetcs fo roaoràemkl osto`lg
I
E og qulfrletos fkstketcs og rojléíc è ostléíc cmuplfl.
O
O
L
T
_
]
E
O
G
K
T
I
L

C
O
I
L
A
-
c
v
k
s
u
j
m
x
o
c
s
u
l
r
l
p
r
l
j
p
g
o
x
O
© LDEV 484< - Vcfcs cs fkroktcs rosorvlfcs <;

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
Vldojl 1 ” Mcefkéÿos plrl c ekvojlgoetc trkicecgëtrkmc
Mjlsso Qkslfl gìxkgl Vcjoräemkl fo

Kestrugoetc romcgoeflfl aomnlgoetc Akeljkflfo
Gëtcfc g B oxprossc og bg
Vocfcjktc cu ostléíc
tctlj mjlsso <, fuls Xcjkicelj
sërkos fo äeiujcs =88 <48 gg B prkemkplj
vortkmlks (vkslfl rë o
) lvleto)
4
4
KK E
8 Tofo og
4
/
9
Vrkicecgëtrkmc Vocfcjktc cu ostléíc
8 ìrol rurlj
/
4 tctlj mjlsso 4, ugl
4
0
c
sërko fo äeiujcs 488 488 gg B Xcjkicelj
s
s
o
vortkmlks (vkslfl rë o somuefìrkl
r
p lvleto)
g
K Krrlfkléíc
1
<
1
8
KKK E Vlquoögotrc cu
6 >8 - Krrlfkléíc
> Vlquocgëtrkmc tocfcjktc mjlsso 6
c
f
k
f
o
X
( ?.?.=.< Osto gëtcfc pcfo sor uslfc plrl vkslfls lmkgl fo =88 g scdro l ìiul o og torroecs
<
8
- çeirogos, mcg kemjkeléíc
kemjke léíc lmkgl fo =8 %. Xlrl vkslfls glkcros fc quo <4? g, fovog sor mceskforlfcs
<
8
8
cs oaoktcs fl murvlturl fl Vorrl o l roarléíc ecrglj. Eossos mlscs, c prcmofkgoetc oxkio vkslfls
8
/
< romçprcmls o skgujtäeols
skgujtäeols..
?
;
.
=
9
>
?.?.6 Ekvojlgoetc mcg usc fl tomecjcikl IE]]
.
;
<
- ?.?.6.< C ekvojlgoetc pcfo sor oxomutlfc mcg c usc fl tomecjcikl IE]], fosfo quo ls ljtktufos
L
F
V
iocfëskmls so`lg mcevortkfls og ljtktufos ecrglks, mceskforlefc cs gcfojcs cmklks. Fovog-so
J prcplilr ls promksÿos vlrkäemkls plrl ls ljtktufos mcevortkfls, mceskforlefc l mceskstàemkl fcs
L
K
T gcfojcs, l g fo vorkmlr so l lmurìmkl cdtkfl ltoefo è eljkflfo fc ekvojlgoetc.
L
N
E
O ?.?.6.4 L mcevorsíc fls ljtktufos cdtkfls l plrtkr fl lecgljkl fo ljtktufo cu fl cefujléíc iockflj
I
E fovo sor roljkzlfl uslefc gcfojcs gltogìtkmcs quo ospomkquog l promksíc fostls vlrkìvoks.
O C ýriíc iostcr fc ]kstogl Iocfëskmc Drlskjokrc (]ID) pudjkml gcfojcs gltogìtkmcs fo cefo
O
L
T
so cdtëg ostls vlrkìvoks plrl tcfc c torrktýrkc elmkcelj l plrtkr fls mccrfoelfls fo ug pcetc.
_
]
Cs gcfojcs gltogìtkmcs plrl cs mìjmujcs ostíc kefkmlfcs els oquléÿos soiuketos. C Leoxc I pcssuk
E
O
ug oxogpjc fo mìjmujc.
G
K
T N E ≏ n ∔ α ύN 7 ¼ ύn4 + ύE
4
I
L

C
O cefo
I
L
A
-
c
N E ë l ljtktufo ecrglj, oxprossl og gotrcs (g)2
v
k
s
u
j
m n ë l ljtktufo iocfëskml, oxprossl og gotrcs (g)2
x
o
c
s
u α ë l lecgljkl fo ljtktufo fc pcetc, cdtkfl ec gcfojc gltogìtkmc, oxprossl og gotrcs (g)2
l
r
l
p
r
ύN ë c fosvkc-plf
fosvkc-plfríc
ríc fl ljtktufo, oxprossc og gotrcs (g)2
l
j
p
g
o
ύn ë c fosvkc-plf
fosvkc-plfríc
ríc fl ljtktufo iocfëskml
iocfëskml,, oxprossc og gotrcs (g)2
x
O

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
ύE ë c fosvkc-plfrí
fosvkc-plfrícc fl cefujléíc fc pcetc cdtkfl ec gcfojc gltogìtkm
gltogìtkmcc utkjkzlfc, oxprossc
og gotrcs (g).
?.?.6.= L ljtktufo tlgdëg pcfo sor cdtkfl

cdtkfl pcr
pcr fkaoroeéls
fkaoroeéls fo lecgljkls
lecgljkls fo ljtktufos
ljtktufos oetro
oetro fcks
fcks pcetcs
pcetcs
(lecgljkl fo ljtktufo rojltkvl), mceskforlefc l vlrkléíc fls lecgljkls fo gcfojcs gltogìtkmcs
l plrtkr fo ugl TE rlstrolfl pcr IE]]. Cs gcfojcs gltogìtkmcs plrl cs mìjmujcs ostíc kefkmlfcs
els oquléÿos soiuketos. C Leoxc I pcssuk ug oxogpjc fo mìjmujc.
4
∔1 )
∁α 7 α ∔ αTE N E ≏ n + NTE
E ∔ nTE ∔ ∁α ύN 7 ¼ ύ4n + ύN4 TE + ύ4nTE + (ύ ∁α Ù F Ù <8
)
4 cefo
4
8
4
/
9
8
/
N E ë l ljtktufo ecrglj, oxprossl og gotrcs (g)2
4
4
0
c
s n ë l ljtktufo iocfëskml fc pcetc, oxprossl og gotrcs (g)2
s
o
r
p
g
K
N E TE ë l ljtktufo ecrglj fl TE, oxprossl og gotrcs (g)2
1
<
1
8 nTE ë l ljtktufo iocfëskml fl TE, oxprossl og gotrcs (g)2
6
>
c
f
k α ë l lecgljkl fo ljtktufo fc pcetc, cdtkfl ec gcfojc gltogìtkmc, oxprossl og gotrcs (g)2
f
o
X
(
<
α TE ë l lecgljkl fo ljtktufo fl TE, cdtkfl ec gcfojc gltogìtkmc, oxprossl og gotrcs (g)2
8
-
<
8 F α ë l lecgljkl fo ljtktufo rojltkvl
8
8
/
<
?
;
.
=
ύN ë c fosvkc-plfríc fl ljtktufo, oxprossc og gotrcs (g)2
9
>
.
;
<
ύn ë c fosvkc-plfríc fl ljtktufo iocfëskml fc pcetc, oxprossc og gotrcs (g)2
-
L
F
V
ύN TE
TE ë c fosvkc-plfríc fl ljtktufo fl TE, oxprossc og gotrcs (g)2
J
L
K
T ύnTE ë c fosvkc-plfríc fl ljtktufo iocfëskml fl TE, oxprossc og gotrcs (g)2
L
N
E
O ύF α ë c fosvkc-plfríc fl lecgljkl fo ljtktufo rojltkvl fc gcfojc gltogìtkmc utkjkzlfc,
I
E oxprossc og ppg cu og gkjçgotrcs pcr qukjögotrc (gg/bg)2
O
O
L
T
F ë l fkstäemkl oetro l TE o c pcetc, oxprossl og gotrcs (g).
_
]
E
O
?.?.6.=.< Ec mìjmujc fl lecgljkl fo ljtktufo rojltkvl cs pcetcs mcg ls lecgljkls mcenomkfls fovog
G
K ostlr fkstletos oetro sk fo ec gìxkgc =? bg.
T
I
L

C
?.1 Mìjmujcs o lùstlgoetc
O
I
L
A
?.1.< Xlrl l rofuéíc lc ncrkzceto fls gofkéÿos fo fkstäemkls kemjkelfls fcs jlfcs fl pcjkicelj
-
c
o plrl ls krrlfkléÿos, síc aoktls ls jokturls fcs äeiujcs vortkmlks pcr jokturl fkrotl. El ostléíc tctlj,
v
k
s l rofuéíc fl fkstäemkl kemjkelfl lc ncrkzceto ë aoktl lutcgltkmlgoeto. C mìjmujc ë aoktc mcg
u
j
m
x
ls oquléÿos l soiukr0
o
c
s
u f n 7 f k . mcs μ cu f n 7 f k k . . soe z
l
r
l
p cefo
r
l
j
p
g
o f n ë l fkstäemkl ncrkzcetlj2
x
O
© LDEV 484< - Vcfcs cs fkroktcs rosorvlfcs 4<

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
f k k ë l fkstäemkl kemjkelfl2
μ ë c äeiujc vortkmlj fo kemjkeléíc2
z ë c äeiujc zoektlj.
?.1.4
lc eçvoj Ls
fofkstäemkls
roaoràemklncrkzcetlks (f nskstogl
ljtkgëtrkml fc ) fls pcjkicelks fc lfctlfc,
fo prcòéíc lpckc tcpcirìmc fovog
pojl oquléíc sor trlespcrtlfls
l soiukr0
Ng ∔ N
∁F 7 Ù f n
)
4 Tg + N
4
8
4
/
9 cefo
8
/
4
4
0
c ΖF ë l mcrroéíc l sor lpjkmlfl è fkstäemkl ncrkzcetlj, f n2
s
s
o
r
p
g
N g ë l ljtktufo ecrglj gëfkl fl fkstäemkl
fkstäemkl ncrkzcetlj, f n, og rojléíc lc eçvoj fo roaoràemkl
K
1 ljtkgëtrkmc fc skstogl2
<
1
8
6 T g ë c rlkc gëfkc torrostr
torrostro,
o, lprcxkglflgoet
lprcxkglflgoetoo kiulj l 1 =9< 888 g2
>
c
f
k
f
o
X N ë l ljtktufo ecrglj fc eçvoj fo roaoràemkl ljtkgëtrkmc fc skstogl2
(
<
8
-
<
f n ë l fkstäemkl ncrkzcetlj.
8
8
8
/
<
ECVL C Leoxc @ pcssuk ug oxogpjc fo mìjmujc.
?
;
.
=
9 ?.1.= Ls gofkéÿos fo fkstäemkls mcg troel ostíc suòktls ès kemortozls fomcrroetos fo orrcs
>
.
;
<
fo jokturl, ljkenlgoetc, ncrkzcetljkzléíc, toesíc, fkjltléíc, mcetrléíc, laorkéíc o mltoeìrkl. Oaotulr
- tcfls ls mcrroéÿos cu ljiugls fojls fopoefo fl eljkflfo fc jovletlgoetc o l quo so fostkelg
L
F
V
ls fkstäemkls gofkfls, og almo fl lmurìmkl l sor ljmleélfl.
J
L
K
T ?.1.6 Xlrl es fo lùstlgoetc fls pcjkicelks, fosfo quo ltoefkfls ls tcjoräemkls ospomkmlfls,
L
N pcfog sor lpjkmlfcs qulksquor gëtcfcs mcg dlso ec gcfc og quo so prcplilg cs orrcs, kemjuskvo
E
O pojc gëtcfc fcs gçekgcs qulfrlfcs. Oetro ossos gëtcfcs síc tlgdëg lmoktcs cs quo mceskstog
I
E og oaotulr, prkgokrlgoeto, ugl fkstrkdukéíc fcs orrcs leiujlros kiuljgoeto og suls ostléÿos o,
O og soiukfl, alzor ugl fkstrkdukéíc fcs orrcs jkeolros cu prcòéÿos fcs jlfcs (fojtl Ù o fojtl y),
O
L
T
quor alzoefc l fkstrkdukéíc prcpcrmkceljgoeto lc mcgprkgoetc fcs jlfcs, quor lkefl oaotulefc ugl
_
]
roplrtkéíc prcpcrmkceljgoeto lcs vljcros ldscjutcs fls mccrfoelfls rojltkvls. C Leoxc B mcetëg
E ug oxogpjc fo mìjmujc fc orrc fo aomnlgoetc jceiktufkelj o fc trlesvorslj fo ugl pcjkicelj lpcklfl
O
G
K og fuls dlsos.
T
I
L

C
?.1.? C lùstlgoetc og mccrfoelfls fls pcjkicelks ë promofkfc pojc mìjmujc o pojl mcgplrléíc
O
I mcg ls rospomtkvls tcjoräemkls fcs soiuketos ojogoetcs0
L
A
-
c l) aomnlgoetc leiujlr2
v
k
s
u
j
m
x
d) orrc rojltkvc fo aomnlgoetc jkeolr lpýs l mcgpoesléíc leiujlr.
leiujlr.
o
c
s ECVL C orrc fo aomnlgoetc jkeolr, lpýs l mcgpoesléíc leiujlr, eíc fotorgkel l lmurìmkl fl pcjkicelj,
u
l
r
l gls
p
r
jkeolrsorvo plrl cfo
ec skstogl ùjilgoetc fls mlrtosklels
mccrfoelfls cporléÿos fo(x) mlgpc,
o (y). kefkmlefc l promksíc fl pcjkicelj o l fkvoriàemkl
l
j
p
g
o
x
O

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
?.1.1 Cs vljcros roaoroemklks fo tcjoräemkls síc0
l) tcjoräemkl leiujlr (V μ)0 mceskforl l tocrkl fcs orrcs, cefo c orrc gìxkgc tcjorìvoj
ë lprcxkglflgoeto tràs vozos c orrc gëfkc togçvoj, mceacrgo l soiuketo oquléíc0
V μ 7 (= Ù p Ù e ) + <8 ''
cefo
e ë c eðgorc fo ostléÿos2
)
4
4
8 p
p ë l promksíc ecgkelj plrl l eljkflfo fc trldljnc, soefc lfctlfl plrl XX ≦ ?‗ o plrl
4
/
9 X] ≦ <8‗2
8
/
4
4
0
c
<8‗ ë ugl mcestleto lfctlfl pcr gofkfl fo soiurleél2
s
s
o
r
p d) tcjoräemkl jkeolr0 plrl
plrl ltoefor l tcfls ls eljkflfos
eljkflfos fo jovletlgoetcs
jovletlgoetcs tcpcirìmcs,
tcpcirìmcs, l tcjoräemkl
tcjoräemkl
g
K gçekgl ë fo <0<4 888, oetrotletc, og mlscs ospomklks, fovo sor lfctlfl tcjoräemkl lfoqulfl
1
<
1 o ostldojomkfl og mcgug lmcrfc oetro c mcetrltleto o c mcetrltlfc.
8
6
>
c ?.1.9 Ls mccrfoelf
mccrfoelfls
ls fcs pcetcs jovletlfcs fovog lprosoetlr cs rospomtkvcs fosvkcs-plf
fosvkcs-plfríc,
ríc,
f
k
f
o ugl voz quo c vljcrfleugërkmc flL irlefozl pcr
X
( l quljkflfo (promksíc) irlef ozl.
irlefozl. prcpliléíc flsskvlrkäemkls
sý eíc
vlrkäe mklslprosoetl keacrgléíc
pcfo sor roljkzlfl ljiugl
fo acrgl scdro
rkicr
rkicrcsl,
csl,
<
8
- ogproilefc l jok fo prcpliléíc fo vlrkäemkls o mcvlrkäemkls og sul acrgl gltrkmklj, utkjkzlefc, pcr
<
8
8
oxogpjc, ug scatwlro fo prcmosslgoetc fo flfcs, cu fo acrgl skgpjkmlfl. Cs Leoxcs O o A gcstrlg
scatwlro fo
8
/ oxogpjcs fo mìjmujcs fl prcpliléíc fls promksÿos vlrkäemkls plrl jovletlgoetcs oxomutlfcs pcr
<
?
;
.
gëtcfc mcevoemkcelj.
=
9
>
.
; ?.1.> Ltoeéíc ospomklj fovo sor ogproilfl plrl c mlsc fo prcpliléí
prcpliléícc fo vlrkäemkls og rofos
<
- tcpcirìmls cu iocfëskmls cefo nì gðjtkpjls goesurléÿos o vërtkmos, c quo lugoetl l mcgpjoxkflfo
L
F fc prcdjogl. _g rctokrc plrl c mìjmujc fo prcpliléíc fls vlrkäemkls og rofo fo acrgl skgpjkmlfl,
V
J quo lssoiurl rosujtlfcs glks mcesorvlfcros og rojléíc è prcpliléíc fo mcvlrkäemkls el acrgl
L
K
T gltrkmklj, ë lprosoetlfc ec Leoxc J.
L
N
E
O ?.9 Fosoenc tcpcirìmc elj
I
E
O ?.9.< L roprosoetléí
roprosoetléíc
c tcpcirìml
tcpcirìml fc rojovc,
rojovc, fopoefoef
fopoefoefc
c fl eljkflfo fc jovletlgoetc
jovletlgoetc o fc rojovc,
O
L pcfo sor pcr murvls fo eçvoj, mcgpjogoetlfls mcg pcetcs mctlfcs cu gcfojc fkiktlj fo torroec.
T
_
]
E ?.9.4 Ls roprosoetléÿ
roprosoetléÿos
os irìmls fovog sor lprosoetlfl
lprosoetlflss og acrgltcs ostldojomkf
ostldojomkfcs
cs mceacrgo
O
G
K
l LDEV EDT <19?4 cu mceacrgo c mcetrltleto, lfoqulfls è eljkflfo fc jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc,
T
I
mceskforlefc ls suls fkgoesÿos. L roprosoetléíc irìml mcetogpjl qulfrçmujls fo <8 mg
L
fo jlfc, trlzoefc els dcrfls fl acjnl ls mccrfoelfls pjlec-rotleiujlros fo kfoetkmléíc fl jkenl
C
O quo roprosoetlg, mcgpcrtlefc, lkefl, l gcjfurl, ls mcevoeéÿos o cs kfoetkmlfcros mceacrgo
I
L
A
c gcfojc ostldojomkfc pojl fostkeléíc fc jovletlgoetc (vor Leoxc G).
-
c
v
k
s
?.9.= L tcpceçgkl, cs eðgorcs o cutrls roaoràemkls fovog sor fosoenlfc
fosoenlfcss fo lmcrfc mcg
u
j
m l LDEV EDT <1>1<.
x
o
c
s
u
?.9.6 Cs vërtkmos fc lpckc tcpcirìmc o ls roaoràemkls fo eçvoj fovog ostlr jleélfcs els pjletls,
l
r
l soefc ostls mcg ls suls ljtktufos ecrglks.
p
r
l
j
p
?.9.? Ec fosoenc elj fovog sor roikstrlfls ls crkioes pjlekgëtrkml o ljtkgëtrkml, dog mcgc
g
o
l eljkflfo fc jovletlgoetc.
x
O
© LDEV 484< - Vcfcs cs fkroktcs rosorvlfcs 4=

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
?.> Tojltýrkc tëmekmc

C rojltýrkc tëmekmc, ec tërgkec fc jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc,
tcpcirìmc, fovo mcetor ec gçekgc c soiuketo0
l) cdòtc2
d) eljkflfo2
m) porçcfc fo oxomuéíc2
)
4 f) jcmljkzléíc2
4
8
4
/
9
8
o) ]kstogl Iocfëskmc
Iocfëskmc fofo Toaoràemkl
Toaoràemkl fc skstogl fo mccrfoelfl
mccrfoelflss pjlec-rotleiujlros,
pjlec-rotleiujlros, mcg sou eçvoj
/
4
4 fo roaoràemkl ljtkgëtrkmc, mceacrgo ?.=.< o ?.=.<<2
0
c
s
s a) gogcrklj fosmrktkvc fcs sorvkécs oxomutlfcs, mcetoefc, ec gçekgc, promksÿos cdtkfls, quletkflfo
quletkflfoss
o
r
p oxomutlfls, rojléíc fcs kestrugoetcs utkjkzlfcs, oqukpo tëmekml, kfoetkmléíc fc rospcesìvoj
g
K
1
<
tëmekmc o fcmugoetcs prcfuzkfcs, kemjukefc ls gcecirlls2 o
1
8
6
> i) gogýrkls fo mìjmujc,
mìjmujc, fostlmlefc-so
fostlmlefc-so ls pjlekjnls
pjlekjnls fo mìjmujc fls
fls pcjkicelks
pcjkicelks o fls jkenls
c
f
k fo ekvojlgoetc.
f
o
X
(
<
8
-
<
8
1 Kespoéíc
8
8
/
<
?
1.< Fovo sor roljkzlfl furleto o lpýs l oxomuéíc fc jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc ugl kespoéíc mcg
;
.
= c cdòtkvc fo lssoiurlr c fosoevcjvkgoetc mceacrgo ostl Ecrgl.
9
>
.
;
<
-
1.4 Ospomkmlgoe
Ospomkmlgoeto,
to, furleto c prcmossc, fovo sor kespomkcel
kespomkcelfc
fc c soiuketo0
L
F
V l) mceoxíc lc lpckc iocfëskmc o/cu è rofo fo roaoràemk
roaoràemkll mlflstrlj2
J
L
K
T
L
d) gcecirlls fcs vërtkmos
vërtkmos gltorkljkzlf
gltorkljkzlfcs
cs fl dlso fo roaoràemkl2
roaoràemkl2
N
E
O
I
m) kestrugoetlj dìskmc o luxkjklr2
E
O f) quljkflfo fl gltorkljkz
gltorkljkzléíc
léíc o ketorvkskd
ketorvkskdkjkflfo2
kjkflfo2
O
L
T
_
]
o) pcjkicelks2
E
O
G
K a) jovletlgoetc fo fotljnos2
T
I
L

C
i) ekvojlgoetcs2
O
I
L
A
n) mìjmujcs o rospomtkvcs gogcrklks2
-
c
v
k
s k ) promksíc fls cdsorvléÿos2
u
j
m
x
o ` ) lrqukvcs fkiktlks2
c
s
u
l
r
l b) poéls irìmls2
p
r
l
j
p j) mcevoeéÿos tcpcirìmls.
g
o
x
O

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
1.= Fovo sor ostldojomkfc c eðgorc gçekgc fo pcetcs, fo lmcrfc mcg l Vldojl 9, cu cutrl
lgcstrliog fotorgkelfl mceacrgo lmcrfc oetro ls plrtos ketorosslfls. L lgcstrliog fovo sor
ljoltýrkl o fkstrkduçfl
fkstrkduç fl uekacrgogoeto el ìrol fc jovletlgoetc.
jovletlgoet c. L kespoéíc ë roljkzlfl pojc mcetrltleto,
mcetrltl eto,
oxmotc qulefc oxprossl og lmcrfc oetro ls plrtos ketorosslfls
ketorosslfls..
Vldojl 9 ” Lgcstrliog ljoltýrkl

\uletkflfo fo pcetcs fc Vlglenc fl lgcstrl
lgcstr l
jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc fl kespoéíc
)
4 Ltë ?88 pcetcs = % (gçekgc fo <8)
<8)
4
8
4
/
9
Fo ?8< l < 888 pcetcs 4 % (gçekgc fo <?)
8
/
4
4 Lmkgl fo < 888 pcetcs
pcetcs < % (gçekgc fo =8)
0
c
s
s
o
r
p
g
K
1
9 Lmoktléíc
<
1
8
6
>
9.< Ioeorljkflfos
c
f
k
f
o Ls mcefkéÿosmceacrgo
fo lmoktléíc fcs?,sorvkécs o prcfutcs ojldcrlfc
ojldcrlfcs,
X
( tcpcirìmc, l ]oéíc fovog sor s og s,
ostldojomkfls
ostldojomkfl els fkvorsls
fomcrràemkl fc alsos fc jovletlgoetc
rosujtlfc fl kespoéíc,
<
8
- jovlefc-so og mcetl, qulefc portkeoeto, ls tcjoräemkls ostldojomkfls eostl Ecrgl o/cu mceacrgo
<
8 lmcrfc oetro ls plrtos ketorosslfls.
8
8
/
<
?
;
.
=
9.4 Lmoktléíc rojltkvl lc jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc el sul plrto pjlekgëtrkml fo pcetcs
9
>
.
;
<
C mrktërkc fo lmoktléíc fovo sor ostldojomkfc l plrtkr fls fksmropäemkls oetro ls mccrfoelfls
-
L
mljmujlfls fcs pcetcs o suls ncgýjcils, gofkfls ec torroec, pcr ug gëtcfc fo promksíc kiulj cu
F
V
suporkcr lc utkjkzlfc el oxomuéíc fc lpckc tcpcirìmc. C oeslkc fovo lssoiurlr quo l fksmropäemkl
J
L
mljmujlfl ltoefl è tcjoräemkl (ltë tràs vozos l promksíc) ostldojomkfl eostl Ecrgl cu mceacrgo
K
T
L
lmcrfc oetro ls plrtos ketorosslfls. Cs pcetcs foekfcros, quo síc cdòtc fo oeslkc, fovog sor
N
E
ostldojomkfcss mceacrgo 1.4.
ostldojomkfc
O
I
E 9.4.< _g jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc pjlekgëtrkmc fovo sor mceskforlfc lmoktc so ;8% fcs pcetcs
O
O cdòtc fl kespoéíc ltoeforog è tcjoräemkl mceskforlfl.
mceskforlfl.
L
T
_
] 9.= Lmoktléíc rojltkvl è ljtkgotrkl fc jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc
E
O
G
K
T
C mrktërkc fo lmoktléíc fovo sor ostldojomkfc l plrtkr fls fksmropäemkls ljtkgëtrkmls, mcg rojléíc
I
L
lcs fosjcmlgoetcs oetro ls ljtktufos cu mctls cdtkfls els roprosoetléÿos, fo pcetcs poraoktlgoeto

C kfoetkmìvoks eostls o ec torroec, cdtkfcs pcr ekvojlgoetc iocgëtrkmc, trkicecgëtrkmc cu IE]],
O
I lpcklfcs els roaoràemkls fo eçvoj oxkstoetos el ìrol fc jovletlgoetc, pcr ug gëtcfc fo promksíc
L
A
-
kiulj cu suporkcr lc utkjkzlfc el oxomuéíc fc lpckc tcpcirìmc. C oeslkc fovo lssoiurlr quo
c
v
l fksmropäemkl mljmujlfl ltoefl è tcjoräemkl (ltë tràs vozos l promksíc) ostldojomkfl eostl Ecrgl
k
s
u
j
cu mceacrgo lmcrfc oetro ls plrtos ketorosslfls. Cs pcetcs foekfcros, quo síc cdòtc fo oeslkc,
m
x
o
fovog sor ostldojomkfcs mceacrgo 1.4.
c
s
u
l
9.=.< _g jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc ljtkgëtrkmc fovo sor mceskforlfc lmoktc so ;8 % fcs pcetcs
r
l cdòtc fl kespoéíc ltoeforog è tcjoräemkl mceskforlfl.
p
r
l
j
p
g
o
x
O
© LDEV 484< - Vcfcs cs fkroktcs rosorvlfcs 4?

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
Leoxc L
(keacrgltkvc)
Gcecirll
L.< Oxogpjc fo gcecirll fo vërtkmo

)
4 RMCEVTLVLEVOW
4
8
4
/
Gcecirll fo Qërtkmos
9
8
/ Qërtkmo0 Q xxxx / G xxxx Qërtkmo vkslfc0 Xrcòtc/Lec0
4
4 Ostlfc0 Guekmçpkc0 Jcmlj0
0
c
s Crkiog pjlekgëtrkml0 Crkiog ljtkgëtrkml0
s
o
r
p Mccrfoelfls
g
K ]KTIL]4888 (Ëpcml 4888,6)
1
<
1 Jltktufo (])0 Jceiktufo (Y)0 _VG (E)0 _VG (O)0
8
6 Ljt. Ojkp.(n)0 Ljt. Ecrglj (Ne) G M0 Ausc0
>
c
f
k Mccrfoelfls fc Xjlec Vcpcirìmc Jcmlj
f
o Crkiog fc pjlec0 ρ 7 β 7 ^8 7 [8 7 Nt 7
X
(
< Toaoroemklj0 ^0 [0 Ljtktufo Ecrglj (NE)0
8
-
<
8
8
Fosvkc-Xlfríc lpýs Lùstlgoetc
8
/
<
ύ Jlt. 7 ύ Jcei. 7 ύ Ljt. 7
?
;
. Fosmrkéíc0
= Mnlpl fo ljugçekc mcg ls soiuketos kesmrkéÿos0 RMCEVTLVLEVOW2 RECGO C_ EÐGOTC FC XCEVCW2 XTCVOIKFC XCT JOK2 EÍC
9
>
. FO]VT_KT.
;
<
- Ktkeorìrkc0 (OÔGXJC)
L L mnlpl
mnlpl ostì mrlvlfl el mljélfl,
mljélfl, og aroeto è Osmcjl
Osmcjl Guekmkplj
Guekmkplj fo Oeskec Aueflgoetlj
Aueflgoetlj Gururës, l lprcxkglflgoeto
lprcxkglflgoeto ? gotrcs
gotrcs fc
F pcrtíc o foarceto è roskfàemkl e°61?.
V
J
L
K
Kgliog Xlecrägkml0 Actc fc Jcmlj0
T
L
N
E
O
I
E
O
O
L
T
_
]
E
O
G
K
T
I
L

C
O
I
L
A
-
c
v
k
s
u
j
m
x
o
c
s
u
l
r
l
p
r
l
j
p
g
o
x
O

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
L.4 Oxogpjc fo gcecirll fo roaoràemkl fo eçvoj

RMCEVTLVLEVOW
GCECITLAKL FO TOAOTÀEMKL FO EÇQOJ
TE0 TE xxxx Ljtktufo ecrglj0 Fosvkc plfríc0 Xrcòtc/Lec0
Ostlfc0 Guekmçpkc0 Jcmlj0
Crkiog0 Fltug vortkmlj0
Mccrfoelfls lprcxkglfls
Ecrto0 Osto0 Fltug0
) Fosmrkéíc0
4
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© LDEV 484< - Vcfcs cs fkroktcs rosorvlfcs 49

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
Leoxc D
(keacrgltkvc)
Oxogpjc fo mcjotl fo flfcs plrl c gëtcfc fls fkroéÿos
)
D.< Gofkéíc leiujlr ncrkzcetlj o jkeolr
4
4
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9 Vldojl D.< — Gofkéíc leiujlr ncrkzcetlj o jkeolr
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Xrcmofkgoetc tc fo gofkéíc leiujlr mceacrgo l K]C <9<4=-=.
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4> © LDEV 484< - Vcfcs

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
D.4 Gofkéíc leiujlr vortkmlj o jkeolr
Vldojl D.4 — Gofkéíc leiujlr vortkmlj o jkeolr

Fltl0 49/8</81 Keçmkc0 <6n44 gke. Vërgkec0 <6n?1 gke. Mcefkéÿos gotocrcjýikmls0 eudjlfc.
Ostléíc0 Mcgto. Aorrlz k 7 <,=<8 g Kestrugoetc0 VM >8? E¸0 9?=>86 Cporlfcr0 Nordort Orwos
Joioefl0
k ljturl fc kestrugoetc2 s ljturl
ljturl fc skelj2 e eðgorc fo sërkos2 v eðgorc fo pcetcs vkslfcs2
Äeiujc zoektlj mcrrkikfc0 z 7 F + Qz cu K ” Qz2 ]oefc l mcrroéíc0 =18 ∔ (F + K )
Qz 7
) 4
4
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8 Jokturls Gofkfls Qortkmlks
4
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9
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Xcskéíc Xcskéíc tcfls ls
/ Xcetc ]cgl fls Äeiujc zoektlj Ljturl fc
4 fkrotl kevorsl sërkos
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vkslfc pcskéÿos mcrrkikfc skelj
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Gofkfls vortkmlks 4ª ]ërko
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Xrcmofkgoe tc fo gofkéíc leiujlr mceacrgo l K]C <9<4=-=.
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© LDEV 484< - Vcfcs cs fkroktcs rosorvlfcs 4;

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
Leoxc M
(keacrgltkvc)
Xromksíc fo fkstäemkls gofkfls mcg GOF
)
M.< Mìjmujc fo promksíc fo fkstäemkls
4
4
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of 7 P 4 + (b Ù F )4
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6
> P ë l promksíc fl mcestleto lfktkvl fc kestrugoetc, oxprossl og gkjçgotrcs (gg)2
c
f
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f
o b ë l promksíc prcpcrmkcelj
prcpcrmkcelj oxprossl
oxprossl og ppg 2
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8
8
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=8 © LDEV 484< - Vcfcs

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
Leoxc F
(keacrgltkvc)
Oxogpjc fo mìjmujc fo fkstäemkls o lzkgutos ec pjlec
)
F.< Mìjmujc fo fkstäemkls o lzkgutos ec pjlec
4
4
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lprosoetl ug oxogpjc
oxogpjc fo mìjmujc fo fkstäemkls o lzkgutos ec pjlec.
pjlec.
9
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© LDEV 484< - Vcfcs cs fkroktcs rosorvlfcs =<

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
Leoxc O
(keacrgltkvc)
Xrcpliléíc fls vlrkäemkls fo gcfc skgpjkmlfc
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O.< Xcetc krrlfklfc (gëtcfc pcjlr)
4
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L
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^TË
+ ύ 4
^8 ) +   Ù ( ύ 4

+
 FNT4Ë  TË 8   ψ 
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)
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Ù   , ύK 7 ¼  e 
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L   FNTË  
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O
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 οr 
4
 οk   FN
4
XQSTË    16>.888
4
L 
 FNTË Ù FN  ( TË
T ύm 7 ¼  Ù FN + FN ) + 
4 4 Ù  Ù  
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mccrfoelfl
l josto fc pcetc vkslfc/vleto, oxprossc og gotrcs (g)2
l
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l
[ ë l mccrfoelf
mccrfoelfl
l ecrto fc pcetc vkslfc/vleto
vkslfc/vleto,, oxprossc og gotrcs (g)2
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mccrfoelfl
l josto fc pcetc fo ostléíc, oxprossc og gotrcs (g)2
O

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
[ 8 ë l mccrfoelfl ecrto fc pcetc fo ostléíc, oxprossc og gotrcs (g)2
TË
^ TË ë l mccrfoelf
mccrfoelfl
l josto fc vërtkmo fo rë, oxprossc og gotrcs (g)2
TË
[ TË ë l mccrfoelf
mccrfoelfl
l ecrto fc vërtkmo fo rë, oxprossc og gotrcs (g)2
FN ë l fkstäemkl ncrkzcetlj fc pcetc fo ostléíc lc pcetc vkslfc/vleto, oxprossc og gotrcs

(g)2
Lz ë c lzkguto fc pcetc fo ostléíc lc pcetc vkslfc/vleto, oxprossc og irlus soxlioskglks

)
4
4
(¸ ‛ ‗)2
8
4
/
9
8
/
FK ë l fkstäemkl kemjkelfl fc pcetc fo ostléíc lc pcetc vkslfc/vleto, oxprossc og gotrcs
4
4 (g)2
0
c
s
s P ë c äeiujc zoektlj fo vkslfl l vleto, oxprossc og og irlus soxlioskglks (¸ ‛ ‗)2
o
r
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P TË ë c äeiujc zoektlj fo vkslfl l rë, oxprossc og irlus soxlioskglks (¸ ‛ ‗)2
1
8
6 Lz TË ë c lzkguto fc pcetc fo ostléíc è rë, oxprossc og irlus soxlioskglks (¸ ‛ ‗)2
> TË
c
f
k
f
o K ë c äeiujc ncrkzcetlj krrlfklfc fl fkroéíc fl rë è fkroéíc fl vleto ec soetkfc ncrìrkc,
X
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oxprossc og irlus soxlioskglks (¸ ‛ ‗)2
8
-
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8
8 Nz v ë l fkroéíc ncrkzcetlj jkfl ec pcetc vkslfc/vleto, oxprossc og irlus soxlioskglk
soxlioskglkss
8
/
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;
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=
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Nz T ë l fkroéíc ncrkzcetlj jkfl el rë, oxprossc og irlus soxlioskglks (¸ ‛ ‗)2
.
;
<
- ύm
L
ë c orrc fo moetrliog fc kestrugoet
kestrugoetc,
c, oxprossc og soiuefcs fo lrmc soxlioskglj
F
V
(‗)2
J
L
K
T οk ë c orrc fo moetrliog fc kestrugoetc, oxprossc og gkjkgotrcs (gg)2
L
N
E
O οr ë c orrc fo moetrliog fc rootcr, oxprossc og gkjkgotrcs (gg)2
I
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O TË
FN TË ë l fkstäemkl fc pcetc fo ostléíc lc vërtkmo fo rë, oxprossc og gotrcs (g)2
L
T
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XQSTË ë l fkstäemkl oetro c pcetc vkslfc/vleto
FN XQSTË vkslfc/vleto o c vërtkmo fo rë, oxprossc og gotrcs
gotrcs (g)2
E
O
G
K jke
XE jke ë l promksíc ecgkelj jkeolr fc kestrugoet
kestrugoetc,
c, , oxprossc og gkjkgotrcs (gg)2
T
I
L
lei
XE lei ë l promksíc ecgkelj leiujlr fc kestrugoet
kestrugoetc,
c, oxprossc og soiuefcs fo lrmc
C
O soxlioskgljj (‗),
soxlioskgl
I
L
A
-
c
ύmcgp ë l promksíc ecgkelj fc mcgpoeslfcr vortkmlj fc kestrugoet
kestrugoetc,
c, oxprossc og soiuefcs
v
k
s
fo lrmc soxlioskglj (‗)2
u
j
m
x
o ύe ë c oaoktc fc orrc fo ekvojlgoetc fc kestrugoet
kestrugoetcc scdro c äeiujc krrlfklfc, oxprossc
c
s
u
og soiuefcs fo lrmc soxlioskglj (‗)2
l
r
l
p
r
e ë c eðgorc fo gofkéÿos roljkzlfls (pcr oxogpjc, plrl ugl sërko fo jokturls
l
j
p mceùilfls el pcskéíc fkrotl o kevorsl fc kestrugoet
kestrugoetcc o plrl ugl jokturl ðekml
g
o el pcskéíc fkrotl fc kestrugoetc)0
x
O
© LDEV 484< - Vcfcs cs fkroktcs rosorvlfcs ==

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
ύ ^ ë c fosvkc-plfrí
fosvkc-plfríc
c fl mccrfoelfl ‚^‗ fc pcetc vkslfc/vleto, oxprossc og gkjkgotrcs
(gg)2
ύ[ ë c fosvkc-plfrí
fosvkc-plfríc
c fl mccrfoelfl ‚[‗ fc pcetc vkslfc/vleto, oxprossc og gkjkgotrcs
(gg)2
^ 8 ë c fosvkc-plfrí
fosvkc-plfríc
c fl mccrfoelfl ‚^‗ fc pcetc fo ostléíc, oxprossc og gkjkgotrcs
(gg)2
ύ[ 8 ë c fosvkc-plfrí
fosvkc-plfríc
c fl mccrfoelfl ‚[‗ fc pcetc fo ostléíc, oxprossc og gkjkgotrcs
)
4
4
(gg)2
8
4
/
9
8
ύ ^ TË fosvkc-plfríc
fosvkc-plfríc fl mccrfoelfl ‚^‗ fc vërtko fo rë, oxprossc og gkjkgotrcs (gg)2
/
4
4
0 [ TË
c
s ë c fosvkc-plf
fosvkc-plfríc
ríc fl mccrfoelf
mccrfoelfl
l ‚[‗ fc vërtko fo rë, oxprossc og gkjkgotrcs (gg)2
s
o
r
p
g
K
ύ4F ë c fosvkc-plfrí
fosvkc-plfrícc fl rosujtleto ncrkzcetlj (pjlekgëtrkml
(pjlekgëtrkml)) fc pcetc vkslfc/vleto,
1
<
oxprossc og gkjkgotrcs (gg)2
1
8
6
> ύ ^,[ ë l mcvlrkäemkl oetro ls mccrfoelf
mccrfoelfls
ls ‚^‗ o ‚[‗ fc pcetc vkslfc/vleto, oxprossc
c
f
k og gkjçgotrcs qulfrlfcs (gg´)
f
o
X
(
<
ECVL Ls oquléÿos plrl l prcpliléíc fo promksÿos (vlrkäemkls o mcvlrkäemkls) ec gëtcfc pcjlr
8
- ë lprosoetlfc og fotljnos mceacrgo kefkmlfc el Dkdjkcirll R<4W.
<
8
8
8
/
<
?
;
.
=
O.4 Oxogpjc fo mìjmujc
9
>
.
;
< Mceskforlefc ug jovletlgoetc roljkzlfc mcg ugl ostléíc tctlj mcg promksíc ecgkelj jkeolr
-
L
fo ¼(4 gg + 4 ppg), promksíc ecgkelj leiujlr (XElei) fo ¼?‗ o promksíc ecgkelj fc mcgpoeslfcr
F
V (XEmcg) fo ¼<‗. L ostléíc tctlj ack kestljlfl og trkpë mcg dlso ekvojleto l ugl ljturl lprcxkglfl
J
L
K
fo <,? g og rojléíc lc pcetc tcpcirìmc fo roaoràemkl. C vërtkmo fo rë o c pcetc vkslfc acrlg cmuplfcs
T
L
mcg prksgl og dlstíc l ugl ljturl lprcxkglfl fo <,1 g og rojléíc lc pcetc tcpcirìmc fo roaoràemkl.
N
E
C pcetc vkslfc ack gofkfc og ugl sërko fo jokturls mceùilfls el pcskéíc fkrotl o kevorsl fc kestrugoetc.
O
I
Cs fosvkcs-plfrÿos fls mccrfoelfls fc pcetc fo ostléíc o fc vërtkmo fo rë síc flfcs
E
O ^ 8 7 4<gg, ύ[ 8 7 46 gg2 ύ ^ TË 7 44 gg ύ[ [ TË
TË 7 <; gg. L fkstäemkl
O pcetcύvkslfc
kemjkelfl gëfkl lcpcr0
rospomtkvlgoeto
ë FK 7 ?8, =46g . Cs äeiujcs zoektlks gëfkcs l rë o lc pcetc vkslfc
L
T síc rospomtkvlgoeto PTË 7 >>¸ <4 8<' 4=" . L fkstäemkl
8;" o PTË 7 >;¸ 8<
<4' 8; ncrkzcetlj lc vërtkmo fo rë
_
] ë FNTË 7 <86
<86, 19?
19?g. L fkstäemkl ncrkzcetlj pcet c vkslfc ë FN 7 ?8,=<9g . C äeiujc krrlfklfc
ncr kzcetlj gëfkl lc pcetc
E
O gëfkc fc vërtkmo fo rë lc pcetc vkslfc ë K 7 ;>¸?9 ' =4" . C lzkguto gëfkc fc pcetc fo ostléíc
G
K
T lc pcetc vkslfc ë Lz 7 <=;¸86' ?4" . Ls fkaoroeéls fo mccrfoelfls oetro c vërtkmo fo rë o c pcetc
I
L

fo ostléíc síc flfls rospomtkvlgoeto pcr0 ^ TË ∔ ^ 8 7 19, 6??g o [TË ∔ [8 7 >8, 864g. Fotorgkelr
C
O
c fosvkc-plfríc ncrkzcetlj fc pcetc vkslfc.
I
L
A
-
Orrc fo moetrliog fl ostléíc (mceskforlefc c orrc fo moetrliog fl dlso ekvojleto mcg dcjnl tudujlr
c
v
k
o prugc ýtkmc fl crfog ≎< gg pcr gotrc)0
s
u
j
m gg
x ο k 7 <, 8 Ù <, ? g 7 <, ? gg
o g
c
s
u
l
Orrc fo moetrliog fc prksgl rootcr (mceskforlefc c orrc fo moetrliog fc dlstíc fctlfc fo dcjnl
r
l mkrmujlr fl crfog fo ≎4,= gg pcr gotrc)0
p
r
l
j
p gg
g
οr 7 4, = Ù <, 1 g 7 =, 9 g
gg
g
o g
x
O

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
Xromksíc ecgkelj jkeolr fo mlfl fkstäemkl gofkfl lc pcetc vkslfc0

(?8, =46 Ù <.888) gg
XEjke 7 4 gg + 4 7 4,<gg
<.888.888
Fosvkc-plfríc fl fkstäemkl kemjkelfl gëfkl (mceskforlefc e 7 4 gofkéÿos)0

4 4 XEjke4 4 44,<4
ύFK 7 ο k + ο r + 4 7 <, ? + =, 9 + 4 7 6, = g g
Fosvkc-plfríc fc äeiujc zoektlj gëfkc (mceskforlefc e 7 4 gofkéÿos)0
) < <
4 ύP 7 Ù (4 Ù XElei4 + X
XEEmcg4 ) 7 Ù (4 Ù ?4 + <4 ) 7 ?"
4 4 4
8
4
/
9
8
Fosvkc-plfríc fl fkstäemkl ncrkzcetlj gëfkl0
/
4
4
0
c

ύFN 7 (soe P )4 Ù ύFK4 + (FK Ù mcs P )4 Ù  ύP Ù  4
ψ
s  
s 16>888 
o
r
p
g 4
ψ
K
1 ύFN 7 ( soe >;¸8<' 4=" )4 Ù 6, =4 + (?8, =46 Ù mcs >;¸8<' 4=" )4 Ù  ? Ù  7 6, = gg


< 16>888
1
8
6
> Oaoktc fc orrc fo ekvojlgoetc fc kestrugoetc scdro c äeiujc ncrkzcetlj krrlfklfc0
c
f
k 4 4 4 4 4 4
f
o ύe 7 XEmcg Ù (mct PTË + mct P ) 7 < Ù (mct >>¸<4' 8;" + mct >;¸8<' 4=" ) 7 8"
X
(
<
8
- Fkstäemkl ncrkzcetlj oetro c vërtkmo fo rë o c pcetc vkslfc0
<
8
8
8
/ FNXQSTË 7 FNTË4 + FN 4 ∔ 4 Ù FNTË Ù FN Ù mcs K
<
?
;
.
= FNXQSTË 7 <86, 19?4 + ?8, =<94 ∔ 4 Ù <86, 19? Ù ?8, =<9 Ù mcs ;>¸?9 ' =4" 7 <4= g
9
>
.
;
<
- Oaoktc fcs orrcs fo moetrliog scdro c äeiujc ncrkzcetlj krrlfklfc0
L
F
V  ο / <888  4 4
XQSTË    16>.888
 FN
J
ύm 7   r 4 + FN 4 +  ο k / <888  Ù  Ù 
L N 
Ù ( TË
FN )  FN Ù FN   4     ψ 

K  FN TË Ù F
FN TË F N 
T
L
N
E 
O ύm 7 
=, 9 / <888  4 Ù <86, 19?4 + ?8, =<94 +  <, ? / <888  4 Ù  <4=  Ù  1166>.888 7 <9, ?"
I  ( )  <86, 19? Ù ?8,=<9  4    ψ 
E  <86, 19? Ù ?8, =<9 
O  
O
L Fosvkc-plfríc fc äeiujc ncrkzcetlj krrlfklfc gëfkc (mceskforlefc e 7 4 gofkéÿos)0
T
_
]  6 ύe4  6 84
E
O
ύK 7   Ù XElei +
4 + ύm 7   Ù ? + + <9, ?4 7 <>, ;"
4 4
G e 4 4 4
K
T
I
L
Fosvkc-plfríc
Fosvkc-plfríc fc lzkguto fl rë0
C
O   [ ∔ [ 4  ύ 4 
 ^TË   ύ ^8 4   ^TË ∔ ^ 8    ύ [ TË   ύ[ 8 4    16>888
4 4
I
ύ LzTË 
7  TË 8
Ù  +  + Ù  +  Ù  
L
A   FNTË   <888   <888    FNTË   <8 88   <8 88     ψ 
4       4      
-     
c
v
k
s   >8, 864 4  44 4 <; 4  46 4    16>888 
4 
u
j    4< 4   19, 6??  
m
x ύ LzTË 
7   Ù   +  +  Ù   +     Ù   7 18,< "
o   <86, 19?   <888   <888    <86, 19?   <888   <888     ψ 
4 4
c  
s
u
l
r
l Fosvkc-plfríc fc lzkguto lc pcetc vkslfc0
p
r ύ Lz 7 ύ LzTË 4 + ύ K 4 7 18,<4 + <>, ;4 7 1="
l
j
p
g
o
x
O
© LDEV 484< - Vcfcs cs fkroktcs rosorvlfcs =?

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
Fosvkc-plfríc
Fosvkc-plfríc fl mccrfoelfl ncrkzcetlj
ncrkzcetlj ‚osto‗ fc pcetc vkslfc (vërtkmo fo fkvksl)0
4
ψ
ύ ^ 7 ύ ^8 4 + (soe Lz )4 Ù ύF N4 + (FN<888 Ù mcs Lz )4 Ù 
 ύ Lz Ù


16>888
4
ψ
ύ ^ 7 4<
4 <4 + (soe <=; ¸86' ?4" )4 Ù 6, =4 + (?8, =<9 Ù <888 Ù mcs < =;¸86 ' ?4" )4 Ù 
 1= Ù
 7 4<, 4 gg

16>888 
Fosvkc-plfríc fl mccrfoelfl ncrkzcetlj

Fosvkc-plfríc ncrkzcetlj ‚ecrto‗ fc pcetc vkslfc (vërtkmo fo fkvksl)0
ψ  4
) ύ [ 7 ύ [8 4 + (mcs Lz )4 Ù ύFN4 + (FN Ù <888 Ù soe Lz )4 Ù 
 ύ L z Ù 16>888


4
4
8
4
/
9
8
/ 4
4  1= Ù ψ  7 46, 4 gg
4 ύ [ 7 464 + (mcs <=; ¸86' ?4" )4 Ù 6, =4 + (?8,=<9 Ù <888 Ù soe <=;¸86' ?4" )4 Ù  

0 16>888
c
s
s Fosvkc-plfríc ncrkzcetlj rosujtleto fc pcetc vkslfc (vërtkmo fo fkvksl)0
o
r
p
g
K
1 ύ4F 7 ύ ^4 + ύ [ 4 7 4<, 44 + 46, 44 7 =4, 4 gg
<
1
8
6 Mcvlrkäemkl oetro ls mccrfoelfls ncrkzcetlks fc pcetc vkslfc (vërtkmo fo fkvksl)0
>
c
f
k 4
f
o ύ ^,[ 7 soe Lz Ù mcs Lz Ù ύ FN4 ∔ (F N Ù <888)4 Ù Lz Ù mcs Lz Ù  ύ Lz
Ù 16>888
ψ  

X
(
<
8
-
< ύ ^,[ 7 soe <=;¸ 8866 ' ??44" Ù mcs <=;¸ 86' ??44" Ù 6 ,=4 ∔ (?8,=<9 Ù <888)4 Ù soe <=;¸ 8866 ' ?4
?4" Ù mcs <=;¸86 ' ?4

?4" Ù  1 = Ù
ψ  4
8  
16>888
8
8
/
<
?
7 ∔<64 ?;<gg4
<64, ?;<
;
.
= ECVL Og aueéíc fostos ojogoetcs ë pcssçvoj fotorgkelr lkefl l ojkpso fo orrcs fc pcetc vkslfc. Glks
9
>
.
; fotljnos pcfog sor cdtkfcs, pcr oxogpjc, el Dkdjkcirll R<<W cu R;W.
<
-
L
F
V
J
L
K
T
L
N
E
O
I
E
O
O
L
T
_
]
E
O
G
K
T
I
L

C
O
I
L
A
-
c
v
k
s
u
j
m
x
o
c
s
u
l
r
l
p
r
l
j
p
g
o
x
O

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
Leoxc A
(keacrgltkvc)
Xrcpliléíc fls vlrkäemkls fo gcfc skgpjkmlfc
)
A.< Ekvojlgoetc iocgëtrkmc ” Krrlfkléíc
4
4
8
4
/ C fosvkc-plfríc fcs pcetcs ec ekvojlgoetc iocgëtrkmc
iocgëtrkmc ë mljmujlfc mceacrgo l soiukr0
9
8
/
4
4
0
ύNQ 7 ¼ ύN4 T + 4 Ù (ύ J Ù FNg)4
c
s
s
o
r
cefo
p
g
K
1 ύNQ ë c fosvkc-plfrí
fosvkc-plfríc
c fl mctl/ljtktufo fc vërtkmo vkslfc lvleto, oxprossc og gotrcs (g)2
<
1
8
6
> ύNT ë c fosvkc-plfrí
fosvkc-plfríc
c fl mctl/ljtktufo fc vërtkmo vkslfc l rë, oxprossc og gotrcs (g)2
c
f
k
f
o ύJ ë c fosvkc-plfrí
fosvkc-plfríc
c ecgkelj fo ugl jokturl pcr gotrc fo vkslfl, oxprossc og gotrcs pcr
X
( gotrcs (g/g)2
<
8
-
<
8
8
FNg ë l fkstäemkl gëfkl oetro c kestrugoetc
kestrugoetc o cs pcetcs vkslfcs l rë o lvleto,
lvleto, oxprossc
oxprossc
8
/ og gotrcs (g).
<
?
;
.
=
9
>
.
;
<
A.4 Oxogpjc fo mìjmujc fo ekvojlgoetc iocgëtrkmc
-
L
F Mljmujlr l mctl
mct l fc pcetc L< o sul promksíc mcg cs flfcs
flf cs o mlforeotl fo mlgpc
m lgpc l soiukr. L Ostléíc ack
V
J foecgkelfl fo 8< o c pcetc fo rë ë l TE>8. C cdòtkvc ë cdtor l mctl fc L< pcr gokc fc ekvojlgoetc
L
K
T iocgëtrkmc.Mctl N fc TE>8 7 ;,=<? gg ¼ =,6 gg
L
N
E
O
I
Vldojl A.< ” Mlforeotl fo mlgpc mcetoefc ls keacrgléÿos fo ekvojlgoetc iocgëtrkmc <
E
O Ekvojlgoetc Iocgëtrkmc
O
L ]orvkéc0 Mcestruéíc Ikeìskc 4 Fltl0 48/81/48<?
T
_ Oqukplgoetc0 Jokml ]prketor <?8 <
]
E Cporlfcr0 Ljuecs Vurgl <6>84=< Acjnl </<
O
G
K
T
Ostléíc Xcetc Qkslfc Jokturl
I
Fn Cdsorvléíc
L

Të Qleto
C
O 8< TE>8 <,==? 18,=4?
I
L L< <,?<< ??,89>
A
-
c
v
k
s
u
j mctl N ë
L mctl ë mljmujlfl mceacrgo l soiuketo oquléíc.
m
x
o
c
s N 7 NTO + JTO ∔ JQ
u
l
r
p
r
l
j
p < Jokml ]prketor <?8 ë ug oxogpjc fo prcfutc lfoqulfc mcgormkljgoeto fkspceçvoj. Ostl keacrgléíc ë flfl
g
o
x
plrl almkjktlr lcs usuìrkcs fosto Fcmugoetc o eíc mcestktuk ug oefcssc pcr plrto fl LDEV lc prcfutc mktlfc.
O
© LDEV 484< - Vcfcs cs fkroktcs rosorvlfcs =9

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
]udstktukefc cs vljcros, l mctl fc pcetc L< ë0

N L< 7 NTE>8 + JTOTE>8 ∔ JQ L< N L< 7 ;, =<? + <, ==? ∔ <, ?<< 7 ;,<=;g
Mceskforlefc c fosvkc-plfríc fl jokturl, l fkstäemkl gëfkl FNg ë0

8, 8881 18, =4? + ??, 89>
ύJ 7 7 8, 88884 g / g FNg 7 7 ?9, 98<? g
=8 4
]udstktukefc cs vljcros, c fosvkc-plfríc fl mctl fc pcetc L< ë0
)
ύN L< 7 ¼ ύTE>8
4 + 4 (ύJ Ù FNg )4 7 ¼ (8, 88 =6)4 + 4 Ù (8, 88884 Ù ?9, 98<?)4
4
4
8
4
/
ύN L< 7 ¼8, 88=> 7 ¼=, >gg
>gg
9
8
/
4
4
Xcrtletc l mctl fc pcetc L< ë0
0
c
s
s N L< 7 ;,<=
< =; ¼ =, > g g
o
r
p
g
K
1
<
1
8
A.= Ekvojlgoetc trkicecgëtrkmc ” Krrlfkléíc
6
>
c
f
C fosvkc-plfríc ec ekvojlgoetc trkicecgëtrkmc ë mljmujlfc mceacrgo l soiukr0
k
f
o
X
( 4 4  ψ  4
<
8
ύNQ 7 ¼ ύNK + 8,88888> + (mcs P )
4 ύFK + (FK so e P ) Ù 
. 4  ύ P Ù 16>888


-
<
8
8 cefo
8
/
<
?
;
.
=
ύNQ ë c fosvkc-plfríc fl mctl/ljtktufo fc pcetc vkslfc (lvleto), oxprossc og gotrcs (g)2
9
>
.
;
< ύNK ë c fosvkc-plfríc fl mctl/ljtktufo fc pcetc fo ostléíc cefo c kestrugoetc ostì
-
L
kestljlfc, oxprossc og gotrcs (g)2
F
V
J
L
8,888 88> ë l mcestleto, mceskforlefc c fosvkc-plfrí
fosvkc-plfríc
c fl ljturl fc prksgl (skelj) o fl
K
T ljturl fc kestrugoetc kiulks l +/- 4 gg, rosujtlefc og (8,884 g)4 + (8,884 g)4
L
N 7 8,888 88> g´ 2
E
O
I P ë c äeiujc zoektlj fc pcetc fo ostléíc lc pcetc vkslfc (irlus soxlioskglks ° ‛ ‗) 2
E
O
O
L ύFK ë c fosvkc-plfrí
fosvkc-plfrícc fl fkstäemkl kemjkelfl fc pcetc fo ostléíc lc pcetc vkslfc,
T
_ oxprossc og gotrcs (g)2
]
E
O
G
FK ë l fkstäemkl kemjkelfl fc pcetc fo ostléíc lc pcetc vkslfc, oxprossc og gotrcs (g)2
K
T
I
L

ύP ë c fosvkc-plfrí
fosvkc-plfríc
c fc äeiujc zoektlj (soiuefcs fo lrmc ‗).
C
O
I
L
A
-
A.6 Oxogpjc fo mìjmujc fo ekvojlgoetc trkicecgëtrkmc
c
v
k
s
u
Mljmujlr c fosvkc-plfríc fl ljtktufo fc pcetc jovletlfc X48, mceskforlefc quo c fosvkc-plfríc
j
m
x fl ljtktufo fc pcetc O8< ë ύNK 7 4,= mg (8,84= g) o quo
quo ack utkjkzlfl ugl ostléíc tctlj
tctlj Vcpmce IV]
Vcpmce IV]
o
c 4=? , mcg promksíc ecgkelj leiujlr fo ¼?‗ o jkeolr fo ¼ (4 gg + 4 ppg).
4
s
u
l
r
p
r
l
j
p 4 Vcpmce IV] 4=? ë ug oxogpjc fo prcfutc lfoqulfc mcgormkljgoeto fkspceçvoj. Ostl keacrgléíc ë flfl
g
o
x
plrl almkjktlr lcs usuìrkcs fosto Fcmugoetc o eíc mcestktuk ug oefcssc pcr plrto fl LDEV lc prcfutc mktlfc.
O
=> © LDEV 484< - Vcfcs

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
L Vldojl A.4
A.4 lprosoetl ls keacrgléÿos
keacrgléÿos fo ekvojlgoetc
ekvojlgoetc trkicecgëtrkmc.
trkicecgëtrkmc.
Vldojl A.4 ” Mlforeotl fo mlgpc mcetoefc ls keacrgléÿos fo ekvojlgoetc trkicecgëtrkmc

Ekvojlgoetc Vr
Vrkicecgëtrkmc
kicecgëtrkmc
]OTQKÉC0 Jovletlgoetc pjlekljtkgëtrkmc fc mlgpus FLVL0 <?/8;/488=
Xrcprkotìrkc0 Kasm Mkflfo0 Ajcrkleýpcjks
Jcmlj0 Mlgpus Ajcrkleýpcjks
Mlgpus Ajcrkleýpcjks
Cporlfcr0 Vurgl <6>8<<< Acjnl </?
)
4 O]V k XVC n P Fk CD]OTQLÉÍC
4
8
4 O8< <,6;>g X48 <,??g ;8°8=‛<<‗ 41,69;g Gokc-c
/
9
8
/
4
4
0
Lpjkmlefc cs vljcros fl Vldojl A.4
A.4 el oquléíc skgpjkmlfl fo prcpliléíc fo vlrkäemkl, ë pcssçvoj
c
s
s
o
cdtor c vljcr fo ύN X 48 .
r
p
g
K
1 4  4 ψ  4
< ύNX 48 7 ¼ ύ 4 + 8,88888> + (mcs P ) ⋏ ύ + (FK ⋏ s oe P ) ⋏  ύP ⋏
4
1
8
NO 8< FK  16>888

6
>
c
f
k
]udstktukefc cs vljcros, togcs0
f
o
X
( 4 4 4 4  ψ  4
< ύN X 48 7 ¼ (8, 84
8 4=) + 8, 88
88 8 88> + (mcs ;8¸ 8
8= <<" ) ⋏ (8, 88
= ' << 8 84) + (soe ;8¸ 8= <<" ) ⋏  ? ⋏
8= ' <<
8
-
<
 16>888

8
8
8
/
<
Tosujtlefc plrl c fosvkc-plfríc fc pcetc X48
?
;
.
=
9
>
ύ NX 48 7 ¼ 8, 888 ?=9 8 ύN X 48 7 ¼8, 84= 4 g
.
;
<
- ECVL Ls keacrgléÿos fls Vldojls A.<
A.< o A.4 síc oxogpjcs acreomkfcs pojc Kestktutc Aoforlj fo ]letl
L
F Mltlrkel.
V
J
L
K
T
L
N
E
O
I
E
O
O
L
T
_
]
E
O
G
K
T
I
L

C
O
I
L
A
-
c
v
k
s
u
j
m
x
o
c
s
u
r
l
p
r
l
j
p
g
o
x
O
© LDEV 484< - Vcfcs cs fkroktcs rosorvlfcs =;

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
Leoxc I
(keacrgltkvc)
Mìjmujc fls ljtktufos ecrglks og aueéíc fls ljtktufos iocfëskmls
)
I.< Oxogpjc fo mìjmujc plrl lecgljkl fo ljtktufo ldscjutl
4
4
8
4
/ Mljmujlr l ljtktufo fc pcetc D o l sul promksíc mcg cs flfcs l soiukr0
9
8
/
4
4
0
nD 7 <6?,8=1 ¼ <>,6 gg (gofkfc mcg IE]])
c
s
s
o
r
p αD 7 ∔>, 41 ¼ <98 gg (oxtrlçfc fc gcfojc lfctlfc)
g
K
1
<
1 ND 7 nD ∔ αD 7 <6?, 8=1 ∔ ( ∔>, 41) 7 <?=, 4;1 g
8
6
>
c
f
k ύND 7 ¼ ύn4 + ύ4 7 ¼ 8, 8<> 6 4 + 8,<94 7 ¼8,<9<g
f
o α
X
(
<
8
ND 7 <?=, 4;1 ¼ <9<gg
-
<
8
8
8
/
<
?
;
.
I.4 Oxogpjc fo mìjmujc plrl lecgljkl fo ljtktufo rojltkvl
=
9
>
.
; Mljmujlr l ljtktufo fc pcetc D o l sul promksíc mcg cs flfcs l soiukr.
<
-
L
F
nD 7 <6?,8=1 ¼ <>,6 gg (gofkfc mcg IE]])
V
J
L
K N L 7 >9,4<< ¼ <4,9 gg (gofkfc mcg ekvojlgoetc iocgëtrkmc)
iocgëtrkmc)
T
L
N
E
O
n L 7 9>,;8< ¼ 1,< gg (gofkfc mcg IE]])
I
E
O z L 7 ∔>,4< (oxtrlçfc fc gcfojc lfctlfc)
O
L
T
_
zD 7 ∔>,41 (oxtrlçfc fc gcfojc lfctlfc)
]
E
O
G
K ύ ∁α 7 fosvkc plfríc rojltkvc fc gcfojc lfctlfc2 plrl osto oxogpjc lfctlfc ύ ∁α 7 <8gg bg
T
I
L
F L∔D 7 <6 94=,8;> g (mljmujlfl pojls mccrfoelfls)
C
O
I
L
A
∁α 7 αD ∔ α L 7 ∔>, 41 ∔ ( ∔> , 4<) 7 ∔8, 8?g
-
c
v
k
s
ND 7 nD + NL ∔ nL ∔ ∁α 7 <6?, 8=1 + >9, 4<< ∔ 9>, ;89 ∔ ( ∔8, 8?) 7 <?=, =;8 g
u
j
m
x
o 4
c  8, 8<⋏ <6 94
94=, 8;>
s
u
ύND 7 ¼ 8, 8<> 64 + 8, 8<4 94 + 8, 881 <4 +  7 ¼8,<6; g
l
r
l  <888 
p
r
l
j
p
ND 7 <?=, =;8 ¼ <6;gg
g
o
x
O

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
Leoxc N
(keacrgltkvc)
Oxogpjc fo mcjotl fo flfcs plrl ekvojlgoetc trkicecgëtrkmc mcg

vkslfls romçprcmls
) L Vld
ldoj
ojl
l N.<
N.< ke
kefk
fkml
ml c oxo
oxogp
gpjc
jc fo mc
mcjo
jotl
tl fo fl
flfc
fcss plr
plrl
l ekv
ekvoj
ojlg
lgoe
oetc
tc trk
trkic
icec
ecgë
gëtrk
trkmc
mc mc
mcg
g vks
vkslf
lfls
ls ro
romçp
mçprc
rcml
mls.
s.
4
4
8
4
/
9
8
Vldojl N.< — Mcjotl fo flfcs plrl ekvojlgoetc trkicecgëtrkmc mcg vkslfls romçprcmls (mcetkeul)
/
4
4 Xrcòtc0 CXOTLÉÍC ^^KQ — XTCLEV
XTCLEVLT
LT 4881 Mljmujlfc pcr0 Nordort Orwos Fltl0 4;/8</4881
0
c
s Joioefl o oquléÿos0
s
o
r k ljturl fc kestrugoetc2 F‛ fkstäemkl kemjkelfl2 F fkstäemkl ncrkzcetlj oetro l ostléíc o c pcetc vkslfc.
p
g
K z äeiujc zoektlj cdsorvlfc2 Osaorkmkflfo + roarléíc 7 ∔ b 7 1>.=;> Ù <8 ∔<4 Ù F4 (g) plrl roarléíc ecrglj o jltktufo 14¸ ]2
1 4r
<
1 z x äeiujc zoektlj moetrlfc 7 z + ∁z , soefc ∁z l
l rofuéíc (moetrliog) fl vkslfl lc scjc2 s ë l ljturl fc skelj.
8
6
>
c ∜ Ù481 41
41? Ù soe4 z
f
k Oquléíc lprcxkglfl0 ∁z 7 plrl vkslfls kemjkelfls ≦ =8¸, sumkoeto el glkcrkl fcs mlscs
f
o
X
(
FF
Oquléíc rçikfl0 ∁z 7 ¼ ( z ”
” lrmti ), soefc ∁n 7 F Ù mti z o
o έ 7 (osaorkmkflfo + roarléíc) + (k-s)
<
8
∁n ∔ ∜
- <
< 7 ∔ Ù (Px lvleto + Px rë ∔ <>8)
]kelj fo rofuéíc0 ∁z 7 (+) og mlsc έ 7 (∔) og mlsc έ 7 (+)2 P x Gëfkl 7 Px vleto + ζz , soefc ζz 7
8
8 4
8
/
<
?
;
.
=
9
>
.
;
<
-
L
F
V
J
L
K
T
L
N j
E l Të Qleto Ljtktufos
O e
I
c
i
k
Osa.+Toar. P Osa.+Toar. P P x Gëfkl Ne Ecgo cu
j
E
O c
p + k ∁Α + k ∁Α mcti Px Mcrroéíc eðgorc fl
O l ostléíc
f ∔ s Px 7 P + ∁Α ∔ s Px 7 P + ∁Α ∁ne
L ¸ F
T E ]cgl έ Pxrë + Px vleto ]cgl έ Mcrroéíc ζz x Ne + <
_
] ¼ g ¼ ¸ „ ‚ ¼ g ¼ ¸ „ ‚ ¼ ¸ „ ‚ ¼ g Glrkl
E 4
O ∔ ∔ ∔ ∔ ∔ ∔ 6=? Jukzl
G
K
T
+ 8 884 ;6 68 => + 8 884 >? <; 64 >? << =1,> - 88<
I
L + < 4<; + 9 6>,; - < 1=8 ∔ > 8<,1 <6 Glrkl
+ 8,8>6 8>1 + >>4
C - < 141 ;6 6> 41,; - < 4<1 >? << 68,6 Letcekotl
Letcekotl
O
I - 8 68? <>8 88 89,= - 8 6<1 ∔ 8=,1 <91 ;>= <; =<1
L
A
- + - >> 49
49 <4
<4 + - - ;< =4 ?1
?1 ;< == 6;,6 - -
c
v
k + < 4=; - < 86,< + < 4<; + ?8,9 <
s - 8,849 4;; - 11? @csoel
u
j
m - < 448 >> 41 89,; - < 4=6 ;< == 61,9
x
o
c
+ 8 8<; <9; ?; ?6,1 - 8 8<?
8< + 84,9 18 ;;4 <9 1?<
s
u + - ;4 61
61 88
88 + - - >9 <6 <6
<6 >9 48 =;,4 - 88<
l
r
l + < =>4 - 1 68,= + < 4=; + 1 46,8 =
p + 8,861 =>1 + ?=8 ]kjvlel
r - < 4=6 ;4 =; <;,9 - < =>< >9 48 =;,<
l
j
p
g + 8 <6> <9; ?; ?9,> - 8 <64
<6 + 8<,< 91 8;4 4< <>8
o
x
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© LDEV 484< - Vcfcs cs fkroktcs rosorvlfcs 6<

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
Vldojl N.<
N. < (mcemjusíc)
j
l Të Qleto Ljtktufos
e
c
i
k
Osa.+Toar. P Osa.+Toar. P P x Gëfkl Ne Ecgo cu
j
c
p + k ∁Α + k ∁Α mcti Px Mcrroéíc eðgorc fl
l ostléíc
f ∔ s P 7 P + ∁Α
x ∔ s P 7 P + ∁Α
x ∁ne
¸ F
E ]cgl έ Pxrë + Px vleto ]cgl έ Mcrroéíc ζz x Ne + <
+ 8 884 >1 81 ?6 + 8 884 ;= ?< 44 ;= ?8 88,4 - 88<

+ < =<8 + = 8?,; + < =>4 - 8< 4<,9 <4 Mgto.
- 8,819 88? - >8< Aorrlz
- < 6>? >1 8; ?;,; - < =8> ;= ?8 88,= 4881
)
- 8 <9= <>8 88 88,4 + 8 891
89 - 88,< <;< 8?8 > =9>
4
4 Cdsorvléÿos0 RFW 7 ?8?,< g ∁N 7 =,;6= R∁nW 7 =,;61 g
8
4
/
9 B ë l tcjoräemkl 7 <4 B og gg 7 ¼ >,? gg, soefc B og bg a n 7 ∁N ∔ R∁nW 7 =,;6= ∔ =,;61 7 8,88= g cu = gg
8
/
4
4
0
c
s
s
o
r
p
g
K
1
<
1
8
6
>
c
f
k
f
o
X
(
<
8
-
<
8
8
8
/
<
?
;
.
=
9
>
.
;
<
-
L
F
V
J
L
K
T
L
N
E
O
I
E
O
O
L
T
_
]
E
O
G
K
T
I
L

C
O
I
L
A
-
c
v
k
s
u
j
m
x
o
c
s
u
l
r
l
p
r
l
j
p
g
o
x
O
© LDEV 484< - Vcfcs
64
LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
Leoxc K
(keacrgltkvc)
Oxogpjc fo mcjotl fo flfcs plrl ekvojlgoetc trkicecgëtrkmc
L Vldojl K.< kefkml c oxogpjc fo mlforeotl fo mlgpc mcg mcjotl fo flfcs plrl ekvojlgoetc
trkicecgëtrkmc.
)
4
4
8
4
/
9 Vldojl K.< — Mlforeotl fo mlgpc mcg oxogpjc fo mcjotl fo flfcs plrl ekvojlgoetc trkicecgëtrkmc
8
/
4 Xrcòtc0 CXOTLÉÍC ^^KQ — XTCLEV
XTCLEVLT
LT 4881 Mljmujlfc pcr0 Nordort Or
Orwos Fltl0 44/8</4881
4
0
c
s
Joioefl F fkstäemkl ncrkzcetlj oetro l ostléíc o c pcetc vkslfc.
s
o
r
k Ljturl fc kestrugoetc2
kestrugoetc2 F‛ fkstäemkl kemjkelfl2
p
g
b 7 8,<= ë c mcomkoeto fo roarléíc gëfkl2 z äeiujc zoektlj cdsorvlfc2
K
1 s Ljturl fc skelj2
<
1 vkslfl l vleto ( +) vkslfl rë (∔)2
8
6 ∔
> ∁n 7 ¼  F Ù Mtiz + Ù F4 + k ∔ s
c 4T  RgW
f
k
f
o cefo
∔
X
( 7 1>.==;;> Ù <8 ∔<4 ë l mcrroéíc fovkfc è osaorkmkflfo o roarléíc2
< 4T
8
-
< T 7 1.=18.888 g ë c rlkc gëfkc fl torrl el jltktufo 14¸ ]
8
8
8
/
<
?
;
.
=
9
>
. P Osaor + Toar. (g) ∁n (g) N plrtkfl
plrtkfl
;
< Mcti P + k Mcrroéíc ∁ngëfkl
- Xcetc Ql
Ostléíc
L vkslfc Të F Ù Mcti P ∔ s N fotorgkelfl
fotorgkelfl
F ∁nmcrr.
V
J F ]cgl g
L
K Mgto.Aorrlz
T ><¸ 8<' 8<" + 8 884 - - - > =9>
L 4881
N
E + 8,<?> 8>< + < =<8 - - - + 48 6;>
O
I E¸= <96 = 16
=1 - - - - - - 4> >91
E
O OLMA Ql + 49 ?16 + < =<4 - - - =9 4?6
O
L Glrkl Jukzl >6¸ 66' 64" + 8 88> - - - + 6 6=?
T
_ + 8,8;< ;9? + < 1=8 - - - =4 ><4
]
E E¸6 ==> ;=9
;= - - - - - - - - -
O
G
K OLMA Ql + =< <96 + < 1=> - - - =9 469
T
I Ljkmo 4881 >?¸ ?;' 8=" + 8 8<? - - - 4 619
L

C + 8,898 48? + < 6=4 - - - + =6 91;
O
I E°? 696 169
16 - - - - - - - - -
L
A OLMA Ql + == =44 + < 699 - - - =9 4=1
-
c Gëfkl =9 461
v
k
s
u
j
m ECVL Fkstäemkls
Fkstäemk ls mljmujlfls l plrtkr fls prcòéÿos _VG.
x
o
c
s
u
l
r
l
p
r
l
j
p
g
o
x
O
© LDEV 484< - Vcfcs cs fkroktcs rosorvlfcs
6=
LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
Leoxc @
(keacrgltkvc)
Fkstäemkl l sor trlespcrtlfl lc eçvoj fo roaoràemkl fc skstogl tcpcirìmc jcmlj
)
@.< Mìjmujcs
4
4
8
4
/ C mìjmujc fl mcrroéíc ë roljkzlfc pojl oquléíc l soiukr0
9
8
/
4 Ng ∔ N
4
0 ∁F 7 Ù f n
c
s
Tg + N
s
o
r
p
g
K
cefo
1
<
1
8
6
∁F ë l mcrroéíc l sor lpjkmlfl è fkstäemkl ncrkzcetlj f n2
>
c
f
k N ë l ljtktufo gëfkl fl fkstäemkl ncrkzcetlj f , og rojléíc lc eçvoj fo roaoràemkl ljtkgëtrkml
ljtkgëtrkml fc
f
o g skstogl2 n
X
(
<
8
-
< T g ë c rlkc gëfkc torrostr
torrostro,
o, lprcxkglflgoe
lprcxkglflgoeto
to kiulj l 1 =18 888 g2
8
8
8
/
<
?
N ë l ljtktufo fc eçvoj fo roaoràemkl ljtkgëtrkmc fc skstogl2
;
.
=
9
>
.
f n ë l fkstäemkl ncrkzcetlj gofkfl.
;
<
-
L Mlsc <0 eçvoj fo roaoràemkl N 7 8 g (ljtktufo fcs glros, mcgc ec mlsc fc skstogl _VG)
F
V
J
L
K
ng 7 ;?8 g
T
L
N
E
f n 7 9?8 g
O
I ;?8
E
O ∁F 7 1=18888 Ù 9?8 7 8,<<4 g cu <<4 gg
O
L
T
Mlsc 40 eçvoj fo roaoràemkl N 7 >88 g (]VJ)
_
]
E
O
ng 7 ;?8 g
G
K
T
I f n 7 9?8 g
L

C
O
I
L ; ?8 ∔ >88
A
-
∁F 7 Ù 9?8 7 8,8<91 g cu <9,9 gg
c
1=18888
v
k
s
u
j
m
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o
c
s
u
l
r
l
p
r
l
j
p
g
o
x
O
© LDEV 484< - Vcfcs
66
LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
Leoxc B
(ecrgltkvc)
Mìjmujc fcs orrcs fo aomnlgoetc jceiktufkelj o trlesvorslj
)
B.< Mìjmujcs fcs orrcs
4
4
8
4
/
9
B.<.< Ioeorljkflfos
8
/
4
4
0
c
Cs orrcs fo aomnlgoetc jceiktufkelj o trlesvorslj kefkmlg l quljkflfo fls gofkéÿos fo ugl pcjkicelj.
s
s L pcjkicelj
pcjkicelj ml lpcklfl ecs sous oxtrogcs og dlsos fo pcetcs, kemcrpcrlfl
kemcrpcrlfl lc ]ID, mcgc gcstrl
o
r
p l Akiurl B.<. ]uls mccrfoelfls síc fotorgkelfls ecrgljgoeto mcg tomecjcikl IE]].
g
K
1
<
1
8
B.<.4 Orrc fo aomnlgoetc
6
>
c Ls pcjkicelks porgktog l lvljkléíc fo orrcs fo aomnlgoetc jceiktufke
jceiktufkelj
lj (og aueéíc fl gofkéíc jkeolr)
f
k
f
o o fo aomnlgoetc trlesvorslj (og aueéíc fo gofkéíc leiujlr).
X
(
<
8
-
<
8
B.<.= Orrcs el gofkéíc jkeolr
8
8
/
<
? C orrcs el gofkéíc jkeolr síc, el sul glkcrkl, skstogìtkmcs, mcgc orrc fo togporlturl, prossíc,
;
.
= ugkflfo, osmljl fo GOF, mcestleto lfktkvl fo GOF o fo rootcr, oequletc ljiues orrcs tàg mlrìtor
9
>
. lmkfoetlj, mcgc cs orrcs fo moetrliog o fo pcetlrkl.
;
<
-
L
F B.<.6 Orrc el gofkéíc leiujlr
V
J
L
K C orrcs el gofkéíc leiujlr síc, el sul glkcrkl, lmkfoetlks, mcgc orrcs fo moetrliog, fo pcetlrkl
T
L
N
o keuàemkl fl rovordorléíc.
E
O
I
E
O
O B.<.? Oquléÿos
L
T
Ls soiuketos oquléÿos síc utkjkzlfls plrl c mìjmujc fcs orrcs fo aomnlgoetc jceiktufkel
jceiktufkeljj
_
]
o trlesvorslj0
E
O a x Ù R ∁x W + ay Ù R ∁y W a x Ù R ∁y W + ay Ù R ∁x W
G
K a j 7 a t 7
T ] ]
I
L
cefo
C
O
I
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B.4 Oxogpjc
B.4.< Keacrgléÿos projkgkelros
Xcjkicelj osquogltkzlfl el Akiurl B.<, mjlsso XX, jcmljkzlfl ec mlgpus
mlgpus fl _ekvorskflfo Aoforlj
fo ]íc Mlrjcs (_A]M), mcg ls soiuketos mlrlmtorçstkmls0
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Orrc fo aomnlgoetc
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LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
Leoxc J
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LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
J.<.? Xlrl mlfl vërtkmo, lfctlr mcgc fosvkc-plfríc plrl ls sul(s) mccrfoelfl(s) l scjuéíc quo
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LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
Leoxc G
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Mcevoeéÿos
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LDEV EDT <=<==0484<
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C Xjlec Vcpcirìmc
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ECTGL LDEV EDT

Oxomuéíc fo jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc ‖

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

A.4 Oxogpjc fo mìjmujc fo ekvojlgoetc iocgëtrkmc ....................................

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

Vldojl ? ” Mcefkéÿos plrl c ekvojlgoetc iocgëtrkmc ..................................................................<>

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

d) ojldcrltkce ca pro-prc`omts cr dlskm prc`omts2 lef

m) ojldcrltkce ca oxomutkvo prc`omts.

ECTGL DTL]KJOKTL LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

Oxomuéíc fo jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc ‖ Xrcmofkgoetc

Ostl Ecrgl ostldojomo cs prcmofkgoetcs l sorog lpjkmlfcs el oxomuéíc fo jovletlgoetcs

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

Xlrl cs oaoktcs fosto fcmugoetc, lpjkmlg-so cs soiuketos torgcs o foekéÿos.

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

torrostro fotorgkelfl pojls arcetokrls fc plçs, og mccrfoelfls iocfëskmls cu pjlels, roaoroemklefc-cs

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

— plrljojcs o gorkfklecs — mcg l eljkflfo fo pcsskdkjktlr l lvljkléíc fo pcrgoecros, mcg irlu

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

pcetc mcg vljcr fo mctl cu ljtktufo mcenomkfl

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

pjlekljtkgëtrkmls, roaoroemklfcs l ugl ðekml crkiog R]kstogl Iocfëskmc Drlskjokrc (]ID)W o l ug

tromnc fo ekvojlgoetc fotorgkelfc oetro fcks pcetcs fo roaoràemkl fo eçvoj (TE)

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

Vldojl 4 ” Mjlsskmléíc fo ostléÿos tctlks

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

6.= Kestrugoetcs luxkjklros

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

? Alsos plrl oxomuéíc fc jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

?.4.9 Og so trltlefc fo jovletlgoetc tcpcirìmc ljtkgëtrkmc cu pjlekljtkgëtrkmc, fovog sor

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

?.4.<=.6 Mceacrgo cs skelks utkjkzlfcs ec prcmosslgoetc, l fotorgkeléíc fo mccrfoelfls fo pcetcs

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

?.?.<.1 Og cdrls quo oevcjvlg c lrglzoelgoetc (pcr oxogpjc, dlrrlgoetcs) cu trlespcrto

?.?.4 Ekvojlgoetc iocgëtrkmc

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

Vldojl 1 ” Mcefkéÿos plrl c ekvojlgoetc trkicecgëtrkmc

Mjlsso Qkslfl gìxkgl Vcjoräemkl fo

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

?.?.6.= L ljtktufo tlgdëg pcfo sor cdtkfl

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

f k k ë l fkstäemkl kemjkelfl2

μ ë c äeiujc vortkmlj fo kemjkeléíc2

z ë c äeiujc zoektlj.

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

?.1.1 Cs vljcros roaoroemklks fo tcjoräemkls síc0

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

?.> Tojltýrkc tëmekmc

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

Vldojl 9 ” Lgcstrliog ljoltýrkl

LDEV EDT <=<==0484<

L.< Oxogpjc fo gcecirll fo vërtkmo