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NGPLH @PHZFEKFPH H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
Kxkjuäêg ok ekvhnthlkntg tgpgdrèjg ‟ ]rgjkoflkntg
8 Ksjgpg
Ksth Ngrlh ksth`kekjk gs prgjkoflkntgs h skrkl hpefjhogs nh kxkjuäêg ok ekvhnthlkntgs

tgpgdrèjgs k gs rkqufsftgs quk jglphtf`fefzh
jglphtf`fefzhl
l lkofohs hnduehrks, efnkhrks, oksnìvkfs k rkspkjtfvhs
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tgekrànjfhs kl iunäêg ogs krrgs.
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4
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h prgphdhäêg ok vhrfànjfhs nêg kxjkoh gs eflftks ok skdurhnäh fnkrkntks h ksth okstfnhäêg.
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eflftks k jgnirgnthntks, èrkh, egjhefzhäêg
egjhefzhäêg,, hlhrrhäêg k pgsfjfgnhl
pgsfjfgnhlkntg,
kntg, okntrk gutrgs, phrh ns ok3
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jfthohs. ]hrh rkikrãnjfhs nêg ohthohs, hpefjhl-sk hs kofäûks lhfs rkjkntks og rkikrfog ogjulkntg
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k H@N_ N@P 8;444, Jgnvknäûk
Jgnvknäûkss tgpgdrèjhs phrh jhrths k pehnths jhohstrhfs ‚ Ksjhehs 838= ===,
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Pkqufsftgs phrh hprksknthäêg
hprksknthäêg kl igebhs
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H@N_ N@P 89298,
89298, Oksknbg
Oksknbg tæjnfjg ‟ Pkqufsftgs
Pkqufsftgs phrh rkprksknthäêg
rkprksknthäêg ok efnbhs k ksjrfth
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FZG 8480:-0, Gptfjs hno gptfjhe fnstrulknts ‚ Ifkeo prgjkourks igr tkstfnd dkgoktfj hno survkyfnd
fnstrulknts ‚ ]hrt 03 Ekvkes
FZG 8480:-: Gptfjs hno gptfjhe fnstrulknts ‚ Ifkeo prgjkourks igr tkstfnd dkgoktfj hno survkyfnd
fnstrulknts ‚ ]hrt :3 _bkgogeftks
FZG 8480:-? Gptfjs hno gptfjhe fnstrulknts ‚ Ifkeo prgjkourks igr tkstfnd dkgoktfj hno survkyfnd
fnstrulknts ‚ ]hrt ?3 Kekjtrg-gptfjhe ofsthnjk
ofsthnjk lktkrs (KOL lkhsurklknts tg rkkjtgrs)
FZG 8480:-; Gptfjs hno gptfjhe fnstrulknts ‚ Ifkeo prgjkourks igr tkstfnd dkgoktfj hno survkyfnd
fnstrulknts ‚ ]hrt ;3 _gthe sthtfgns
© H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs gs ofrkftgs rkskrvhogs 8

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
FZG 8480:-9 Gptfjs hno gptfjhe fnstrulknts ‚ Ifkeo prgjkourks igr tkstfnd dkgoktfj hno survkyfnd
fnstrulknts ‚ ]hrt 93 Pgthtfnd ehskrs
: _krlgs k oknfäûks
]hrh gs kikftgs okstk ogjulkntg, hpefjhl-sk gs skdufntks tkrlgs k oknfäûks.

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drhu ok hokrãnjfh ohs lkofohs, kl rkehäêg hg sku vhegr vkrohokfrg quk, sk igr oksjgnbkjfog,
4
: h læofh hrftlætfjh oksths lkofohs æ jgnsfokrhoh g vhegr lhfs prgvèvke
;.
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g`skrvhoh sg`rk h ngrlhe og eudhr, jgnsfokrhoh
jgnsfokrhoh sg`rk
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hpgfg dkgoæsfjg hetflætrfjg
jgncuntg ok pgntgs lhtkrfhefzhogs ok rkikrãnjfhs ok nìvke (PPNN), quk prgpgrjfgnh g jgntrgek
ok pgsfäêg hetflætrfjh ogs ekvhnthlkntgs tgpgdrèjgs k g sku rkikrknjfhlkntg hg ohtul (grfdkl)
hetflætrfjg og phìs
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hpgfg dkgoæsfjg pehnfhetflætrfjg
jgncuntg ok pgntgs lhtkrfhefzhogs ng tkrrkng, ok rkikrãnjfh pehnflætrfjh k ok nìvke, quk prgpgrjfgnh
g jgntrgek ok pgsfäêg bgrfzgnthe k vkrtfjhe ogs ekvhnthlkntgs tgpgdrèjgs kl rkehäêg í supkriìjfk
0 © H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
tkrrkstrk oktkrlfnhoh pkehs irgntkfrhs og phìs, kl jggroknhohs dkgoæsfjhs gu pehnhs, rkikrknjfhnog-gs

hgs ohth pehnflætrfjg k hetflætrfjg.
NG_H ]hrh lhfs fnigrlhäûks, jgnsuethr g kxklpeg ok lgngdrhh ok værtfjk ok hpgfg dkgoæsfjg
ng Hnkxg H.
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hpgfg dkgoæsfjg pehnflætrfjg
jgncuntg ok pgntgs lhtkrfhefzhogs ng tkrrkng, quk prgpgrjfgnh g jgntrgek ok pgsfäêg ogs ekvhnthlkntgs
\
9 tgpgdrèjgs kl rkehäêg í supkriìjfk tkrrkstrk, kl jggroknhohs dkgoæsfjhs gu pehnhs, rkikrknjfhnog-hs
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pehnfhetflætrfjgs, quk skrvkl ok `hsk
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L hr`ftrèrfh (jgth) gu hg nìvke læofg og lhr (hetftuok), quk skrvk ok `hsk hetflætrfjh phrh g ekvhnthlkntg
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4 h phrtfr ok ulh grfdkl ng pehng tgpgdrèjg egjhe, quk skrvk ok `hsk pehnflætrfjh hg ekvhnthlkntg
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kstèvke ok ok
ok pfehrks lkofogr kektrÿnfjg
jgnjrktg, ok ofstànjfh
hefnbhogs (LKO)
k jgnvknfkntklkntk ksphähogs, ngs quhfs
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gs fnstrulkntgs ok lkofäêg kektrÿnfjh k gs prfslhs sêg ksthjfgnhogs jgl jkntrhdkl igrähoh,
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sku oksvfg-phorêg k g ihtgr ok ksjheh (A < 8=-9 ppl) jgl sku oksvfg-phorêg
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jhlpg ok prgvhs
jgncuntg ok pgntgs igrlhnog ulh `hsk efnkhr phrh hikrfäêg ok LKO, ksthäêg tgthe k nìvke, `kl jglg
ulh `hsk kstèvke ok luetfpfehrks (lìnflg ok jfnjg) ok jgnjrktg k ofspgsftfvg ok jkntrhdkl, igrähoh
phrh jehssfjhäêg hnduehr ok tkgogeftg k ksthäêg tgthe, jgnigrlk h FZG 8480: (]hrtks 0 h ;)
:.89
jhrth
rkprksknthäêg
rkprksknthäêg ng pehng, kl ksjheh læofh gu drhnok, ogs hspkjtgs hrtfjfhfs k nhturhfs ok ulh èrkh
tglhoh ok ulh supkriìjfk pehnktèrfh, suòfvfofoh kl igebhs okeflfthohs pgr efnbhs jgnvknjfgnhfs
© H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs gs ofrkftgs rkskrvhogs :

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
‐ phrhekegs k lkrfofhngs ‐ jgl h nhefohok ok pgssf`fefthr h hvhefhäêg ok pgrlkngrks, jgl drhu

ok hjurèjfh jglphtìvke jgl h ksjheh
:.84
jfrjuftg
pgeìdgng ikjbhog oktkrlfnhog pgr ulh skquãnjfh ok efnbhs
:.82
jgth
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NG_H Xuhnog g oksknbg tgpgdrèjg nhe æ rkhefzhog nh igrlh drèjh, jgnvæl fnofjhr h suh ksjheh,
8
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g sfstklh ok prgckäêg, g sfstklh ok jggroknhohs k h grfknthäêg.
=
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d hekhtúrfh hssgjfhoh hg oksvfg-phorêg, pgok skr jhejuehoh jgnsfokrhnog g fntkrvheg ohog pkeh skdufntk
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n æ g nólkrg ok g`skrvhäûks
g`skrvhäûks..
? © H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
:.0:
ofvfsgr ok èduhs
efnbh quk phssh pkegs pgntgs lhfs kekvhogs og tkrrkng k hg egndg og pkre lhfs hetg kntrk keks,
ofvfofnog hs èduhs ok ul k ok gutrg jursg o‖èduh
NG_H G ofvfsgr ok èduhs æ oktkrlfnhog pkeh efnbh ok julkkfrh quk skphrh hs `hjfhs.
:.0?
krrg ok drhjfslg
\
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krrg lèxflg holfssìvke nh keh`grhäêg ok oksknbg tgpgdrèjg phrh ehnählkntg ok pgntgs k trhähogs
2
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pgntgs, sknog rkjglknohogs
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eu
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vhegr oh vhrfhäêg ohs hnglhefhs ok hetftuok pgr unfohok ok ofstànjfh kntrk ogfs pgntgs jgl heturhs
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oh ofstrfùfäêg ok lhssh k g`skrvhnog g ksphählkntg lèxflg ok ; al kntrk gs pgntgs
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8 :.02
8
0
=
ehnjk ok nfvkehlkntg
0/
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fnigrlhäûks jglg jggroknhohs dkgoæsfjhs, prgckäûks jhrtgdrèjhs gu tgpgdrèjhs k oklhfs
jhohstrhfs
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:.:8
ekvhnthlkntg jhohstrhe tkrrftgrfhe
klprkdg ok lætgogs phrh oktkrlfnhr hs jggroknhohs ogs værtfjks ok eflftks ok flúvkfs gu phrjkehs
:.:0
ekvhnthlkntg tgpgdrèjg
klprkdg ok lætgogs phrh oktkrlfnhr hs jggroknhohs tgpgdrèjhs ok pgntgs, rkehjfgnhn
rkehjfgnhnog-gs
og-gs jgl
gs okthebks, vfshnog í suh rkprksknthäê
rkprksknthäêg
g pehnflætrfjh kl ksjheh prkoktkrlfnhoh k í suh rkprksknthäê
rkprksknthäêg
g
hetflætrfjh pgr fntkrlæofg ok jurvhs ok nìvke, jgl kqufofstànjfh thl`æl prkoktkrlfnhoh k/gu jgl
pgntgs jgthogs
© H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs gs ofrkftgs rkskrvhogs ;

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
:.::
ekvhnthlkntg tgpgdrèjg hetflætrfjg
nfvkehlkntg
lætgog quk g`cktfvh, kxjeusfvhlkntk, h oktkrlfnhäêg ohs heturhs, rkehtfvhs h ulh supkriìjfk
ok rkikrãnjfh, ogs pgntgs ok hpgfg k/gu ogs pgntgs ok okthebks, prkssupgnog-sk g jgnbkjflkntg
ok suhs pgsfäûks pehnflætrfjhs, vfshnog í rkprksknthäêg hetflætrfjh
hetflætrfjh oh supkriìjfk ekvhnthoh
:.:?
ekvhnthlkntg tgpgdrèjg kxpkoftg
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9-
lætgog kxpegrhtúrfg
kxpegrhtúrf g og tkrrkng, jgl h nhefohok kspkjìjh
kspkjìj h ok sku rkjgnbkjflknt
rkjgnbkjflkntg,
g, skl prkvhekjkrkl
2
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4
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h nhefohok
k
o
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s
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j
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x
k irgntkfrh
g
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u efnok
k
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4
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efnbh quk skphrh ogfs tkrrftúrfgs jgntìdugs
3=
4
8
8
:.:2
0
=
0/
efnbh ok nfvkehlkntg
0
8/ skquãnjfh ok skäûks kntrk ogfs nús
9
=
l
k
:.:6
g
o egdrhogurg
rh
k
d
ksphäg efvrk, fnhefknèvke, okstfnhog í jfrjuehäêg póèfjh ok vkìjuegs k/gu ok pkokstrks, rkjgnbkjfog
êg
s
s
pkeh lunfjfphefohok, quk ebk jgnikrk oknglfnhäêg gjfhe
rk
p :.?=
fl
k egtk
o
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phrjkeh ok tkrrh hutÿnglh, juch tksthoh æ vgethoh phrh ul egdrhogurg póèfjg rkjgnbkjfog gu prgckthog
u
qr
H :.?8
lhph
rkprksknthäêg ng pehng, ngrlhelkntk kl ksjheh pkquknh, ogs hspkjtgs dkgdrèjgs, nhturhfs,
jueturhfs k hrtfjfhfs ok ulh èrkh tglhoh nh supkriìjfk ok ulh durh pehnktèrfh, okeflfthoh pgr
keklkntgs iìsfjgs k pgeìtfjg-hol
pgeìtfjg-holfnfstrhtfvgs,
fnfstrhtfvgs, okstfnhoh hgs usgs tklètfjgs, jueturhfs k feustrhtfvgs
:.?0
lætgog ohs ofrkäûks
lkofäûks hnduehrks bgrfzgnthfs jgl vfshohs nhs ofrkäûks oktkrlfnhntks nhs pgsfäûks ofrkth k fnvkrsh
oh eunkth (ekfturhs jgncudhohs) ok ul lkofogr ok ànduegs
NG_H [lh særfk ok ekfturhs jgncudhohs jgnsfstk nh g`skrvhäêg sujkssfvh ok tgohs hs ofrkäûks h phrtfr
oh ofrkäêg ok grfdkl, ihzknog g dfrg ng skntfog bgrèrfg. Jhoh særfk æ fnfjfhoh jgl gutrh ekfturh og efl`g
9 © H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
bgrfzgnthe. Gs vhegrks ogs ànduegs bgrfzgnthfs lkofogs sêg hs læofhs hrftlætfjhs ogs vhegrks g`tfogs nhs
ofvkrshs særfks (vkr kxklpeg
kxkl peg ng Hnkxg @).
:.?:
lgokeg quhsk dkgfohe
jgncuntg ok vhegrks ok hnglhefhs ok hetftuok
:.??
lgngdrhh
\
9
oksjrfäêg ónfjh ok ul pgntg, lhrjg, værtfjk gu rkikrãnjfh ok nìvke, jgntknog skus ohogs, lkthohogs,
9-
2 flhdkns k jrgquf.
9
?.
4
:
;.
:.?;
;
: nìvke o‖èduh
0Q
S hetftuok gu jgth og nìvke o‖èduh, ngrlhelkntk lkofoh sg`rk ulh ræduh eflnflætrfjh kl ul oktkrlfnhog
K
[ lglkntg, kl rkehäêg h ulh supkriìjfk bgrfzgnthe ok rkikrãnjfh
X
S
H
Y NG_H G nìvke o‖èduh æ kxprkssg kl lktrgs.
J
D
E
K
:.?9
[
DF
nú
L
k
rkikrãnjfh ok nìvke pkrtknjkntk h trãs gu lhfs skäûks, kxjktuhnog-sk g jhsg ok rkikrãnjfh ok nìvke
o
g
fv
ok phrtfoh ok rhlhe
s
ue
j
x
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k
g nólkrg dkgpgtknjfhe
s
u
k
J
o
4 ofikrknäh kntrk g pgtknjfhe ok drhvfohok nh supkriìjfk ok rkikrãnjfh (T
( Tg) k ng pgntg jgnsfokrhog
83
4
=3
nh supkriìjfk tkrrkstrk
4
8
8
0
:.?2
=
/0
0
gnouehäêg dkgfohe
8/
9
N
=
l
ofstànjfh hprgxflhoh,
hprgxflhoh, lkofoh hg egndg oh ngrlhe, kntrk hs supkriìjfks kefpsgfohe k dkgfohe
k
g
o
hr :.?6
k
d phrtks pgr lfebêg
êg
s
s
ppl
kr
p prgpgräêg ohoh kntrk ulh vhrfèvke k ulh drhnokzh ok lkslh nhturkzh, sknog kqufvhekntk
lf
k
í lfeìlktrgs pgr qufeÿlktrgs (ll/al)
o
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u :.;=
qr
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rkprksknthäêg drèjh ok ulh phrtk eflfthoh oh supkriìjfk tkrrkstrk, sg`rk ul pehng bgrfzgnthe egjhe,
kl ksjhehs lhfgrks quk 838= ===, phrh ns kspkjìjgs, nh quhe nêg sk jgnsfokrh h jurvhturh oh _krrh
:.;8
pgefdgnhe prfnjfphe
pgefdgnhe `èsfjh
durh dkglætrfjh oktkrlfnhoh jgl gs pgntgs lhtkrfhefzhog
lhtkrfhefzhogss og hpgfg tgpgdrèjg
:.;0
pgefdgnhe skjunoèrfh
durh dkglætrfjh oktkrlfnhoh jgl gs pgntgs lhtkrfhefzhogs og hpgfg tgpgdrèjg k hpgfhoh
nh pgefdgnhe prfnjfphe
H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
:.;:
pgntg
pgsfäêg ok oksthquk nh supkriìjfk h skr ekvhnthoh tgpgdrhjhlkntk
tgpgdrhjhlkntk
:.;?
pgntg jgthog
pgntg jgl vhegr ok jgth gu hetftuok jgnbkjfoh

:.;;
\
9 pgntgs ok hpgfg
-9
2
9
pgntgs jgnvknfkntklkntk ofstrfùìogs, quk vfnjuehl g tkrrkng hg ekvhnthlkntg tgpgdrèjg k, pgr
.?
4
:
fssg, sêg lhtkrfhefzhogs jgl, pgr kxklpeg, ksthjhs, pfquktks, lhrjgs ok jgnjrktg, pfngs ok lkthe
;.
;
gu tfnth, okpknoknog oh suh flpgrtànjfh k pkrlhnãnjfh
:
0Q
S
K
:.;9
[
X pgntg ok okthebk
S
H
Y
pgntgs quk oktkrlfnhl gs hjfokntks nhturhfs k/gu hrtfjfhfs nkjkssèrfgs phrh ksth`kekjkr h igrlh
J og okthebk k/gu og rkekvg, fnofspknsèvkfs í suh rkprksknthäêg drèjh
D
E
K
[ :.;4
DF
L
pgntg ok skdurhnäh
k
o
g
vf
]Z
lhtkrfhefzhogs kntrk ouhs rkikrãnjfhs ok nìvke (PPNN) phrh jgntrgek og nfvkehlkntg
s
ue
j
x
k
g
:.;2
s
u prkjfsêg
k
o
4
vhegrks quk kxprksshl g drhu ok hokrãnjfh ohs lkofohs kntrk sf
38
4
=3
4
:.;6
8
8
0
prfnjìpfg oh vfzfnbhnäh
=
/0
rkdrh `èsfjh oh dkgoæsfh quk okvk skr hpefjhoh í tgpgdrhh, ksth`kekjknog quk jhoh pgntg
0
8/
9
ngvg oktkrlfnhog okvk skr hlhrrhog gu rkehjfgnhog h tgogs gs pgntgs vfzfnbgs lhfs prúxflgs
=
l
cè oktkrlfnhogs,
oktkrlfnhogs, phrh quk bhch
bhch ulh gtflfzhäêg
gtflfzhäêg oh ofstrfùfäêg
ofstrfùfäêg ogs krrgs
k
g
o
hr :.9=
k
d supkriìjfk quhsk dkgfok
êg
s
s
supkriìjfk ksth`kekjfoh h phrtfr oh hnglhefh ok hetftuok pegthoh jgl rkikrãnjfh í supkriìjfk kefpsgfohe
kr
p
hg egndg oh ngrlhe
lf
k
o
g
:.98
fv
u rkok lhrkdrèjh pkrlhnkntk phrh dkgoæsfh
qr
H PL]D
jgncuntg ok ksthäûks lhrkdrèjhs, fnsthehohs k gpkrhohs pkeg prgvkogr ok fnigrlhäûks dkgdrèjhs
k ksthtìstfjhs og phìs, jgl h nhefohok ok lgnftgrhr h rkehäêg kntrk g Ohtul Ykrtfjhe @rhsfekfrg
k gutrgs nìvkfs ok rkikrãnjfh lhrkdrèjgs, `kl jglg u`sfofhr gs kstuogs ok lgokrnfzhäêg ohs
hetftuoks `rhsfekfrhs k ok vhrfhäêg og nìvke og lhr.
NG_H G prgvkogr ok fnigrlhäûks dkgdrèjhs k ksthtìstfjhs og @rhsfe æ g Fnstftutg @rhsfekfrg ok Dkgdrhh
k Ksthtìstfjh (F@DK).
:.90
rkok ok rkikrãnjfh jhohstrhe
hpgfg `èsfjg ok àl`ftg lunfjfphe phrh tgogs gs ekvhnthlkntgs okstfnhogs h prgcktgs, jhohstrgs
gu flpehnthäêg ok g`rhs, sknog jgnstftuìog pgr pgntgs lhtkrfhefzhogs ng tkrrkng jgl jggroknhohs
2 © H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
pehnfhetflætrfjhs, rkikrknjfhogs h ulh ónfjh grfdkl QZfstklh Dkgoæsfjg @rhsfekfrg (ZD@)\ k h ul

lkslg sfstklh ok rkprksknthäê
rkprksknthäêg
g jhrtgdrèjh, pkrlftfnog h hlhrrhäêg k jgnskqukntk fnjgrpgrhäêg
ok tgogs gs trh`hebgs ok tgpgdrhh kl ul lhpkhlkntg ok rkikrãnjfh jhohstrhe
:.9:
skäêg ok nfvkehlkntg
trkjbg ok nfvkehlkntg oktkrlfnhog kntrk ogfs pgntgs ok rkikrãnjfh ok nìvke (PN)

:.9?
\
9
9-
sfstklh ok prgckäêg tgpgdrèjh
2
9
pehng tgpgdrèjg egjhe
.?
4
:
sfstklh tgpgdrèjg egjhe
.;
;
Z_E
:
Q0 sfstklh ok prgckäêg pehng bgrfzgnthe, jgnigrlk Hnkxg N
S
K
[
X :.9;
S
H
Y
sfstklhs ok prgckäêg trhnsvkrsh ok Lkrjhtgr
J _L
D
E jgncuntg ok prgckäûks jfeìnorfjhs, trhnsvkrshs,
trhnsvkrshs, jgnigrlks k skjhntks, ok hjgrog jgl g Hnkxg G
K
[
FD
L
:.99
k
o
g
vf
Zfstklh
ZD@ Dkgoæsfjg @rhsfekfrg
s
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j
x
fnirhkstruturh ok rkikrãnjfh hg pgsfjfgnhlkntg dkgoæsfjg ng tkrrftúrfg `rhsfekfrg
k
g
s
u NG_H 8 G ZD@ k g Zfstklh Jhrtgdrèjg Nhjfgnhe
Nhjfgnhe (ZJN) hogthl g Zfstklh
Zfstklh ok Pkikrãnjfh
Pkikrãnjfh Dkgjãntrfjg
k phrh hs Hlærfjhs (ZFPDHZ), kl suh rkhefzhäêg og hng ok 0=== (ZFPDHZ 0===), æpgjh 0===,?, jgnigrlk
o
4
38 F@DK P]P =8/8;.
4
=3
4
8 NG_H 0 Gs ohth hntkrfgrks og Zfstklh Dkgoæsfjg @rhsfekfrg krhl Júrrkdg Hekdrk k ZHO 96.
8
0
=
0/
0 :.94
8/
9
=
sfstklh bforgdrèjg
l
k
jgncuntg ok orknhdkl nhturhe jgnstftuìog pgr keklkntgs nhturhfs gu jgnstruìogs
g
o
hr
k
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d
êg
s
s
sfstklh vfèrfg
jgncuntg ok vfhs fntkrefdhohs kntrk sf, igrlhnog ulh rkok
kr
p
lf
k
:.96
o
g theuok
fv
u
qr tkrrkng fnjefnhog, jucg eflftk supkrfgr æ oknglfnhog jrfsth k g fnikrfgr æ oknglfnho
oknglfnhog
g pæ
H
:.4=
tgpgnìlfh
oksfdnhäêg ogs eudhrks phrh h fokntfjhäêg tkxtuhe ohs rkprksknthäûks iìsfjhs
:.48
trfebh
jhlfnbg kstrkftg quk pkrlftk hnohr h pæ gu h jhvheg
:.40
vheg ok ofvfsh
kspæjfk ok igssg ushog jglg ofvfsh

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
:.4:
værtfjk dkgoæsfjg
pgntg pehnflætrfjg oh rkok ok rkikrãnjfh jhohstrhe, flpehnthog k lhtkrfhefzhog ng tkrrkng jgl
h rkspkjtfvh lgngdrhh (vkr Hnkxg H)
:.4?
vfh
egjhe gnok trhikdhl quhequkr tfpg ok vkìjueg k pkokstrks, juch ehrdurh æ oktkrlfnhoh pkegs
\
hefnbhlkntgs
9
9-
2
9
?.
4
:
;.
? Fnstrulkntgs
;
:
Q0 ?.8 Fnstrulkntgs `èsfjgs
S
K
[
X
S ]hrh h kxkjuäêg ohs gpkrhäûks tgpgdrèjhs prkvfsths nksth Ngrlh, sêg fnofjhogs gs skdufntks
H
Y fnstrulkntgs3
J
D
E
K h) tkgogeftgs1
[
FD
L
k
`) nìvkfs1
o
g
vf
s j) ksthäûks tgthfs (K_) gu thqukÿlktrgs
thqukÿlktrgs kektrÿnfjgs
kektrÿnfjgs k lkofogrks kektrÿnfjgs ok ofstànjfhs
ofstànjfhs (LKO)1
eu
j
x
k
g
s
o) rkjkptgrks Deg`he Nhvfdhtfgn Zhtkeeftk Zystkl (DNZZ)1
u
k
o
4
83
k) ksjànkrks.
4
=3
4
8 ?.0 ]rkjfsêg ok fnstrulkntgs `èsfjgs
8
0
=
0/
0
?.0.8 H prkjfsêg ok ul fnstrulkntg æ oktkrlfnhoh fnfjfhelkn
fnfjfhelkntk
tk pkeg ih`rfjhntk, jgnigrlk
/8
9
=
gs prgjkoflkntgs oksjrftgs nh FZG 8480: (]hrtks 8 h 9).
l
k
g
o
?.0.0 ]hrh gs kikftgs oksth Ngrlh, gs tkgogeftgs sêg jehssfjhogs jgnigrlk h _h`keh 8.
hr
k
d
êg
s
s
_h`keh 8 ‚ Jehssfjhäêg ok lkofogr ok ànduegs
kr
p Jehssk Oksvfg-phorêg oh ofrkäêg
fl
k
o
g
8 ϊ ≯ =0“
vf
u
qr
H
0 =0“ 5 ϊ ≯ =;“
: =;“ 5 ϊ ≯ 8=“
? ϊ > 8=“
8= © H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
?.0.: ]hrh gs kikftgs oksth Ngrlh, hs ksthäûks tgthfs (K_) sêg jehssfjhohs jgnigrlk h _h`keh 0.
_h`keh 0 ‚ Jehssfjhäêg ok ksthäûks tgthfs

Jehssk Oksvfg-phorêg oh ofrkäêg Oksvfg-phorêg efnkhr
8 ϊ ≯ =0“ ≯ ¸(8ll + 8 Ô 8=∐9)
0 =0“5 ϊ ≯ =;“ ≯ ¸(0ll + 0 Ô 8=∐9)
\
9
9-
: =;“5 ϊ ≯ 8=“ ≯ ¸(:ll + : Ô 8=∐9)
2
9
?. NG_H
NG_ H Nhs jbhs tæjnfjhs ogs fnstrulkntgs, g oksvfg-phorêg jgrrkspgnok
4
:
;.
h 8 Ô 8=-9 < 8 ppl < 8ll/al.
;
:
0Q
S
K
?.0.? ]hrh gs kikftgs oksth Ngrlh, gs nìvkfs sêg jehssfjhogs jgnsfokrhnog g oksvfg-phorêg ok 8 al
[
X ok oupeg nfvkehlkntg, jgnigrlk h _h`keh :.
S
H
Y
J
D
_h`keh : ‚ Jehssfjhäêg ok nìvkfs
E
K
[ Jehssk Oksvfg-phorêg
DF
L
k
o
g
fv
8 ≯ 8 ll/al
s 0 ≯ 0 ll/al
eu
j
x
k
g
: ≯ 9 ll/al
s
u
k
o
? > 9 ll/al
4
83
4
3=
4
8 ?.0.; Gs LKO k gs LKO ohs K_ okvkl skr hikrfogs h jhoh ogfs hngs, gu lhfgr irkquãnjfh
8
0
= ok hjgrog jgl h nkjkssfohok, pgr kntfohoks jglpktkntks. Ng ehuog okvkl jgnsthr g vhegr
0/
0
8/
oh jgnsthntk hoftfvh S (krrg ok zkrg) jgl sku oksvfg-phorêg k g ihtgr ok ksjheh a < 8=-9 jgl sku
9 oksvfg-phorêg.
=
l
k
g
o
NG_H Kxklpegs ok kntfohoks jglpktkntks sêg hs kntfohoks gjfhfs, hs unfvkrsfohoks k gs eh`grhtúrfgs
hr
k
oh Pkok @rhsfekfrh ok Eh`grhtúrfgs ok Knshfg (P@EK).
d
êg
s
s ?.0.;.8 Nh hikrfäêg ogs LKO k ngs LKO ohs K_, h hjurèjfh æ fnofjhoh pkeh skdufntk kquhäêg,
rk
p jglpgsth pgr ouhs jglpgnkntks, sknog ulh jgnsthntk k h gutrh vhrfèvke kl iunäêg oh ofstànjfh,
fl
k kxprkssh kl ppl. Ykr kxklpeg ng Hnkxg J.
o
g
vf
u
rq
ko < S0 + (a Ô O )0
H
gnok
ko æ h hjurèjfh
hjurèjfh oh ofstànjfh
ofstànjfh lkofoh,
lkofoh, kxprkssh kl lfeìlktrgs
lfeìlktrgs (ll)1
S æ h hjurèjfh oh jgnsthntk
jgnsthntk hoftfvh
hoftfvh og fnstrulkntg, kxprkssh kl lfeìlktrgs
lfeìlktrgs (ll)1
(ll)1
a æ h hjurèjfh og ihtgr ok ksjheh, kxprkssg kl ppl1
O æ h hjurèjfh lkofoh, kxprkssh kl qufeÿlktrgs (al).

NG_H Ksth kquhäêg sú æ jgnsfokrhoh jgrrkth sk igr hpefjhoh ís jgrrkäûks htlgsiærfjhs (tklpkrhturh
k prkssêg).

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
?.0.9 Gs lkofogrks ok ànduegs k gs nìvkfs okvkl skr knshfhogs ok hjgrog jgl hs FZG 8480:-0
k FZG 8480:-:, kl kntfohoks jglpktkntks.
jglpktkntks.
NG_H Kxklpegs ok kntfohoks jglpktkntks sêg hs kntfohoks gjfhfs, hs unfvkrsfohoks k gs eh`grhtúrfgs
oh Pkok @rhsfekfrh ok Eh`grhtúrfgs ok Knshfg (P@EK).
?.0.4 Gs nìvkfs okvkl skr hikrfogs h jhoh ogfs hngs, gu jgl lhfgr irkquãnjfh ok hjgrog jgl
h nkjkssfohok.
\
9
9-
?.: Fnstrulkntgs huxfefhrks
2
9
?.
4 ?.:.8 ]hrh h kxkjuäêg ohs gpkrhäûks tgpgdrèjhs, sêg nkjkssèrfgs gs skdufntks fnstrulkntgs
:
;.
;
huxfefhrks3
:
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S
K
h) `hefzh1
[
X
S
H
Y
`) nìvke ok jhntgnkfrh, ok `hstêg k ok
ok lfrh1
lfrh1
J
D
E
j) trknh1
K
[
DF
L
o) lfrh1
k
o
g
fv k) rkktgr (prfslh),
(prfslh), `hstêg
`hstêg jgl `fpæ, jgl `hsk nfvkehntk
nfvkehntk jgl
jgl supgrtk, hevg rkktgr
rkktgr k trfpæ1
trfpæ1
s
ue
j
x
k i) tkrlÿlktrg1
g
s
u
k
o d) `hrÿlktrg1
4
83
4
3=
4
b) psfjrÿlktrg1
8
8
0
= f ) shphth1
/0
0
8/
9
= c) duhroh-sge1
l
k
g
o a) `htkrfh, jh`g k jhrrkdhogr1
rh
k
d
êg
s
s
e) rèofg ok jglunfjhäêg1
kr
p
lf
l) kqufphlkntg
kqufphlkntg ok skdurhnäh pkssghe
pkssghe k ok trànsftg,
trànsftg, jglg pehjh ok sfnhefzhäêg, jgnk,
jgnk, jgektk k th
k
o sfnhefzhogrh.
g
vf
u
qr NG_H Heduns ogs fnstrulkntgs huxfefhrks sgirkl rkvfsûks pkrfúofjhs, prfnjfphelkntk hpús gs skrvfägs
H
ok egndh ourhäêg k vfhdkns.
?.:.0 H trknh
trknh okvk skr hikrfoh
hikrfoh ng htg ok suh
suh hqufsfäêg k pkrfgofjhlk
pkrfgofjhlkntk.
ntk.
?.:.: H lfrh og tfpg og`rèvke, ok knjhfxk k ok fnvhr

fnvhr,, okvk skr hikrfoh ng htg ok suh hqufsfäêg
k pkrfgofjhlkntk.
?.:.? H utfefzhäêg ok prfslh nhs lkofäûks kektrÿnfjhs okvk skr prkjkofoh oh vkrfjhäêg oh suh
jgnsthntk phrh h jgrrkäêg ohs ofstànjfhs lkofohs.
?.:.; H shphth okvk skr utfefzhoh jglg supgrtk ís lfrhs, sklprk quk sk kxkjuthr trhnspgrtk
ok hetftuok gu jgth, okvknog tkr pksg hokquhog í suh nhefohok.
80 © H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
?.:.9 Nh lkofäêg ok ofstànjfhs kektrÿnfjhs, okvkl skr kvfthohs pgssìvkfs fntkrikrãnjfhs, pgr
kxklpeg, rèofg, klfssgrhs ok rèofg, rkoks ok trhnslfssêg keætrfjh gu ok tkekjglunfjhäêg.
?.:.4 Ykrfjhr h vkrtfjhefohok og fnstrulkntg tgpgdrèjg
tgp gdrèjg jgl g og prulg úptfjg gu h ehskr fnjgrpgrhog
nh hefohok gu nh `hsk og fnstrulkntg utfefzhog, jgnigrlk hs fnstruäûks prksjrfths ngs lhnuhfs
og ih`rfjhntk.
\
; Ihsks phrh kxkjuäêg og ekvhnthlkntg tgpgdrèjg
9
9-
2
9
?.
;.8 Dknkrhefohoks
4
:
;.
; G ekvhnthlkntg tgpgdrèjg, kl quhequkr ok suhs nhefohoks, okvk tkr ng lìnflg hs ihsks oksjrfths
:
0Q kl ;.0 h ;.2.
S
K
[
X
S
;.0 ]ehnkchlkntg, skekäêg ok lætgogs k fnstrulkntgs
H
Y
J ;.0.8 G ekvhnthlkntg tgpgdrèjg, kl quhequkr ok suhs nhefohoks, okvk g`kokjkr hg prfnjìpfg
D
E oh vfzfnbhnäh k ís jgnofäûks kspkjìjhs oksjrfths nksth Zkäêg.
K
[
DF
L ;.0.0 Hntks og fnìjfg ogs trh`hebgs ok jhlpg, rkjglknoh-s
rkjglknoh-sk
k kstuohr sg`rk h ogjulknthäê
ogjulknthäêg
g
k
o
g
vf
jhrtgdrèjh ofspgnìvke, jglg3
s
ue
j h) egjhefzhäêg ogs lhrjgs
lhrjgs pehnflætrfjgs
pehnflætrfjgs k ohs rkikrãnjfhs ok nìvke (PPNN)1
x
k
g
s
u `) jgnkxêg okssks lhrjgs k ohs PPNN jgl g hpgfg dkgoæsfjg1
k
o
4
83 j) fntkrvfsf`fe
fntkrvfsf`fefohok
fohok ogs lhrjgs1
4
=3
4
8
8
o) oksknvgevflkntg
oksknvgevflkntg ohs pgefdgnhfs k nfvkehlkntgs
nfvkehlkntgs og hpgfg `èsfjg
`èsfjg h skr flpehnthog
flpehnthog jgnigrlk
jgnigrlk ;.0.;
0
= k ;.;1
/0
0
8/
9
= k) k) hnèefsk ok prgphdhäêg ok vhrfànjfhs k tgekrànjfhs kl iunäêg oh nhefohok og ekvhnthlknt
ekvhnthlkntg.
g.
l
k
g
o ;.0.: H vfnjuehäêg (gu hlhrrhäêg) og ekvhnthlkn
ekvhnthlkntg
tg tgpgdrèjg hg ZD@ k/gu ís rkoks gjfhfs
hr
k
d
h kek vfnjuehohs okvk ekvhr kl jgnth h prgphdhäêg ogs vhrfànjfhs hg egndg ogs trh`hebgs h skrkl
êg
s
s
rkhefzhogs, jgnigrlk oksjrftg kl ;.:.8 k ;.:.4.
kr
p
lf
;.0.? Ng jhsg ok hs lkofäûks k jèejuegs ogs hpgfgs tgpgdrèjgs rksuethrkl kl ofsjrkpànjfhs,
k
o
quhnog jglphrhohs
jglphrhohs jgl h fnigrlhäêg og prgvkogr ok fnigrlhäûks dkgdrèjhs
dkgdrèjhs k ksthtìstfjhs og phìs,
g fssg okvk skr jglunfjhog h kssk prgvkogr.
fv
u
qr
H NG_H G prgvkogr ok fnigrlhäûks dkgdrèjhs k ksthtìstfjhs og @rhsfe æ g Fnstftutg @rhsfekfrg ok Dkgdrhh
;.0.; Jgnsfokrhnog hs nhefohoks og ekvhnthlkntg tgpgdrèjg, h oknsfohok ok fnigrlhäûks

h skrkl rkprksknthohs, hs oflknsûks k h hjurèjfh nkjkssèrfh h jhoh nhefohok, tkl-sk ouhs jehssks
ok pgefdgnhf
pgefdgnhfss pehnflætrfjh
pehnflætrfjhs3
s3
h) pgefdgnhe prfnjfphe (]])1
`) pgefdgnhe skjunoèrfh (]Z).

NG_H Hs jehssks ok pgefdgnhfs sêg lhtkrfhefzhohs utfefzhnog-sk fnstrulkntg, prgjkoflkntg,
oksknvgevflkntg k lgnulknthefzhäêg hokquhogs, hprksknthogs nh _h`keh ?, gu jgl tkjngegdfh DNZZ,
© H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs gs ofrkftgs rkskrvhogs 8:

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
jgnigrlk ;.:.8. H Ifdurh 8 kxklpefjh ulh jehssk ok pgefdgnhe hpgfhoh kl ouhs `hsks igrlhohs pgr pgntgs
ofstfntgs. H Ifdurh 0 kxklpefjh hs jehssks ok pgefdgnhfs hpgfhohs kl ogfs pgntgs ofstfntgs.
\
9
-9
2
9
.?
4
:
.;
;
:
0Q Ifdurh 8 ‚ Kxklpeg ok pgefdgnhe hpgfhoh kl ouhs `hsks
S
K
[
X
S
H
Y
J
D
E
K
[
DF
L
k
o
g
vf
s
ue
j
x
k
g
s
u
k
o
4 Ifdurh 0 ‚ Kxklpegs ok pgefdgnhfs hpgfhohs kl ogfs pgntgs
38
4
=3
4
8
8 _h`keh ? ‚ ]gefdgnhfs pehnflætrfjhs
0
=
0/
0 Lkofäêg Oksknvgevflkntg
8/
9
=
Jehssk Oksknvgevflkntg Lgnulknthefzhäêg
l Ehog lìnflg
k Hnduehr Efnkhr lèxflg
g rkjglknohog
o
hr
rkjglknohog
k
d
êg Lætgog ohs Ekfturhs
s
s
kr
ofrkäûks rkjìprgjhs
p
lf Ouhs særfks ok (hvhntk k ræ) Lhrjgs ok jgnjrktg
]] ; al 8== l
k
o
ekfturhs bgrfzgnthfs Jgrrkäêg ok gu pfngs ok häg
g
fv
jgncudhohs tklpkrhturh
u
qr (]O k ]F) k prkssêg
H
Lætgog ohs
ofrkäûks
[lh særfk ok Ekfturhs ]fngs ok häg gu
]Z 0 al ;= l
ekfturhs bgrfzgnthfs rkjìprgjhs pfquktks
jgncudhohs
(]O k ]F)
Gs fnstrulkntgs okvkl skr oktkrlfnhogs kl iunäêg ohs hnèefsks okjgrrkntks ok ;.0.0
;.0.9 ]hrh ksth`kekjkr h lktgogegdfh ok ul ekvhnthlkntg tgpgdrèjg, okvkl-sk jgnsfokrhr h suh

nhefohok `èsfjh k hs oflknsûks oh èrkh h skr ekvhnthoh, knquhorhnog g ekvhnthlkntg tgpgdrèjg
8? © H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
kl ulh ohs skdufntks jehssks3 jhohstrhe tkrrftgrfhe, tgpgdrèjg hetflætrfjg, tgpgdrèjg pehnflætrfjg
k tgpgdrèjg pehnfhetflætrfjg.
pehnfhetflætrfjg.
;.0.4 Kl sk trhthnog ok ekvhnthlkntg tgpgdrèjg hetflætrfjg gu pehnfhetflætrfjg, okvkl skr

jgnsfokrhohs h kqufofstànjfh ohs jurvhs ok nìvke k h oknsfohok ok pgntgs jgthogs phrh h lgokehdkl
og tkrrkng (lgokeg ofdfthe ok tkrrkng), ok hjgrog jgl g drhu ok okthebhlkntg susjfthog pkeh nhefohok
og ekvhnthlkntg gu pkehs jgnofäûks hl`fknthfs.
;.0.2 Jufohogs kspkjfhfs okvkl skr tglhogs hg ksthjfgnhr g fnstrulkntg nhs lkofäûks ok jhlpg,
\
9
9- phrh sk kvfthrkl gs krrgs ok jkntrhdkl k oh pgsfäêg og sfnhe h skr vfshog, pgfs kstks rkprksknthl
2
9
?.
h lhfgr igntk ok krrgs nh lkofäêg hnduehr. Kstks krrgs sêg thntg lhfgrks quhntg lhfs jurtgs igrkl
4
:
gs ehogs ohs jehssks ok pgefdgnhfs. Ngs jhsgs quk rkqukfrhl lhfgr rfdgr nhs lkofäûks hnduehrks,
.;
;
:
æ rkjglknohog g klprkdg ok pfehrks jgl ofspgsftfvgs ok jkntrhdkl igrähoh gu hogthr g lætgog ogs
Q0
S
trãs trfpæs.
K
[
X
S
;.0.6 Hs lkofäûks
lkofäûks hnduehrks
hnduehrks bgrfzgnthfs
bgrfzgnthfs phrh ns ok pgefdgnhäêg
pgefdgnhäêg okvkl skr
skr ikfths pkeg lætgog
lætgog ohs
H
Y ofrkäûks, kl særfks ok ekfturhs jgncudhohs (eunkth nhs pgsfäûks ofrkth k fnvkrsh).
J
D
E
K
;.0.8= ]hrh g nfvkehlkntg trfdgnglætrfjg, hs lkofäûks hnduehrks vkrtfjhfs okvkl skr ikfths kl særfks
[
FD
ok ekfturhs jgncudhohs (eunkth nhs pgsfäûks ofrkth k fnvkrsh).
L
k
o
g
vf
;.0.88 ]hrh kikftg ok vhefohäêg ok ulh særfk quhequkr, okvk skr ikftg, ng jhlpg, g jèejueg og oksvfg
s ogs ànduegs kl rkehäêg hg vhegr læofg ok tgohs hs særfks. Pkckfthl-sk, ulh pgr vkz, hs særfks quk
eu
j
x sk hihsthrkl lhfs ok trãs vkzks oh prkjfsêg nglfnhe og fnstrulkntg.
k
g
s
u
k ;.0.80 G ksjànkr h ehskr tkrrkstrk (EZ_) pgok skr utfefzhog phrh ekvhnthlkntgs ok okthebks, oksok
o
4 quk g rkdfstrg ohs jknhs skch hpgfhog kl pgntgs flpehnthogs jgl DNZZ gu jgl pgefdgnhfs jgl
38
4
=3 ksthäêg tgthe, pkrlftfnog h hnèefsk oh hjurèjfh og hcusthlkntg. H hjurèjfh okvk htknokr í nhefohok
4
8 og ekvhnthlkntg tgpgdrèjg.
8
0
=
0/
0 ]hrh h kxtrhäêg ok ohogs, g sgitwhrk okvk prkvkr h hnèefsk ok ruìog nh nuvkl, kvfthnog g usg
/8
9
=
ok pgntgs ofsjrkphntks kl rkehäêg hg keklkntg ksjhnkhog.
l
k
g
o
;.0.8: H oktkrlfnhäê
oktkrlfnhäêg
g ok jggroknhoh
jggroknhohs s ok pgntgs jgl g usg ok rkjkptgrks Deg`he Nhvfdhtfgn
hr
k Zhtkeeftk Zystkl (DNZZ) pgok skr rkhefzhoh pgr ofikrkntks lætgogs k jgnigrlk h hjurèjfh quk htknoh
d
êg
s
s
í nhefohok
pgntgs og ekvhnthlkntg.
ok fntkrkssk ourhntk h Zuh jehssfjhäêg
lkofäêg, okpknok
og nólkrg og lgvflkntg
ok rkjkptgrks og rkjkptgr
klprkdhogs, kl rkehäêg
ogs sfnhfs hgs
utfefzhogs
kr
p k og fntkrvheg kntrk g rhstrkfg k g jèejueg ohs jggroknhohs. Oh jgl`fnhäêg okstks ofikrkntks
ofikrkntks jrftærfgs
fl
k
o
okrfvhl hs tæjnfjhs ok pgsfjfgnhlkntg quk oktkrlfnhl hs jggroknhohs ok pgntgs ok fntkrkssk jgl
g
vf ofikrkntks prkjfsûks.
u
qr
H
;.0.8:.8 H ksjgebh og lætgog klprkdhog okvk jgnsfokrhr3 h hjurèjfh oh pgsfäêg h oktkrlfnhr1
h prkjfsêg nglfnhe ogs rkjkptgrks jgnigrlk ih`rfjhntk1 h fnuãnjfh ok ihtgrks jglg h rkirhäêg
htlgsiærfjh, g luetfjhlfnbhlkntg,
luetfjhlfnbhlkntg, h g`struäêg ok sfnhfs, g nólkrg ok shtæeftks vfsìvkfs k h dkglktrfh
kntrk shtæeftks k rkjkptgr(ks), kntrk gutrgs.
;.0.8:.0 Jgnigrlk g lgvflkntg og rkjkptgr kl rkehäêg hgs pgntgs ok fntkrkssk ourhntk h lkofäêg,
h oktkrlfnhäêg ok jggroknhohs pgok skr kstètfjh (hntknh ksthjfgnhoh sg`rk g pgntg) gu jfnklètfjh
(hntknh kl lgvflkntg kl rkehäêg hg pgntg).
;.0.8:.: Jgnigrlk g nólkrg ok hntknhs rkjkptgrhs utfefzhohs, h oktkrlfnhäêg ok jggroknhohs

ok pgntgs ok fntkrkssk pgok skr h`sgeuth (hpknhs ulh hntknh) gu rkehtfvh/ofikrknjfhe (lhfs ok ulh
hntknh).
© H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs gs ofrkftgs rkskrvhogs 8;

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
;.0.8:.? Jgnigrlk gs sfnhfs utfefzhogs ng prgjksshlkntg, h oktkrlfnhäêg ok jggroknhohs ok pgntgs

ok fntkrkssk pgok skr rkhefzhoh pkeg júofdg gu pkeh ihsk ok gnoh oh pgrthogrh.
;.0.8:.; Jgnigrlk g fntkrvheg kntrk g rhstrkfg k g jèejueg ohs jggroknhohs ogs pgntgs ok fntkrkssk,
h oktkrlfnhäêg pgok skr kl tklpg rkhe gu pús-prgjksshoh.
;.0.8:.9 H utfefzhäêg
jgnofjfgnhoh oktæjnfjh
hg usg oh júofdgrkehtfvh/ofikrknjfhe,
phrh h oktkrlfnhäêg oksokokquk
jggroknhohs
jggroknho
htknoh íhsnhefohok
ok pgntgs pgr DNZZ jh
oh g`rh.
\
9
9-
;.0.8:.4 Nh oktkrlfnhäêg ok jggroknhohs ok pgntgs pgr DNZZ nh egjhäêg ok g`rhs, okvkl-sk
2
9
utfefzhr hs tæjnfjhs jgl sgeuäêg og jèejueg kl tklpg rkhe.
?.
4
:
;. ;.0.8:.2 Nh oktkrlfnhäêg ok jggroknhohs ok pgntgs pgr DNZZ jgl h nhefohok ok flpehnthäêg
;
:
0Q ok hpgfg dkgoæsfjg gu tgpgdrèjg kl rkoks, utfefzhr, prkikrknjfhelkntk, gs lætgogs quk pkrlfthl
S
K
g hcusthlkntg pgr lìnflgs quhorhogs gu g rkehtfvg/ofikr
rkehtfvg/ofikrknjfhe.
knjfhe.
[
X
S
H
Y
;.: Hpgfg tgpgdrèjg k suh hjurèjfh
J
D
E ;.:.8 G hpgfg tgpgdrèjg pehnflætrfjg pgok skr flpehnthog jgl h utfefzhäêg oh tkjngegdfh DNZZ
K
[ gu ok lætgog jgnvknjfgnhe. Nkssh flpehnthäêg æ rkqukrfoh h vfnjuehäêg h ogfs gu lhfs pgntgs
DF
L fntkrvfsìvkfs trhnspgrthogs oh rkok dkgoæsfjh (ZD@) gu ok rkoks gjfhfs h keh vfnjuehohs. G Hnkxg
ok
g O hprksknth ul kxklpeg ok jèejueg ok ofstànjfhs k hzflutks ng pehng, phrh g lætgog jgnvknjfgnhe.
fv
s
eu
j
;.:.0 Fnokpknokntklkntk og lætgog k oh tkjngegdfh hogthogs, h prgphdhäêg ohs prkjfsûks okvk
x
k
g
skr ikfth oksok gs værtfjks oknfogrks ohs `hsks ok rkikrãnjfh htæ gs pgntgs ok hpgfg flpehnthogs,
s
u pgoknog skr ok igrlh sflpefjhoh. Gs Hnkxgs K k I hprksknthl g jèejueg sflpefjhog oh prgphdhäêg
k
o
4
ohs prkjfsûks phrh gs lætgogs jgnvknjfgnhfs.
83
4
=3
4 ;.:.: H rkok ok pgefdgnhfs hpgfhoh nh rkok dkgoæsfjh okvk skr jgnstftuìoh pgr pgefdgnhfs
pgefdgnhfs prfnjfphfs,
prfnjfphfs,
8
8
0
quk efdhl kntrk sf gs værtfjks dkgoæsfjgs, skdufnog, ok hjgrog jgl g tkrrkng gu jgl h suh gjuphäêg,
=
0/ ulh efnbh prúxflh oh rkth. Hs pgefdgnhfs skjunoèrfhs sêg lhtkrfhefzhohs prkikrknjfhelkntk kntrk
0
8/
9
hs ksthäûks ohs pgefdgnhfs prfnjfphfs.
prfnjfphfs.
=
l
k
g
;.:.? G usg oh tkjngegdfh DNZZ nhs hpefjhäûks tgpgdrèjhs utfefzh g lætgog rkehtfvg gu g ofikrknjfhe,
o
hr fstg æ, ulh gu lhfs ksthäûks ok jggroknhohs jgnbkjfohs skrvkl ok hpgfg hgs pgntgs h skrkl
k
d oktkrlfnhogss (vkr ;.0.8:.:).
oktkrlfnhog
gê
s
s
kr ;.:.; Ng jhsg ok ekvhnthlkntg pehnflætrfjg jgl kxfstãnjfh ok rkok ok rkikrãnjfh jhohstrhe,
p
fl hs èrkhs ekvhnthohs okvkl skr hlhrrhohs hgs værtfjks lgnulknthefzhogs
lgnulknthefzhogs ohs pgefdgnhfs oktkrlfnhntks
oktkrlfnhntks
k
o
g
ogs skus pgntgs tgpgdrèjgs.
vf
u
rq
H
;.:.9 H nhefohok og ekvhnthlkn
ekvhnthlkntg
tg oktkrlfnh h quhntfohok ok pgntgs ogs okthebks h skrkl
g`skrvhogs.
;.:.4 H hjurèjfh pehnflætrfjh ksth`kekjfoh phrh g ekvhnthlkn
ekvhnthlkntg
tg tgpgdrèjg kstè rkehjfgnho
rkehjfgnhoh
h
jgl h suh nhefohok. Gs lætgogs, prgjkssgs k fnstrulkntgs utfefzhogs ngs trh`hebgs tgpgdrèjgs
nêg pgokl jgnouzfr h krrgs quk jglprglkthl h hjurèjfh fnkrkntk í nhefohok og ekvhnthlkntg.
Gs pgntgs ngtèvkfs k ok lhfgr fntkrkssk pgokl tkr hjurèjfh supkrfgr í hogthoh. Nkstk jhsg, kstks
pgntgs okvkl skr oktkrlfnhogs pgr suhs jggroknhohs jhejuehohs k nêg pkehs g`tfohs drhjhlkntk.
;.:.2 Jgnvæl
rkikrãnjfhs quk gs
ok nìvke. pgntgs
Nkssk pehnflætrfjgs
jhsg, hs hetftuoksog(prkikrknjfhelkntk)
hpgfg tgpgdrèjg gu
skchl utfefzhogs
jgths thl`æl jglg
sêg oktkrlfnhohs pgr
nfvkehlkntg dkglætrfjg oupeg (nfvkehlkntg k jgntrhnfvkeh
jgntrhnfvkehlkntg)
lkntg) gu pgr nfvkehlkntg trfdgnglætrfjg
gu pgr tæjnfjh ok nfvkehlkntg DNZZ rkehtfvg.
89 © H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
;.:.6 Gs pgntgs pehnflætrfjgs k hs rkikrãnjfhs ok nìvke og hpgfg tgpgdrèjg okvkl skr lhtkrfhefzhogs
kl egjhfs kstèvkfs, ok prkikrãnjfh ok jgnjrktg, nh igrlh trgnjg-pfrhlfohe, kntkrrhogs jgl g tgpg
hg nìvke og sgeg, egjhe gnok sk okvk knjrhvhr ulh pehjh ok fokntfjhäêg jgntknog h lhtkrfhefzhäêg
ogs pgntgs. Okpknoknog oh sftuhäêg, kstks lhrjgs pgokl skr su`stftuìogs pgr pfngs lktèefjgs
gu ok lhtkrfhe sfntætfjg hokquhog.
;.:.8=
okvkl Gstkr pgntgs pehnflætrfjgs
lgngdrhhs, jgnigrlkogghpgfg `èsfjg
kxklpeg ng kHnkxg
hs rkikrãnjfhs ok nìvke,
H, jgntknog hl`gs
ftfnkrèrfgs ok lhtkrfhefzhogs,
hjkssg, jrgquf
\
jgl grfknthäêg, hlhrrhäûks, pgntgs ok rkikrãnjfh gu gutrhs fnigrlhäûks quk jgnouzhl h ulh ièjfe
9
9- egjhefzhäêg k fokntfjhäêg
fokntfjhäêg..
2
9
?.
4
:
;.:.88 Hs rkikrãnjfhs
rkikrãnjfhs ok nìvke og
og hpgfg tgpgdrèjg
tgpgdrèjg hetflætrfjg
hetflætrfjg okvkl ksthr vfnjuehohs
vfnjuehohs ís rkikrãnjfhs
rkikrãnjfhs
;.
;
:
ok nìvke og hpgfg dkgoæsfjg ok ―heth prkjfsêg“, ok ―prkjfsêg“ gu ok ―ns tgpgdrèjgs“. H vfnjuehäêg
0Q
S
æ rkhefzhoh pgr nfvkehlkntg dkglætrfjg (nfvkehlkntg k jgntrhnfvkehlkntg) gu pgr nfvkehlkntg
K
[
trfdgnglætrfjg gu nfvkehlkntg DNZZ, nkstk jhsg ihzknog h okvfoh trhnsigrlhäêg ok hetftuok dkgoæsfjh
X
S phrh hetftuok ngrlhe, jgnsfokrhnog g lgokeg gjfhe. Ok quhequkr igrlh, okvk-sk htfndfr h hjurèjfh
H
Y oknfoh phrh g ekvhnthlkntg tgpgdrèjg. G Hnkxg D hprksknth ul kxklpeg ok trhnsigrlhäêg jgl
J
D usg ok DNZZ.
E
K
[
DF ;.:.80 Jgnvæl quk, nhs pgefdgnhfs, skchl kvfthogs ehogs egndgs k jurtgs, g quk nêg æ ihvgrèvke sg`
L g pgntg ok vfsth oh hjurèjfh ogs rksuethogs.
ok
g
fv
s
ue
;.:.8: Nh oktkrlfnhäêg ok ulh rkok `èsfjh, phrh quhequkr prgcktg, rkjglknoh-sk quk hs pgefdgnhfs
j
x
k
tknbhl g sku oksknvgevflkntg g lhfs prúxflg pgssìvke oh èrkh ok prgcktg.
g
s
u
k
o
;.? Ekvhnthlkntg ok okthebks
4
83
4
3=
Gs lætgogs jeèssfjgs (pgefdgnhfs, frrhofhäûks, fntkrskäûks gu groknhohs sg`rk ulh efnbh-`hsk),
4
8 jgl tkjngegdfh DNZZ gu jgl ksjànkr, sêg okstfnhogs í oktkrlfnhäêg ohs pgsfäûks pehnflætrfjh
8
0
= k/gu hetflætrfjh ogs pgntgs, phrh pkrlftfr h rkprksknthäêg og tkrrkng h skr ekvhnthog h phrtfr
0/
0
8/
og hpgfg tgpgdrèjg. Kstks lætgogs pgokl jgnouzfr, sfluethnkhlkntk, í g`tknäêg oh pehnflktrfh
9
= k oh hetflktrfh, gu kntêg skphrhohlkntk, sk jgnofäûks kspkjfhfs og tkrrkng gu kxfdãnjfhs
l
k og ekvhnthlkntg hssfl pkrlftfrkl. Fnokpknokntklkntk og lætgog k oh tkjngegdfh hogthogs,
g
o h prgphdhäêg ohs prkjfsûks okvk skr ikfth oksok gs værtfjks og hpgfg htæ gs pgntgs ok okthebks
rh
k
d
lkofogs, pgoknog skr ok igrlh sflpefjhoh. G Hnkxg K hprksknth ul kxklpeg ok jèejueg
êg
s
s
oh prgphdhäêg ohs prkjfsûks phrh gs lætgogs jeèssfjgs.
rk
p
lf ;.; Nfvkehlkntg
k
o
g
vf
u
;.;.8 Dknkrhefohoks
qr
H
;.;.8.8 Bhvknog ul lgokeg quhsk dkgfohe gjfhe gu rkhefzhog kspkjfhelkntk, pgokl-sk hogthr
hs hnglhefhs ok hetftuok (ι) phrh g`tknäêg ohs hetftuoks ngrlhfs, h phrtfr ok hetftuoks dkgoæsfjhs (b).
;.;.8.0 Kl quhequkr ogs jhsgs, okvkl skr g`skrvhogs prkvfhlkntk g g`cktfvg og nfvkehlkntg
k h rkspkjtfvh prgphdhäêg ok vhrfànjfhs ohs gpkrhäûks.
;.;.8.: Xuhnog nêg bguvkr h ofspgnf`fefohok ok ul lgokeg quhsk dkgfohe, okvk-sk kxkjuthr
h gpkrhäêg ok nfvkehlkntg. Ksth okvk skr vfnjuehoh ís PPNN gjfhfs (ZD@) gu lkslg hg nólkrg
dkgpgtknjfhe (J). Kstk æ g`tfog h phrtfr ok g`skrvhäûks drhvflætrfjhs
dkgpgtknjfhe drhvflætrfjhs nhs PPNN gjfhfs.
;.;.8.? Bhvknog ofspgnf`fefohok ok PPNN gjfhfs nh rkdfêg ok fntkrkssk, ng àl`ftg og pehng
tgpgdrèjg, pgokl-sk rkhefzhr g nfvkehlkntg k g jgntrhnfvkehlkntg, h phrtfr ok ulh PN, trhnspgrthnog B N.
H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
;.;.8.; ]hrh rkdfûks quk nêg htknohl hg pehng tgpgdrèjg, okvkl-sk jgnsuethr gs hspkjtgs iìsfjgs
oh ofstrfùfäêg ok lhssh, pgr lkfg ok kstuogs drhvflætrfjgs oh rkdfêg gu oh hnèefsk og lgokeg quhsk
dkgfohe.
;.;.8.9 Kl g`rhs quk knvgevhl g hrlhzknhlkntg (pgr kxklpeg, `hrrhlkntgs) gu trhnspgrtk

ok eìqufogs (pgr kxklpeg, outgs k jhnhfs), lkslg bhvknog ul lgokeg quhsk dkgfohe, g nfvkehlkntg
okvk skr hssgjfhog
ok g`skrvhäûks hg nólkrg
drhvflætrfjhs nhsdkgpgtknjfhe
PPNN gjfhfs(J), sknog kstk
k nhqukehs oktkrlfnhog
ksth`kekjfohs h phrtfr
pkeh oh hssgjfhäêg
gpkrhäêg pkrtfnkntk.
\
9
9- ;.;.0 Nfvkehlkntg dkglætrfjg
2
9
?.
4
:
;.;.0.8 G nfvkehlkntg dkglætrfjg æ g lætgog kl quk hs ofikrknähs ok nìvke (hetftuoks gu jgths) ogs
;.
; pgntgs vfshogs sêg oktkrlfnhohs ofrkthlkntk jgl usg ok lfrh vkrtfjhe, jgl vfshohs h ræ k hvhntk.
:
0Q Nh _h`keh ; sêg hprksknthohs hs jgnofäûks og nfvkehlkntg F N ok efnbhs, jfrjuftgs, skäûks k pgntgs.
S
K
[
X
S
H
_h`keh ; ‚ Jgnofäûks phrh g nfvkehlkntg dkglætrfjg
Y
J Yfshoh lèxflh _gekrànjfh ok
D Jehssk
E
K Fnstrulkntg rkjglknohoh ikjbhlkntg Ifnhefohok
[ Lætgog
DF l A kxprkssg kl al
L
ok
g Nìvke jehssk 8 9 ll A _rhnspgrtk ok hetftuok
fv gu jgth
s
ue FN
j
x Nìvke jehssk 0 2= Pkok ur`hnh
k Dkglætrfjg 2 ll A
g
s
u
k
o
Nìvke jehssk : 80 ll A ]gefdgnhe prfnjfphe
4
83
4
=3
4
8 ;.;.0.0 Hs rkikrãnjfhs ok nìvke, ksphähohs ok hjgrog jgl g tkrrkng, h èrkh h skr ekvhnthoh
8
0
= k hs jgnofäûks pkjuefhrks kl iunäêg oh nhefohok og ekvhnthlkntg, okvkl skr lhtkrfhefzhohs pgr
/0
0
8/
lkfg ok nfvkehlkntg dkglætrfjg oupeg (nfvkehlkntg k jgntrhnfvkehlkntg) k h phrtfr ok rkikrãnjfhs
9
= gjfhfs, jgnigrlk tgekrànjfhs k prgjkoflkntgs prkvfstgs nh _h`keh ;.
l
k
g
o ;.;.0.: Hs lfrhs okvkl skr pgsfjfgnhoh
pgsfjfgnhohss hgs phrks k kqufofsthntk
kqufofsthntks,s, jgl hetkrnànjfh hvhntk
hr
k
d
k h ræ, ok lgog quk h lfrh pgsfjfgnhoh ng pgntg ok phrtfoh (ræ) skch pgsfjfgnhoh,
pgsfjfgnhoh , kl skdufoh, ng pgntg
êg
s
s
ok jbkdhoh (efoh hvhntk), sknog jgnvknfkntk quk g nólkrg ok ehnjks skch phr.
kr
p
lf
;.;.0.? Hs lfrhs, okvfohlkntk vkrtfjhefzhoh
vkrtfjhefzhohs,
s, okvkl skr hpgfhohs sg`rk jbhphs gu pfngs k,
k
o
ng jhlfnbhlkntg, sg`rk shphths, lhs nunjh ofrkthlkntk sg`rk g sgeg.
g
fv
u
qr ;.;.0.; Xuhnog g fnstrulkntg utfefzhog igr g nìvke hutglètfjg úptfjg, kl tgohs hs ekfturhs okvkl skr
H
efogs gs trãs gs ksthoflætrfjg
ksthoflætrfjgs.
s.
;.;.0.9 H quhe
quhefo
foho
hok
k og nf
nfvk
vkeh
ehlk
lkntg
ntg dkgl
dkglætr
ætrfj
fjg
g æ jg
jgntr
ntrge
geho
hoh
h jgl g jg
jgntr
ntrhn
hnfv
fvke
kehl
hlkn
kntg,
tg, skäê
skäêg
g h sk
skäê
äêg,
g,
g`skrvhnog-sk gs vhegrks-eflftks jgntfogs nh _h`keh ;.
;.;.0.4 Xuhnog g nfvkehlkntg fnfjfhr kl ulh PN jgnbkjfoh k oksknvgevkr-sk phrh ul pgntg

ok hetftuok gu jgth nêg jgnbkjfoh (efnbh h`krth), æ nkjkssèrfg ihzkr g jgntrhnfvkehlkntg.
;.;.0.2 ]hrh g trhnspgrtk ok hetftuoks, æ nkjkssèrfg utfefzhr skäêg ok oupeg nfvkehlkntg (foh k vgeth)
gu jfrjuftgs ikjbhogs, oksok quk hs grfdkns (phrtfohs k jbkdhohs) skchl kl PPNN ofstfnths
k pkrtknjkntks k/gu vfnjuehohs í rkok og prgvkogr ok fnigrlhäûks dkgdrèjhs k ksthtìstfjhs og phìs.
Ofstrfùfr hg egndg og jhlfnbhlkntg og trhnspgrtk gs jbhlhogs pgntgs ok skdurhnäh (]Z), jgl
82 © H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
læofh ok 8,= al kntrk keks. Hs vfshohs lèxflhs ok lkofohs nhs lfrhs nêg pgokl uetrhphsshr gs 2= l
k nêg pgokl skr ikfths ekfturhs gnok hs vfshohs phsskl h lkngs ok := jl ok ulh supkriìjfk, phrh
sk kvfthr g kikftg oh rkirhäêg.
NG_H G prgvkogr ok fnigrlhäûks dkgdrèjhs k ksthtìstfjhs og @rhsfe æ g Fnstftutg @rhsfekfrg ok Dkgdrhh
;.;.0.6 Hs tgekrànjfhs ok ikjbhlkntg hprksknthohs nh th`keh ; okjgrrkl ogs krrgs hjfoknthfs ogs
fnstrulkntgs k ogs lætgogs klprkdhogs ng nfvkehlkntg, k skrvkl ok jgntrgek oh hjurèjfh ohs
\
9 gpkrhäûks ok jhlpg.
-9
2
9
.? ;.;.0.8= H hjurèjfh og hpgfg tgpgdrèjg hetflætrfjg æ kxprkssh pkeh quhefohok og ikjbhlkntg
4
:
.;
;
ok jfrjuftgs gu efnbhs, igrlhogs pgr oupeg nfvkehlkntg, jgnkjthnog ksthäûks ok hetftuoks jgnbkjfohs.
:
0Q
S
K
;.;.0.88 H quhefohok ohs gpkrhäûks ok jhlpg nh oktkrlfnhäêg og hpgfg tgpgdrèjg hetflætrfjg
[
X æ jgnsththoh jgl g jgntrgek ohs ofikrknähs ok nìvke kntrk g nfvkehlkntg k g jgntrhnfvkehlkntg
S
H
Y
dkglætrfjgs, skäêg h skäêg, hjuluehohs nh efnbh gu jfrjuftg, g`skrvhnog-sk gs vhegrks-eflftks
J hprksknthogs nh _h`keh ;.
D
E
K
[ ;.;.0.80 G hcusthlkntg ok ulh skäêg, efnbh gu jfrjuftg nfvkehog k jgntrhnfvkehog dkglktrfjhlkntk
DF
L æ ikftg ofstrfùfnog-sk g krrg ok ikjbhlkntg prgpgrjfgnhelkntk ís ofstànjfhs gu pkeg lætgog ogs
ok
g
vf
lìnflgs quhorhogs.
s
ue
j
x
;.;.: Nfvkehlkntg trfdgnglætrfjg
k
g
s
u G nfvkehlkntg trfdgnglætrfjg æ g lætgog quk rkhefzh h lkofäêg oh ofikrknäh ok heturh kntrk gs pgntgs
k
o
4
og tkrrkng, h phrtfr oh ekfturh og àndueg vkrtfjhe dkrhog pkeh efnbh ok vfshoh hg hevg. Kssh lkofäêg
38 jgnsfokrh h heturh og fnstrulkntg k og hevg sg`rk g tkrrkng (lfrh vkrtfjhe gu prfslh), jgnigrlk
4
=3
4
8
hs jgnofäûks hprksknthohs nh _h`keh 9. Hs ofstànjfhs kntrk gs ogfs pgntgs pgokl skr lkofohs
8
0 gu jhejuehohs h phrtfr ohs jggroknhohs. Ng jhsg og lætgog thqukglætrfjg jgl tkgogeftg, okvkl skr
=
0/
0
ikfths hs ekfturhs jgrrkspgnokntks hgs trãs rktìjuegs oh eunkth (supkrfgr, fnikrfgr k læofg), jgnigrlk
8/
9 gs kxklpegs ok jèejuegs ngs Hnkxgs B k F. ]gok-sk ushr g lætgog oh ksthäêg efvrk, pgfs kek ofspknsh
=
l h lkofäêg oh heturh og fnstrulkntg k og prfslh, quhnog ksth heturh igr jgnsthntk.
k
g
o
hr NG_H Pkjglknoh-sk quk nh hpefjhäêg og lætgog oh ksthäêg efvrk gs pgntgs ok rkikrãnjfh kstkchl
k
d kl quhorhntks ofstfntgs kl rkehäêg í ksthäêg gjuphoh.
êg
s
s
kr
p
lf
k
o
g
fv
u
qr
H

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
_h`keh 9 ‚ Jgnofäûks phrh g nfvkehlkntg trfdgnglætrfjg
Jehssk Yfshoh lèxflh _gekrànjfh ok

Fnstrulkntg rkjglknohoh ikjbhlkntg Ifnhefohok
Lætgog l A kxprkssg kl al
_kgogeftg gu ksthäêg
tgthe jehssk 8, ouhs ]gefdgnhe
særfks ok ànduegs :== 80= ll A prfnjfphe
\ vkrtfjhfs (vfshoh ræ k
9
9- hvhntk)
2
9
?.
FF N
4
_rfdgnglætrfjg Pkok kl
:
.;
_kgogeftg gu ksthäêg èrkh rurhe
;
: tgthe jehssk 0, ulh
Q0
S særfk ok ànduegs 0== 0== ll A ]gefdgnhe
K
[
X
vkrtfjhfs (vfshoh ræ k skjunoèrfh
S
H hvhntk)
Y Frrhofhäêg
J
D
E FFF N _hqukÿlktrg gu
K 2= - Frrhofhäêg
[ _hqukglætrfjg tkgogeftg jehssk ?
FD
L
ok
g
vf ;.;.:.8 Kstk lætgog pgok skr ushog phrh vfshohs hjflh ok :== l sg`rk h èduh k kl tkrrkngs
s
ue
j
ìndrklks, jgl fnjefnhäêg
fnjefn häêg hjflh ok := %. ]hrh vfshohs lhfgrks og quk 80; l, okvkl skr jgnsfokrhogs
x
k gs kikftgs oh jurvhturh oh _krrh k h rkirhäêg ngrlhe. Nkssks jhsgs, g prgjkoflkntg kxfdk vfshohs
g
s
u rkjìprgjhs k sfluetànkhs
sfluetànkhs..
k
o
4
38 ;.;.? Nfvkehlkntg jgl usg oh tkjngegdfh DNZZ
4
=3
4
8
8
;.;.?.8 G nfvkehlkntg pgok skr kxkjuthog jgl g usg oh tkjngegdfh DNZZ, oksok quk hs hetftuoks
0
=
0/
dkgoæsfjhs skchl jgnvkrtfohs kl hetftuoks ngrlhfs, jgnsfokrhnog gs lgokegs gjfhfs. Okvkl-sk
0
/8
prgphdhr hs prkjfsûks vhrfànjfhs phrh hs hetftuoks jgnvkrtfohs, jgnsfokrhnog h jgnsfstãnjfh ogs
9
= lgokegs, h l ok vkrfjhr sk h hjurèjfh g`tfoh htknok í nhefohok og nfvkehlkntg.
l
k
g
o
hr
;.;.?.0 H jgnvkrsêg ohs hetftuoks g`tfohs h phrtfr oh hnglhefh ok hetftuok gu oh gnouehäêg dkgfohe
k
d okvk skr rkhefzhoh ushnog lgokegs lhtklètfjgs quk kspkjfqukl h prkjfsêg oksths vhrfèvkfs.
êg
s
s
G úrdêg dkstgr og Zfstklh Dkgoæsfjg @rhsfekfrg (ZD@) puèfjh lgokegs lhtklètfjgs ok gnok
kr
p
sk g`tæl ksths vhrfèvkfs phrh tgog g tkrrftúrfg nhjfgnhe h phrtfr ohs jggroknhohs ok ul pgntg.
fl Gs lgokegs lhtklètfjgs phrh gs jèejuegs kstêg fnofjhogs nhs kquhäûks skdufntks. G Hnkxg D pgssuf
k
o
g
ul kxklpeg ok jèejueg.
vf
u
qr
H
BN ≋ b ∐ι ϊB < ¸ ϊb0 + ϊN0
gnok
BN æ h hetftuok ngrlhe, kxprkssh kl lktrgs (l)1
b æ h hetftuok dkgoæsfjh, kxprkssh kl lktrgs (l)1
ι æ h hnglhefh ok hetftuok og pgntg, g`tfoh ng lgokeg lhtklètfjg, kxprkssh kl lktrgs (l)1
ϊB æ g oksvfg-pho
oksvfg-phorêg
rêg oh hetftuok, kxprkssg kl lktrgs (l)1
ϊb æ g oksvfg-pho
oksvfg-phorêg
rêg oh hetftuok dkgoæsfjh
dkgoæsfjh,, kxprkssg kl lktrgs (l)1
0= © H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
ϊN æ g oksvfg-phorê
oksvfg-phorêgg oh gnouehäêg og pgntg g`tfoh ng lgokeg lhtklètfj
lhtklètfjgg utfefzhog, kxprkssg
kl lktrgs (l).
;.;.?.: H hetftuok thl`æl pgok skr g`tfoh

g`tfoh pgr
pgr ofikrknähs
ofikrknähs ok hnglhefhs
hnglhefhs ok hetftuoks
hetftuoks kntrk
kntrk ogfs
ogfs pgntgs
pgntgs
(hnglhefh ok hetftuok rkehtfvh), jgnsfokrhnog h vhrfhäêg ohs hnglhefhs ok lgokegs lhtklètfjgs
h phrtfr ok ulh PN rhstrkhoh pgr DNZZ. Gs lgokegs lhtklètfjgs phrh gs jèejuegs kstêg fnofjhogs
nhs kquhäûks skdufntks. G Hnkxg D pgssuf ul kxklpeg ok jèejueg.
0
\
∉ι < ι ∐ ιPN BN ≋ b + BPN
N ∐b
PN ∐ ∉ι ϊB < ¸ ϊ0b + ϊB0 PN + ϊ0bPN + (ϊ ∉ι Ô O Ô 8=∐9 )
9
9-
2
9
?.
gnok
4
:
;.
; BN æ h hetftuok ngrlhe, kxprkssh kl lktrgs (l)1
:
0Q
S
K b æ h hetftuok dkgoæsfjh og pgntg, kxprkssh kl lktrgs (l)1
[
X
S
H
Y
BNPN æ h hetftuok ngrlhe oh PN, kxprkssh kl lktrgs (l)1
J
D
E bPN æ h hetftuok dkgoæsfjh oh PN, kxprkssh kl lktrgs (l)1
K
[
DF
L ι æ h hnglhefh ok hetftuok og pgntg, g`tfoh ng lgokeg lhtklètfjg, kxprkssh kl lktrgs (l)1
ok
g
vf
s
ι PN æ h hnglhefh ok hetftuok oh PN, g`tfoh ng lgokeg lhtklètfjg, kxprkssh kl lktrgs (l)1
eu
j
x
k
g
Oι æ h hnglhefh ok hetftuok rkehtfvh
s
u
k
o
4
ϊB æ g oksvfg-phorêg oh hetftuok, kxprkssg kl lktrgs (l)1
83
4
=3
4
ϊb æ g oksvfg-phorêg oh hetftuok dkgoæsfjh og pgntg, kxprkssg kl lktrgs (l)1
8
8
0
=
0/ ϊBPN æ g oksvfg-phorêg oh hetftuok oh PN, kxprkssg kl lktrgs (l)1
0
/8
9
= ϊbPN æ g oksvfg-phorêg oh hetftuok dkgoæsfjh oh PN, kxprkssg kl lktrgs (l)1
l
k
g
o
hr
ϊO ι æ g oksvfg-phorêg oh hnglhefh ok hetftuok rkehtfvh og lgokeg lhtklètfjg utfefzhog,
k
d kxprkssg kl ppl gu kl lfeìlktrgs pgr qufeÿlktrg (ll/al)1
êg
s
s
kr O æ h ofstànjfh kntrk h PN k g pgntg, kxprkssh kl lktrgs (l).
p
fl
k
o ;.;.?.:.8 Ng jèejueg oh hnglhefh ok hetftuok rkehtfvh gs pgntgs jgl hs hnglhefhs jgnbkjfohs okvkl
g
vf
u
ksthr ofsthntks kntrk sf ok ng lèxflg :; al.
rq
H
;.9 Jèejuegs k hcusthlkntg
;.9.8 ]hrh h rkouäêg hg bgrfzgntk ohs lkofäûks ok ofstànjfhs fnjefnhohs ogs ehogs oh pgefdgnhe
k phrh hs frrhofhäûks, sêg ikfths hs ekfturhs ogs ànduegs vkrtfjhfs pgr ekfturh ofrkth. Nh ksthäêg tgthe,
h rkouäêg oh ofstànjfh fnjefnhoh hg bgrfzgntk æ ikfth hutglhtfjhlkntk. G jèejueg æ ikftg jgl
hs kquhäûks h skdufr3
ob < of . jgs θ gu ob < of . skn z
gnok
ob æ h ofstànjfh bgrfzgnthe1
H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
of æ h ofstànjfh fnjefnhoh1
θ æ g àndueg vkrtfjhe ok fnjefnhäêg1
z æ g àndueg zknfthe.
;.9.0
hg nìvkeHs
okofstànjfhs
rkikrãnjfhbgrfzgnthfs (obsfstklh
hetflætrfjh og ) ohs pgefdgnhfs og hogthog,
ok prgckäêg hpgfg tgpgdrèjg okvkl
pkeh kquhäêg skr trhnspgrthohs
h skdufr3
\ Bl ∐B
9
9- ∉O < Ô ob
2
9
Pl + B
?.
4
:
;.
;
gnok
:
0Q
S
K
ΟO æ h jgrrkäêg h skr hpefjhoh í ofstànjfh bgrfzgnthe, ob1
[
X
S
H
Y
Bl æ h hetftuok ngrlhe læofh oh ofstànjfh
ofstànjfh bgrfzgnthe, ob, kl rkehäêg hg nìvke ok rkikrãnjfh
J hetflætrfjg og sfstklh1
D
E
K
[ Pl æ g rhfg læofg tkrrkstr
tkrrkstrk,
k, hprgxflhohlknt
hprgxflhohlkntkk fduhe h 9 :48 === l1
DF
L
ok
g B æ h hetftuok ngrlhe og nìvke ok rkikrãnjfh hetflætrfjg og sfstklh1
fv
s
eu
j
ob æ h ofstànjfh bgrfzgnthe.
x
k
g
s
u
NG_H G Hnkxg C pgssuf ul kxklpeg ok jèejueg.
k
o
4
83 ;.9.: Hs lkofäûks ok ofstànjfhs jgl trknh kstêg suckfths ís fnjkrtkzhs okjgrrkntks ok krrgs
4
3=
4
ok ekfturh, hefnbhlkntg, bgrfzgnthefzhäêg, tknsêg, ofehthäêg, jgntrhäêg, hikrfäêg k jhtknèrfh. Kiktuhr
8
8 tgohs hs jgrrkäûks gu hedulhs okehs okpknok oh nhefohok og ekvhnthlkntg k h quk sk okstfnhl
0
=
0/ hs ofstànjfhs lkofohs, kl ihjk oh hjurèjfh h skr hejhnähoh.
0
8/
9
= ;.9.? ]hrh ns ok hcusthlkntg ohs pgefdgnhfs, oksok quk htknofohs hs tgekrànjfhs kspkjfjhohs,
l
k pgokl skr hpefjhogs quhfsqukr lætgogs jgl `hsk ng lgog kl quk sk prgphdhl gs krrgs, fnjeusfvk
g
o
rh
pkeg lætgog ogs lìnflgs quhorhogs. Kntrk kssks lætgogs sêg thl`æl hjkftgs gs quk jgnsfstkl
k
d kl kiktuhr, prflkfrhlkntk, ulh ofstrfùfäêg ogs krrgs hnduehrks fduhelkntk kl suhs ksthäûks k,
gê
s
s
kl skdufoh, ihzkr ulh ofstrfùfäêg ogs krrgs efnkhrks gu prgckäûks ogs ehogs (oketh Ô k oketh y),
rk
p
qukr ihzknog h ofstrfùfäêg prgpgrjfgnhelkntk hg jglprflkntg ogs ehogs, qukr hfnoh kiktuhnog ulh
fl rkphrtfäêg prgpgrjfgnhelkntk hgs vhegrks h`sgeutgs ohs jggroknhohs rkehtfvhs. G Hnkxg A jgntæl
k
o
g
ul kxklpeg ok jèejueg og krrg ok ikjbhlkntg egndftuofnhe k og trhnsvkrshe ok ulh pgefdgnhe hpgfhoh
vf
u kl ouhs `hsks.
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;.9.; G hcusthlkntg kl jggroknhohs ohs pgefdgnhfs æ prkjkofog pkeg jèejueg k pkeh jglphrhäêg
jgl hs rkspkjtfvhs tgekrànjfhs ogs skdufntks keklkntgs3
h) ikjbhlkntg hnduehr1
`) krrg rkehtfvg ok ikjbhlkntg efnkhr hpús h jglpknshäêg hnduehr.

hnduehr.
NG_H G krrg ok ikjbhlkntg efnkhr, hpús h jglpknshäêg hnduehr, nêg oktkrlfnh h hjurèjfh oh pgefdgnhe,
lhs
efnkhrskrvk phrh gok
ng sfstklh cuedhlkntg ohs jhrtksfhnhs
jggroknhohs gpkrhäûks ok(x) jhlpg,
k (y). fnofjhnog h prkjfsêg oh pgefdgnhe k h ofvkrdãnjfh
00 © H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
;.9.9 Gs vhegrks rkikrknjfhfs ok tgekrànjfhs sêg3
h) tgekrànjfh hnduehr (_θ)3 jgnsfokrh h tkgrfh ogs krrgs, gnok g krrg lèxflg tgekrèvke
æ hprgxflhohlkntk trãs vkzks g krrg læofg tklìvke, jgnigrlk h skdufntk kquhäêg3
_ θ < (: Ô p Ô n ) + 8= ''
gnok
\
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n æ g nólkrg ok ksthäûks1
9-
2
9
?.
4
p æ h prkjfsêg nglfnhe phrh h nhefohok og trh`hebg, sknog hogthoh phrh ]] ≯ ;“ k phrh
:
;. ]Z ≯ 8=“1
;
:
0Q
S 8=“ æ ulh jgnsthntk hogthoh pgr lkofoh ok skdurhnäh1
K
[
X
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`) tgekrànjfh efnkhr3 phrh
phrh htknokr h tgohs hs nhefohoks
nhefohoks ok ekvhnthlkntgs
ekvhnthlkntgs tgpgdrèjgs,
tgpgdrèjgs, h tgekrànjfh
tgekrànjfh
Y
J
lìnflh æ ok 8380 ===, kntrkthntg, kl jhsgs kspkjfhfs, okvk skr hogthoh tgekrànjfh hokquhoh
D k ksth`kekjfoh kl jglul hjgrog kntrk g jgntrhthntk k g jgntrhthog.
E
K
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DF ;.9.4 Hs jggroknho
jggroknhohs
hs ogs pgntgs ekvhnthogs okvkl hprksknthr gs rkspkjtfvgs oksvfgs-pho
oksvfgs-phorêg,
rêg,
L
ok
g ulh vkz quk
h quhefohok g vhegroh
(prkjfsêg) nulærfjg ohH drhnokzh
drhno kzh.
drhnokzh. pgr
prgphdhäêg ohssfvhrfànjfhs
sú nêg
vhrfàn jfhshprksknth fnigrlhäêg
pgok skr rkhefzhoh hedulh
ok igrlh sg`rk
rfdgr
rfdgrgsh,
gsh,
fv
s
ue klprkdhnog h ekf ok prgphdhäêg ok vhrfànjfhs k jgvhrfànjfhs kl suh igrlh lhtrfjfhe, utfefzhnog, pgr
j
x
k kxklpeg, ul sgitwhrk ok prgjksshlkntg ok ohogs, gu ok igrlh sflpefjhoh. Gs Hnkxgs K k I lgstrhl
g
s
u
kxklpegs ok jèejuegs oh prgphdhäêg ohs prkjfsûks vhrfànjfhs phrh ekvhnthlkntgs kxkjuthogs pgr
k
o lætgog jgnvknjfgnhe.
4
83
4
=3
4
;.9.2 Htknäêg kspkjfhe okvk skr klprkdhoh phrh g jhsg ok prgphdhäê
prgphdhäêgg ok vhrfànjfhs kl rkoks
8
8
tgpgdrèjhs gu dkgoæsfjhs gnok bè lóetfpehs lknsurhäûks k værtfjks, g quk hulknth h jglpekxfohok
0
= og prgèklh. [l rgtkfrg phrh g jèejueg ok prgphdhäêg ohs vhrfànjfhs kl rkok ok igrlh sflpefjhoh,
/0
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8/ quk hsskdurh rksuethogs lhfs jgnskrvhogrks kl rkehäêg í prgphdhäêg ok jgvhrfànjfhs nh igrlh
9
= lhtrfjfhe, æ hprksknthog ng Hnkxg E.
l
k
g
o
hr ;.4 Oksknbg tgpgdrèjg nhe
k
d
gê
s
s
;.4.8 H rkprksknthäê
rkprksknthäêg
g tgpgdrèjh
tgpgdrèjh og rkekvg,
rkekvg, okpknokno
okpknoknog
g oh nhefohok og ekvhnthlkntg
ekvhnthlkntg k og rkekvg,
kr pgok skr pgr jurvhs ok nìvke, jglpeklknthohs jgl pgntgs jgthogs gu lgokeg ofdfthe ok tkrrkng.
p
lf
k
o ;.4.0 Hs rkprksknthäû
rkprksknthäûks
ks drèjhs okvkl skr hprksknthoh
hprksknthohss kl igrlhtgs ksth`kekjfo
ksth`kekjfogs
gs jgnigrlk
g
fv h H@N_ N@P 894;0 gu jgnigrlk g jgntrhthntk, hokquhohs í nhefohok og ekvhnthlkntg tgpgdrèjg,
u
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jgnsfokrhnog hs suhs oflknsûks. H rkprksknthäêg drèjh jgntklpeh quhorìjuehs ok 8= jl
ok ehog, trhzknog nhs `grohs oh igebh hs jggroknhohs pehng-rkthnduehrks ok fokntfjhäêg oh efnbh
quk rkprksknthl, jglpgrthnog, hfnoh, h lgeourh, hs jgnvknäûks k gs fokntfjhogrks jgnigrlk
g lgokeg ksth`kekjfog pkeh okstfnhäêg og ekvhnthlkntg (vkr Hnkxg L).
;.4.: H tgpgnìlfh, gs nólkrgs k gutrhs rkikrãnjfhs okvkl skr oksknbhog
oksknbhogss ok hjgrog jgl
h H@N_ N@P 89298.
;.4.? Gs værtfjks og hpgfg tgpgdrèjg k hs rkikrãnjfhs ok nìvke okvkl ksthr ehnähogs nhs pehnths,
sknog ksths jgl hs suhs hetftuoks ngrlhfs.
;.4.; Ng oksknbg nhe okvkl skr rkdfstrhohs hs grfdkns pehnflætrfjh k hetflætrfjh, `kl jglg
h nhefohok og ekvhnthlkntg.
© H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs gs ofrkftgs rkskrvhogs 0:

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
;.2 Pkehtúrfg tæjnfjg

G rkehtúrfg tæjnfjg, ng tærlfng og ekvhnthlkntg tgpgdrèjg,
tgpgdrèjg, okvk jgntkr ng lìnflg g skdufntk3
h) g`cktg1
`) nhefohok1
j) pkrìgog ok kxkjuäêg1
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9
-9
2
9
o) egjhefzhäêg1
.?
4
:
;.
;
k) Zfstklh Dkgoæsfjg
Dkgoæsfjg okok Pkikrãnjfh
Pkikrãnjfh og sfstklh ok jggroknhoh
jggroknhohss pehng-rkthnduehrks,
pehng-rkthnduehrks, jgl sku nìvke
:
0Q ok rkikrãnjfh hetflætrfjg, jgnigrlk ;.:.8 k ;.:.881
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X i) lklgrfhe oksjrftfvg ogs skrvfägs kxkjuthogs, jgntknog, ng lìnflg, prkjfsûks g`tfohs, quhntfohok
quhntfohokss
S
H
Y
kxkjuthohs, rkehäêg ogs fnstrulkntgs utfefzhogs, kqufpk tæjnfjh, fokntfjhäêg og rkspgnsèvke
J tæjnfjg k ogjulkntgs prgouzfogs, fnjeufnog hs lgngdrhhs1 k
D
E
K
[ d) lklúrfhs ok jèejueg,
jèejueg, oksthjhnog-sk
oksthjhnog-sk hs pehnfebhs
pehnfebhs ok jèejueg ohs
ohs pgefdgnhfs
pgefdgnhfs k ohs efnbhs
DF
L ok nfvkehlkntg.
ok
g
vf
s
ue
j
x 9 Fnspkäêg
k
g
s
u
k
9.8 Okvk skr rkhefzhoh ourhntk k hpús h kxkjuäêg og ekvhnthlkntg tgpgdrèjg ulh fnspkäêg jgl
o
4 g g`cktfvg ok hsskdurhr g oksknvgevflkntg jgnigrlk ksth Ngrlh.
38
4
=3
4
8
9.0 Kspkjfjhlkn
Kspkjfjhlkntk,
tk, ourhntk g prgjkssg, okvk skr fnspkjfgnh
fnspkjfgnhog
og g skdufntk3
8
0
=
/0
0
h) jgnkxêg hg hpgfg dkgoæsfjg k/gu í rkok ok rkikrãnjf
rkikrãnjfhh jhohstrhe1
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9
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værtfjks lhtkrfhefzho
lhtkrfhefzhogs
gs oh `hsk ok rkikrãnjfh1
rkikrãnjfh1
k
g
o
hr j) fnstrulknthe `èsfjg k huxfefhr1
k
d
êg o) quhefohok oh lhtkrfhefz
lhtkrfhefzhäêg
häêg k fntkrvfsf`
fntkrvfsf`fefohok1
fefohok1
s
s
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p
lf k) pgefdgnhfs1
k
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fv
u i) ekvhnthlkntg ok okthebks1
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d) nfvkehlkntgs1
b) jèejuegs k rkspkjtfvgs lklgrfhfs1
f ) prkjfsêg ohs g`skrvhäûks1
c ) hrqufvgs ofdfthfs1
a) pkähs drèjhs1

e) jgnvknäûks tgpgdrèjhs.
0? © H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
9.: Okvk skr ksth`kekjfog g nólkrg lìnflg ok pgntgs, ok hjgrog jgl h _h`keh 4, gu gutrh
hlgstrhdkl oktkrlfnhoh jgnigrlk hjgrog kntrk hs phrtks fntkrksshohs. H hlgstrhdkl okvk skr
hekhtúrfh k ofstrfùìoh
ofstrfùì oh unfigrlklkntk nh èrkh og ekvhnthlkntg.
ekvhnthlknt g. H fnspkäêg æ rkhefzhoh pkeg jgntrhthntk,
jgntrhth ntk,
kxjktg quhnog kxprkssh kl hjgrog kntrk hs phrtks fntkrksshohs
fntkrksshohs..
_h`keh 4 ‚ Hlgstrhdkl hekhtúrfh

Xuhntfohok ok pgntgs og _hlhnbg oh hlgstrh
hlgstr h
\
ekvhnthlkntg tgpgdrèjg oh fnspkäêg
9
9-
2
9
Htæ ;== pgntgs : % (lìnflg ok 8=)
8=)
.?
4
: Ok ;=8 h 8 === pgntgs 0 % (lìnflg ok 8;)
.;
;
:
Q0 Hjflh ok 8 === pgntgs
pgntgs 8 % (lìnflg ok :=)
S
K
[
X
S
H
Y
J 4 Hjkfthäêg
D
E
K
[
4.8 Dknkrhefohoks
FD
L
ok
g Hs jgnofäûksjgnigrlk
tgpgdrèjg, ok hjkfthäêg ogs;,skrvfägs
h Zkäêg k prgoutgs
okvkl skr keh`grhog
keh`grhogs,
s kl s,
ksth`kekjfohs
ksth`kekjfoh nhs ofvkrshs
okjgrrãnjfh og ihsks og ekvhnthlkntg
rksuethog oh fnspkäêg,
vf
s
ue
j
ekvhnog-sk kl jgnth, quhnog pkrtfnkntk, hs tgekrànjfhs ksth`kekjfohs nksth Ngrlh k/gu jgnigrlk
x
k hjgrog kntrk hs phrtks fntkrksshohs.
g
s
u
k
o
4
4.0 Hjkfthäêg rkehtfvh hg ekvhnthlkntg tgpgdrèjg nh suh phrtk pehnflætrfjh ok pgntgs
38
4
=3
4
G jrftærfg ok hjkfthäêg okvk skr ksth`kekjfog h phrtfr ohs ofsjrkpànjfhs kntrk hs jggroknhohs
8
8
0
jhejuehohs ogs pgntgs k suhs bglúegdhs, lkofohs ng tkrrkng, pgr ul lætgog ok prkjfsêg fduhe gu
=
0/ supkrfgr hg utfefzhog nh kxkjuäêg og hpgfg tgpgdrèjg. G knshfg okvk hsskdurhr quk h ofsjrkpànjfh
0
8/
9
jhejuehoh htknoh í tgekrànjfh (htæ trãs vkzks h prkjfsêg) ksth`kekjfoh nksth Ngrlh gu jgnigrlk
= hjgrog kntrk hs phrtks fntkrksshohs. Gs pgntgs oknfogrks, quk sêg g`cktg ok knshfg, okvkl skr
l
k
g
ksth`kekjfogss jgnigrlk 9.0.
ksth`kekjfog
o
hr
k
d 4.0.8 [l ekvhnthlkntg tgpgdrèjg pehnflætrfjg okvk skr jgnsfokrhog hjkftg sk 6=% ogs pgntgs
êg g`cktg oh fnspkäêg htknokrkl í tgekrànjfh jgnsfokrhoh.
jgnsfokrhoh.
s
s
kr
p
lf
k
4.: Hjkfthäêg rkehtfvh í hetflktrfh og ekvhnthlkntg tgpgdrèjg
o
g
fv G jrftærfg ok hjkfthäêg okvk skr ksth`kekjfog h phrtfr ohs ofsjrkpànjfhs hetflætrfjhs, jgl rkehäêg
u
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H hgs oksegjhlkntgs kntrk hs hetftuoks gu jgths g`tfohs nhs rkprksknthäûks, ok pgntgs pkrikfthlkntk
fokntfjèvkfs nksths k ng tkrrkng, g`tfogs pgr nfvkehlkntg dkglætrfjg, trfdgnglætrfjg gu DNZZ,
hpgfhogs nhs rkikrãnjfhs ok nìvke kxfstkntks nh èrkh og ekvhnthlkntg, pgr ul lætgog ok prkjfsêg
fduhe gu supkrfgr hg utfefzhog nh kxkjuäêg og hpgfg tgpgdrèjg. G knshfg okvk hsskdurhr quk
h ofsjrkpànjfh jhejuehoh htknoh í tgekrànjfh (htæ trãs vkzks h prkjfsêg) ksth`kekjfoh nksth Ngrlh
gu jgnigrlk hjgrog kntrk hs phrtks fntkrksshohs. Gs pgntgs oknfogrks, quk sêg g`cktg ok knshfg,
okvkl skr ksth`kekjfogs jgnigrlk 9.0.
4.:.8 [l ekvhnthlkntg tgpgdrèjg hetflætrfjg okvk skr jgnsfokrhog hjkftg sk 6= % ogs pgntgs
g`cktg oh fnspkäêg htknokrkl í tgekrànjfh jgnsfokrhoh.
© H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs gs ofrkftgs rkskrvhogs 0;

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
Hnkxg H
(fnigrlhtfvg)
Lgngdrhh
H.8 Kxklpeg ok lgngdrhh ok værtfjk

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[
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H
Y
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D Ehtftuok (Z)3 Egndftuok (T)3 [_L (N)3 [_L (K)3
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4 Jbhph ok heulìnfg jgl hs skdufntks fnsjrfäûks3 QJGN_PH_HN_K\1 QNGLK G[ NÓLKPG OG ]GN_G\1 ]PG_KDFOG ]GP EKF1 NÊG
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8
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jbhph kstè jrhvhoh nh jheähoh,
jheähoh, kl irkntk í Ksjgeh
Ksjgeh Lunfjfphe
Lunfjfphe ok Knsfng Iunohlknthe
Iunohlknthe Lururæs, h hprgxflhohlkntk
hprgxflhohlkntk ; lktrgs
lktrgs og
=
0/ pgrtêg k okirgntk í rksfoãnjfh n³?9;.
0
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9
=
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k
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k
d
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s
s
kr
p
fl
k
o
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vf
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qr
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09 © H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
H.0 Kxklpeg ok lgngdrhh ok rkikrãnjfh ok nìvke

QJGN_PH_HN_K\
LGNGDPHIFH OK PKIKPÃNJFH OK NÌYKE
PN3 PN xxxx Hetftuok ngrlhe3 Oksvfg phorêg3 ]rgcktg/Hng3
Ksthog3 Lunfjìpfg3 Egjhe3
Grfdkl3 Ohtul vkrtfjhe3
Jggroknhohs hprgxflhohs
\ Ngrtk3 Kstk3 Ohtul3
9
9-
2 Oksjrfäêg3
9
?. Lhrjg gu jbhph jgl hs fnsjrfäûks3 QJGN_PH_HN_K\1 QNGLK G[ NÓLKPG OG ]GN_G\1 ]PG_KDFOG ]GP EKF1 NÊG OKZ_P[FP.
4
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;.
;
:
G lhrjg kstè jrhvhog ng jhntg og trkvg ok kntrhoh k shìoh phrh h jfohok ok Jruzkfrg, hg ehog oh `gjh ok eg`g oh èduh peuvfhe, ng al
0Q =:: + 6:= l, pfsth sue, skntfog Z].
S
K
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Flhdkl ]hngràlfjh3 Igtg og Egjhe3
X
S
H
Y
J
D
E
K
[
DF
L
ok
g
fv
s
eu
j
x
k
g
s
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k
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83
4
3=
4
8
8
0
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0
8/
9
=
l
k
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k
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s
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p
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k
o
g
vf
u
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H

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
Hnkxg @
(fnigrlhtfvg)
Kxklpeg ok jgekth ok ohogs phrh g lætgog ohs ofrkäûks
\
9
9-
2
@.8 Lkofäêg hnduehr bgrfzgnthe k efnkhr
9
?.
4
:
;. _h`keh @.8 ‐ Lkofäêg hnduehr bgrfzgnthe k efnkhr
;
:
0Q Ohth3 04/=8/=9 Fnìjfg3 8?b00 lfn. _ærlfng3 8?b;9 lfn. Jgnofäûks lktkgrgeúdfjhs3 nuèhog.
S
K Ksthäêg3 Jgltk. Ikrrhz f < 8,:8= l Fnstrulkntg3 _J 2=; N½3 4;:2=? Gpkrhogr3 Bkr`krt Krwks
[
X
S Ekdknoh3
H
Y f heturh og fnstrulkntg1 s heturh og sfnhe1 n nólkrg ok særfks1 v nólkrg ok pgntgs vfshogs1
J
D (]O + ]F ¸ 82=½ ) o læofh ohs pgsfäûks (]O k ]F) h 8 o of ofrkäêg rkouzfoh og hevg oh f-knæsflh særfk
E
K
[
O<
0 n ∘f
DF h àndueg bgrfzgnthe læofg hg hevg
L
ok Ekfturhs Lkofohs bgrfzgnthfs
g Læofh ok
fv
s ]gsfäêg ]gsfäêg tgohs hs
ue
]gntg Læofh ohs Ofrkäûks
j
x ofrkth fnvkrsh særfks Ofstànjfh-hevg
k vfshog pgsfäûks rkouzfohs
g O F
s
u
k
o
½ ‒ ― ½ ‒ ― ½ ‒ ― ½ ‒ ― ½ ‒ ―
4
83
4
Lkofohs bgrfzgnthfs 8ª Zærfk
3= Hefjk == == == 846 ;6 ?; :;6 ;6 ;0 == == == == == == :6?,?06
4
8
8
0 IKPP 82 ;2 00 862 ;2 8; 82 ;2 82 82 ;2 09 82 ;2 := Hntknh
=
/0 Zfevhnh ;4 ;0 ?2 0:4 ;0 0: ;4 ;0 :9 ;4 ;0 ?? ;4 ;0 ?0 868,=?6
0
8/
9 Jruz 8== 0? :8 02= 0? 8= 8== 0? 0= 8== 0? 02 8== 0? := _gpg
=
l
k
KHJI 8=9 :9 :8 029 :9 8= 8=9 :9 0= 8== :9 02 8=9 :9 :0 Hntknh
g
o [eelhnn 0?: ;6 82 9: ;2 ?8 0?: ;6 == 0?: ;6 =2 0?: ;6 == _gpg og lgrrg
rh
k Lhrfh Euzfh :;6 == 08 842 ;6 ;9 :;6 == =2 :;6 == 89 :;6 == 89 0?0,9?4
d
gê
s Lkofohs bgrfzgnthfs 0ª Zærfk
s
kr
p
Hefjk == =8 =8 82= == ?; == == ;: == == == :6?,?06
lf
k
IKPP 82 ;6 :: 862 ;6 0? 82 ;6 02 82 ;2 :; .....
o
g
vf
Zfevhnh ;4 ;: ;= 0:4 ;: 89 ;4 ;: :: ;4 ;0 ?= 868,=;=
u
qr Jruz 8== 0; :2 02= 0; 8; 8== 0; 09 8== 0? :: .....
H
KHJI 8=9 :4 ?9 029 :4 8= 8=9 :4 02 8=9 :9 :; .....
[eelhnn 0?: ;6 ;9 9: ;6 :9 0?: ;6 ?9 0?: ;2 ;: .....
Lhrfh Eufzh :;6 =8 8; 846 =8 =8 :;6 =8 =2 :;6 == 8; 0?0,9?4
Htlgsiærfjh3 +0,? ppl.
G`skrvhäêg3 Ís 80 b1 _klpkrhturh3 ?½ J1 ]rkssêg3 4:2,0 llBd1 Jgrrkäêg Htlgsiærfjh3
NG_H ]rgjkoflkn
]rgjkoflkntg tg ok lkofäêg hnduehr jgnigrlk h FZG 8480:-:.
02 © H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
@.0 Lkofäêg hnduehr vkrtfjhe k efnkhr
_h`keh @.0 ‐ Lkofäêg hnduehr vkrtfjhe k efnkhr

Ohth3 04/=8/=9 Fnìjfg3 8?b00 lfn. _ærlfng3 8?b;9 lfn. Jgnofäûks lktkgrgeúdfjhs3 nuèhog.
Ksthäêg3 Jgltk. Ikrrhz f < 8,:8= l Fnstrulkntg3 _J 2=; N½3 4;:2=? Gpkrhogr3 Bkr`krt Krwks
Ekdknoh3
f heturh og fnstrulkntg1 s heturh
heturh og sfnhe1 n nólkrg ok særfks1 v nólkrg ok pgntgs vfshogs1
\
Àndueg zknfthe jgrrfdfog3 z < O + Yz gu F ‚ Yz1 Zknog h jgrrkäêg3 :9= ∐ (O + F )
9 Yz <
9- 0
2
9
?.
4
Ekfturhs Lkofohs Ykrtfjhfs
: Læofh ok
;. ]gsfäêg ]gsfäêg tgohs hs
; ]gntg Zglh ohs Àndueg zknfthe Heturh og
:
0Q ofrkth fnvkrsh særfks
vfshog pgsfäûks jgrrfdfog sfnhe
S O F
K
[
X ½ ‒ ― ½ ‒ ― ½ ‒ ― ½ ‒ ― ½ ‒ ―
S
H
Y
Lkofohs vkrtfjhfs 8ª Zærfk
J Hefjk 6= ;8 =2 096 =2 ;8 :;6 ;6 ;6 6= ;8 =6 6= ;8 =6 8,:4=
D
E Lhrfh Eufzh 6= ;8 0; 096 =2 :: ;6 ;2 6= ;8 09 6= ;8 02 8,909
K
[
DF IKPP 22 =8 84 048 ;2 :; ;6 ;0 22 =8 08 22 =8 0= Hntknh =
L Zfevhnh 29 =9 ?4 04: ;: =8 ;6 ?2 29 =9 ;: 29 =9 ;? 8,?2;
ok
g Jruz 4= := 08 026 06 :0 ;6 ;: 4= := 02 4= := 02 _gpg =
vf
s KHJI 28 == ;; 042 ;2 ;? ;6 ?6 28 =8 =8 28 =8 =8 Hntknh =
ue
j
x [eelhnn 2? =: :; 04; ;9 0; :9= == == 2? =: :; 2? =: 09 _gpg =
k
g
s
u
Lkofohs vkrtfjhfs 0ª Zærfk
k
o Hefjk 6= ;8 =9 096 =2 ;= :;6 ;6 ;9 6= ;8 =2
4
83 Lhrfh Eufzh 6= ;8 0? 096 =2 0; ;6 ?6 6= ;8 :=
4
=3
4 IKPP 22 =8 8; 048 ;2 :? ;6 ?6 22 =8 0=
8
8
0
Zfevhnh 29 =9 ;: 04: ;: =? ;6 ;4 29 =9 ;?
=
/0 Jruz 4= := 02 026 06 0? ;6 ;0 4= := :0
0
8/
9 KHJI 28 == ;; 042 ;2 ;8 ;6 ?9 28 =8 =0
=
l [eelhnn 2? =: 86 04; ;9 ?: :9= == =0 2? =: 82
k
g
o
NG_H ]rgjkoflkntg
]rgjkoflkn tg ok lkofäêg hnduehr jgnigrlk h FZG 8480:-:.
hr
k
d
gê
s
s
kr
p
lf
k
o
g
fv
u
qr
H

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
Hnkxg J
(fnigrlhtfvg)
]rkjfsêg ok ofstànjfhs lkofohs jgl LKO
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9
-9
2
J.8 Jèejueg ok prkjfsêg ok ofstànjfhs
9
.?
4
:
G jèejueg oh prkjfsêg ok ofstànjfhs æ rkhefzhog pkeh skdufntk kquhäêg3
.;
;
:
0Q ko < S 0 + (a Ô O )0
S
K
[
X
S
gnok
H
Y
J ko æ h prkjfsêg oh ofstànjfh lkofoh, kxprkssh kl lfeìlktrgs (ll)1
D
E
K
[
DF
S æ h prkjfsêg oh jgnsthntk hoftfvh og fnstrulkntg, kxprkssh kl lfeìlktrgs (ll)1
L
ok
g
a æ h prkjfsêg prgpgrjfgnhe
prgpgrjfgnhe kxprkssh
kxprkssh kl ppl 1
vf
s
ue
j
x
O æ ofstànjfh lkofoh, kxprkssh kl qufeÿlktrgs (al).
k
g
s
u NG_H Ksth kquhäêg æ jgnsfokrhoh jgrrkth sk hpefjhohs hs jgrrkäûks htlgsiærfjhs (tklpkrhturh
k
o k prkssêg).
4
38
4
=3
4
8
8
0
J.0 Kxklpeg og jèejueg ok prkjfsêg ohs ofstànjfhs3
=
0/
0
8/ Lkofogr ok ofstànjfh/ksthäêg tgthe jgl ko < (: ll + : ppl Ô O) - vhegr fnofjhog pkeg ih`rfjhntk.
9
=
l
k
g
Ofstànjfh lkofoh O < 4;= l
o
hr
k
d k S0 (a O )0 :0 (:.=, 4;=)0 :, 4;ll
gê o < + Ô < + <¸
s
s
kr
p
lf
k
o
g
fv
u
qr
H
:= © H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
Hnkxg O
(fnigrlhtfvg)
Kxklpeg ok jèejueg ok ofstànjfhs k hzflutks ng pehng
\
9
9-
2
O.8 Jèejueg ok ofstànjfhs k hzflutks ng pehng
9
?.
4
:
H _h`keh O.8 hprksknth
hprksknth ul kxklpeg
kxklpeg ok jèejueg ok ofstànjfhs k hzflutks ng pehng.
pehng.
.;
;
:
Q0
S _h`keh O.8 ‐ Kxklpeg ok jèejueg ok ofstànjfhs k hzflutks ng pehng
K
[
X ]rgcktg3 G]KPHÄÊG RRFY ‐ ]PGHN_HP 0==9 Jhejuehog pgr3 Bkr`
r`kkrt Krw
rwkks Ohth3 :8/=8/0==9
S
H
Y Kquhäûks3
J
D ◇ Ng sfstklh [_L3 td θ < ∉K sknog ∉K < K0 ∐ K8 k ∉N < N0 ∐ N8 1
E ∉N
K
[
FD ◇ Ofs
fstà
tànj
njfh
fh ng sf
sfst
stkl
klh
h pe
pehng33 o < |∉K Ô skn θ| + |∉N Ô jgs θ| gu o0 < (∉K)0 + (∉N)01
hng
L
ok ]rgvh3 θ + ω < 6=½ gu ?;=½ sknog td ω < ∉
g
vf
∉K
s
eu
j ∉K + + ∐ ∐ K < EKZ_K N < NGP_K td θ < ∉K Hzflutk
x
k ∉N
g
s K0 N0 ∉
u
k ∉N + ∐ ∐ + td ω < ω
o K8 N8 ∉K
4
38
4
=3 Xuhor. F FF FFF FY
4 ∉K < K0 ∐ K8 ∉N < N ∐ N8 ]rgvh
8 Ofstànjfh
8
0 ]0 θ + ω < 6=½ gu ?;=½
= o0 < ∉N0 + ∉K0
0/ skn θ jgs θ
0
/8 ]8 l l ½ ‒ ―
9
=
l
IKPP ?04 ::2 488 : 88; 4;8 :20 =,?89 8=6 F 00 :; ::,?
k
g Jltk.Ikrrhz 0==9 ?04 009 896 : 88; ?2= 686 0,?=: 082 F 94 0? 09,9
o
hr
k + 880 ;?0 + 04= ? 9:
?9 060 6?? 6= == ==
d N½8
êg + =,:2? 849 + =,60: 09= 060 6??
s
s KHJI ?04 84; 8;0 : 88; 288 9?= ∐=,:=; 988 FY :?: == 00,9
kr
p
fl
Hefjk 0==9 ?04 :8: 206 : 88; :;4 24= -:,040 8:9 FF 8=: ;6 :4,?
k
o ∐ 8:2 944 + ?;: 44= ?4? ?22 ?;= == ==
g
vf
N½0
u ∐ =,060 094 + =,6;9 ::4 ?4? ?22
qr
H KHJI ?04 84; 8;0 : 88; 288 9?= ∐=,;=: 6=2 FY ::: 8; 08,6
Lhrfh Eufzh ?04 :04 908 : 88; ;=6 =94 ∐8,62??26 FF 889 ?? :2,8
∐ 8;0 ?96 + :=0 ;4: ::2 284 ?;= == ==
N³:
∐ =,?;= ==? + =,26: =04 ::2 284
KHJI ?04 84; 8;0 : 88; 288 9?= ∐0,48? :80 FY 06= 8: 02,2
Jltk.Ikrrhz 0==9 ?04 ::2 488 : 88; 4;8 :20 ∐=,:92 ?82 FF 8;6 ?9 :8,0
∐ 89: ;;6 + 9= 0;2 84? :=9 ?;= == ==
N½?
∐ =,6:2 :?? + =,:?; 4=0 84? :=9
© H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs gs ofrkftgs rkskrvhogs :8

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
Hnkxg K
(fnigrlhtfvg)
]rgphdhäêg ohs vhrfànjfhs ok lgog sflpefjhog
\
9
9-
2
K.8 ]gntg frrhofhog (lætgog pgehr)
9
?.
4
:
Nksth Ngrlh, hs kquhäûks phrh h prgphdhäêg ok prkjfsûks (vhrfànjfhs k jgvhrfànjfhs) ng lætgog
;.
;
:
pgehr sêg hprksknthohs skl okouäûks lhtklètfjhs, vfshnog h suh hpefjhäêg prètfjh. Hs kquhäûks
0Q
kstêg fnofjhohs h skdufr3
S
K
[
X
S R < R = + OB Ô skn Hz, V < V= + OB Ô jgs Hz
H
Y
J 0
0 + (OB jgs Hz )0 Ô  ϊ ύ

D ϊ x < ϊ0R= + (skn Hz )0 Ô ϊOB  Hz Ô 
E
K
9?2===
[
DF
L 0 0 0  0 ύ 0
ok
g
ϊy < ϊ V= + (jgs Hz ) Ô ϊOB + (OB skn Hz ) Ô  ϊ Hz Ô 9?2===
fv
s
eu ύ 0
j 0 + (OF Ô jgs S )0 Ô  ϊ Ô
< OF Ô skn S ∂ ϊOB < ¸ (sknS )0 Ô ϊOF 
x
k
OB
 S 
9?2===
g
s
u
k 0
]Nefn
o 8
4 ϊOF < ¸ λf0 + λr0 + , ϊS < ¸ Ô (0 Ô ]Nh0nd + ϊj0glp )
83 n n
4
=3
4 0
8 Hz < HzPÆ + F, F < BzY ∐ BzP , ϊ Hz < ¸ (ϊ HzPÆ ) + (ϊF )0
8
0
=
0/   0 
0
VPÆ ∐ V=   RPÆ ∐ R=  0
0  Ô  9?2=== , ϊ < ¸  ? Ô ]N 0 + ϊn + ϊ 0
0
8/ 
9 ϊ HzPÆ < ¸  0  Ô ( ϊ 0
RPÆ
+ ϊ 0
R= ) + 
 OBP0Æ 
 Ô ( ϊ 0
VPÆ + ϊ )
V=    ύ  F  
 n hnd
n
j
  OBPÆ 
=
l 
k
g
o
hr
k
d
ϊn < ¸ ϊjglp
0 Ô (jgt 0 SPÆ + jgt 0 S ),
gê
s
s
kr
 λr 
0
 λf   OB]YWPÆ    9?2.===
0 0

 OBPÆ Ô OB  ( PÆ
ϊj < ¸  Ô OB + OB ) + 
0 0 Ô  Ô
p
fl
 OBPÆ Ô OB   0    ύ 
k
 
o
g
vf OB]YWPÆ < OBPÆ
0 + OB 0 ∐ 0 Ô OB
PÆ Ô OB Ô j
jggs (F)
u
rq
H
0
ύ
ϊ0O < ¸ ϊ 0R + ϊ0V < ¸ ϊ0R= + ϊ 0V= + ϊO0 B + OB 0 Ô  ϊ Hz Ô 

9?2=== 
ϊ R,V < skn Hz Ô jgs Hz Ô ϊOB0 ∐ (OB Ô 8===)0 Ô skn Hz Ô jgs Hz Ô  ϊ Hz Ô 0
ύ

9?2=== 
gnok
R æ h jggroknho
jggroknhoh
h ekstk og pgntg vfshog/vhntk, kxprkssg kl lktrgs (l)1
V æ h jggroknho
jggroknhoh
h ngrtk og pgntg vfshog/vhntk
vfshog/vhntk,, kxprkssg kl lktrgs (l)1
R= æ h jggroknho
jggroknhoh
h ekstk og pgntg ok ksthäêg, kxprkssg kl lktrgs (l)1
:0 © H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
V= æ h jggroknhoh ngrtk og pgntg ok ksthäêg, kxprkssg kl lktrgs (l)1
RPÆ æ h jggroknho
jggroknhoh
h ekstk og værtfjk ok ræ, kxprkssg kl lktrgs (l)1
VPÆ æ h jggroknho
jggroknhoh
h ngrtk og værtfjk ok ræ, kxprkssg kl lktrgs (l)1
OB æ h ofstànjfh bgrfzgnthe og pgntg ok ksthäêg hg pgntg vfshog/vhntk, kxprkssg kl lktrgs

(l)1
\
9
9-
Hz æ g hzflutk og pgntg ok ksthäêg hg pgntg vfshog/vhntk, kxprkssg kl drhus skxhdksflhfs
2
9
(½ ‖ “)1
?.
4
:
;.
;
OF æ h ofstànjfh fnjefnhoh og pgntg ok ksthäêg hg pgntg vfshog/vhntk, kxprkssg kl lktrgs
:
0Q (l)1
S
K
[
X S æ g àndueg zknfthe ok vfshoh h vhntk, kxprkssg kl kl drhus skxhdksflhfs (½ ‖ “)1
S
H
Y
J SPÆ æ g àndueg zknfthe ok vfshoh h ræ, kxprkssg kl drhus skxhdksflhfs (½ ‖ “)1
D
E
K
[ HzPÆ æ g hzflutk og pgntg ok ksthäêg í ræ, kxprkssg kl drhus skxhdksflhfs (½ ‖ “)1
DF
L
ok
g
F æ g àndueg bgrfzgnthe frrhofhog oh ofrkäêg oh ræ í ofrkäêg oh vhntk ng skntfog bgrèrfg,
fv
s
kxprkssg kl drhus skxhdksflhfs (½ ‖ “)1
ue
j
x
k
g
Bzv æ h ofrkäêg bgrfzgnthe efoh ng pgntg vfshog/vhntk, kxprkssg kl drhus skxhdksflhf
skxhdksflhfss
s
u (½ ‖ “)1
k
o
4
83
4
BzP æ h ofrkäêg bgrfzgnthe efoh nh ræ, kxprkssg kl drhus skxhdksflhfs (½ ‖ “)1
3=
4
8
8
0
ϊj æ g krrg ok jkntrhdkl og fnstrulknt
fnstrulkntg,
g, kxprkssg kl skdunogs ok hrjg skxhdksflhe
=
0/ (“)1
0
8/
9
= λf æ g krrg ok jkntrhdkl og fnstrulkntg, kxprkssg kl lfeflktrgs (ll)1
l
k
g
o
rh
λr æ g krrg ok jkntrhdkl og rkktgr, kxprkssg kl lfeflktrgs (ll)1
k
d
gê
s OBPÆ æ h ofstànjfh og pgntg ok ksthäêg hg værtfjk ok ræ, kxprkssg kl lktrgs (l)1
s
rk
p
lf OB]YWPÆ æ h ofstànjfh kntrk g pgntg vfshog/vhntk
vfshog/vhntk k g værtfjk ok ræ, kxprkssg kl lktrgs
lktrgs (l)1
k
o
g
vf
u
]Nefn æ h prkjfsêg nglfnhe efnkhr og fnstrulknt
fnstrulkntg,
g, , kxprkssg kl lfeflktrgs (ll)1
qr
H
]Nhnd æ h prkjfsêg nglfnhe hnduehr og fnstrulknt
fnstrulkntg,
g, kxprkssg kl skdunogs ok hrjg
skxhdksflhee (“),
skxhdksflh
ϊjglp æ h prkjfsêg nglfnhe og jglpknshogr vkrtfjhe og fnstrulknt

fnstrulkntg,
g, kxprkssg kl skdunogs
ok hrjg skxhdksflhe (“)1
ϊn æ g kikftg og krrg ok nfvkehlkntg og fnstrulknt

fnstrulkntgg sg`rk g àndueg frrhofhog, kxprkssg
kl skdunogs ok hrjg skxhdksflhe (“)1
n æ g nólkrg ok lkofäûks rkhefzhohs (pgr kxklpeg, phrh ulh særfk ok ekfturhs

jgncudhohs nh pgsfäêg ofrkth k fnvkrsh og fnstrulknt
fnstrulkntgg k phrh ulh ekfturh ónfjh
nh pgsfäêg ofrkth og fnstrulkntg)3
© H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs gs ofrkftgs rkskrvhogs ::

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
ϊR æ g oksvfg-phorê
oksvfg-phorêg
g oh jggroknhoh ―R“ og pgntg vfshog/vhntk, kxprkssg kl lfeflktrgs
(ll)1
ϊV æ g oksvfg-phorê
oksvfg-phorêg
g oh jggroknhoh ―V“ og pgntg vfshog/vhntk, kxprkssg kl lfeflktrgs
(ll)1
R= æ g oksvfg-phorê
oksvfg-phorêg
g oh jggroknhoh ―R“ og pgntg ok ksthäêg, kxprkssg kl lfeflktrgs
(ll)1
\
9 ϊV = æ g oksvfg-phorê
oksvfg-phorêg
g oh jggroknhoh ―V“ og pgntg ok ksthäêg, kxprkssg kl lfeflktrgs
9-
2
9
?.
(ll)1
4
:
;. ϊ R PÆ oksvfg-phorêg
oksvfg-phorêg oh jggroknhoh ―R“ og værtfk ok ræ, kxprkssg kl lfeflktrgs (ll)1
;
:
0Q
S
K
V PÆ æ g oksvfg-pho
oksvfg-phorêg
rêg oh jggroknho
jggroknhoh
h ―V“ og værtfk ok ræ, kxprkssg kl lfeflktrgs (ll)1
[
X
S
H
Y
ϊ0O æ g oksvfg-phorê
oksvfg-phorêgg oh rksuethntk bgrfzgnthe (pehnflætrfjh
(pehnflætrfjh)) og pgntg vfshog/vhntk,
J kxprkssg kl lfeflktrgs (ll)1
D
E
K
[
DF
ϊR,V æ h jgvhrfànjfh kntrk hs jggroknho
jggroknhohs
hs ―R“ k ―V“ og pgntg vfshog/vhntk, kxprkssg
L kl lfeìlktrgs quhorhogs (ll°)
ko
g
fv
s
NG_H Hs kquhäûks phrh h prgphdhäêg ok prkjfsûks (vhrfànjfhs k jgvhrfànjfhs) ng lætgog pgehr
ue
j
æ hprksknthog kl okthebks jgnigrlk fnofjhog nh @fèfgdrhh Q80\.
x
k
g
s
u
k
o
4
K.0 Kxklpeg ok jèejueg
83
4
=3
4 Jgnsfokrhnog ul ekvhnthlkntg rkhefzhog jgl ulh ksthäêg tgthe jgl prkjfsêg nglfnhe efnkhr
8
8
0
ok ¸(0 ll + 0 ppl), prkjfsêg nglfnhe hnduehr (]Nhnd) ok ¸;“ k prkjfsêg nglfnhe og jglpknshogr
=
/0 (]Njgl) ok ¸8“. H ksthäêg tgthe igf fnsthehoh kl trfpæ jgl `hsk nfvkehntk h ulh heturh hprgxflhoh
0
8/
9
ok 8,; l kl rkehäêg hg pgntg tgpgdrèjg ok rkikrãnjfh. G værtfjk ok ræ k g pgntg vfshog igrhl gjuphogs
=
l
jgl prfslh kl `hstêg h ulh heturh hprgxflhoh ok 8,9 l kl rkehäêg hg pgntg tgpgdrèjg ok rkikrãnjfh.
k
g
G pgntg vfshog igf lkofog kl ulh særfk ok ekfturhs jgncudhohs nh pgsfäêg ofrkth k fnvkrsh og fnstrulkntg.
o
hr
k
Gs oksvfgs-phorûks ohs jggroknhohs og pgntg ok ksthäêg k og værtfjk ok ræ sêg ohogs
d
R = < 08ll, ϊV = < 0? ll1 ϊ R PÆ < 00 ll ϊV PÆ < 86 ll. H ofstànjfh
pgntgϊvfshog
fnjefnhoh læofh hgpgr3
rkspkjtfvhlkntk
gê
s
s æ OF < ;=, :0?l . Gs ànduegs zknfthfs læofgs h ræ k hg pgntg vfshog
kr
p sêg rkspkjtfvhlkntk SPÆ < 22½ 80 =8' 0:" . H ofstànjfh bgrfzgnthe hg værtfjk ok ræ
=6" k SPÆ < 26½ =8
80' =6
lf
k
æ OBPÆ < 8=?
8=?, 94;
94;l. H ofstànjfh bgrfzgnthe pgnt g vfshog æ OB < ;=,:84l . G àndueg frrhofhog
bgr fzgnthe læofh hg pgntg
o
g læofg og værtfjk ok ræ hg pgntg vfshog æ F < 62½;4 ' :0" . G hzflutk læofg og pgntg ok ksthäêg
fv
u
qr hg pgntg vfshog æ Hz < 8:6½=?' ;0" . Hs ofikrknähs ok jggroknhohs kntrk g værtfjk ok ræ k g pgntg
H ok ksthäêg sêg ohohs rkspkjtfvhlkntk pgr3 R PÆ ∐ R = < 94, ?;;l k VPÆ ∐ V= < 2=, =?0l. Oktkrlfnhr
g oksvfg-phorêg bgrfzgnthe og pgntg vfshog.
Krrg ok jkntrhdkl oh ksthäêg (jgnsfokrhnog g krrg ok jkntrhdkl oh `hsk nfvkehntk jgl `gebh tuùehr
k prulg útfjg oh grokl ≂8 ll pgr lktrg)3
ll
λ f < 8, = Ô 8, ; l < 8, ; ll
l
Krrg ok jkntrhdkl og prfslh rkktgr (jgnsfokrhnog g krrg ok jkntrhdkl og `hstêg ogthog ok `gebh
jfrjuehr oh grokl ok ≂0,: ll pgr lktrg)3
ll
λr < 0, : Ô 8, 9 l < :, 4 l
ll
l
l
:? © H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
]rkjfsêg nglfnhe efnkhr ok jhoh ofstànjfh lkofoh hg pgntg vfshog3

(;=, :0? Ô 8.===) ll
]Nefn < 0 ll + 0 < 0,8ll
8.===.===
Oksvfg-phorêg oh ofstànjfh fnjefnhoh læofh (jgnsfokrhnog n < 0 lkofäûks)3

0 0 ]Nefn0 0 00,80
ϊOF < λ f + λ r + 0 < 8, ; + :, 4 + 0 < ?, : l l
Oksvfg-phorêg og àndueg zknfthe læofg (jgnsfokrhnog n < 0 lkofäûks)3
\
9
-9 8 8
2
9
ϊS < Ô (0 Ô ]Nhnd0 + ]
]NNjgl0 ) < Ô (0 Ô ;0 + 80 ) < ;"
0 0
.?
4
:
.;
;
Oksvfg-phorêg oh ofstànjfh bgrfzgnthe læofh3
:
0Q
S
ϊOB < (skn S )0 Ô ϊOF0 + (OF Ô jgs S )0 Ô  ϊS Ô 0ύ
K
 
[ 9?2=== 
X
S
H 0
Y ύ
J ϊOB < (skn 26½=8' 0:" )0 Ô ?, :0 + (;=, :0? Ô jgs 26½=8' 0:" )0 Ô  ; Ô 
 < ?, : ll
D 9?2===
E
K
[ Kikftg og krrg ok nfvkehlkntg og fnstrulkntg sg`rk g àndueg bgrfzgnthe frrhofhog3
DF
L 0 0 0 0 0 0
ko ϊn < ]Njgl Ô (jgt SPÆ + jgt S ) < 8 Ô (jgt 22½80' =6" + jgt 26½=8' 0:" ) < ="
g
vf
s
ue
j
Ofstànjfh bgrfzgnthe kntrk g værtfjk ok ræ k g pgntg vfshog3
x
k
g
s OB]YWPÆ < OBPÆ0 + OB 0 ∐ 0 Ô OBPÆ Ô OB Ô jgs F
u
k
o
4
38
OB]YWPÆ < 8=?, 94;0 + ;=, :840 ∐ 0 Ô 8=?, 94; Ô ;=, :84 Ô jgs 62½;4 ' :0" < 80: l
4
=3
4
8
8
Kikftg ogs krrgs ok jkntrhdkl sg`rk g àndueg bgrfzgnthe frrhofhog3
0
=
0/   λ / 8===  0 0
 OB]YWPÆ    9?2.===
0
ϊj <   r 0 + OB 0 +  λ f / 8===  Ô
8/
 OBPÆ Ô O B 
Ô ( PÆ
OB )  OB Ô OB     Ô  ύ 
9
=
OB PÆ O B  0

l
k
g 
o
ϊj < 
:, 4 / 8===  0 Ô 8=?, 94;0 + ;=, :840 +  8, ; / 8===  0 Ô  80:  Ô  99??2.=== < 84, ;"
hr  ( )  8=?, 94; Ô ;=,:84  0    ύ 
k
d  8=?, 94; Ô ;=, :84 
gê
s
 
s
kr Oksvfg-phorêg og àndueg bgrfzgnthe frrhofhog læofg (jgnsfokrhnog n < 0 lkofäûks)3
p
lf
k  ? ϊn0  ? =0
o
g
ϊF <   Ô ]Nhnd +
0 + ϊj <   Ô ; + + 84, ;0 < 82, 6"
0 0
fv n 0 0 0
u
qr
H
Oksvfg-phorêg
Oksvfg-phorêg og hzflutk oh ræ3
  V ∐ V 0  ϊ 0 
 RPÆ   ϊ R= 0   RPÆ ∐ R =   ϊ VPÆ   ϊV= 0    9?2=== 
0 0
ϊ HzPÆ 
<  PÆ =
Ô  +  + Ô  +  Ô
  OBPÆ 0   8===   8===    OBPÆ 0   8===   8===     ύ 
  
     
  2=, =?0 0  00 0 08 0   94, ?;; 
0 
86 0  0? 0    9?2=== 
    
ϊ HzPÆ <  Ô + + Ô +   Ô   < 9=,8"
  8=?, 94; 0   8===   8===    8=?, 94; 0   8===   8===     ύ 
 
Oksvfg-phorêg og hzflutk hg pgntg vfshog3

ϊ Hz < ϊ HzPÆ 0 + ϊF 0 < 9=,80 + 82, 60 < 9:"
© H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs gs ofrkftgs rkskrvhogs :;

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
Oksvfg-phorêg
Oksvfg-phorêg oh jggroknhoh bgrfzgnthe
bgrfzgnthe ―kstk“ og pgntg vfshog (værtfjk ok ofvfsh)3
0
ύ
ϊ R < ϊ R= 0 + (skn Hz )0 Ô ϊOB0 + (OB8=== Ô jgs Hz )0 Ô  ϊ Hz Ô 

9?2===
0
ύ
ϊR < 08
0 80 + (skn 8:6½=?' ;0" )0 Ô ?, :0 + (;=, :84 Ô 8=== Ô jgs 8:6½=? ' ;0" )0 Ô  9: Ô  < 08, 0 ll

9?2=== 
Oksvfg-phorêg oh jggroknhoh bgrfzgnthe

Oksvfg-phorêg bgrfzgnthe ―ngrtk“ og pgntg vfshog (værtfjk ok ofvfsh)3
\ 0
9 ύ
9- ϊ V < ϊ V= 0 + (jgs Hz )0 Ô ϊOB0 + (OB Ô 8=== Ô skn Hz )0 Ô  ϊ Hz Ô 

2
9 9?2===
?.
4
:
.;
; 0
ύ
:
Q0 ϊV < 0?0 + (jgs 8:6½=?' ;0" )0 Ô ?,:0 + (;=,:84 Ô 8=== Ô skn 8:6½=?' ;0" )0 Ô  9: Ô 
 < 0?, 0 ll
S 9?2===
K
[
X Oksvfg-phorêg bgrfzgnthe rksuethntk og pgntg vfshog (værtfjk ok ofvfsh)3
S
H
Y
J ϊ0O < ϊ R0 + ϊ V 0 < 08, 00 + 0?, 00 < :0, 0 ll
D
E
K
[ Jgvhrfànjfh kntrk hs jggroknhohs bgrfzgnthfs og pgntg vfshog (værtfjk ok ofvfsh)3
FD
L 0
ok ϊ R,V < skn Hz Ô jgs Hz Ô ϊ OB0 ∐ (OB Ô 8===)0 Ô Hz Ô jgs Hz Ô  ϊ Hz Ô 9?2===
ύ 
g
vf
s
ue
j
ϊ R,V < skn 8:6½ ==?? ' ;;00" Ô jgs 8:6½ =?' ;;00" Ô ? ,:0 ∐ (;=,:84 Ô 8===)0 Ô skn 8:6½ ==?? ' ;0
;0" Ô jgs 8:6½=? ' ;0

;0" Ô  9: Ô
ύ 0
x
k  
9?2===
g
s
u < ∐8?0 ;68ll0
8?0, ;68
k
o
4 NG_H Kl iunäêg okstks keklkntgs æ pgssìvke oktkrlfnhr hfnoh h kefpsk ok krrgs og pgntg vfshog. Lhfs
38
4
=3 okthebks pgokl skr g`tfogs, pgr kxklpeg, nh @fèfgdrhh Q88\ gu Q6\.
4
8
8
0
=
0/
0
/8
9
=
l
k
g
o
hr
k
d
g
ê
s
s
kr
p
fl
k
o
g
vf
u
qr
H
:9 © H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
Hnkxg I
(fnigrlhtfvg)
]rgphdhäêg ohs vhrfànjfhs ok lgog sflpefjhog
\
9
9-
2
I.8 Nfvkehlkntg dkglætrfjg ‚ Frrhofhäêg
9
?.
4
:
G oksvfg-phorêg ogs pgntgs ng nfvkehlkntg dkglætrfjg
dkglætrfjg æ jhejuehog jgnigrlk h skdufr3
;.
;
:
0Q
S
ϊBY < ¸ ϊB0 P + 0 Ô (ϊE Ô OBl)0
K
[
X gnok
S
H
Y
J ϊBY æ g oksvfg-phorê
oksvfg-phorêg
g oh jgth/hetftuok og værtfjk vfshog hvhntk, kxprkssg kl lktrgs (l)1
D
E
K
[ ϊBP æ g oksvfg-phorê
oksvfg-phorêg
g oh jgth/hetftuok og værtfjk vfshog h ræ, kxprkssg kl lktrgs (l)1
DF
L
ok
g
ϊE æ g oksvfg-phorê
oksvfg-phorêg
lktrgs (l/l)1
g nglfnhe ok ulh ekfturh pgr lktrg ok vfshoh, kxprkssg kl lktrgs pgr
vf
s
eu
j
x
k OBl æ h ofstànjfh læofh kntrk g fnstrulkntg
fnstrulkntg k gs pgntgs vfshogs h ræ k hvhntk,
hvhntk, kxprkssg
kxprkssg
g
s
u
kl lktrgs (l).
k
o
4
83
4
=3
4
I.0 Kxklpeg ok jèejueg ok nfvkehlkntg dkglætrfjg
8
8
0
=
0/
Jhejuehr h jgth
jgt h og pgntg H8 k suh prkjfsêg jgl gs ohogs
oho gs k jhokrnkth ok jhlpg
j hlpg h skdufr. H Ksthäêg igf
0
/8
oknglfnhoh ok =8 k g pgntg ok ræ æ h PN2=. G g`cktfvg æ g`tkr h jgth og H8 pgr lkfg og nfvkehlkntg
9
= dkglætrfjg.Jgth B og PN2= < 6,:8; ll ¸ :,? ll
l
k
g
o
hr _h`keh I.8 ‚ Jhokrnkth ok jhlpg jgntknog hs fnigrlhäûks ok nfvkehlkntg dkglætrfjg 8
k
d
g Nfvkehlkntg Dkglætrfjg
ê
s
s
kr Zkrvfäg3 Jgnstruäêg Dfnèsfg 0 Ohth3 0=/=9/0=8;
p
fl Kqufphlkntg3 Ekfjh Zprfntkr 8;= 8
k
o
g
Gpkrhogr3 Heungs _urlh 8?2=0:8 Igebh 8/8
vf
u Ksthäêg ]gntg Yfshog Ekfturh
rq Ob G`skrvhäêg
H Pæ Yhntk
=8 PN2= 8,::; 9=,:0;
H8 8,;88 ;;,=42
jgth B æ jhejuehoh jgnigrlk h skdufntk kquhäêg.

H jgth
B < BPK + EPK ∐ EY
8 Ekfjh Zprfntkr 8;= æ ul kxklpeg ok prgoutg hokquhog jglkrjfhelkntk ofspgnìvke. Ksth fnigrlhäêg æ ohoh
phrh ihjfefthr hgs usuèrfgs okstk Ogjulkntg k nêg jgnstftuf ul knogssg pgr phrtk oh H@N_ hg prgoutg jfthog.

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
Zu`stftufnog gs vhegrks, h jgth og pgntg H8 æ3

B H8 < BPN2= + EPKPN2= ∐ EYH8 B H8 < 6, :8; + 8, ::; ∐ 8, ;88 < 6,8:6l
Jgnsfokrhnog g oksvfg-phorêg oh ekfturh, h ofstànjfh læofh OBl æ3

=, ===9 9=, :0; + ;;, =42
ϊE < < =, ====0 l / l OBl < < ;4, 4=8; l
:= 0
Zu`stftufnog gs vhegrks, g oksvfg-phorêg oh jgth og pgntg H8 æ3
\
9
9- ϊBH8 < ¸ ϊPN2=
0 + 0 (ϊE Ô OBl )0 < ¸ (=, ==:?)0 + 0 Ô (=, ====0 Ô ;4, 4=8;)0
2
9
?.
4
:
ϊBH8 < ¸=, ==:2 < ¸:, 2ll
2ll
;.
;
:
0Q ]grthntg h jgth og pgntg H8 æ3
S
K
[ B H8 < 6,8:
8 :6 ¸ :, 2 l l
X
S
H
Y
J
D
E
I.: Nfvkehlkntg trfdgnglætrfjg ‚ Frrhofhäêg
K
[
DF G oksvfg-phorêg ng nfvkehlkntg trfdgnglætrfjg æ jhejuehog jgnigrlk h skdufr3
L
ok
g 0  0 ύ 0
fv ϊBY < ¸ ϊBF + =,=====2 + (jgs S ) . ϊOF + (OF skn S ) Ô  ϊS Ô
0 0

9?2===
s
eu
j
x
k
g
s
gnok
u
k
o
4
ϊBY æ g oksvfg-phorêg oh jgth/hetftuok og pgntg vfshog (hvhntk), kxprkssg kl lktrgs (l)1
83
4
3= ϊBF æ g oksvfg-phorêg oh jgth/hetftuok og pgntg ok ksthäêg gnok g fnstrulkntg kstè
4
8
8
0
fnsthehog, kxprkssg kl lktrgs (l)1
=
0/
0
8/ =,=== ==2 æ h jgnsthntk, jgnsfokrhnog g oksvfg-phorê
oksvfg-phorêg
g oh heturh og prfslh (sfnhe) k oh
9
= heturh og fnstrulkntg fduhfs h +/- 0 ll, rksuethnog kl (=,==0 l)0 + (=,==0 l)0
l
k
g
< =,=== ==2 l° 1
o
rh
k
d S æ g àndueg zknfthe og pgntg ok ksthäêg hg pgntg vfshog (drhus skxhdksflhfs ³ ‖ “) 1
g
ê
s
s
rk
ϊOF æ g oksvfg-phorê
oksvfg-phorêgg oh ofstànjfh fnjefnhoh og pgntg ok ksthäêg hg pgntg vfshog,
p
fl
kxprkssg kl lktrgs (l)1
k
o
g
vf
OF æ h ofstànjfh fnjefnhoh og pgntg ok ksthäêg hg pgntg vfshog, kxprkssg kl lktrgs (l)1
u
qr
H ϊS æ g oksvfg-phorê
oksvfg-phorêg
g og àndueg zknfthe (skdunogs ok hrjg “).
I.? Kxklpeg ok jèejueg ok nfvkehlkntg trfdgnglætrfjg

Jhejuehr g oksvfg-phorêg oh hetftuok og pgntg ekvhnthog ]0=, jgnsfokrhnog quk g oksvfg-phorêg
oh hetftuok og pgntg K=8 æ ϊBF < 0,: jl (=,=0: l) k quk
quk igf utfefzhoh ulh ksthäêg tgthe
tgthe _gpjgn D_Z
0:; , jgl prkjfsêg nglfnhe hnduehr ok ¸;“ k efnkhr ok ¸ (0 ll + 0 ppl).
0
0 _gpjgn D_Z 0:; æ ul kxklpeg ok prgoutg hokquhog jglkrjfhelkntk ofspgnìvke. Ksth fnigrlhäêg æ ohoh
phrh ihjfefthr hgs usuèrfgs okstk Ogjulkntg k nêg jgnstftuf ul knogssg pgr phrtk oh H@N_ hg prgoutg jfthog.
:2 © H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
H _h`keh I.0
I.0 hprksknth hs fnigrlhäûks
fnigrlhäûks ok nfvkehlkntg
nfvkehlkntg trfdgnglætrfjg.
trfdgnglætrfjg.
_h`keh I.0 ‚ Jhokrnkth ok jhlpg jgntknog hs fnigrlhäûks ok nfvkehlkntg trfdgnglætrfjg

Nfvkehlkntg _r
_rfdgnglætrfjg
fdgnglætrfjg
ZKPYFÄG3 Ekvhnthlkntg pehnfhetflætrfjg og jhlpus OH_H3 8;/=6/0==:
]rgprfktèrfg3 Fisj Jfohok3 Iegrfhnúpgefs
Egjhe3 Jhlpus Iegrfhnúpgefs
\
9
Gpkrhogr3 _urlh 8?2=888 Igebh 8/;
9-
2 KZ_ f ]_G b S Of G@ZKPYHÄÊG
9
?.
4 K=8 8,?62l ]0= 8,;;l 6=³=:‖88“ 09,?46l Lkfg-g
:
;.
;
:
0Q
S
Hpefjhnog gs vhegrks oh _h`keh I.0
I.0 nh kquhäêg sflpefjhoh ok prgphdhäêg ok vhrfànjfh, æ pgssìvke
K
[
X
g`tkr g vhegr ok ϊB] 0= .
S
H
Y
J 0  0 ύ 0
ϊB] 0= < ¸ ϊ 0 + =,=====2 + (jgs S ) ⋋ ϊ + (OF ⋋ skn S ) ⋋  ϊS ⋋
0
9?2===
D
E
K
BK =8 OF 
[
DF
L
Zu`stftufnog gs vhegrks, tklgs3
ok
g
fv 0 0 0  ύ 0
0
ϊB] 0= < ¸ (=, =0
=0:) + =, ==
=== ==2 + (jgs 6=½=
=: 88" ) ⋋ (=, ==
: ' 88 ==0) + (skn 6=½=: 88" ) ⋋  ; ⋋
=: ' 88
 9?2===
s
ue
j
x
k
g
s
u Pksuethnog phrh g oksvfg-phorêg og pgntg ]0=
k
o
4
83 ϊ B] 0= < ¸ =, === ;:4 = ϊB] 0= < ¸=, =0: 0 l
4
=3
4
8
8
NG_H Hs fnigrlhäûks ohs _h`kehs I.8
I.8 k I.0 sêg kxklpegs igrnkjfogs pkeg Fnstftutg Ikokrhe ok Zhnth
0 Jhthrfnh.
=
/0
0
8/
9
=
l
k
g
o
hr
k
d
g
ê
s
s
kr
p
lf
k
o
g
fv
u
qr
H

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
Hnkxg D
(fnigrlhtfvg)
Jèejueg ohs hetftuoks ngrlhfs kl iunäêg ohs hetftuoks dkgoæsfjhs
\
9
-9
2
D.8 Kxklpeg ok jèejueg phrh hnglhefh ok hetftuok h`sgeuth
9
.?
4
:
Jhejuehr h hetftuok og pgntg @ k h suh prkjfsêg jgl gs ohogs h skdufr3
;.
;
:
0Q b@ < 8?;,=:9 ¸ 82,? ll (lkofog jgl DNZZ)
S
K
[
X
S
H
ι@ < ∐2, 09 ¸ 84= ll (kxtrhìog og lgokeg hogthog)
Y
J
D
E
B@ < b@ ∐ ι@ < 8?;, =:9 ∐ ( ∐2, 09) < 8;:, 069 l
K
[
DF
L
ϊB@ < ¸ ϊb0 + ϊ0 < ¸ =, =82 ? 0 + =,840 < ¸=,848l
ko ι
g
vf
s
ue
B@ < 8;:, 069 ¸ 848ll
j
x
k
g
s
u
k
o D.0 Kxklpeg ok jèejueg phrh hnglhefh ok hetftuok rkehtfvh
4
38
4
=3 Jhejuehr h hetftuok og pgntg @ k h suh prkjfsêg jgl gs ohogs h skdufr.
4
8
8
0
= b@ < 8?;,=:9 ¸ 82,? ll (lkofog jgl DNZZ)
/0
0
8/
9
=
BH < 24,088 ¸ 80,4 ll (lkofog jgl nfvkehlkntg dkglætrfjg)
dkglætrfjg)
l
k
g
o
bH < 42,6=8 ¸ 9,8 ll (lkofog jgl DNZZ)
hr
k
d
g
ê
s
zH < ∐2,08 (kxtrhìog og lgokeg hogthog)
s
kr
p z@ < ∐2,09 (kxtrhìog og lgokeg hogthog)
lf
k
o
g
fv
u
ϊ ∉ι < oksvfg phorêg rkehtfvg og lgokeg hogthog1 phrh kstk kxklpeg hogthog ϊ ∉ι < 8=ll al
qr
H
OH∐@ < 8? 40:,=62 l (jhejuehoh pkehs jggroknhohs)
∉ι < ι@ ∐ ι H < ∐2, 09 ∐ ( ∐2, 08) < ∐=, =;l

B@ < b@ + BH ∐ bH ∐ ∉ι < 8?;, =:9 + 24, 088 ∐ 42, 6=4 ∐ ( ∐=, =;) < 8;:, :6= l
0
 =, =8⋋ 8? 40
40:, =62
ϊB@ < ¸ =, =82 ?0 + =, =80 40 + =, ==9 80 +  < ¸=,8?6 l
 8=== 
B@ < 8;:, :6= ¸ 8?6ll
?= © H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
Hnkxg B
(fnigrlhtfvg)
Kxklpeg ok jgekth ok ohogs phrh nfvkehlkntg trfdgnglætrfjg jgl

vfshohs rkjìprgjhs
\
9
9-
2
H _h`
h`ke
keh
h B.8
B.8 fn
fnof
ofjh
jh g kxk
kxklp
lpeg
eg ok jg
jgek
ekth
th ok oh
ohog
ogss phr
phrh
h nfv
nfvke
kehl
hlkn
kntg
tg trf
trfdg
dgng
nglæ
lætrf
trfjg
jg jg
jgl
l vfs
vfsho
hohs
hs rk
rkjìp
jìprg
rgjh
jhs.
s.
9
.?
4
:
.;
;
_h`keh B.8 ‐ Jgekth ok ohogs phrh nfvkehlkntg trfdgnglætrfjg jgl vfshohs rkjìprgjhs (jgntfnuh)
:
Q0 ]rgcktg3 G]KPHÄÊG RRFY ‐ ]PGHN_
]PGHN_HP
HP 0==9 Jhejuehog pgr3 Bkr`krt Krwks Ohth3 06/=8/0==9
S
K Ekdknoh k kquhäûks3
[
X f heturh og fnstrulkntg1 O‖ ofstànjfh fnjefnhoh1 O ofstànjfh bgrfzgnthe kntrk h ksthäêg k g pgntg vfshog.
S
H
Y z àndueg zknfthe g`skrvhog1 Ksikrfjfohok + rkirhäêg < ∐ a < 92.:62 Ô 8= ∐80 Ô O0 (l) phrh rkirhäêg ngrlhe k ehtftuok 90½ Z1
J 0r
D
E zx àndueg zknfthe jkntrhog < z + ∉z , sknog ∉z h rkouäêg (jkntrhdkl) oh vfshoh hg sgeg1 s æ h heturh og sfnhe.
K
[
FD ∘ Ô0=9 09
09; Ô skn0 z
L
Kquhäêg hprgxflhoh3 ∉z < phrh vfshohs fnjefnhohs ≯ :=½, sujfkntk nh lhfgrfh ogs jhsgs
ko
g
OO
vf Kquhäêg rìdfoh3 ∉z < ¸ ( z ‚ hrjtd ), sknog ∉b < O Ô jtd z k Ϊ < (ksikrfjfohok + rkirhäêg) + (f-s)
s ∉b ∐ ∘
ue
j 8
x
k
Zfnhe ok rkouäêg3 ∉z < (+) kl jhsg Ϊ < (∐) kl jhsg Ϊ < (+)1 Sx Læofh < Sx vhntk + οz , sknog οz < ∐ Ô (Sx hvhntk + Sx ræ ∐ 82=)
0
g
s
u
k
o
4
38
4
=3
4
8
8
0
=
0/
0
8/
9
=
l
k e
g
o
h Pæ Yhntk Hetftuoks
n
hr
k
g
d
fe
Ksi.+Pkir. S Ksi.+Pkir. S Sx Læofh Bn Nglk gu
d
g
ê
g
p
h
+f ∉Ι +f ∉Ι jgtd Sx Jgrrkäêg nólkrg oh
s o ∐s Sx < S + ∉Ι ∐s Sx < S + ∉Ι ∉bn ksthäêg
s
kr ½ O
p N Zglh Ϊ Sxræ + Sx vhntk Zglh Ϊ Jgrrkäêg οzx Bn + 8
lf ¸ l ¸ ½ ‒ ― ¸ l ¸ ½ ‒ ― ¸ ½ ‒ ― ¸ l Lhrfh
k 0
o
g
∐ ∐ ∐ ∐ ∐ ∐ ?:; Eufzh
fv
u
qr
+ = ==0 6? ?= :2 + = ==0 2; 86 ?0 2; 88 :9,2 - ==8
H + 8 086 + 4 ?2,6 - 8 9:= ∐ 2 =8,9 8? Lhrfh
+ =,=2? =29 + 220
- 8 909 6? ?2 09,6 - 8 089 2; 88 ?=,? Hntgnfk
Hntgnfkth
th
- = ?=; 82= == =4,: - = ?89 ∐ =:,9 849 62: 86 :89

+ - 22 04
04 80
80 + - - 68 :0 ;9
;9 68 :: ?6,? - -
+ 8 0:6 - 8 =?,8 + 8 086 + ;=,4 8
- =,=04 066 - 99; Cgsknh
- 8 00= 22 09 =4,6 - 8 0:? 68 :: ?9,4
+ = =86 846 ;6 ;?,9 - = =8;
=8 + =0,4 9= 660 84 9;8
+ - 60 ?9
?9 ==
== + - - 24 8? 8?
8? 24 0= :6,0 - ==8
+ 8 :20 - 9 ?=,: + 8 0:6 + 9 0?,= :
+ =,=?9 :29 + ;:= Zfevhnh
- 8 0:? 60 :6 86,4 - 8 :28 24 0= :6,8
+ = 8?2 846 ;6 ;4,2 - = 8?0
8? + =8,8 49 =60 08 82=
© H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs gs ofrkftgs rkskrvhogs ?8

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
_h`keh B.8
B. 8 (jgnjeusêg)
e
h Pæ Yhntk Hetftuoks
n
g
fed
Ksi.+Pkir. S Ksi.+Pkir. S Sx Læofh Bn Nglk gu
g
p +f ∉Ι +f ∉Ι jgtd Sx Jgrrkäêg nólkrg oh
h ksthäêg
o ∐s S < S + ∉Ι
x ∐s S < S + ∉Ι
x ∉bn
½ O
N Zglh Ϊ S ræ + Sx vhntk
x Zglh Ϊ Jgrrkäêg οzx Bn + 8
+ = ==0 29 =9 ;? + = ==0 6: ;8 00 6: ;= ==,0 - ==8

+ 8 :8= + : =;,6 + 8 :20 - =8 08,4 80 Jltk.
- =,=94 ==; - 2=8 Ikrrhz
\
- 8 ?2; 29 =6 ;6,6 - 8 :=2 6: ;= ==,: 0==9
9
9- - = 84: 82= == ==,0 + = =49
=4 - ==,8 868 =;= 2 :42
2
9
?. G`skrvhäûks3 QO\ < ;=;,8 l ∉B < :,6?: Q∉b\ < :,6?9 l
4
:
;. A æ h tgekrànjfh < 80 A kl ll < ¸ 2,; ll, sknog A kl al ib < ∉B ∐ Q∉b\ < :,6?: ∐ :,6?9 < =,==: l gu : ll
;
:
Q0
S
K
[
X
S
H
Y
J
D
E
K
[
FD
L
ko
g
vf
s
eu
j
x
k
g
s
u
k
o
4
83
4
=3
4
8
8
0
=
0/
0
/8
9
=
l
k
g
o
hr
k
d
g
ê
s
s
kr
p
fl
k
o
g
vf
u
qr
H
© H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs

?0

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
Hnkxg F
(fnigrlhtfvg)
Kxklpeg ok jgekth ok ohogs phrh nfvkehlkntg trfdgnglætrfjg
H _h`keh F.8 fnofjh g kxklpeg ok jhokrnkth ok jhlpg jgl jgekth ok ohogs phrh nfvkehlkntg
\
9
9- trfdgnglætrfjg.
2
9
?.
4
:
;. _h`keh F.8 ‐ Jhokrnkth ok jhlpg jgl kxklpeg ok jgekth ok ohogs phrh nfvkehlkntg trfdgnglætrfjg
;
: ]rgcktg3 G]KPHÄÊG RRFY ‐ ]PGHN_
]PGHN_HP
HP 0==9 Jhejuehog pgr3 Bkr`krt Kr
Krwks Ohth3 00/=8/0==9
0Q
S Ekdknoh O ofstànjfh bgrfzgnthe kntrk h ksthäêg k g pgntg vfshog.
K
[
X f Heturh og fnstrulkntg1
fnstrulkntg1 O‖ ofstànjfh fnjefnhoh1
S
H a < =,8: æ g jgkjfkntk ok rkirhäêg læofh1 z àndueg zknfthe g`skrvhog1
Y
J s Heturh og sfnhe1
D vfshoh h vhntk ( +) vfshoh ræ (∐)1
E
K
[ ∐
DF ∉b < ¸  O Ô Jtdz + Ô O0 + f ∐ s Ql\
0P
L
ok gnok
∐
g < 92.::662 Ô 8= ∐80 æ h jgrrkäêg okvfog í ksikrfjfohok k rkirhäêg1
fv 0P
s
eu
j
x
P < 9.:9=.=== l æ g rhfg læofg oh tkrrh nh ehtftuok 90½ Z
k
g
s
u
k
o
4
83
4 S Ksikr + Pkir. (l) ∉b (l) Bphrtfoh
3=
4 Jgtd S +f Jgrrkäêg ∉blæofh
8 ]gntg Yh
8 Ksthäêg
0 vfshog Pæ O Ô Jgtd S ∐s Boktkrlfnhoh
=
0/ ∉bjgrr.
0 O Zglh l
8/
9 Jltk.Ikrrhz
=
28½ =8' =8" + = ==0 - - - 2 :42
l 0==9
k
g + =,8;2 =28 + 8 :8= - - - 0= ?62
o +
hr
k N½: 84? : 9?
:9 - - - - - - 02 249
d
g KHJI Yh + 04 ;9? + 8 :80 - - - :4 0;?
ê
s
s
rk
Lhrfh Eufzh 2?½ ??' ?0" + = ==2 - - - + ? ?:;
p
fl + =,=68 64; + 8 9:= - - - :0 280
k
o N½? ::2 6:4
6: - - - - - - - - -
g
vf
u KHJI Yh + :8 84? + 8 9:2 - - - :4 0?4
rq
H Hefjk 0==9 2;½ ;6' =:" + = =8; - - - 0 ?94
+ =,=4= 0=; + 8 ?:0 - - - + :? 496
N³; ?4? 9?4
9? - - - - - - - - -
KHJI Yh + :: :00 + 8 ?44 - - - :4 0:9
Læofh :4 0?9
NG_H Ofstànjfhs
Ofstànjf hs jhejuehohs h phrtfr ohs prgckäûks [_L.
© H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs gs ofrkftgs rkskrvhogs

?:

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
Hnkxg C
(fnigrlhtfvg)
Ofstànjfh h skr trhnspgrthoh hg nìvke ok rkikrãnjfh og sfstklh tgpgdrèjg egjhe
\
9
9-
2
C.8 Jèejuegs
9
?.
4
:
G jèejueg oh jgrrkäêg æ rkhefzhog pkeh kquhäêg h skdufr3
;.
;
:
0Q Bl ∐ B
∉O < Ô ob
S
K Pl + B
[
X
S
H
Y gnok
J
D
E
K
∉O æ h jgrrkäêg h skr hpefjhoh í ofstànjfh bgrfzgnthe ob1
[
DF
L B æ h hetftuok læofh oh ofstànjfh bgrfzgnthe o , kl rkehäêg hg nìvke ok rkikrãnjfh hetflætrfjh
hetflætrfjh og
ok l sfstklh1 b
g
fv
s
ue
j
x
Pl æ g rhfg læofg tkrrkstr
tkrrkstrk,
k, hprgxflhohlkn
hprgxflhohlkntk
tk fduhe h 9 :9= === l1
k
g
s
u
k
B æ h hetftuok og nìvke ok rkikrãnjfh hetflætrfjg og sfstklh1
o
4
83
4 ob æ h ofstànjfh bgrfzgnthe lkofoh.
3=
4
8
8
0
Jhsg 83 nìvke ok rkikrãnjfh B < = l (hetftuok ogs lhrks, jglg ng jhsg og sfstklh [_L)
=
/0
0
8/
9
bl < 6;= l
=
l
k
g
ob < 4;= l
o
rh 6;=
k
d
g
ê
s
∉O < 9:9==== Ô 4;= < =,880 l gu 880 ll
s
kr
p
Jhsg 03 nìvke ok rkikrãnjfh B < 2== l (Z_E)
lf
k
o
g
bl < 6;= l
vf
u
qr
H
ob < 4;= l
6;= ∐ 2==
∉O < Ô 4;= < =,=849 l gu 84,4 ll
9:9====
© H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs

??

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
Hnkxg A
(ngrlhtfvg)
Jèejueg ogs krrgs ok ikjbhlkntg egndftuofnhe k trhnsvkrshe
\
9
9-
2
A.8 Jèejuegs ogs krrgs
9
?.
4
:
;.
A.8.8 Dknkrhefohoks
;
:
0Q
S Gs krrgs ok ikjbhlkntg egndftuofnhe k trhnsvkrshe fnofjhl h quhefohok ohs lkofäûks ok ulh pgefdgnhe.
K
[ H pgefdgnhe
pgefdgnhe jh hpgfhoh ngs skus kxtrklgs kl `hsks ok pgntgs, fnjgrpgrhoh
fnjgrpgrhoh hg ZD@, jglg lgstrh
X
S
H
h Ifdurh A.8. Zuhs jggroknhohs sêg oktkrlfnhohs ngrlhelkntk jgl tkjngegdfh DNZZ.
Y
J
D
E
A.8.0 Krrg ok ikjbhlkntg
K
[
DF
L
Hs pgefdgnhfs pkrlftkl h hvhefhäêg ok krrgs ok ikjbhlkntg egndftuofn
egndftuofnhe
he (kl iunäêg oh lkofäêg efnkhr)
ko
g
k ok ikjbhlkntg trhnsvkrshe (kl iunäêg ok lkofäêg hnduehr).
vf
s
ue
j
x
A.8.: Krrgs nh lkofäêg efnkhr
k
g
s
u
k
G krrgs nh lkofäêg efnkhr sêg, nh suh lhfgrfh, sfstklètfjgs, jglg krrg ok tklpkrhturh, prkssêg,
o
4 ulfohok, ksjheh ok LKO, jgnsthntk hoftfvh ok LKO k ok rkktgr, knquhntg heduns krrgs tãl jhrètkr
83
4
=3
hjfoknthe, jglg gs krrgs ok jkntrhdkl k ok pgnthrfh.
4
8
8
0
= A.8.? Krrg nh lkofäêg hnduehr
/0
0
8/
9
=
G krrgs nh lkofäêg hnduehr sêg, nh suh lhfgrfh, hjfoknthfs, jglg krrgs ok jkntrhdkl, ok pgnthrfh
l
k
k fnuãnjfh oh rkvkr`krhäêg.
g
o
hr
k
d
g
ê
s
A.8.; Kquhäûks
s
kr Hs skdufntks kquhäûks sêg utfefzhohs phrh g jèejueg ogs krrgs ok ikjbhlkntg egndftuofnh
egndftuofnhee
p
lf k trhnsvkrshe3
k
o
g ix Ô Q ∉x \ + iy Ô Q ∉y \ ix Ô Q ∉y \ + iy Ô Q ∉x \
fv
u
ie < it <
qr Z Z
H
gnok
Οx k Οy sêg hs prgckäûks ogs ehogs phrh gs kfxgs ok jggroknhohs1
ix k iy sêg gs krrgs ok ikjbhlkntg kl jggroknhohs1

Z < Q ∉x \0 + Q ∉y \0 æ h ofstànjfh kntrk g pgntg ok phrtfoh k g ok jbkdhoh1
ie æ g krrg ok ikjbhlkntg egndftuofnhe1

it æ g krrg ok ikjbhlkntg trhnsvkrshe1
© H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs gs ofrkftgs rkskrvhogs

?;

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
A.0 Kxklpeg
A.0.8 Fnigrlhäûks prkeflfnhrks
]gefdgnhe ksquklhtfzhoh nh Ifdurh A.8, jehssk ]], egjhefzhoh ng jhlpus oh [nfvkrsfohok Ikokrhe
ok Zêg Jhregs ([IZJ), jgl hs skdufntks jhrhjtkrìstfjhs3
Egjhe3 Jhlpg ok prgvh oh KKZJ, ng jhlpus oh [IZJ, Zêg Jhregs - Z]
\
9 Æpgjh3 Lhfg ok 8669
-9
2
9
.?
4
Kqufpk3 Heungs
Heungs ok ul jursg oh KKZJ/Ekfjh
:
.;
;
: Kqufphlkntg33 _J oh Ekfjh: jgl hjkssúrfgs
Kqufphlkntg
0Q
S
K
[
Klprkdg ok jkntrhdkl igrähoh nhs lkofäûks
X
S
H
Y Zfstklh ok jggroknhohs3 pehng tgpgdrèjg egjhe
J
D
E @hsks3 IKO 8 k IKO 0 - IKO : k IKO ?
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?9 © H@N_ 0=08 _gogs

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
Krrg ok ikjbhlkntg
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A.0.: Pksuethogs
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?2 © H@N_ 0=08 _gogs

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
E.8.; ]hrh jhoh værtfjk, hogthr jglg oksvfg-phorêg phrh hs suh(s) jggroknhoh(s) h sgeuäêg quk
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gs rksuethogs lhfs prkjfsgs (oksvfgs-phorêg)
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H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
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H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
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H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
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;? © H@N_ 0=08 - _gogs

H@N_ N@P 8:8::30=08
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