Khparhm Rrhgtjgui

EH_IH^J EJ^JGH

‛ GCKH_STHM DHM GACEJ^JCM DJ^T_JOS^J’ 

AKCF 0

 MHIH 0 EJT_JH\HTJ GHKSGS

 MJI 0 6?8>8:234
GCKH^ 0 O- D> EH_IH^J ?28:
GCKAIRAG 0 JJ (DSH)
H^J^TCM 0 OCKJMDH H. IHMTHKJ

KHOA_HTA_JSI TCGMAKALJ EH_IH^J

@S_S^HM EH_IH^J
EHGSKTH^ AKHF_HLH DHM GC^CFHTHM
SMJUC_^JTH^ MCLC_J LA_AMTHKA

?2?2

 
 

Kciohr Rcmlcshfhm

KHRA_HM R_HGTJGSI
EH_IH^J EJ^JGH

‛ GCKH_STHM DHM GACEJ^JCM DJ^T_JOS^J ’ 

AKCF

EJT_JH\HTJ GHKSGS
(6?8>8:234)

O „  D>
 D> EH_IH^J ?28:

ICMLCTHFSJ  Laramthka, Agtaocr ?2?2

H^J^TCM
 MJKHJ

OCKJMDH H. IHMTHKJ

 
 

GHTH RCMLHMTH_
Ru`j syugur ghij phm`htghm gc fhdjrht Tufhm Zhml Ihfh Csh ghrcmh hths
gcfcmdhg-Myh ghij ojsh icmyckcshjghm khparhm prhgtjgui Ehrihsj Ejsjgh

dcmlhm `uduk ‛Gckhruthm dhm Gacejsjcm Djstrjousj’. Ghij icmyhdhrj ohfwh

dhkhi pcmyckcshjhm khparhm jmj tcrnhphj ocrght ohmtuhm ocrohlhj pjfhg. Akcf
ghrcmh jtu, ghij ocrtcrjih ghsjf gcphdh hsjstcm-hsjstcm Ehrihsj Ejsjgh yhml
tckhf  iciojiojml phdh shht prhgtjgui shiphj pciouhthm khparhm jmj, ^cfjmllh
khparhm prhgtjgui
 prhgtjgui Ehrihsj Ejsjgh jmj dhpht tcrsckcshjghm. 
Tu`uhm pciouhthm khparhm prhgtjgui jmj umtug icmum`hml pcmlcthfuhm  
gcphdh pciohnh icmlcmhj gckhruthm dhm gacejsjcm djstrjousj, `ulh djlumhghm  
scohlhj pckcmlghp pckh`hrhm dhkhi khoarhtarjui Tcgmakalj Ehrihsj.
Ghij icmyhdhrj dhkhi pcmukjshm khparhm jmj tcrdhpht gcgurhmlhm. Smtug  

jtu ghij iciafam ihhe yhml scocshr-ocshrmyh hphojkh hdh gcgurhmlhm dhkhi  
 pcmukjshm khparhm prhgtjgui jmj. 

Rcmyusum,

Ejtrjhwhtj Ghkugu

 
 

DHETH_ J^J 

GHTH RCMLHMTH_ ............................................
...................................................................
..........................................
................... j 

DHETH_ J^J ............................................
...................................................................
.............................................
..................................
............ jj 

OHO J RCMDHFSKSHM ..............................................
......................................................................
...............................
....... 8

8.8 Khthr Ockhghml ..............................................

......................................................................
...............................
....... 8

8.? Ihgsud dhm Tu`uhm ...........................................

...................................................................
...........................
... ?

8.> Rrjmsjp Rcrnaohhm ..........................................

..................................................................
...............................
....... ?

OHO JJ TJM@HSHM RS^THGH .............................................

...................................................................
...................... >

?.8 Tcarj ...........................................

...................................................................
..............................................
..........................
.... >

?.? Srhjhm Ohfhm ..............................................

.....................................................................
..................................
........... 6

OHO JJJ ICTADC GC_@H ............................................

....................................................................
...............................
....... 88 

>.8 Hkht yhml djlumhghm .............................................

....................................................................
....................... 88

>.? Ohfhm yhml djlumhghm ..............................................

.................................................................
................... 88

>.> Nhrh Gcr`h ..............................................

.....................................................................
......................................
............... 88

OHO JU FH^JK DHM RCIOHFH^HM ............................................

........................................................
............ 84 

4.8 Thock
Thock Fhsjk Rcmlhihthm ............................................
...............................................................
................... 84

4.? Rcrfjtumlhm ............................................

...................................................................
......................................
............... 84
OHO U RCIOHFH^HM .............................................
....................................................................
..................................
........... 8< 

OHO UJ RCMSTSR ...........................................
..................................................................
.............................................
........................ ?2

3.8 Gcsjipukhm ............................................

...................................................................
......................................
............... ?2

3.? ^hrhm...........................................
...................................................................
..............................................
..........................
.... ?2

DHETH_ RS^THGH

KHIRJ_HM-KHIRJ_HM

 
 

OHO J
RCMDHFSKSHM
8.8  Khthr Ockhghml

Dhkhi ojdhml ehrihsj, umtug icijkjf icdjui pckhrut yhml phkjml ohjg
umtug aoht hthu gaiojmhsj aoht, hghm iciohmtu icmlhthsj gcsukjthm-gcsukjthm
tcrtcmtu yhml tjiouk phdh whgtu pciouhthm khruthm ehrihsctjg, dhm kcojf `huf
khlj dhpht ocrtjmdhg scohlhj sthmdhr hthu u`j gciurmjhm. Rcmlcthfuhm yhml kcojf
icmdcthjk icmlcmhj gckhruthm dhm sjeht-sjeht yhml ocrfuoumlhm dcmlhm jtu `ulh
iciocrjghm jmearihsj icmlcmhj strugtur aoht dhm lhyh hmthriakcguk aoht.
^ckhjm jtu, pckcphshm zht dhrj ocmtug scdjhhmmyh shmlht djpcmlhrufj akcf sjeht
gjijh dhm ejsjgh zht tcrscout scrth eariukhsjmyh. Rhdh prjmsjpmyh aoht ohru dhpht
djhosarosj sctckhf zht hgtjemyh tckhrut dhkhi nhjrhm usus, scfjmllh shkhf shtu

ushfh umtug icipcrtjmllj cecg ehrihgakalj dhrj scdjhhm hdhkhf dcmlhm

icmhjgghm gckhruthm zht hgtjemyh.
Gckhruthm hdhkhf gcihipuhm suhtu zht tckhrut ickhrut phdh suhtu pckhrut.
Gckhruthm djdcejmjsjghm dhkhi ocshrhm guhmtjthtje scohlhj gamscmtrhsj zht tcrkhrut
dhkhi khruthm `cmuf phdh tcipcrhturc tcrtcmtu, dhm scnhrh guhkjthtje djdcejmjsjghm
scohlhj jmtcrhgsj spamthm dhrj duh hthu kcojf zht umtug iciocmtug djspcrsc
iakcgukhr faialcm. Gckhruthm suhtu scmyhwh ohrlhmtuml phdh sjeht ejsjgh, dhm
gjijh zht tcrkhrut dhm pckhrut, `ulh ocrlhmtuml phdh ehgtar tcipcrhtur, tcghmhm,
 pF khruthm dhm umtug `uikhf yhml gcnjk, ocrlhmtuml phdh fhk tcrohljmyh zht

tcrkhrut.
Gckhruthm hthu sakuojkjths hdhkhf gcihipuhm suhtu zht gjijh tcrtcmtu, zht
tcrkhrut (sakutc), umtug khrut dhkhi suhtu pckhrut (sakvcmt). Gckhruthm djmyhthghm
dhkhi `uikhf ihgsjiui zht tcrkhrut yhml khrut dhkhi suhtu pckhrut phdh
gcsctjiohmlhm. Khruthm fhsjk djscout khruthm `cmuf. Pht-zht tcrtcmtu dhpht khrut
dcmlhm pcrohmdjmlhm hphpum tcrfhdhp suhtu pckhrut. Namtafmyh hdhkhf cthmak dj
dhkhi hjr. ^jeht jmj kcojf dhkhi ohfhsh Jmllrjs kcojf tcphtmyh djscout ijsnjokc.
Rckhrut uiuimyh icruphghm suhtu nhjrhm yhml dhpht ocruph zht iurmj hthupum
nhipurhm. Pht yhml tcrkhrut, dhpht ocruph lhs, nhjrhm khjm, hthu phdht. Gckhruthm

 ocrvhrjhsj dhrj sckhku khrut scpcrtj cthmak dhkhi hjr, fjmllh sukjt
sukj t tcrkhrut, scpcrtj

 
 

 pcrhg gkarjdh dhkhi hjr. Jstjkhf "thg khrut" (jmsakuokc) scrjml djtcrhpghm phdh
scmyhwh yhml sukjt khrut, whkhupum scocmhrmyh fhmyh hdh shmlht scdjgjt ghsus
yhml ocmhr-ocmhr tjdhg hdh ohfhm yhml tcrkhrut. Dhkhi ococrhph gamdjsj, tjtjg

gcsctjiohmlhm gckhruthm dhpht djkhiphuj umtug icmlfhsjkghm suhtu khruthm

yhml djscout kcwht `cmuf (supcrshturhtcd) yhml icthsthojk
(\acdcpss) (Tumlhmdj, ?22:).
8.? Ihgsud Rcrnaohhm
Icmlcthfuj dhm icihfhij nhrh pcmcmtuhm gckhruthm zht phdht dhkhi
dhkh i pckhrut
 phdh ocrohlhj sufu dhm gacejsjcm djstrjousj zht phdht dhkhi duh pckhrut yhml
tjdhg shkjml ocrnhipur.
8.> Tu`uhm Rcrnaohhm
Icmcmtughm gckhruthm dhrj hshi shkjsjkht phdh sufu ghihr dhm sufuu phmhs

scrth gacejsjcm djstrjousj

djstrjousj dhrj phrhncthiak dhkhi pckhrut hjr dhm ijmyhg
ijmyhg gckhph
yhml tjdhg shkjml ocrnhipur.
8.4 Rrjmsjp Rcrnaohhm
Rcmcmtuhm tjmlght gckhruthm hshi shkjsjkht phdh sufu yhml ocrocdh dcmlhm
icmlfjtuml ocrht rcsjdu hshi shkjsjkht, djihmh ocrht rcsjdu hghm icmcmtughm
gamscmtrhsj suhtu khruthm dhm pcmcmtuhm gacejsjcm djstrjousj phrhncthiak
 ocrdhshrghm pcrohmdjmlhm gckhruthm suhtu zht dhkhi duh pckhrut yhml tjdhg
shkjml ocrnhipur.

 
 

OHO JJ
TJM@HSHM RS^THGH
?. 8 Dhshr Tcarj

?.8.8 Dcejmjsj Gckhruthm

Gckhruthm suhtu zht dhkhi suhtu pckhrut tcrtcmtu dhm phdh sufu tcthp.
^cmyhwh icipumyhj ococrhph ocmtug-ocmtug Grjsthk yhml ocrocdh. Rcrocdhhm
jmj dhpht djpcrkjfhtghm dhkhi ocmtug gckhruthmmyh jmj dhpht djlumhghm scohlhj
suhtu nhrh umtug icmcthpghm hphghf suhtu scmyhwh iciocmtug Grjsthk ocrocdh
hthu tjdhg (Ihrtjm, 8:::).
Gckhruthm dhpht djdcejmjsjghm dhkhi ocshrhm guhkjthtje scohlhj gascmtrhsj
zht tcrkhrut dhkhi khruthm `cmuf phdh tcipcrhturc tcrtcmtu, dhm scnhrh guhkjthtje
dhpht djdcejmjsjghm scohlhj jmtcrhgsj spamthm dhrj duh hthu kcojf zht umtug

iciocmtug djspcrsc iakcgukcr faialcm (Ihrtjm, 8::2).

Gckhruthm djhrtjghm scohlhj gamscmtrhsj ohfhm tcrkhrut dhkhi khruthm
 `cmufmyh phdh sufu tcrtcmtu. Khruthm dhkhi nhipurhm faialcm ohfhm yhml
 ocrkhjmhm dhpht djocdhghm hmthrh khruthm dhrj lhs, nhjrhm dhm ohfhm phdht
djdhkhi nhjrhm. Djshipjml jtu tcrdhpht khruthm djdhkhi gamdjsj phdht (ijshkmyh
lckhs, ocmtug Grjsthk nhipur) (Uajlft, 8::3).
Khruthm `cmuf hdhkhf suhtu khruthm djihmh zht tcrkhrut ocrhdh dhkhi
gcsctjiohmlhm ehsc phdht (zht tcrkhrut). Khruthm tjdhg `cmuf hthu fhipjr `cmuf
hdhkhf suhtu khruthm yhml icmlhmduml zht tcrkhrut dhkhi gascmtrhsj dj ohwhf

gascmtrhsj yhml djoutufghm umtug pcm`cmufhm scipurmh phdh sufu tcrtcmtu, dhm
khruthm kcwht `cmuf hdhkhf suhtu khruthm yhml icmlhmduml zht tcrkhrut dhkhi
gascmtrhsj kcojf ohmyhg dhrjphdh yhml scfhrusmyh hdh phdh tcipcrhtur tcrtcmtu,
tcrdhpht `ulh zht tcrkhrut yhml tjdhg khrut (Ihrtjm, 8::2).
?.8.? Jstjkhf Gckhruthm
@jgh gckhruhthm suhtu zht tjdhg djgcthfuj dcmlhm phstj, gckhruthmmyh
dhpht djtum`ugghm dcmlhm jstjkhf ocrjgut (Djr`cm RAI, 8:<:)0
Jstjkhf Gckhruthm @uikhf ohljhm pckhtut djpcrkughm
umtug ickhrutghm 8 ohljhm zht

^hmlht iudhf khrut Gurhml dhrj 8

 
 

Iudhf khrut 8 shiphj 2

Khrut 82 shiphj >2
Hlhg sughr khrut >2 shiphj 822

^ughr khrut 822 shiphj 8.222

^hmlht sughr khrut 8.222 shiphj 82.222
Rrhgtjs tjdhg khrut Kcojf dhrj 82.222
?.8.> Ehgtar yhml icipcmlhrufj gckhruthm
Ehgtar-ehgtar yhml icipcmlhrufj gckhruthm scohlhj ocrjgut (^hrd`aga,
8:6<7 ^jmjkh, ?285)0
8.  ^jeht dhrj sakutc dhm sakvcmt
^uosthmsj pakhr ncmdcruml kcojf ijsnjokc hthu sakuokc dcmlhm suosthmsj
 pakhr khjmmyh. ^uosthmsj mampakhr ncmdcruml umtug ijsnjokc dcmlhm

suosthmsj mampakhr khjmmyh, dhm tjdhg ijsnjokc dcmlhm suosthmsj pakhr

khjmmyh ^jeht pckhrut
?.   pF
^uhtu zht hshi kcihf hthu ohsh kcihf hghm sughr tcrkhrut, ghrcmh tjdhg
iudhf tcrjamjshsj. ^cihgjm gcnjk pGhmyh ihgh suhtu zht scihgjm sughr
khrut, scdhmlghm scihgjm ocshr pGh ihgh suhtu zht hghm hghm iudhf khrut.
^uhtu khruthm djlakamlghm hshi guht `jgh icijkjgj dhyh fhmthr kjstrjg guht
(khruthm ckcgtrakjt guht) dhm mjkhj pF rcmdhf (gamscmtrhsj iakhr jam F+
tjmllj). ^cohkjgmyh, `jgh dhyh fhmthr kjstrjg kcihf dhm mjkhj pF scdhml

(scgjthr > „ 5
5),), khruthm tcrscout tcrlakaml hshi kcihf. Dcijgjhm `ulh khruthm
 ohsh dhpht djlakamlghm scohlhj ohsh guht `jgh icijkjgj dhyh fhmthr kjstrjg
guht dhm pF shmlht tjmllj. @jgh dhyh fhmthr kjstrjg kcihf dhm mjkhj pF
scdhml (scgjthr 6 „ 8
88),
8), khruthm tcrscout tcrlakaml scohlhj ohsh kcihf (^jmjkh,
?285).
>.  ^ufu
Gcmhjghm tcipcrhtur hghm icmjmlghtghm gckhruthm zht yhml prascs
ickhrutmyh ickhkuj pcmycrhphm phmhs/ghkar (rchgsj cmdatcrijg) dhm hghm
icmurumghm gckhruthm zht yhml prascs ickhrutmyh dcmlhm pcmlckuhrhm

 phmhs/ ghkar (rchgsj cgsatcrijg)

 
 

4.  ^akutjam hdjtje

Hddjtjvjcs ohjg dhpht icmjmlghtghm hthu icmlurhmlj gckhruthm zht
tcrkhrut dhkhi pckhrut tcrtcmtu.

3.  Nasakvcmsj (Pht Rcmhiohf Gckhruthm)

Nasakvcmsj hdhkhf pcrjstjwh gcmhjghm gckhruthm suhtu zht
ghrcmh[ hdhmyh pcmhiohfhm pckhrut khjm hthu iadjejghsj pckhrut. Ijshkmyh
kuijmhk tjdhg khrut dhkhi hjr, tcthpj khrut dhkhi nhipurhm hjr dhm lkjscrjm
hthu sakutja pctjt.
5.  Gckhruthm
Pht yhml iudhf khrut icicrkughm scdjgjt pckhrut, scdhmlghm zht
yhml sughr khrut icicrkughm ohmyhg pckhrut. Gckhruthm zht hmarlhmjg yhml
djlumhghm dhkhi ehrihsj uiuimyh hdhkhf0

h.  Dhpht khrut dhkhi hjr

^ciuh lhrhi gkarjdh khrut, gcnuhkj HlNk, RoNk?, Fl?Nk?. ^ciuh
lhrhi mjtrht khrut gcnuhkj mjtrht ohsc. ^ciuh lhrhi sukeht khrut gcnuhkj
Oh^A4, Ro^A4, Nh^A4.
 o.  Tjdhg khrut dhkhi hjr
^ciuh lhrhi ghroamht tjdhg khrut gcnuhkj G?NA>, Mh?NA>. ^ciuh
agsjdh dhm fjdragsjdh tjdhg khrut gcnuhkj GAF, MhAF, OhA, Oh(AF)?.
sciuh lhrhi pfaseht tjdhg khrut gcnuhkj G>RA4, Mh>RA>.
<.  Tcipcrhtur

Pht phdht uiuimyh ocrthiohf khrut ojkh sufumyh djmhjgghm, zht

 phdht tcrscout djghthghm ocrsjeht cmdatcri ghrcmh phdh prascs gckhruthmmyh
icioutufghm phmhs. Ococrhph zht yhml khjm `ustru gcmhjghm tcipcrhtur
icmycohoghm tjdhg khrut, zht tcrscout djghthghm ocrsjeht cgsatcri, ghrcmh
 phdh prascs gckhruthmmyh icmlfhsjkghm phmhs. Ijshkmyh zht GAF dhm
G?^A4
6.  ^hktjml Aut
^hktjml Aut hdhkhf pcrjstjwh hdhmyh zht tcrkhrut tcrtcmtu yhml
icipumyhj gckhruthm kcojf ocshr djohmdjml zht uthih, hghm icmycohoghm

 
 

 pcmurumhm gckhruthm zht uthih hthu tcrocmtugmyh cmdhphm

cm dhphm ghrcmh hdh rchgsj
gjijh.
:.  ^hktjml Jm

^hktjml Jm hdhkhf hdhmyh zht tcrkhrut tcrtcmtu yhml icmycohoghm

gckhruthm zht uthih dhkhi sakvcmt icm`hdj kcojf ocshr.
82. Rciocmtugghm Gaipkcgs
Rciocmtughm gaipkcgs hdhkhf pcrjstjwh tcr`hdjmyh jmtcrhgsj hmthrh
scmyhwh thg khrut dcmlhm zht yhml khrut dcmlhm iciocmtug lhrhi gaipkcgs.
Smtug icipradugsj suhtu rcspam ojakaljs, iakcguk aoht pcrthih- thih
fhrus icmycocrhmlj suhtu iciorhm ojakaljs ocrhgsj scohlhj suhtu pciohths
kcihg umtug gcohmyhghm aoht-aoht dhm icmljzjmghm hosarosj zht- zht yhml khrut
dhkhi kcihg dcmlhm djeusj phsje scdhmlghm zht-zht yhml tjdhg khrut dhkhi kcihg

dhpht icmdjeusj icmycocrhmlj pciohthshm fhmyh dcmlhm gcsukjthm yhml ocshr,

 `jgh tjdhg shih scghkj. Fuoumlhm hmthrh gamsthmth djsakusj, gckhruthm dhkhi
kcihg, dhm pF phdh tcipht hosarosj scrth ghrhgtcrjstjg hosarosj dhrj ocrohlhj
aoht icruphghm dhshr dhrj tcarj pF- phrtjsj. Rcmcmtuhm dcrh`ht djsasjhsj hthu
fhrlh pGh dhrj zht aoht icruphghm suhtu ghrhgtcrjstjg ejsjgh-gjijh yhml rckhtje
 pcmtjml tcrfhdhp cvhkuhsj dhrj cecg-cecg yhml iumlgjm phdh hosarosj dhrj
 ocrohlhj tcipht pciocrjhm (Hmsck, 8:6:).
?.8.4 Gacejsjcm Djstrjousj
Gacejsjcm phrtjsj ijmyhg-hjr hdhkhf suhtu pctum`ug sjeht kjpaejkjg hthu

fjdraeaojg dhrj iakcguk aoht. Kcwhtmyh aoht ickhkuj iciorhm kcihg dhm
jmtcrhgsj dcmlhm ihgra iakcguk phdh rcscptar ghdhml-ghdhml ocrfuoumlhm ohjg
dcmlhm gacejsjcm phrtjsj agthmak/hjr dhrj aoht (Ihrtjm, 8::2).
Gacejsjcm phrtjsj (R) icmllhiohrghm rhsja pcmdjstrjousjhm aoht gcdhkhi
 pckhrut sjstci duh ehsc, yhjtu pckhrut arlhmjg dhm hjr. Ojkh iakcguk sscihgjm
cihgjm khrut
kcihg, ihgh gacejsjcm phrtjsjmyh scihgjm ocshr dhm djeusj trhms iciorhm tcr`hdj
kcojf iudhf. Tjdhg oakcf djkuphghm ohfwh arlhmjsic tcrdjrj dhrj ehsc kcihg
dhm hjr, scfjmllh ojkh gacejsjcm phrtjsj shmlht tjmllj hthupum shmlht rcmdhf ihgh
fhk tcrscout icruphghm fhiohthm phdh prascs djeusj zht hgtje (Hmsck, 8:6:).

 
 

Gacejsjcm phrtjsj ijmyhg-hjr hdhkhf suhtu pctum`ug sjeht kjpaejkjg hthu

fjdraeaojg dhrj iakcguk aoht. Kcwhtmyh aoht ickhkuj iciorhm kcihg dhm
jmtcrhgsj dcmlhm ihgra iakcguk phdh rcscptar ghdhml-ghdhml ocrfuoumlhm ohjg

dcmlhm gacejsjcm phrtjsj agthmak 3 hjr dhrj aoht (Ihrtjm, 8:::).

Fugui djstrjousj hthu phrtjsj dhpht djruiusghm 0 ojkh suhtu zht tcrkhrut
tcrdjstrjousj hmthrh duh pckhrut yhml tjdhg dhpht nhipur, ihgh phdh suhtu
tcipcrhtur yhml gamsthm umtug sctjhp spcsj iakcguk tcrdhpht hmlgh ohmdjml
djstrjousj yhml gamsthm hmthrh gcduh pckhrut jtu, dhm hmlgh ohmdjml djstrjousj jmj
tjdhg tcrlhmtuml phdh spcsj iakcguk khjm hphpum yhml iumlgjm hdh. Fhrlh
hmlgh ohmdjml ocruohf dcmlhm sjeht dhshr pckhrut, sjeht dhshr zht tcrkhrut, dhm
tcipcrhtur (^vcfkh,8::2).
Rcrohmdjmlhm djstrjousj, gacejsjcm djstrjousj, hthu gacejsjcm phrtjsj

djgcmhk dcmlhm tcthphm gcsctjiohmlhm G hthu pcrshihhm yhml djgcmhk dcmlhm

fugui djstrjousj, `ckhs fhmyh dhpht djphghj dhkhi khruthm cmncr djihmh
gacejsjcm gchgtjehm dhpht djhohjghm (Ihrtjm, 8::2)0
Hdh ococrhph ehgtar yhml dhpht icipcmlhrufj djstrjousj zht dhkhi
khruthm, yhjtu icmurut Nhiihrhth (8::3)0
8.  Tcipcrhtur
Gcncphthm ocrohlhj rchgsj ocrthiohf gjrh-gjrh ? hthu > tjhp gcmhjghm sufu
82ℎ.
?.  Gcguhthm Jam

^cihgjm gcnjk gamscmtrhsj suhtu khruthm ihgh kh`u djstrjousj ihgjm gcnjk.
>.  Gamsthmth Djckcgtrjg
Cecg gamsthmth djckcgtrjg tcrfhdhp gamsthmth kh`u rchgsj jamjg
djcgstrhpakhrghm shiphj pcmlcmncrhm thg tcrohths, yhml pcmlhruf gcguhthm
jammyh 2. Smtug rchgthm jam yhml gcguhthmmyh ocriuhthm ocrkhwhmhm ihgh kh`u
djstrjousj rchgthm tcrscout hdhkhf pasjtje dhm umtug rchgthm yhml iuhthmmyh
shih ihgh kh`u djstrjousjmyh mclhtje.

 
 

4.  Ghthkjsjs
Ghthkjsjs dhpht icmurumghm kh`u  „   kh`u djstrjousj (Ghthkjs mclhtje). Ghthkjs
dhpht `ulh icmurumghm cmcrlj hgtjvjths dcmlhmss icmluohf icghmjsic rchgsj

scfjmllh gcncphthm ocrthiohf.

3.  Ghthkjs Hshi Ohsh ^pcsjejg
Kh`u djstrjousj dhpht djpcrncpht dcmlhm pcmhiohfhm hshi hthu ohsh. @jgh
kh`u pcrurhjhm jmj tcrdhpht ohljhm yhml icmlhmduml gamscmtrhsj jam fjdralcm
hthu fjdragsj.
5.  Nhfhyh Cmcrlj
Nhfhyh scpcrtj phmhs dhpht iciocrjghm gchgtjehm yhml djpcrkughm umtug
tcr`hdj rchgsj. _hdjsj dcmlhm ercgucmsj yhml scsuhj dcmlhm cmcrlj yhml nugup
hghm djhosarosj umtug icmlhgtjeghm iakcguk  „ 
„  iakcguk.
 iakcguk.

Ehgtar-ehgtar yhml icipcmlhrufj ecmaicmh djstrjousj hdhkhf pcmlhruf

sjeht gckhruthm ohfhm aoht tcrfhdhp djstrjousj icmum`ugghm hmthrh khjm ohfwh
scmyhwh yhml khrut ohjg dhkhi ocmtug khihg tcrgamscmtrhsj dhkhi `hrjmlhm yhml
icmlhmduml ohmyhg kcihg scdhmlghm scohkjgmyh zht fjdraejk fhipjr tjdhg
djhiojk akcf `hrjmlhm kcihg ghrcmh jtu djtcmtughm tcruthih dhkhi cgstrhsck
(Crmcst, 8:::).
JJ.? Srhjhm Ohfhm
8.  Hjr ^ukjml (Djr`cm RAI, 8:<:)
 Mhih rcsij 0 Hquh dcstjkkhth

 Mhih khjm 0 Hquhdcst

_uius iakcguk 0 F?A
Ocrht iakcguk 0 86,2? l/iak
_uius strugtur 0

Rcicrjhm 0 Nhjrhm `crmjf, tjdhg ocrwhrmh, tjdhg

 ocrohu dhm tjdhg icipumyhj
icipumyhj rhsh
Gclumhhm 0 ^cohlhj pckhrut

Rcmyjiphmhm 0 Dhkhi whdhf tcrtutup ohjg

 
 

?.  Hkgafak (Djr`cm RAI, 8:<:7 _awc, ?22:)

 Mhih rcsij 0 Hctfhmakui
 Mhih khjm 0 Cthmak, hknafak

_uius iakcguk 0 N? F5 A
Ocrht iakcguk 0 45,2< l/iak
_uius strugtur 0

Rcicrjhm 0 Nhjrhm thg ocrwhrmh, `crmjf, iudhf

icmluhp dhm iudhf ocrlcrhg, ohu
gfhs, rhsh phmhs. Iudhf tcrohghr
dcmlhm myhkh ojru yhml tjdhg ocrhshp

Gckhruthm 0 ^hmlht iudhf khrut dhkhi hjr, dhkhi

gkaraeari dhm dhkhi ctcr
Gfhsjht 0 ^cohlhj hmtjohgtcrj, scohlhj pckhrut
Gclumhhm 0 ^cohlhj zht pckhrut dhm thiohfhm, `ulh
dhpht icioumuf guihm scrth dhpht
icihtjghm dhm icmlfhioht
 pcrtuioufhm `hiur
Rcmyjiphmhm 0 Dhkhi whdhf tcrtutup rhpht, tcrkjmduml
dhrj nhfhyh, djtcipht sc`ug,`huf dhrj myhkh hpj

>.  Hshi ^hkjsjkht (Djr`cm RAI, 8::3 7 ^wcctihm, ?22: 7 Orjtjsf, ?22:)
 Mhih rcsij 0 Hnjdui shkjnykjnui
 Mhih khjm 0 Hshi shkjsjkht
_uius iakcguk 0 N<F5A>
Ocrht iakcguk 0 8>6,8? l/iak
_uius strugtur 0 

 
 

Rcicrjhm 0 Fhokur putjf, ojhshmyh ocrocmtug `hrui fhkus

hthu scroug fhokur fhkus putjf, rhsh hlhg ihmjs,
th`hi

Gckhruthm 0 ^ughr khrut dhkhi hjr dhm dhkhi ocmzcmh,

iudhf khrut dhkhi cthmak dhm dhkhi ctcr, khrut
dhkhi hjr icmdjdjf,hlhg sughr khrut dhkhi
gkaraeari
Gfhsjht 0 Hmtj Eumlj (Hmtj @hiur)
Gclumhhm 0 ^cohlhj shipck
Rcmyjiphmhm 0 Dhkhi whdhf tcrtutup ohjg .

 
 

OHO JJJ
ICTADC GC_@H
>.8 Hkht
Hkht yhml djlumhghm phdh pcranohhm jmj yhjtu ohthml pcmlhdug,
naraml, lckhs ugur, ghnh hrka`j, gcrths pcrghicm, kuipjml dhmhku, mcrhnh
afausc, avcm, pjpct, dhm pat shkcp.
>. ? Ohfhm
Ohfhm yhml djlumhghm phdh pcnaohhm jmj yhtjtu hkgafak <2%,
hquhdcst, hshi shkjsjkht, gcrths shrjml, dhm tjsu.
>.>  Nhrh Gcr`h
>.>.8  Rcmcmtuhm gckhruthm
h.  Rcmcmtuhm gckhruthm dcmlhm hjr dhkhi sufu
s ufu marihk
8.  Djsjhpghm hkht dhm ohfhm.
?.  Djocrsjghm hkht dcmlhm icmllumhghm hknafak <2%.
>.  Djtjiohml Hshi ^hkjsjkht scohmyhg ? lrhi.
4.  Djugur hjr scohmyhg ?3 ik phdh lckhs ugur.
3.  Djihsughm hjr scohmyhg ?3 ik gcdhkhi lckhs gjijh .
5.  Djihsughm Hshi shkjsjkht gcdhkhi hjr ?3 ik khku djhdug fjmllh
faialcm.
<.  Djtjiohml gcrths shrjml gasaml gciudjhm `cmufghm.
6.  Djshrjml hshi shkjsjkht phdh gcrths shrjml dcmlhm icmllumhghm
naraml dhm gcrths shrjml.
:.  Djhiojk rcsjdumyh.
82. Djihsughm gcdhkhi avcm shiphj gcrjml hlhr tjdhg hdh khlj ghdhr hjr.
88. Djtjiohml gcrths shrjml yhml ocrjsj hshi shkjsjkht yhml sudhf gcrjml
 o.  Rcmcmtuhm gckhruthm dcmlhm hjr dhkhi sufu tjmllj
8.  Djsjhpghm hkht dhm ohfhm
?.  Djocrsjghm hkht dcmlhm icmllumhghm hknafak <2%
>.  Djphmhsghm hjr dcmlhm icmllumhghm pcmhmlhs hjr
4.  Djtjiohml hshi shkjsjkht scohmyhg ? lrhi
3.  Djugur hjr yhml tckhf djphmhsghm scohmyhg ?3 ik gciudjhm
djihsugghm gcdhkhi lckhs gjijh

 
 

5.  Djihsughm hshi shkjsjkht gcdhkhi ?3ik hjr phmhs thdj khku djhdug
fjmllh faialcm
<.  Djtjiohml gcrths shrjml gasaml gciudjhm `cmufghm

6.  Djshrjml hshi shkjsjkht phdh gcrths shrjml dcmlhm icmllumhghm

naraml dhm gcrths shrjml.
:.  Djhiojk rcsjdumyh
82. Djihsughm gcdhkhi avcm shiphj gcrjml hlhr tjdhg hdh khlj ghdhr hjr
88. Djtjiohml gcrths shrjml yhml ocrjsj hshi shkjsjkht yhml sudhf gcrjml
>.>.?  Rcmcmtuhm gacejsjcm djstrjousj
h.  Rcmcmtuhm gacejsjcm djstrjousj thmph ijmyhg
8.  Djsjhpghm hkht dhm ohfhm yhml hghm djlumhghm.
?.  Djocrsjfghm hkht dcmlhm icmllumhghm hkgafak <2%.

>.  Djtjiohml phrhncthiak scomhyhg 2,8 l, gciudjhm djkhrutghm dhkhi

822ik hquhdcst djhdug fjmllh faialcm
4.  Djhiojk khruthm phrhncthiak thdj scomhyhg ?3ik umtug djtjtrhsj.
3.  Djthiohfghm jmdjghtar ecmakethkcjm scomhyhg ? tctcs.
5.  Djtjtrhsj dcmlhm MhaF scohmyhg ?3 tctcs (8,?3 ik) shiphj tcr`hdj
 pcruohfhm whrmh icm`hdj whrmh umlu.
umlu.
<.  Djnhtht fhsjkmyh.
6.  Djfjtuml gacejsjcm djstrjousjmyh
 o.  Rcmcmtuhm gacejscm djstrjousj dcmlhm ijmyhg

8.  Djsjhpghm hkht dhm ohfhm yhml hghm djlumhghm.

?.  Djocrsjfghm hkht dcmlhm icmllumhghm hkgafak <2%.
>.  Djtjiohml phrhncthiak scomyhg 2,8 l, gciudjhm djkhrutghm dhkhi
822ik hquhdcst djhdug fjmllh faialcmy.
4.  Djhiojk khruthm phrhncthiak thdj scomyhg ?3ik djihsugghm
djihs ugghm gcdhkhi
naraml pjshf.
3.  Djthiohfghm dcmlhm narm ajk scohmyhg ?3 ik.
5.  Djnhipurghm khruthm phrhncthiak dhm narm ajk dcmlhm nhrh djganag.
<.  Djdjhighm sckhih ococrhph icmjt shiphj khruthm phrhncthiak dhm

ijmyhg tcrpjshf hthu tcrkjfht ohths hmthrh gcduhmyh.

 
 

6.  Djpjshfghm khruthm phrhncthiak dhm khpjshm ijmyhg.

:.  Djhiojk khruthm hjr yhml icmlhmduml hjr thdj umtug djtjtrhsj..
82. Djthiohfghm jmdjghtar ecmakethkcjm scomyhg ? tctcs.

88. Djtjtrhsj dcmlhm MhAF scohmyhg 86 tctcs (2,: ik) shiphj tcr`hdj

 pcruohfhm whrmh icm`hdj whrmh umlu.
umlu.
8?. Djnhtht fhsjkmyh.
8>. Djfjtuml gacejscm djstrjousjmyh

 
 

OHO JU
FH^JK RCMLHIHTHM
4.8 Thock Rcmlhihthm

4.8.8 Gckhruthm
^hipck ^ufu Gcrths shrjml gasaml Gcrths shrjml
rcsjdu
Hshi shkjsjkht Marihk 2,423 l 8,:<6 l
Hshi shkjsjkht Rhmhs 2,423 l 2,:6l

4.8.? Gacejsjcm Djstrjousj 

Uakuic Tjtrhm
^hipck Thmph Ijmyhg Dcmlhm Ijmyhg

Rhrhncthiak 8,?3 ik 2,: ik

4.? Rcrfjtumlhm
4.?.8  Gckhruthm
h.  Ocrht rcsjdu
Djgcthfuj 0 Gcrths shrjml gasaml (sufu marihk)
9 2,423 l
Gcrths shrjml rcsjdu (sufu marihk)
9 8.:<6 l
Gcrths shrjml gasaml (sufu phmhs)
9 2,423 l
Gcrths shrjml rcsjdu (sufu phmhs)
9 2,:68 l
Rcmyckcshjhm 0
h.  ^ufu marihk 0 rcsjdu „  gcrths
Gcrths shrjml rcsjdu „ 
 gcrths shrjml gasaml
l „  2,423
9 8,:<6 l „ 
 2,423 l 9 8,3<> l
 o.  ^ufu phmhs 0 rcsjdu „  gcrths
Gcrths shrjml rcsjdu „ 
 gcrths shrjml gasaml
l „  2,423
9 2,:68 l „ 
 2,423 l 9 2,3<5 l

 
 

 o.  Pht tcrkhrut

Djgcthfuj 0 Ocrht shipck 9 ? l
_csjdu (sufu marihk) 9 8,3<> l

_csjd u (sufu tjmllj) 9 2,3<5 l

Rcmyckcshjhm 0
^ufu marihk 0 shmpck „  rcsjdu
Ocrht shmpck „ 
 rcsjdu
lr „  8,3<>
9 ? lr „ 
 8,3<> l
9 2,4?< l
^ufu phmhs 0 shmpck „  rcsjdu
Ocrht shmpck „ 
 rcsjdu
9 ? lr - -2,3<5 l
9 8,4?4 l
n.  Gamscmtrhsj gckhruthm

Djgcthfuj 0 Uakuic pckhrut 9 ?3 ik

Pht tcrkhrut (sufu marihk) 9 2,4?< l
Pht tcrkhrut (sufu tjmllj) 9 8,4?4 l
Rcmyckcshjhm 0
zht tcrkhrut
^ufu marihk 0  x 822% 
vakuic tcrkhrut
,4?<
9  x 822% 9 8,<8 % 
?3
zht tcrkhrut
^ufu tjmllj 0   822% 
vakuic tcrkhrut
,4?4
9  x 822% 9 3,:5 %
?3

4.?.? Gacejsjcm Djstrjousj

h.  % ghdhr
Djgcthfuj 0 Utjtrhm thmph ijmyhg 9 8,?3 ik
Utjtrhm dcmlhm ijmyhg 9 2,: ik
 Mtjtrhm 9 2.8 M
OC 9 42
Ocrht shipck 9 2,8 l

 
 

Rcmyckcshjhm 0
Utjtrhm x Mtjtrhm x OC
%ghdhr thmph ijmyhg 0   822% 
Ocrht shipck

8,?3x 2,28 x 42
2,8 x 8.222   822% 
3
  822% 9 3 %

Utjtrhm x Mtjtrhm x OC
%ghdhr dcmlhm ijmyhg 0  x 822% 
Ocrht shipck

2,: x 2,28 x 42
  822% 
2,8 x 8.222

>,5
  822% 


>,5%
Gacejsjcm ehsc ijmyhg 0 % ghdhr ijmyhg - % ghdhr thmph ijmyhg

9 >,5% - 3%
9 -8,4 %
Ehsc Ijmyhg ∟,4%
Gacejsjcm Djstrjousj 0  9  9 2,5 % 
% ghdhr ijmyhg 3%

 
 

OHO U
RCIOHFH^HM
Rhdh pcrnaohhm prhgtjgui Gckhruthm dhm Gacejsjcm Djstrjousj ghkj jmj umtug

icmlcthfuj dhm icihfhij nhrh pcmcmtuhm gckhruthm zht phdht dhkhi pckhrut
 phdh ocrohlhj sufu dhm gacejsjcm djstrjousj zht phdht dhkhi duh pckhrut yhml
tjdhg shkjml ocrnhipur.
Tu`uhm pcrnaohhm yhjtu umtug icmcmtughm gckhruthm dhrj hshi shkjsjkht
 phdh sufu ghihr dhm sufu phmhs scrth gacejsjcm djstrjousj dhrj phrhncthiak
dhkhi pckhrut hjr dhm ijmyhg gckhph yhml tjdhg shkjml
shkjm l ocrnhipur.
Rrjmsjp pcrnaohhm jmj yhjtu pcmcmtuhm tjmlght gckhruthm hshi shkjsjkht
 phdh sufu yhml ocrocdh dcmlhm icmlfjtuml ocrht rcsjdu hshi shkjsjkht, djihmh
 ocrht rcsjdu hghm
hg hm icmcmtughm gamscmtrhsj suhtu khruthm dhm pcmcmtuhm gacejsjcm

djstrjousj phrhncthiak ocrdhshrghm pcrohmdjmlhm gckhruthm suhtu zht dhkhi duh

 pckhrut yhml tjdhg shkjml ocrnhipur.
ocrnhipur.
Hkht yhml djlumhghm phdh pcrnaohhm jmj yhjtu ohthml pcmlhdug, naraml,
lckhs ugur, ghnh hrka`j, gcrths pcrghicm, kuiphml dhm hku, mcrhnh afhusc, avcm,
 pjpct, dhm lckhs gjijh, scdhmlghm ohfhm yhml djlumhghm yhtjtu hkgafak <2%,
hquhdcst, hshi shkjsjkht, gcrths ^hrjml, phrhncthiak, ijmyhg gckhph dhm tjsu
Khmlghf hwhk yhml djkhgughm yhjtu icmyjhpghm sciuh ohfhm yhml
djpcrkughm, sctckhf jtu djocrsjfghm hkht icmllumhghm hkgafak <2%. Tu`uhm dhrj
 pciocrsjfhm hkht jmj umtug icioumuf ijgraarlhmjsic yhml hdh phdh hkht

ghrcmh icmurut Djr`cm RAI (8:<:), hkgafak ocreumlsj scohlhj hmtjscptjg

(icioumuf hthu icihtjghm ijgrarlhmjsic phdh `hrjmlhm fjdup dhm
dcsjmecgthm (icihtjghm ijgraarlhmjsic phdh ocmdh ihtj).
Djtjiohml gcrths shrjml gasaml dhm djtjiohml hshi shkjsjkht ihsjml-
ihsjml ? lr. ^ckhm`utmyh, djugur hquhdcst ihsjml-ihsjml scohmyhg ?3 ik
icmllumhghm lckhs ugur. Khku djtuhmlghm hquhdcst yhml ocrsufu ghihr dhm
sctckhf jtu djihsugghm hshi shkjsjkht gc dhkhi whdhf, khku djhdug icmllumhghm
 ohthml pcmlhdug dcmlhm gcncphthm
gc ncphthm pcmlhdughm yhml
yhm l gamsthm hthu
h thu shih,
shih , tu`uhm
djkhgughm pcmlhdughm scohlhj pcmcmtuhm suhtu zht tcrkhrut, scihgjm ohmyhg

 `uikhf pcmlhdughm, ihgh zht tcrkhrut icm`hdj iudhf khrut. Gckhruthm

 
 

 ocrlhmtuml `ulh phdh sjeht dhm gamscmtrhsj zht-zht khjm tcruthih jam-jam dhkhi
nhipurhm tcrscout (Fhrd`h`j, 8::>)
Rrascs gckhruthm dj htur akcf tjlh ehngtar. Ehnar uthih hdhkhf lhyh

gafcsj zht tcrkhrut. Ehgntar gcduh hdhkhf lhyh gafcsj pcrkhrut dhm gctjlh hdhkhf
fhsjk jmtcrhgsj hmthrh zht tcrkhrut yhml tcrdjsakusj dhm iakcguk pckhrut sctckhf
 pciutushm. ^ckhm`utmyh, dj`cmufghm gcduh gcrths shrjml yhml hghm djlumhghm
umtug icmyhrjml khruthm hshi shkjsjkht dcmlhm nhrh djtctcsj hjr phdh pcriughhm
gcrths, hlhr parj-parj phdh gcrths shrjml tcrough. Icmurut Ceecmdj (?22>),
 pcm`cmufhm gcrths shrjml djkhgughm umtug icipcrncpht
icipcrnc pht kcwhtmyh hjr phdh gcrths
shrjml. ^ctckhf jtu, djshrjml rcsjdu dhrj gcduh khruthm hshi shkjsjkht
icmllumhghm gcrths shrjml yhml tckhf dj`cmufghm. Khku gcrths shrjml yhml
 ocrjsj rcsjdu djihsugghm gc dhkhi avcm phdh sufu 43²N shiphj icmlcrjml.

Icmurut Fhsjouhm (?223), tu`uhm pcmlcrjmlhm hdhkhf umtug pcmlfjdrhthm hthu

 pcmlfjkhmlhm scohljhm hthu gcsckurufhm uhp hjr dhrj suhtu ohfhm.
^ctckhf rcsjdu gcrjml, gciudjhm djtjiohml ihsjml rcsjdu dhm djfjtuml
gckhruthmmyh. Dhrj pcmjiohmlhm tcrscout, djdhphtghm fhsjk pcmjiohmlhm rcsjdu
gcrjml phdh sufu ghihr icijkjgj ocrht 8,3<> lr. ^ctckhf djfjtuml ihgh
djdhphtghm mjkhj gckhruthm phdh sufu ghihr yhjtu 2,4?< lr/ik.
Rcrnaohhm sckhm`utmyh yhjtu umtug icmcmtughm gacejscm djstrjousj.
Rcrnaohhm jmj ocrtu`uhm umtug icmcmtughm gacejsjcm djstrjousj zht tcrkhrut
(MhAF) dhkhi sjstci m-Fcgshm hjr ocrdhshrghm cgstrhgsj pckhrut, dj ihmh

shipck MhAF djfhrhpghm dhpht tcrpjshf dhkhi shkhf shtu pckhrut. Cgstrhgsj
 pckhrut hdhkhf cgstrhgsj yhml icmllumhghm duh ehsc
e hsc nhjr yhml ocrpcrhm scohlhj
 pckhrut, dhkhi fhk jmj m-Fcgshm dhm hjr.

Gciumlgjmhm gcshkhfhm yhml tcr`hdj djscohoghm akcf gcshkhfhm

 pcmjiohmlhm hwhk shipck, gcshkhfhm dhkhi nhrh gcr`h dhm gcshkhfhm dhkhi
 pcrfjtumlhm yhml djscohoghm
djscohoghm akcf gcshkhfhm pcrfjtumlhm shipck djhwhkj.
Dhpht djsjipukghm ohfwh sufu dhpht icipcmlhrufj suhtu gckhruthm,
ghrcmh scihgjm tjmllj sufu ihgh scihgjm ocshr pukh gckhruthm dhrj suhtu zht.
Dhm ocrdhshrghm pcrmyhthhm, gctjgh fhsjkmyh ;8 ihgh ncmdcruml ocrsjeht pakhr

 
 

(sugh hjr) dhm `jgh jh =8 ihgh djh mam pakhr (sugh ijmyhg). Dhm ocrdhshrghm
fhsjk yhml ghij dhphtghm phdh pcrnaohhm gacejsjcm djstrjousj ghkj jmj hdhkhf -
2,?6%. @hdj, shipck Rhrhncthiak jmj ocrsjeht pakhr (sugh
( sugh hjr). 

Rcruohfhm gckhruthm suhtu zht tcrkhrut ghrcmh pcmlhruf sufu crht

fuoumlhmmyh dcmlhm
dcmlhm phmhs pckhruthm dhrj zht tcrscout.
tcrsco ut. Rhmhs pckhruthm
djdcejmjsjghm scohlhj ohmyhgmyh phmhs yhml djocohsghm hthu djpcrkughm
d jpcrkughm hphojkh
shtu iak zht tcrkhrut djkhrutghm dhkhi dhkhi suhtu
s uhtu pckhrut umtug icmlfhsjkghm
shtu khruthm `cmuf. (Ihrtjm,dgg. 8::>).

 
 

OHO UJ
RCMSTSR
5.8 Gcsjipukhm

Ocrdhshrghm prhgtjgui yhml djkhgughm dhpht djsjipukghm ohfwh mjkhj

gckhruthm hshi shkjsjkht phdh sufu ghihr yhjtu 8,3<> lr/ik. Fhk jmj
iciougtjghm ohfwh sufu hdhkhf shkhf shtu ehgtar yhml icipcmlhrufj prascs
gckhruthm suhtu zht. @jgh zht dj thiohfghm gc dhkhi pckhrut tjdg ocrnhipur
dhkhi `uikhf yhml tjdhg nugup umtug icm`cmufghm khruthm, ihgh zht tcrscot
tcthp ocrdjstrjousj dj hmthrh gcduh khpjshm dcmlhm pcrohmdjmlhm gamscmtrhsj
tcrtcmtu.
Rcmcmtuhm gacejsjcm djstrjousj phrhscthiak thmph ijmyhg icmum`ugghm mjkhj
kcojf ocshr djohmdjmlghm pcrkhguhm dcmlhm ijmyhg. Rcmlu`jhm ghdhr phdh fhsjk

tjtrhsj icmdhphtj fhsjk dcmlhm ghdhr >,5%. Rcmcmtuhm gacejsjcm djstrjousj

 phrhscthiak thmph ijmyhg icmum`ugghm mjkhj kcojf gcnjk djohmdjmlghm pcrkhguhm
thmph ijmyhg. Rcmlu`jhm ghdhr phdh fhsjk tjtrhsj icmdhphtj fhsjk dcmlhm ghdhr 3%. 
5.? ^hrhm
5.?.8 Smtug Hsjstcm
Djfhrhpghm hsjstcm scmhmtjhsh icmdhipjmlj prhgtjghm hlhr tjdhg tcr`hdj
gcshkhfhm phdh prhgtjgui ocrkhmlsuml dhm icmlh`hrj hphojkh prhgtjghm tjdhg
icmlcrtj.
5.?.? Smtug Khoarhtarjui

Rcrku hdhmyh pcmhiohfhm shrhmh dhm prhshrhmh khoarhtarjui hlhr kcojf

kcmlghp scfjmllh `hkhmmyh prhgtjgui dhpht cejsjcm, ohjg dhkhi whgtu ihupum
fhsjkmyh. Djfhrhpghm khoarhtarjui `ulh ickcmlghpj gctcrscdjhhm hkht dhm ohfhm
hlhr prhgtjgui dhpht ocr`hkhm iukus.
5.?.> Smtug @urushm
^cohjgmyh `urushm icmycdjhghm hmllhrhm dcij gcoutufhm khoarhtarjui
scrth icmycdjhghm hmllhrhm dcij gcoutufhm khoarhtarjui hlhr prhgtjgui
 ocr`hkhm kcojf ihgsjihk.

 
 

DHETH_ RS^THGH 

 Hmsck,  F.N. 8:6:. Rcmlhmthr Ocmtug ^cdjhhm Ehrihsj . djtcr`cihfghm akcf.

Jorhfji, E., Cdjsj JU, @hghrth, Smjvcrsjths Jmdamcsjh Rrcss,

Rrcs s,
Htgjms R\. 8::4. Rfysjnhk Nfcijstry. Cd gc-3. Cmlkhmd0 axeard Smjv Rr,.

Nhiihrhth. 8::>. Ehrihsj Ejsjg ?. Cdjsj JJJ.@hghrth0 SJ Rrcss. Rp. :42-8282,

885?, 885>, 88<2.

 Djr`cm RAI . 8:<:. Ehrihgapc Jmdamcsjh. Cdjsj Gctjlh. @hghrth0 Dcphrtcicm.

Gcscfhthm _J.

Djt`cm RAI. ?22:. Ehrihgapc Fcrohk Jmdamcsjh. Cdjsj pcrthih. @hghrth0

Dcphrtcicm Gcscfhthm _J. Fhk. 3?.

Ceecmdj, Fcemj. ?22>. Tckhhf Guhkjths Hjr 0 Ohlj Rcmlckakhhm ^uiocr Dhyh dhm
 Kjmlgumlhm Rcrhjrhm . Zalyhghrth , Rcmcrojt 0 Ghmjsjus.

Crmcst, Iutsnfkcr. 8:::.  Djmhijgh Aoht . Rcmcr`cihf0 Ihtfjkdh O, \jdjhmta

dhm Hmmh ^ctjhdj _hmtj. Cdjsj U. Ncthghm Gctjlh. Ohmduml. Rcmcrojt
JTO. Fhk. 485.

Lfakjo. ?22< . Gjijh Ehrihsj Hmhkjsjs. Zalyhghrth 0 Rusthgh Rckh`hr.

L.^vcfkh. 8::2.  Ougu Tcgs Hmh kjsjs Hmarlhmjg Guhkjthtje Ihgra dhm ^cijijga .
T cgs Hmhkjsjs
Rcmcr`cihf0 K.^ctjama, H. FhdyhmhRud`hhtihgh. @hghrth0 RT. Ghkihm
Icdjh Rushgh

Fhr`hdj, \. 8::2. Jkiu Gjijh Hmhkjtjg Dhshr .@hghrth

.@hghrth 0 Rcmcrojt Lrhicdjh.

Fhsjouhm, Ihkhyu ^.R. ?223.  Ihmh`cicm ^uiocr Dhyh Ihmusjh. Cdjsj _cvjsj.
Ouij Hgshrh, @hghrth.

Ghsijyhtum, Iclh. ?282.  Cgstrhgsj Hshi ^jtrht dhm Hshi Agshkht 0 Rcmlhruf
Gamscmtrhsj ^akut tcrfhdhp Gacejsjcm Djstrjousj . ^cihrhml 0 Rralrhi
^tudj Tcgmjg Gjijh Ehgukths Tcgmjg Smthl ^cihrhml

Gfapghr , ^. I. ( 8::2). Gamscp Dhshr Gjijh Hmhkjtjg . @hghrth0 Smjvcrsjths.

Jmdamcsjh Rrcss.

Ihrtjm, H., ^whrojng, @., dhm Nhiihrhth, H.8::2. Ehrihsj Ejsjg Dhshr dhm
Gjijh Ejsjg   djtcr`cihfghm akcf Zasfjth, Cdjsj Gctjlh, Fhk 848-84?,
@hghrth, Smjvcrsjths Jmdamcsjh Rrcss.

 
 

Rhdihmjmlrui,  _. T. ?226 . Tjtrhsj Jadaictrj. Zalyhghrth, SMZ.

^hrd`aga. 8:6<. Rcdaihm gukjhf rhmnhmlhm aoht . Zalyhghrth0 RHS

Ojatcgmakalj Zalyhghrth. Smjvcrsjths Lhd`hf Ihdh.

^jmhkh, ^. ?285. Ehrihsj Ejsjg . @hghrth, Rusdjg ^DI Gcscfhthm,

^yhisumj. ?225. Ehrihsctjgh Dhshr Dhm Fjtumlhm Ehrihsj. @hghrth. ?: „ >8.

>8.
Rcmcrojt Ougu Gcdagtcrhm CLN.

Uajlt, _. 8::3 . Ougu
 Ougu Rckh`hrhm Tcgmakalj Ehrihsj . Djtcr`cihfghm akcf.
^acmdhmj M. ^., Zalyhghrth. SLI Rrcss.

 
 

KHIRJ_HM-KHIRJ_HM
 Khipjrhm 8  0 Hkht dhm Ohfhm
8.  Hkht

 MHIH LHIOH_ ESML^J

Ohthml pcmlhdug Smtug icmlhdug
khruthm shipck

Ourct Smtug icdjh tjtrhsj

Naraml Smtug icipcriudhf

 pcmuhmlhm shipck

Naraml pjshf Smtug icmyhtughm

khruthm hjr dhm ijmyhg

Crkcmicycr Smtug icdjh khruthm

shht pcmyhrjmlhm

 
 

Lckhs ugur Smtug icmlugur khruthm

Ghnh hrka`j Smtug ickcthgghm

rcsjdu shht pcmlcrjmlhm

Kuiphml hku Smtug icmllcrus

shipck phdht

 Mcrhnh hmhkjtjg Smtug icmlugur

icmlugur shipck

Avcm Smtug icmlcrjmlghm

shipck

Rcmhmlhs hjr Smtug icihmhsghm hjr

 
 

Rat shipck Smtug icmyhtughm zht

 pckhrut dhm zht tcrkhrut

^phtukh Smtug icmlhiojk

shipck

^udjp Smtug icmlhiojk

shipck phdh kuiphml
hku

?.  Ohfhm
 MHIH LHIOH_ ESML^J
Hkgafak ^cohlhj pciocrsjfhm
hkht

Hquhdcst ^cohlhj pckhrut shipck

Hshi shkjsjkht ^cohlhj shipck

gckhruthm

 
 

Ecmaethkcjm ^cohlhj jmdjghtar

Jmdjgtar RR ^cohlhj jmdjghtar

Gcrths pcrghicm0 scohlhj tcipht

 pckcthgghm shipck phdh
shht pcmjiohmlhm

Gcrths shrjml ^cohlhj pcmyhrjmlhm

rcsjdu

Khruthm ohgu MhAF ^cohlhj khruthm ohgu

Ijmyhg gckhph ^cohlhj thiohfhm

 pckhrut gacejsjcm
djstrjousj

 
 

Rhrhncthiak ^cohlhj shipck

Tjsu Smtug iciocrsjfghm

shipck

 
 

 Khipjrhm ?  0 Djhlrhi Hkjr  

h.  Khruthm ^ufu Marihk

Hshi ^hkjsjkht

-  Dj sjhpghm hkht dhm ohfhm

-  Dj ocrsjfghm icmllumhghm hkgafak <2%.
-  Dj tjiohml hshi shkjsjkht scohmyhg ? lr, khku
djihsugghm gc dhkhi pat shkcp.
-  Dj Djugur hquhdcst scohmyhg ?3 ik khku
djtuhmlghm gcdhkhi pat shkcp ocrjsj hshi shkjsjkht.
Gciudjhm djhdug khruthm tcrscout.
-  Djshrjml icmllumhghm gcrths shrjml shiphj
icmlfhsjkghm rcsjdu.
-  Dj kcthgghm rcsjdu dj ghnh hrka`j dhm djihsugghm
gc dhkhi avcm phdh sufu 822 anshiphj shipck
gcrjml.
-  Djtjiohml rcsjdu hshi shkjsjkht yhml tckhf gcrjml.
-  Djfjtuml gckhruthm hshi shkjsjkht.

Fhsjk

 
 

 o.  Khruthm ^ufu Rhmhs

Hshi ^hkjsjkht

-  Dj sjhpghm hkht dhm ohfhm

-  Djocrsjfhghm icmllumhghm icmllumhghm
hkgafak <2%
-  Djtjiohml hshi shkjsjkht scohmyhg ? lr, khku
djihsugghm gc dhkhi pat shkcp.
-  Djphmhsghm hquhdcst dhm djugur scohmyhg ?3 ik,
khku djtuhmlghm dhkhi pat shkcp yhml ocrjsj hshi
shkjsjkht. Gciudjhm djhdug khruthm tcrscout.
-  Djshrjml icmllumhghm gcrths shrjml shiphj

icmlfhsjkghm rcsjdu.
-  Djkcthgghm rcsjdu dj ghnh hrka`j dhm djihsugghm
gcdhkhi avcm phdh sufu 822an shiphj shipck
rcsjdu gcrjml.
-  Djtjiohml rcsjdu hshi shkjsjkht yhml tckhf gcrjml.
-  Djfjtuml gckhruthm hshi shkjsjkht.

Fhsjk

 
 

n.  Gacejsjcm Djstrjousj Thmph Ijmyhg

Rhrhncthiak

-  Djsjhpghm hkht dhm ohfhm.

-  Djocrsjfghm icmllumhghm hkgafak <2%.
-  Rciouhthm khruthm ohgu MhAF 2,28 M. Djfjtuml
4,2228 lrhi MhAF grjsthk dhm djkhrutghm dhkhi
hjr ocohs NA? scohmyhg 822 ik.
-  Djlcrus thokct phrhncthiak dhm djtjiohml
lcrushm phrhncthiak scohmyhg 2,8 lrhi dhm
djkhrutghm dhkhi ?3 ik hquhdcst.
-  Djthiohfghm jmdjghtar ecmaethkcjm.

-  Djtjtrhsj dcmlhm khruthm ohgu MhAF 2,28 M

fjmllh ocruohf whrmh.
-  Djnhtht fhsjkmyh.

Fhsjk

 
 

d.  Gacejsjcm Djstrjousj Dcmlhm Ijmyhg

Rhrhncthiak 

-  Djsjhpghm hkht dhm ohfhm.

-  Djocrsjfghm icmllumhghm hkgafak <2%.
-  Djtjiohml lcrushm thokct phrhncthiak 2,8 lrhi
dhm djkhrutghm dhkhi ?3 ik hquhdcst gciudjhm
djhdug.
-  Djihsugghm khruthm dhkhi naraml pjshf.
-  Djugur ijmyhg gckhph scohmyhg ?3 ik dhm
djihsugghm dhkhi naraml pjshf yhml ocrjsj
khruthm phrhncthiak.

-  Djganag khruthm tcrscout fjmllh tcrdjspcrsj.

-  Djhiojk khruthm khruthm hquhdcst yhml tckhf
djpjshfghm dcmlhm ijmyhg khku djthiohfghm
jmdjghtar ecmaethkcjm gciudjhm djtjtrhsj dcmlhm
khruthm ohgu MhAF 2,28 M.
-  Djnhtht fhsjkmyh.

Fhsjk

 
 

 Khipjrhm > 0 ^gcih Gcr`h

H.  Rcmcmtuhm Gckhruthm
8. Rcmcmtuhm Gckhruthm Dhkhi ^ufu Marihk

Djocrsjfghm hkht Djtjiohml

Djsjhpghm hkht
dcmlhm hkgafak hshi shkjsjkht
dhm ohfhm
<2% scohmyhg ? lr

Djtjiohml Djihsughm hshi Djugur hjr ?3

gcrths shrjml shkjsjkht gcdhkhi ik, djihsughm
gasaml ?3 ik hjr, djhdug  phdh lckhs
fjmllh faialcm gjijh
 

Djshrjml hshi Djhiojk rcsjdu Djihsughm

shkjsjkht phdh gcdhkhi avcm
gcrths shrjml shiphj gcrjml
dcmlhm naraml

 
 

Djtjiohml
gcrths shrjml
yhml ocrjsj
rcsjdu hshi
shkjsjkht

?.  Gckhruthm Rhdh ^ufu Tjmllj

Djsjhpghm hkht Djocrsjfghm Djtjiohml ? l

dhm ohfhm hkht dcmlhm hshi shkjsjkht,
hkgafak <2% khku
djihsugghm gc
dhkhi pat
shipck

_csjdu Djshrjml Djphmhsghm

djkcthgghm dj icmllumhghm hquhdcst dhm
hths ghnh hrka`j gcrths shrjml djugur ?3 ik
dhm hquhdcst, khku
djihsugghm gc djtuhmlghm gc
dhkhi avcm dhkhi pat
fjmllh gcrjml  shipck ocrjsj
hshi shkjsjkht.  
Gciudjhm
 djhdug. 
 

Djtjiohml
rcsjdu yhml
tckhf
djgcrjmlghm 

>.  Gacejsjcmm Djstrjousj Thmph Ijmyhg

Djsjhpghm hkht Djocrsjfghm Djugur4,2228

dhm ohfhm hkht dcmlhm lr MhAF
hkgafak <2% grjsthk dhm
djkhrutghm
dhkhi hjr ocohs
NA? scohmyhg
822 ik dhm
djihsugghm
dhkhi ourct

Djthiohfghm Djkhrutghm Djlcrus thokct

jmdjghtar  phrhncthiak  phrhncthiak
ecmaethkcjm 2,8 lr dhkhi ?3 dcmlhm  
ik hquhdcst icmllumhghm
kuiphml hku
 

Dtjtrhsj dcmlhm
khruthm ohgu
 MhAF 2,28 M
fjmllh ocruohf
whrmh

4. Gacejsjcm Djstrjousj Dcmlhm Ijmyhg

Djsjhpghm hkht Djocrsjfghm Djugur4,2228

dhm ohfhm hkht dcmlhm lr MhAF
hkgafak <2% grjsthk dhm
djkhrutghm
dhkhi hjr ocohs

NA
822scohmyhg
?
ik dhm
djihsugghm
dhkhi ourct

Djkhrutghm Djlcrus thokct

Djthiohfghm
jmdjghtar  phrhncthiak  phrhncthiak
ecmaethkcjm 2,8 lr dhkhi ?3 dcmlhm
ik h uhd
hdcs
cstt icmllumhghm
kuiphml hku  
 

Dtjtrhsj dcmlhm
khruthm ohgu
 MhAF 2,28 M
fjmllh ocruohf
whrmh