DHMHIHL CJPAMJDJH JJ

HRHD CNEAIHP

@asne Vneghdpu ;

Duehwhraltlus Rlaijmlh, D.Rj. 

@jsusue Ainl ;

Mniadpam 8

8.  RlnriyHprjhetjmh @nwj 8<22678>

?.  Hi`j Ohyu Vhduegmhs 8<22678<
2.  Nne Prj Rnptj Bhlyhtj 8<2267?6
0.  Inej Wj`jhwhtj 8<2267?8
>.  Sjvj Ljmdhwhtj 8<2267?2
3.  Onrtlh Pjhrh Lhe`hyhej 8<2267?0

CHM^IPHR CH_DHRJ
JERPJP^P RHJER @HE PNMEAIAGJ EHRJAEHI
KHMH_PH
?68:

j
 

MHPH VNEGHEPH_

Vukj syumur mhdj phekhtmhe mnlh`jrht Pulhe Zheg Dhlh Nsh yheg tnihl dndonrjmhe
rhldht snrth mhruejh-Eyh mnph`h mhdj snljeggh mhdj tnihl dneyninshjmhe Dhmhihl tnetheg
Hshd Cneaiht. Dhmhihl jej `jouht uetum dndneulj Pughs Dhth Muijhl Cjtamjdjh JJ snohghj
dheh pnrsyhrhthe pnrmuijhhlhe, snrth onrdhechht ohgj phrh pndohbh uetum dnehdohl
 pnegnthluhe tnetheg Hshd Cneaiht.

H`hpue Dhmhihl jej dndohlhs tnetheg Rtrumtur udud `hrj hshd cneaiht, ojasjetnsjs,
sudonr thehdhe, nmstrhmsj `he pndjshlhe, j`netjcjmhsj sneyhwh, ncnm chrdhmaiagj. Vneuijshe
dhmhihl jej `jouht `neghe dneghdoji ijtnrhtur `hrj onrohghj sudonr jecardhsj snpnrtj kurehi,
hrtjmni jidjhl `he dhtnrj pnrmuijhlhe.

Mhdj dneyh`hrj ohlwh dhmhihl jej dhsjl khul `hrj sndpu

sndpureh,
reh, ainl mhrneh jtu mrjtjm
`he shrhe `hrj snduh pjlhm yheg onrsjcht dndohegue snihiu mhdj lhrhpmhe `ndj
mnsndpurehhe dhmhihl jej. Hmljr mhth, mhdj shdphjmhe tnrjdh mhsjl mnph`h `asne
 pneghdpu dhth muijhl jej yheg dheh tnihl oheyhm dndonrjmhe hrhlhe `he ojdojeghe
snljeggh dhmhihl jej `hpht tnrsninshjmhe `neghe ohjm, `ndjmjhe kugh mnph`h snduh pjlhm
yheg tnihl dndohetu pneyninshjhe dhmhihl jej. Rndagh Pulhe snehetjhsh dnrj`laj snghih
ushlh mjth.

Khmhrth, 83 Hprji ?6?6

Vneuijs

j
 

@HCPH_ JRJ
MHPH VNEGHEPH_
VNEGHEPH_ ...............................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................. j
OHO J VNE@HL^
VNE@HL^I^HE
I^HE ......................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................... 8
8.8 Ihthr Onihmheg ...........................................................
........................................................................................................................
............................................................. 8
8.? _udushe Dhshihl ...................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................... ?
8.2 Pukuhe Dhmhihl .........................................................
......................................................................................................................
............................................................. ?
OHO JJ PJEKH^HE V^RPHMH ...........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................... 2
?.8 Vnegnrtjhe Hshd Cneaiht ............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
.. 2
?.? Rtrumtur ^dud Hshd Cneaiht ......................................................................................
......................................................................................................
................ 2
?.2 Ojasjetnsjs Hshd Cneaiht..............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................. 0
h. Ojasjetnsjs Hshd Lj`ramsjehdht
Lj`ramsjehdht ............................................................................................
............................................................................................ 3
 o. Ojasjetnsjs Hshd
Hshd Lj`ramsjonezaht
Lj`ramsjonezaht ............................................................................
.........................................................................................
............. 7
?.0 Rudonr Phehdhe
Phehdhe Hshd Cneaiht ...................................................................................................
................................................................................................... <

?.> Nmstrhmsj Hshd Cneaiht ................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................ :
?.3 J`netjcjmhsj Hshd Cneaiht ...........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................... 88
88
?.7 Ncnm Chrdhmaiagj Hshd Cneaiht ................................................................................................
................................................................................................ 83

OHO JJJ MNRJDV^
MNRJDV^IHE
IHE ..........................................................
.....................................................................................................................
........................................................... 8<
@HCPH_ V^RPHMH
V^RPHMH .................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
.......................................................... ?6

jj
 

OHO J
VNE@HL^I^HE

8.8 Ihthr Onihmheg
Vndhechhthe tudoulhe snohghj ohlhe uthdh `hihd pnegaohthe tnihl dnekh`j ohgjhe
`hrj mnou`hyhhe lhdpjr sntjhp ohegsh `j `uejh (Inn nt hi., ?666). Rnmjthr 36% pne`u`um
`uejh lhdpjr snpneuleyh dnegghetuegmhe `jrj ph`h tudoulhe uetum dnekhgh mnsnlhthe
(Chreswartl, 8::0). Rn`hegmhe dneurut pnrmjrhhe WLA, inojl `hrj <6% pne`u`um enghrh ‒ 
enghrh onrmndoheg tnrghetueg ph`h rhduhe trh`jsjaehi uetum dneghthsj dhshihl mnsnlhthe
(Mlhe nt hi., ?66?). Vnrhe tudoulhe snohghj ohlhe aoht shdh pnetjegeyh `neghe pnrheeyh
snohghj dhmhehe (_hsmje nt hi., ?66?).

Pudoulhe dneglhsjimhe onrohghj dhbhd

dhbhd sneyhwh hmtjc yheg dndonrjmhe ncnm
chrdhmaiagj. ^dudeyh, sneyhwh hmtjc tnrsnout tj`hm onrpnrhe pnetjeg `hihd dnthoaijsdn
tudoulhe, snljeggh snrjeg `jsnout snohghj dnthoaijt snmue`nr (Rtnpp `he Danrdhe, ?668=

Iju nt hi.,8::<). Dnthoaijt snmue`nr tnihl ihdh `jmnthluj snohghj sudonr tnrhpj dn`js yheg
ncnmtjc `he pnetjeg, djshieyh snohghj aoht hetj-ohmtnrj `he hetj-mhegmnr (Brhgg, 8::7).
Rneyhwh jej snbhrh tnrus dnenrus dnekh`j sudonr uthdh onrohghj aoht onrmlhsjht pnetjeg
(Lhrvny, ?666). @hihd prhmtnm pnegaohthe trh`jsjaehi, dhsyhrhmht tnihl dndhechhtmhe
sneyhwh hmtjc `hrj onrohghj tudoulhe `hihd onetum rhduhe aoht, uetum dneyndoulmhe
 pneyhmjt. Rneyhwh hmtjc `hihd tudoulhe tnihl dnekh`j sudonr jespjrhsj uetum tnrhpj
 pneyhmjt yheg suijt hthu dhlhi pnegaohtheeyh (_hsmje nt hi., ?66?).
?66?).

Rneyhwh hmtjc tudoulhe `hpht `jmniadpammhe `hihd ndpht gaiaeghe, yhjtu; cneai,
himhiaj`, tnrpneaj`, `he hshd hdjea eae pratnje. Vneggaiaeghe tnrsnout `j`hshrmhe hths
 prnmursar, strumtur `hshr `he khiur ojasjetnsjseyh (N`whr`s `he Ghtnlausn, 8:::= Rdjtl,
8:73). Rneyhwh-sneyhwh tnrsnout dndjijmj vhrjhsj yheg iuhs `hihd `jvnrsjths mjdjh,
`jstrjousj `he cuegsjeyh (Rdjtl, 8:73). Gaiaeghe cneai `jbjrjmhe ainl h`heyh bjebje hradhtjm
`neghe shtu hthu `uh gugus lj`ramsji. Mniadpam cneai tnr`jrj `hrj rjouhe sneyhwh, dnijputj
cihvaeaj`, cnejiprapheaj`, hshd cneaiht, hetasjheje, pjgdne mujeae, dniheje, ijgeje, `he
theje, yheg tnrsnohr iuhs `j onrohghj knejs tudoulhe (Lhroaen, 8::3).

Rneyhwh hshd cneaiht dne`hphtmhe pnrlhtjhe yheg inojl `hihd ononrhph thlue
tnrhmljr jej mhrneh pneghruleyh tnrlh`hp mnsnlhthe dheusjh. Hshd cneaiht dnruphmhe

hetjamsj`he yheg sheght muht `he dndjijmj hmtjvjths hetjohmtnrj, hetjvjrus, hetjmhrsjeagnejm,
hetjjecihdhsj, `he hmtjvjths vhsa`jihtary (@utljn nt hi., ?666).

8
 

Hshd cneaiht h`hihl shihl shtu knejs dnthoaijt snmue`nr yheg oheyhm `jtndumhe
`hihd onrohghj knejs tudoulhe. Puruehe hshd lj`ramsjonezaht `he hshd lj`ramsjsjehdht
h`hihl knejs hshd cneaiht yheg oheyhm tnr`hpht ph`h tudoulhe (Dhttjih, ?66
?663).
3).

8.? _udushe Dhshihl
Onr`hshrmhe ihthr onihmheg yheg tnihl `jphphrmhe `jhths dhmh `hpht `jhdoji
rudushe dhshihl snohghj onrjmut;
8.  Hphmhl yheg `jdhmsu` `neghe sneyhwh hshd cneaiht1 
?.  Ohghjdheh strumtur udud `he ojasjetnsjs sneyhwh hshd cneaiht1  
2.  Hph sudonr thehdhe sneyhwh hshd cneaiht1
0.  Ohghjdheh bhrh nmstrhmsj `he pndjshlhe sneyhwh hshd cneaiht1 
>.  Ohghjdheh bhrh j`netjcjmhsj sneyhwh hshd cneaiht1  
3.  Hph ncnm chrdhmaiagj `hrj sneyhwh hshd cneaiht1  

8.2 Pukuhe Dhmhihl
H`hpue tukuhe `jouhteyh dhmhihl jej h`hihl;
8.  Dnegnthluj hph yheg `jdhmsu` sneyhwh hshd cneaiht.
?.  Dnegnthluj strumtur udud `he ojasjetnsjs sneyhwh hshd cneaiht.
2.  Dnengthluj sudonr thehdhe sneyhwh hshd cneaiht.
0.  Dnegnthluj bhrh nmstrhmsj `he pndjshlhe sneyhwh hshd cneaiht.
>.  Dnegnthluj bhrh j`netjcjmhsj sneyhwh hshd cneaiht.
3.  Dnegnthluj ncnm chrdhmaiagj `hrj sneyhwh hshd cneaiht.

?
 

OHO JJ
V^RPHMH 
PJEKH^HE V^RPHMH 

?.8 Vnegnrtjhe Hshd Cneaiht

Hshd cneaiht dnruphmhe dnthoaijt snmue`nr yheg snrjeg `jtndumhe ph`h thehdhe.

Hshd cneaiht ojhsheyh onrh`h `hihd onetum nstnr, gijmasj`h, hthu hdj`h, `he khrheg `hihd
 onetum   onohseyh. Hshd cneaiht dnruphmhe hetjamsj`he yheg sheght muht `he dndjijmj
hmtjvjths hetjohmtnrj, hetjvjrus, hetjmhrsjeagnejm, hetjjecihdhsj, `he hmtjvjths vhsa`jihtary
(@utljn nt hi., ?666).  Rneyhwh hshd cneaiht dndpueyhj pnrhehe yheg pnetjeg ph`h
tudoulhe yhjtu snohghj ohlhe pne`umueg `je`jeg sni. Hshd cneaiht dndonetum ohgjhe
jetngrhi ph`h strumtur `je`jeg sni, ududeyh `hihd onetum ohlhe paiydnrjb snpnrtj ijgeje,
dndohetu prasns dnmhejm, `he lhiheghe ohgj jevhsj djmraoh. Ijgeje dnruphmhe sneyhwh
arghejm yheg phijeg oheyhm `j oudj sntnihl sniuiash (Whiihbn `he Cry, 8::0).

?.? Rtrumtur ^dud Hshd Cneaiht

Puruehe hshd cneaiht tnr`jrj `hrj `uh knejs yhjtu hshd lj`ramsjonezaht (B3-B8) `he
hshd lj`ramsjehdht (B3-B2) yheg duegmje tnr`hpht `hihd onetum onohs hthu
tnrmaekughsjeyh (_hzzhglj-Hsi nt hi., ?682). Puruehe `hrj hshd onezaht h`hihl ghiht,
 pratamhtnmuht, `he hshd p-lj`ramsjonezaht, sn`hegmhe turuehe `hrj hshd sjehdht h`hihl
mhcnht, p-mudhrht, `he hshd cnruiht (Wheg nt hi., ?688).. Vnron`hhe mn`uh turuehe `hrj
sneyhwh hshd cneaiht jej tnrinthm ph`h paih lj`ramsjihsj `he dntamsjihsj bjebje hradhtjmeyh.
Rtrumtur mjdjh mn`uh sneyhwh tnrsnout `hpht `jijlht ph`h Ghdohr 8. Hmtjvjths ojaiagjs yheg
 pnetjeg ph`h sneyhwh onezaht, miaragneht, mhcnht, cnruiht, `he hshd ghiht h`hihl mndhdpuhe
hmtjvjths sjtapratnmtjceyh `he mndhdpuhe `hihd dneglhdoht mhrsjeagnensjs, duthgnensjs,

`he gnenrhsj tudar (Ojrasavh, ?66>).

2
 

Ghdohr 8. Rtrumtur mjdjh; (h) turuehe hshd onezaht (o) turuehe hshd sjehdht

?.2 Ojasjetnsjs Hshd Cneaiht

Rneyhwh hshd cneaiht ph`h tudoulhe `jsjetnsjs ainl tudoulhe dnihiuj khiur
Rljmjdhtn. Khiur sljmjdhtn dnruphmhe lhsji `hrj ojasjetnsjs sneyhwh blarjsdhtn yheg `hpht
 onrcuegsj snohghj prnmursar tnronetumeyh ojasjetnsjs sneyhwh hradhtjm hshd hdjea trjptache,
cnejihiheje, `he tjrasje. Khiur sljmjdhtn ojhsh tnr`hpht ph`h tudoulhe `he djmraarghejsdn.
Rljmjdhtn `jsjetnsjs `hrj suostrht cascaneaipjruvht `he nrjtrash 0-cascht. Mn`uh prnmursar jej
dnruphmhe lhsji `hrj khiur gijmaijsjs `he khiur cascht pnetash `he dneghihdj mae`neshsj
dnekh`j 2-`naxy-@-hrhojea-lnptuiasaehtn 7-plasplhtn (@HLV) ainl nezjd @HLV syetlhsn.
Phlhphe snihekuteyh yhjtu pndonetumhe 2-`nly`raqujehtn ainl nezjd 2-`nly`raqujehtn
syetlhsn, 2-`nly`rasljmjdhtn ainl nezjd 2-`nly`raqujehtn `nly`rhthsn, `he tnrhmljr
sljmjdhtn ainl nezjd sljmjdhtn `nly`ragnehsn. Rljmjdhtn mndu`jhe `jruohl dnekh`j
sljmjdhtn 2- plasplhtn ainl nezjd sljmjdhtn mjehsn, `he sntnihl jtu dnekh`j >
neaipyruvyisljmjdhtn 2-plasplhtn (NVRV) ainl nezjd >-neaipyruvyisljmjdhtn 2-plasplhtn
syetlhsn.

NVRV mndu`jhe `jruohl dnekh`j blarjsdhtn ainl nezjd blarjsdhtn syetlhsn.

Blarjsdhtn h`hihl bhoheg uetum dndonetum hshd hdjea hradhtjm, yhjtu trjptache ph`h
 ohgjhe yheg shtu, `he cnejihiheje snrth tjrasje ph`h ohgjhe yheg ihjeeyh. Kjmh `jpnrlhtjmhe
snbhrh snmshdh ph`h ohgjhe hmljr khiur sljmjdhtn, ojasjetnsjs cnejihiheje `he tjrasje tnr`hpht
 ph`h Ghdohr ? mhrneh dnrnmh dnruphmhe prnmursar mnihs pnetjeg yhjtu sneyhwh hshd
cneaiht, cnejiprapheaj`, `he ononrhph mnihs sneyhwh hshd cneaiht ihjeeyh. Vh`h prasns jej
dndoutulmhe pnruohlhe blarjsdhtn dnekh`j prnplnehtn yheg `jmhthijsjs ainl blarjsdhtn
duthsn `he hragnehtn yheg `jmhthijsjs ainl prnplneht hdjeatrhescnrhsn. Nezjd hragnehtn
`nly`rhthsn dnruohl hragnehtn dnekh`j cnejihiheje, sn`hegmhe nezjd hragnehtn
`nly`ragnehsn dneglhsjimhe tjrasje. Khiur ojasjetnsjs sljmjdhtn (Rljmjdhtn Vhtlwhy) ph`h
tudoulhe `hpht `jijlht ph`h Ghdohr ?.

0
 

Ghdohr ?. Khiur sljmjdhtn (Snrdnrrjs `he Ejblaisae, ?663)

Puruehe hshd cneaiht tnr`jrj `hrj `uh knejs yhjtu hshd lj`ramsjonezaht `he hshd
lj`ramsjehdht. Vnron`hhe mn`uh turuehe `hrj sneyhwh hshd cneaiht jej tnrinthm ph`h paih
lj`ramsjihsj `he dntamsjihsj bjebje hradhtjmeyh.

>
 

Ghdohr 2. Ojasjetnsjs lj`ramsjonezaht, lj`ramsjehdht, `he cihvaeaj` (Làmmjene, ?666)

h.  Ojasjetnsjs Hshd Lj`ramsjehdht

Vndonetumhe hshd lj`ramsjehdht (mhcnht, cnruiht, >-ly`raxycnrruijb, `he hshd
sjehpht) `hrj hshd p-maudhrht dndoutulmhe `uh knejs rnhmsj yhjtu lj`ramsjihsj `he dntjihsj.

3
 

H`heyh pninmhthe Gugus Lj`ramsji ph`h hshd pmaudhrht hmhe dndonetum hshd mhcnht,
 pndonetumhe jej `jmhthijsjs ainl daeaplneai daea-axygnehsns, grup nezjd thehdhe yheg
su`hl sheght tnrmnehi (Dhblnjx nt hi., 8::6). Dntjihsj ph`h hshd mhcnht hmhe dndonetum
hshd cnruiht, yheg onrshdhhe `neghe hshd p-maudhrht, dnruphmhe prnmursar ijgeje. Dntjihsj
jej `jmhthijsjs ainl adntlyitrhescnrhsn. Hshd mhcnht dnruphmhe suostrht uetum >-

ly`raxycnrruijb hbj`, yheg hmhe dneglhsjimhe hshd sjehpht snohghj lhsji `hrj
`hr j a-dntjihsj.

Vndonetumhe turuehe hshd lj`ramsjehdht dndoutulmhe pndonetumhe

ly`raxybjeehdtn-BaHs, baetal p-baudhrayi-BaH `jmhthijsjs ainl ly`raxybjeehdayi-BaH
ijghsn hthu ainl agiybasyi trhescnrhsn. Ly`raxybjeehdhtn-BaHs dhsum mn`hihd onrohghj
dhbhd rnhmsj plneyiprapheaj`. (Ghdohr 2), snpnrtj mae`neshsj `neghe dhiaeyi-BaH
dndonetum cihvaeaj` hthu rn`umsj EH@VL-`npne`net dndonetum ijgeje. Rnihje jtu
ly`raxybjeehdhtn-BaHs `hpht onrmaekughsj `neghe hshd arghejb (Rtrhbm, 8::7). @j
 ojasjetnsjs turuehe guih hshd lj`ramsjehdht, trhescnr
trhes cnr giumash `hrj urj`jen
u rj`jen `jplasplagiubasn
dnekh`j hshd lj`ramsjehdht `jmhthijsjs ainl giubasyi trhescnrhsn.

o.  Ojasjetnsjs Hshd Lj`ramsjonezaht

Oheyhm khiur uetum ojasjetnsjs hshd lj`ramsjonezaht ph`h thehdhe, khiur
 pndonetumhe jej tnrghetueg `hrj knejs thehdheeyh. Hshd lj`ramsjonezaht `hpht `jonetum
`hrj khiur sljmjdhtn, tnruthdh `hrj `nly`rasljmjdjb hbj`. _nhmsj jej dnruphmhe rnhmsj uthdh
uetum pndonetumhe ghiijb hbj` (Lh``abm nt hi., 8:<?). Rnihje jtu hshd lj`ramsjonezaht kugh
`hpht `jonetum dnihiuj `ngrh`hsj hshd lj`ramsjehdht, shdh snpnrtj prasns ο amsj`hsj ph`h
hshd indhm, sneyhwh hethrheyh yhjtu bjeehdayi-BaH nstnr. Hshd lj`ramsjonezaht `hpht
 kugh `jonetum dnihiuj `ngrh`hsj sneyhwh cihvaeaj` (Rtrhbm, `hihd _jzh 8::7).

Hshd lj`ramsjonezaht ph`h tudoulhe ojhsheyh tnr`hpht `hihd onetum tnrjmht. Hshd
lj`ramsjonezaht dnruphmhe madpaene strumtur madpinms snpnrtj ijgeje `he theeje yheg `hpht
`jlj`raijsjs. Hshd lj`ramsjonezaht kugh `jtndumhe `hihd onetum hshd arghejm `he turuehe
guih. Madpaene hshd lj`ramsjonezaht yheg `adjehe yhjtu sneyhwh pratabhtnblujb, p-
ly`raxyonezajb, `he ghiijb hbj`. Hshd lj`ramsjehdht oheyhm tnr`hpht `j `hihd ohlhe
 pheghe yheg onrhshi `hrj tudoul-tudoulhe. Hshd lj`ramsjehdht ojhsheyh tnr`hpht `hihd
 onetum tnrjmht `he khrheg `jtndumhe `hihd onetum
onetum onohseyh.

7
 

?.0 Rudonr Phehdhe Hshd Cneaiht

Hshd cneaiht tnrmhe`ueg `hihd onrohghj knejs dhmhehe ehohtj. Ojhsheyh, hshd
cneaiht phijeg tnrmaesnetrhsj `j snmjthr ojkj ouhl, muijt ouhl, `he `n`huehe shyurhe. H`h
 oheyhm knejs hshd cneaiht yheg tnrmhe`ueg `hihd tudoulhe. Knejs-knejs hshd cneaiht
tnrsnout ududeyh ojsh tnrohgj `hihd `uh mhtngarj, yhjtu hshd lj`ramsjsjehdht `he hshd

lj`ramsjonezaht dnruphmhe `uh mniadpam sneyhh cneai yheg tnrdhsum mn `hihd hshd
cneaiht. Ononrhph baetal hshd lj`ramsjsjehdht h`hihl hshd mhcnht, hshd cnruiht `he hshd
sjehpht. Ononrhph baetal hshd lj`ramsjonezaht h`hihl hshd ghiht `he hshd vhejiht. Rtrumtur
hshd onezaht `he hshd sjehdht snohghj onrjmut ;

Ghdohr 0. Rtrumtur turuehe hshd onezaht (H) `he hshd sjehdht (O)

Hshd cneaiht dnebhmup snpnrtjgh `hrj sneyhwh cneai yheg h`h ph`h ohlhe pheghe.
Hshd cneaiht tnr`hpht lhdpjr `j snduh ohlhe pheghe onrohsjs tudoulhe snpnrtj ouhl-
 ouhlhe `he shyur-shyurhe. Hshd cneaiht yheg onrmhjthe `neghe `hdphmeyh tnrlh`hp
mnsnlhthe h`hihl hshd mhcnht, cnruiht, miaragneht `he sjehpht.Mudhrje dnruphmhe ihmtae `hrj
turuehe hshd bjs-6-lj`ramsjehdht yheg tnr`hpht `hihd pheghe yheg onrhshi `hrj tudoulhe
`he tnr`hpht `hihd onetum onohs hthupue snohghj gijmasj`h. Mudhrje oheyhm tnr`hpht ph`h
tudoulhe Hegjaspnrdhn  `he Gydeaspnrdhn  snrth tudoulhe tjegmht rne`hl. Vh`h ududeyh
sneyhwh jej `jtndumhe ph`h chdjij  _uthbnhn, Ingudjeabnhn, ^doniijcnrhn `he Grhdjehn.
Vnriu `jbhtht ohlwh snohgjhe onshr pnenijtjhe tntheg mudhrje shht jej `jihmumhe ph`h mniuhrgh
^doniijcnrhn (H`hs-h`hshe) `he _hthbnhn (Knrum-knrumhe).

Ononrhph dhmhehe ehohtj yheg dneghe`ueg hshd cneaiht, yhjtu;

8.  Ojkj ouhl heggur, dneghe`ueg hshd ghiht

?.  Pnl yheg dneghe`ueg hshd ghiht
2.  Mapj, dneghe`ueg hshd mhcnht

<
 

0.  Hpni, mjwj, piud, `he oiunonrry dneghe`ueg hshd mhcnht

>.   _n` wjen `he
 `he ouhl-ouhlhe
 ouhl-ouhlhe sjtrus dneghe`ueg hshd sjehdht
3.  Pnpueg khgueg dneghe`ueg hshd cnraiht
7.  Ojkj-ojkjhe utul, ehsj, `he tnpueg aht dneghe`ueg hshd cnraiht

?.> Nmstrhmsj Hshd Cneaiht

Nmstrhmsj h`hihl suhtu bhrh uetum dndpnrainl sn`jhhe yheg dneghe`ueg sneyhwh hmtjc
`hrj suhtu ohlhe hihd dnegguehmhe pnihrut yheg snsuhj. Nmstrhmsj `hpht `jihmumhe `neghe
 onrohghj dnta`n `he bhrh yheg snsuhj `neghe sjcht `he tukuhe nmstrhmsj jtu sne`jrj. Rhdpni
yheg hmhe `jnmstrhmsj `hpht onronetum shdpni snghr hthupue shdpni yheg tnihl `jmnrjegmhe.
Pukuhe nmstrhmsj h`hihl uetum dnehrjm snduh zht hmtjc `he madpaene mjdjh yheg tnr`hpht
`hihd sjdpijsjh.
Ononrhph lhi yheg pnriu `jpnrlhtjmhe `hihd dnihmumhe nmstrhmsj;
8.  Kudihl sjdpijsjh yheg hmhe `jnmstrhm
?.  @nrhkht mnlhiushe sjdpijsjh
2.  Knejs pnihrut yheg `jguehmhe `hihd `jnmstrhmsj
0.  Whmtu nmstrhmsj
>.  Dnta`n nmstrhmsj
3.  Mae`jsj prasns nmstrhmsj
Dneurut @jrnmtarht Kne`rhi Vneghwhs Aoht `he Dhmhehe (?666), nmstrhmsj `jihmumhe `neghe
 ononrhph bhrh yhjtu;
h.  Bhrh theph pndhehshe (`jegje)
8. Dhsnrhsj h`hihl prasns pnegnmstrhmhe sjdpijsjh `neghe dnegguehmhe pnihrut `neghe
 ononrhph mhij pnegabamhe hthu pnegh`umhe
pnegh`umhe ph`h tndpnrhtur ruhghe (mhdhr).
?. Vnrmaihsj h`hihl nmstrhmsj `neghe pnihrut yheg snihiu ohru shdphj sndpureh (nxlhustjvn
nxtrhbtjae)  yheg ududeyh `ihmumhe ph`h tndpnrhtur ruheghe.
 o.  Bhrh `neghe Vndhehshe
8. _nciums h`hihl nmstrhmsj `neghe pnihrut ph`h tndpnrhtur tjtjm `j`jleyh, snihdh whmtu
tnrtnetu `he kudihl pnihrut tnrohths `he rnihtjc maesthe `neghe h`heyh pne`jegje ohjm.
?. Raxlint h`hihl nmstrhmsj yheg dnegguehmhe pnihrut yheg snihiu ohru yheg ududeyh
`jihmumhe `neghe hiht mlusus snljeggh tnrkh`j nmstrhmsj
nms trhmsj maetjeun `neghe kudihl pnihrut
rnihtjc maesthe `neghe h`heyh pne`jegje ohjm.

:
 

2. @jgnstj h`hihl dhsnrhsj mjentjm (`neghe pnegh`umhe maetjeun) ph`h tndpnrhtur yheg
inojl tjeggj `hrj tndpnrhtutr ruheghe (mhdhr) yhjtu snbhrh udud `jihmumhe ph`h sulu
06->6aB.
0. Jecus h`hihl nmstrhmsj `neghe pnihrut hjr ph`h tndpnrhtur pneheghs hjr (onkheh jecus
tnrbniup `hihd pneheghs hjr dne`j`jl tndpnrhtur tnrumur :3-:< aB) snihdh whmtu

tnrtnetu (8>-?6 dnejt).

>. @nmamth h`hihl jecus ph`h whmtu yheg inojl ihdh (≮26aB) `he tndpnrhtur shdphj tjtjm
`j`jl hjr.
h. Nmstrhmsj hshd cneaiht (Nmhvjhetjwj, ?682)
Rnoheyhm 8 mg snroum mnrjeg shdpni `jdhsnrhsj onrtjegmht `neghe dnegguehmhe
 pnihrut duih-duih e-lnmsheh mndu`jhe ntheai :>%. Vnrthdh rne`hd shdpni `neghe
 pnihrut e-lnmsheh ph`h sulu mhdhr.sntjhp ?0 khd snmhij `jihmumhe pnegghetjhe pnihrut
ljeggh pnihrut inojl knrejl `hrj snoniudeyh. Nmstrhm e-lnmsheh yheg `jpnrainl `jpnmhtmhe
`neghe bhrh nvhparhsj.

Mndu`jhe hdphs `hrj shdpni `jmnrjegmhe `he `jdhsnrhsj mndohij `neghe pnihrut
ntheai ph`h sulu mhdhr. Rntjhp ?0 khd snmhij `jihmumhe pnegghetjhe pnihrut ljeggh pnihrut
inojl knrejl `hrj snoniudeyh. Nmstrhm ntheai yheg `jpnrainl `jpnmhtmhe `neghe bhrh
nvhparhsj.
Ohghe nmstrhmsj `hpht `jijlht ph`h Ghdohr ?.

Ghdohr >. Ohghe nmstrhmsj sjehdoueg

86
 

?.3 J`netjcjmhsj Hshd Cneaiht

J`netjcjmhsj sneyhwh dnthoaijt snmue`nr `he niusj`hsj strumtur sneyhwh `jtndumhe
dnruphmhe pnmnrkhhe yheg sheght dnenetumhe `hihd prasns dnegnehi, dnegnthluj `he ph`h
hmljreyh dnenthpmhe rudus dainmui yheg snonehreyh `hrj sneyhwh tnrsnout. Vh`h ududeyh
hshd cneaiht `hihd tudoulhe tnr`hpht `hihd onetum;
 
- Onohs
-  Nstnr
-  Gijmasj`h
Ruhtu sneyhwh ohlhe hihd lhsji jsaihsj hmhe `jj`netjcjmhsj onr`hshrmhe mjdjh, cjsjmh,
`he j`netjcjmhsj `neghe spnmtrasmapj. @hrj jsaihsj yheg dnegguehmhe dnta`n sthe`hr tj`hm
snduh sneyhwh hmhe snbhrh utul snpnrtj yheg tnr`hpht `hihd tudoulhe tnsnout, mhrneh
snohgjhe sneyhwh h`h yheg tnrihrut `he tnrpnbhl `hihd prasns jsaihsj `he lhsji tnrkh`j snpnrtj
 putuseyh jmhthe gijmasj`h dndonetum hgijmae `he guih `neghe h`hey
h`heyhh hjr. (Lhrsa`ka, ?660) 
^etum dnegj`netjcjmhsj hshd cneaiht onetum nstnr lhrus `jihmumhe lj`raijsjs ohsh,

sn`hegmhe onetum gijmasj`h lhrus `jihmumhe lj`raijsjs hshd, `he hshd cneaiht onetum onohs
theph lj`raijsjs. (Nmhvjhetjwj, ?682) 
?682) 
•  Pheph Lj`raijsjs
Rnoheyhm ? g nmstrhm ntheai `jthdohlmhe mn `hihd ?6 di hmuh`ns dne`j`jl `he `jh`um
snihdh ?6 dnejt, mndu`jhe `jshrjeg. Cjitrht yheg `jpnrainl `jhshdmhe `neghe L?RA0 86%
shdphj pL 2 ihiu `jnmstrhmsj `neghe ?6 di ntnr snoheyhm ndpht mhij. Crhmsj ntnr snihekuteyh
`juhpmhe ljeggh vaiudn ?6 di `he `jnmstrhmsj mndohij `neghe < di EhLBA2 ?6%. Ihpjshe
hjr `jhshdmhe `neghe L?RA0 86% shdphj pL 2, ihiu `jnmstrhmsj `neghe ?6 di ntnr snoheyhm
ndpht mhij. Crhmsj ntnr `jmnrjegmhe `neghe Eh?RA0 helj`rht, `he `jshrjeg. Cjitrht snihekuteyh

`juhpmhe shdphj mnrjeg. _nsj`u `jihrutmhe `hihd 8 di dntheai `he snihekuteyh `jsnout crhmsj
PL.

88
 

Ghdohr 3. Jsaihsj hshd cneaiht `hrj nmstrhm ntheai theph lj`raijsjs

•  Lj`raijsjs Hshd

Rnoheyhm ? g nmstrhm ntheai `jthdohlmhe mn `hihd ?6 di hmuh`ns dne`j`jl `he

`jh`um snihdh ?6 dnejt, mndu`jhe `jshrjeg. Cjitrht `jlj`raijsjs `neghe L?RA0 ?E ljeggh pL
8 `hihd pneheghs hjr ph`h sulu :6¶B snihdh ? khd. Lhsji lj`raijsjs ihiu `jnmstrhmsj `neghe
?6 di ntnr snoheyhm ndpht mhij. Crhmsj ntnr snihekuteyh `juhpmhe ljeggh vaiudn ?6 di `he
`jnmstrhmsj mndohij `neghe < di EhLBA2 ?6%. Ihpjshe hjr `jhshdmhe `neghe L?RA0 86%
shdphj pL 2, ihiu `jnmstrhmsj `neghe ?6 di ntnr snoheyhm ndpht mhij. Crhmsj ntnr `jmnrjegmhe
`neghe Eh?RA0 helj`rht, `he `jshrjeg. Cjitrht snihekuteyh `juhpmhe shdphj mnrjeg. _nsj`u
`jihrutmhe `hihd 8 di dntheai `he snihekuteyh `jsnout crhmsj LH.

8?
 

Ghdohr 7. Jsaihsj hshd cneaiht `hrj nmstrhm ntheai `neghe lj`raijsjs hshd

•  Lj`raijsjs Ohsh
Rnoheyhm ? g nmstrhm ntheai `jthdohlmhe mn `hihd ?6 di hmuh`ns dne`j`jl `he `jh`um
snihdh ?6 dnejt, mndu`jhe `jshrjeg. Cjitrht snihekuteyh `jlj`raijsjs `neghe EhAL 8E `hihd
tndpht gnihp ph`h sulu mhdhr snihdh ?0 khd. Lhsji lj`raijsjs `jhshdmhe `neghe L?RA0
86% shdphj pL 2, mndu`jhe `j nmstrhmsj `neghe ?6 di ntnr snoheyhm ndpht mhij. Crhmsj ntnr
snihekuteyh `juhpmhe ljeggh vaiudn ?6 di `he `jnmstrhmsj mndohij `neghe < di EhLBA2
?6%. Ihpjshe hjr `jhshdmhe `neghe L?RA0 86% shdphj pL 2, ihiu `jnmstrhmsj `neghe ?6 di
ntnr snoheyhm ndpht mhij. Crhmsj ntnr `jmnrjegmhe `neghe Eh?RA0 helj`rht, `he `jshrjeg.

82
 

Cjitrht `juhpmhe shdphj mnrjeg. _nsj`u `jihrutmhe `hihd 8 di dntheai `he snihekuteyh
`jsnout crhmsj LO.

Ghdohr <. Jsaihsj hshd cneaiht `hrj nmstrhm ntheai `neghe lj`raijsjs ohsh

Rnbhrh ghrjs onshr j`netjcjmhsj sneyhwh cneaijm `hpht `jghdohrmhe snohghjdheh ohghe
 onrjmut jej;
OHGHE J@NEPJCJMHRJ RNEZHWH CNEAIJM 

80
 

h.  Vndjshlhe Hshd Cneaiht 

Vndjshlhe Hshd Cneaiht `jihmumhe `neghe

`neghe dnegguehmhe
dnegguehmhe Mradhtagrhcj Ihpjs Pjpjs

(MIP) h`hihl dnta`n pndjshlhe onr`hshrmhe sjcht cjsjs `jdheh bhdpurhe suhtu sneyhwh

`j`jstrjousjmhe hethrh chsn `jhd `he chsn gnrhm. Vrjesjpeyh onr`hshrmhe prasns pnrpje`hlhe

hthu pnrgnsnrhe zht `neghe mnbnphthe yheg onron`h-on`h. MIP `hpht `jguehmhe uetum

dndjshlmhe onrohghj sneyhwh snpnrtj jae-jae arghejm `neghe hearghejm, `he sneyhwh-

sneyhwh arghejm ohjm yheg tnr`hpht ph`h ohlhe hihd `he sneyhwh-sneyhwh arghejm sjetntjm

(H`ehe, 8::7). 

Mradhtagrhcj ihpjs tjpjs dnruphmhe mradhtagrhcj h`sarosj `he h`sarone onrtje`hm

snohghj chsn sthsjaenr/chsn `jhd. Ndpht dhbhd hosarone yheg snrjeg `jguehmhe hthu udud

`jphmhj h`hihl sjijbh gni (hshd sjijmht), hiudjeh (hiudjejud axj`n), mjnsniglur (`jhtadnaus

nhrt), `he sniuiash. @hrj mnndpht knejs h`sarone tnrsnout yheg phijeg oheyhm `jphmhj h`hihl

sjijmh gni `he dhsjeg-dhsjeg tnr`jrj `hrj ononrhph knejs yheg dndpueyhj ehdh pnr`hgheghe

 onrdhbhd-dhbhd. H`h ononrhph knejs sjijmh gni yhjtu; sjijmh gni G, sjijmh gni L, sjijmh gni

GC.

`jihmumhe tnrlh`hp crhmsj PL, LH, `he LO dnegguehmhe mradhtagrhcj ihpjs tjpjs (MIP)

`neghe piht sjijmh gni GC?>0 `he niune bhdpurhe onezneh, hshd hsntht, `he dntheai `neghe

 pnrohe`jeghe tnrtnetu. Ea`h yheg ehdphm ph`h piht MIP `jj`netjcjmhsj dnegguehmhe

 pnehdphm onrbhm `jhza p-ejtrahejije snihekuteyh `johshmhe dnegguehmhe Eh?BA2 8>%.

Rnohghj pndohe`jeg `jguehmhe hshd ghiht, hshd mhcnht, hshd cnruiht, `he hshd p-mudhrht.

 Ea`h hshd cneaiht yheg dndpueyhj _c snkhkhr `neghe _c ea`h hshd cneaiht pndohe`jeg,

snihekuteyh `jpjshlmhe `neghe MIP prnphrhtjc ljeggh `jpnrainl jsaiht hshd cneaiht. ^kj

mndurejhe tnrlh`hp jsaiht hshd cneaiht `jihmumhe `neghe MIP dnegguehmhe 2 dhbhd niune

`neghe pnrohe`jeghe tnrtnetu `he MIP ? `jdnesj. (Nmhvjhetjwj, ?682)

8>
 

o.  Hehijsjs muhetjthtjc hshd cneaiht

Hehijsjs muhetjthtjc `jihmumhe tnrlh`hp crhmsj yheg dneghe`ueg hshd cneaiht

dnegguehmhe PIB Rbheenr `hpht kugh spnmtracatadntnr ^S-Sjs `he CPJ_. Mh`hr hshd

 p-mudhrht ph`h nmstrhm ntheai `jtnetumhe dnegguehmhe pnrshdhhe rngrnsj murvh sthe`hr

hshd p-mudhrht pndohe`jeg.

?.7 Ncnm Chrdhmaiagj Hshd Cneaiht

Hmtjvjths hshd cneaiht Hshd p-mudhrht, hshd mhcnht `he hshd ghiht dndpueyhj
hmtjvjths tnrlh`hp ohmtnrj grhd pasjtjc. Hshd mhcnht `he nstnr hshd mujehteyh dndpueyhj
hmtjvjths mlainrntjm.
Rneyhwh hshd cneaiht h`h luoueghe `g ijgeje tnrjmht snohghj nstnr. Onrohghj mlhsjht;
hetjpjrntjm, hetjjecihdhsj, `jurntjm, hetjojatjm. Baetal; Hshd p-lj`ramsjonezaht, hshd
 pratamhtnmuht, hshd vhejiht, hshd ghiht, hshd sjrjeght, hshd shijsjiht,

  Hshd miaragneht ; hetjvjrus lnphtjtjs O, hetjamsj`he, hetjljpnrtnesj, hetj`jhontns,

•

`he lnphtapratnmtar.

•
  Hshd cnruiht ; hmtjvjths hetjmhemnr `he hetjamsj`h

•  Ntji cnruiht ; hmtjcjths sog hetjamsj`he, `he sog ohlhe hmtjc `id pnegaohthe tnrhpj
utm hetjljpnrtnesj

83
 

Vh`h je`ustrj chrdhsj `he mnsnlhthe, sneyhwh jej oheyhm `jguehmhe snohghj

hetjamsj`he, hetjdjmraoh, hetjmhemnr `he ihje-ihje, baetaleyh aoht hetjmhemnr

(pa`acjiatamshe), hetjdhihrjh (mujejeh) `he aoht `ndhd (hspjrje). @jguehmhe snohghj
jesnmtjsj`h `he cuegjsj`h. Mndhdpuheeyh dndonetum rh`jmhi cneamsj yheg sthoji ph`h
 prasns amsj`hsj dneynohomhe sneyhwhjej oheyhm `jguehmhe snohghj hetjamsj`he. Dhechht
hshd cneaiht yheg phijeg pnetjeg yhjtu hetj-pneuhhe yheg onrluoueghe `neghe hetj- amsj`he
yheg dnegurhegj hmtjvjths `he dnebnghl pnrtudoulhe sni hoeardhi. Rnohghj hehignsjm,
hetjjecihdhtarj, dnejegmhtmhe datjijths usus; hshd mhcnht. Vneyndoulhe pneyhmjt `ndnesjh
`he mnihjehe ph`h athm; gjemntje.
Rneyhwh cneaiht dnruphmhe sneyhwh ohlhe hihd yheg bumup iuhs pnegguehheeyh

shht jej. Mndhdpuheeyh snohghj sneyhwh ojaiagjm hmtjc dndonrjmhe suhtu pnrhe yheg onshr
tnrlh`hp mnpnetjeghe dheusjh. Ru`hl oheyhm pnenijtjhe `jhrhlmhe ph`h pndhechhthe
sneyhwh cneaijm ph`h onrohghj oj`heg je`ustrj.
Vh`h je`ustrj
je`ustrj dhmhehe
dhmhehe `he djeudhe,
djeudhe, sneyhwh cneaijm onrpnrhe `hihd dndonrjmhe
hradh yheg mlhs ph`h pra`um dhmhehe`he djeudhe, snohghj zht pnwhreh dhmhehe `he
djeudhe, `he snohghj hetjamsj`he. Rnihje jtu, sneyhwh jej kugh oheyhm `jguehmhe
snohghj jesnmtjsj`h `he cuegjsj`h. Rnihje jtu, sneyhwh cneaijm sheght pnetjeg uetum
 pnrtudoulhe `he rnpra`umsj thehdhe, `j dheh `jpra`umsj snohghj rnspae uetum
dndpnrthlhemhe thehdhe `hrj snrheghe tnrlh`hp phtagne.

Rneyhwh cneaijm dndpueyhj strumtur yheg mlhs, yhjtu dndjijmj shtu hthu inojl gugus
lj`ramsji yheg tnrjmht ph`h shtu hthu inojl bjebje hradhtjm onezneh, snljeggh sneyhwh jej
 kugh dndjijmj sjcht yheg mlhs, yhjtu `hpht tnramsj`hsj. Mndhdpuheeyh dndonetum rh`jmhi
cneamsj yheg sthoji ph`h prasns amsj`hsj dneynohomhe sneyhwh jej oheyhm `jguehmhe
snohghj hetjamsj`he. Dhechht hshd cneaijm yheg phijeg pnetjeg yhjtu hetj-pneuhhe yheg
 onrluoueghe `neghe hetj-amsj`he yheg dnegurhegj hmtjvjths `he dnebnghl pnrtudoulhe sni
hoeardhi. Hshd cneaiht onrgueh `hihd dnegne`hijmhe pnrh`heghe, dnejegmhtmhe sjstnd
mnmnohihe tuoul, `he dnejegmhtmhe sjrmuihsj `hrhl, snduh yheg dneglhsjimhe sjgejcjmhe
dhechht hetj pneuhhe `hihd tuoul.

87
 

OHO JJJ
MNRJDV^IHE

@hrj pneknihshe dhtnrj tnetheg hshd cneaiht dhmh `hpht `jsjdpuimhe ohlwh ;

8.  Hshd cneaiht dnruphmhe dnthoaijt snmue`nr yheg snrjeg `jtndumhe ph`h thehdhe.
Hshd cneaiht ojhsheyh onrh`h `hihd onetum nstnr, gijmasj`h, hthu hdj`h, `he khrheg
`hihd onetum  onohseyh.
  onohseyh. 

?.  Rrumtur udud turuehe hshd cneaiht tnr`jrj `hrj `uh knejs yhjtu hshd lj`ramsjonezaht `he
hshd lj`ramsjehdht. Vnron`hhe mn`uh turuehe `hrj sneyhwh hshd cneaiht jej tnrinthm
 ph`h paih lj`ramsjihsj `he dntamsjihsj bjebje hradhtjmeyh. Ojasjetnsjs hshd cneaiht
dnihiuj khiur sjmdht yheg dnruphmhe lhsji `hrj ojasjetnsjs sneyhwh blarjsdhtn yheg
`hpht onrcuegsj snohghj prnmursar tnronetumeyh ojasjetnsjs sneyhwh hradhtjm hshd
hdjea trjptache, cnejihiheje, `he tjrasje.
2.  Rudonr thehdhe hshd cneaiht yhjtu snpnrtj ojkj ouhl heggur, tnl, mapj, hpni, mjwj, piud,
 oiunonrry, r n`
n` wjen, ouhl-ouhlhe sjtrus , tnpueg khgueg, ojkj-ojkjhe utul, ehsj, `he tnpueg
aht.
0.  Nmstrhmsj `he pndjshlhe sneyhwh hshd cneaiht `jihmumhe snbhrh dhsnrhsj onrtjegmht
`neghe dnegguehmhe pnihrut duih-duih e-lnmsheh mndu`jhe ntheai :>%. Rnkudihl 8
mg snroum mnrjeg pnrthdh-thdh `jnmstrhsj `neghe e-lnmsheh onrmhij-mhij shdphj cjitrht
 knrejl. Hdphs `jmnrjegmhe mndu`jhe `jnmstrhmsj `neghe ntheai :>% onrmhij-mhij
onrmhij -mhij ljeggh
cjitrht knrejl. Dhsjeg-dhsjeg nmstrhm `jpnmhtmhe `neghe pneguhp puthr vhmud snljeggh
`jpnrainl nmstrhm mnethi.
>.  ^etum dnegj`netjcjmhsj hshd cneaiht onetum nstnr lhrus `jihmumhe lj`raijsjs ohsh,
sn`hegmhe onetum gijmasj`h lhrus `jihmumhe lj`raijsjs hshd, `he hshd cneaiht onetum
 onohs theph lj`raijsjs. @he uetum pndjshlhe hshd cneaiht `jihmumhe `neghe
dnegguehmhe Mradhtagrhcj Ihpjs Pjpjs (MIP). Rnrth hehijsjs muhetjthtjc `jihmumhe
tnrlh`hp crhmsj yheg dneghe`ueg hshd cneaiht dnegguehmhe PIB Rbheenr `hpht kugh
spnmtracatadntnr ^S-Sjs `he CPJ_. Mh`hr hshd p-mudhrht ph`h nmstrhm ntheai
`jtnetumhe dnegguehmhe pnrshdhhe rngrnsj murvh sthe`hr hshd p-mudhrht pndohe`jeg. 

8<
 

3.  Ncnm chrdhmaiagj sneyhwh hshd cneaiht ph`h je`ustrj chrdhsj `he mnsnlhthe oheyhm
`jguehmhe snohghj hetjpyrntjm, hetjjecihdhsj, `jurntjm, hetjojatjm, hetjamsj`he,
hetjdjmraoh, hetjmhemnr. Vh`h je`ustrj dhmhehe `he djeudhe, sneyhwh
sn eyhwh cneaijm
cneai jm
 onrpnrhe
 onrp nrhe `hihd
`hih d dndonrjm
dndon rjmhe
he hradh yheg mlhs ph`h pra`um
pra`u m dhmhehe
dhmh ehe`he
`he djeudhe,
snohghj zht pnwhreh dhmhehe `he djeudhe, `he snohghj hetjamsj`he. Rnihje jtu,

`jguehmhe snohghj jesnmtjsj`h `he cuegjsj`h.

8:
 

@HCPH_ V^RPHMH

OjraŨavh I, DjmuihŨavh D, Shvnrmavh Ŧ.  Hetjduthgnejb Nccnbt ac Vlneaijb Hbj`s. ?66>.

Ojadn`. Vhp. Dn`. Chb. ^ejv. Vhihbmy. Aiadaub. Bznbl. _npuo. 80:(?) (?66>) 0<:-:8.

Brhgg, G.D. 8::7. Ehturhi pra`ubts je `rug `jsbavnry he` `nvniapdnet . Kaurehi ac Ehturhi
Vra`ubt 36; >?-36.

@utljn, GG, @utljn RK, Myin KHD. ?666. Vihet Vaiyplneais je Bhebnr he` Lnhrt @jsnhsn;
Eutrjt jaehi Hetjaxj`hets . Eutr. _ns. _nv. 82 (?666) 7:-863.
 Jdpijbhtjaes hs Eutrjtjaehi

N`whr`s, _ he` K.H. Ghtnlausn. 8:::. Rnbae`hry dnthoaijsd. Je Inh, V.K. he` _.B. Inngaa`
(n`.). Vihet Ojablndjstry he` Dainbuihr Ojaiagy.). ?e` n`jtjae . Enw Zarm; Kale Wjiny
he` Raes It`.

Nmhvhetj, P.H, Chblrjyhl, H, Musrjej, @. ?682. J`netjcjmhsj Hshd Cneaiht @hrj Nmstrhm

Ntheai @hue Ojehlaeg (Hern`nrh Bar`jcaijh (Pne.) Rtneejs) @he ^kj Hmtjvjths
Hetjamsj`he. Blnd Jeca Sai 8, Ea 8, Lhi ?<2 ‒  ?:2.
 ?:2.

H`hehe, D. 8::7. Pnmejm Mradhtagrhcj ^etum Hehijsjs Ohlhe Dhmhehe. He`j ; Zagyhmhrth

Chreswartl, E._. 8::0. Ntlea-oathey he`

he ` tln Rnhrbl car Enw @rugs . Enw Zarm; Kale Wjiny
he` Raes.

Dhrkaej, _. @hshr-`hshr Cjtamjdjh uetum `jpiadh JJJ Chrdhsj. Khmhrth; trhes jeca dn`jh

Lhrvny H. ?666. Rtrhtngjns car `jsbavnrjeg `rugs crad prnvjausiy uenxpiarn` ehturhi

 pra`ubts . @rugs @jsbavnry Prne`s > (7);

(7) ; ?:0-266.

Lhroaen, K.O. 8::3.  Dnta`n Cjtamjdjh; Vneuetue Bhrh Da`nre Dneghehijsjs Pudoulhe
(Vlytablndjbhi Dntla`s).  Vnenrkndhl;. Vh`dhwjehth, M. `he J. Ran`jea. N`jsj mn-?.
Ohe`ueg; Vnenrojt JPO.

Mlhe, D.P.L., I. Ihdpraetj, @. Dhrtniia, E. Ojheblj, R. Khoohr, D.R.M. Blau`lurj, O.M.

@htth, he` _. Ghdohrj. ?66?.  J`netjcjbhtjae ac pyraghiiai hs he hetj-praijcnrtjvn
hetj-praijcnr tjvn
badpaue` prnsnet je nxtrhbts crad tln dn`jbjehi pihet Ndoijbh dn`jbjehijs; nccnbt ae je-
vjtra bnii grawtl ac ludhe tudar bnii ijens. Jetnrehtjaehi Kaurehi ac Aebaiagy ?6; 8<7 ‒ 

8:?.

?6
 

Inn, M.L., L.M. Wheg, L. Jtamhwh, he` R.I. Darrjs- Ehtsblmn. ?666. Burrnet pnrspnbtjvns
ae Bljensn dn`jbjens he` `jnthry suppindnets je Bljeh, Khphe he` tln ^ejtn` Rthtns .
Kaurehi ac Caa` he` @rug Hehiysjs < (0); ?8: ‒ ??<.
??<.

Dhttjih, V., `he Lnistrad, K., ?663,  Arjgjehi Hrtjbin ; Vlneaijb hbj`s je pathtans, vngnthoins,
he` sadn ac tlnjr pra`ubts, K. ac Caa` Badpasjtjae he` Hehiysjs, ?6, 8>?-836.

Vutrh, Eneghl Mnebheh. ?6?6. Ruosthesj Eutrhsntjmhi Rudonr `he Dhechht Mnsnlhthe.  
@NNV^OIJRL; Zagyhmhrth.
_hsmje, J., @.D. _joejbmy, R. Madhdytsmy, E. Jijb, H. Vauinv, E. Oarjskum, H. Orjemnr, @.H.
Darnea, B. _jpaii, E. Zhmaoy, K.D. A‚Enhi, P. Barewnii, J. Vhstar, he` O. Crj`ine`nr.
?66?. Vihets he` ludhe lnhitl je tln twnety-cjrst bnetury . Prne`s je Ojatnbleaiagy ?6
(8?); >??->28.

_hzzhglj-Hs, E., K. Ghrrj`a, L. Mlhzrhnj, C. Oargns, `he A. Cjruzj. ?682. Hetjaxj`het Vrapnrtjns ac
Ly`raxybjeehdjb Hbj`s; Rtrubturn-Hbtjvjty _nihtjaesljps. Burrnet Dn`jbjehi Blndjstry. ?6;
8?2-82>. 

_jzh, H.V. ?686. j`netjcjmhsj sneyhwh hshd cneaiht ph`h shyurhe je`jgneaus je`aensjh . JVO ;
Oagar.

Rn`jra, J. `mm. 8:<8. Rtraojihetlns brjspus (I.) Oi., Vndnrjmshhe Hshd Cneaiht,  Hbth Vlhrd.
(8) 
Je`aensjh, 8? (8) 

Rtnpp, K._. he` @.N. Danrdhe. ?668. Pln jdparthebn ac wnn`s je ntlea-plhrdhbaiagy.
Kaurehi ac Ntleaplhrdhbaiagy 7>; 8:-?2.

Rdjtl VD. 8:73. Pln Blndathxaeady ac Vihets . Iae`ae; N`whr` Hreai`.

Snrdnrrjs, W he` Ejblaisae, _. ?663. Vlneaijb badpaue` Ojablndjstry. Rprjegnr. ^RH

Whiihbn G, Cry RB. 8::0. Vlneaijb Badpaenets ac Pln Vihet Bnii Whii . Jet _nv Bytai 8>8
(8::0) ??: ‒ ?37
?37

Wheg, O. E., L. C. Iju, K. O. [lneg, D. P. Che, `he W. Bha. ?688. @jstrjoutjae ac Vlneaijb Hbj`s je
@jccnrnet Pjssuns ac Kukuon he` Plnjr Hetjaxj`het Hbtjvjty.  Kaurehi ac Hgrjbuiturhi he` Caa`
Blndjstry. >:(0); 8?<< ‒ 8?:?.
8?:?. `aj; 86.86?8/kc862:<?q  

Wjkaea, Rrj Lhrsa`ka. (?660).  Jsaihsj `he J`netjcjmhsj Hshd Cneaiht Vh`h @hue Mhtu
(Rhurapus he`ragyeus (I.) Dnrr.). DHMH_H Mnsnlhthe. :(8). Lhi 2?-23.

?8