H[NAU NAUAYHRHWHM CAGONHD IAGHJ

—H[QJHM NAUAYHRHWHM UHGH UAM_HNOW NHWHYHN–

Wombnht OO I

@daj<

 Mhch < Cassh

 Moc < 8:;;7518

G`sam Uaciociomb < Ms. Gaiiy [odvoh Gawo [.Nap,C.Nap

UY@GO G; NAUAYHRHWHM

FHNQDWH[ ODCQ NA@DHJYHBHHM

QMOVAY[OWH[ MABAYO UHGHMB

958?
 

NHWH UAMBHMWHY 

Gambhm camyaiut mhch Hddhj [RW. _hmb chjh pambhsoj dhbo chjh pamyhyhmb nhco
ukhpnhm pulh ghm pulo syunur hths najhgorht Hddhj yhmb tadhj cadocphjnhm rhjcht joghyhj-
 Myh phgh nhco, sajombbh nhco ghpht camyadashonhm chnhdhj yhmb iarlugud —Hsujhm
Naparhwhthm Uhgh Uamyhnot NHWHYHN –  omo gambhm ihon.

Nhco
Nhco camy
camyhg
hghro
hro sa
sapa
pamu
mujm
jmyh
yh ih
ihjw
jwhh hg
hghh na
nanu
nurhm
rhmbh
bhm
m ih
ihon
on gh
ghro
ro sabo
sabo pa
pamy
myus
usum
um
 ihjhshmyh chupum sabo dhommyh. @daj nhramh otu gambhm dhphmb ghgh ghm thmbhm tariunh
nhco caciunh sadaihr-daihrmyh ihbo pacihkh yhmb ombom caciaro hrhm ghm nroton phgh nhco
sajombbh nhco ghpht cacparihono chnhdhj nhco gonacugohm jhro.

Uhrohchm, 87 @nt`iar 958?

Uamyusum,

Cassh
 

GHFWHY O[O

NHWH UAMBHMWHY.............................
UAMBHMWHY...................................................
............................................
...........................................
..................... o

GHFWHY O[O..................................
O[O........................................................
............................................
.....................................................
............................... oo

IHI 8 UAMGHJQDQHM

h. Dhthr Iadhnhmb......................................
Iadhnhmb............................................................
............................................
......................................
................ 8
 i. Yucushm Chshdhj..................................
Chshdhj........................................................
............................................
.....................................
............... 9
k. Wuluhm..................................
Wuluhm........................................................
............................................
.......................................................
................................. 9
IHI 9 UACIHJH[HM

h. Gafomoso...........................................
Gafomoso.................................................................
............................................
....................................
...................
..... ;

 i. Ato`d`bo....................................
Ato`d`bo..........................................................
............................................
................................................
.......................... ;

k. thmgh ghm balhdh .........

..............
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
...........
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.... 7

g. hnoiht ghm n`cpdonhso.

n`cpdonhso......
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
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..........
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.........
.. 7

a. pht`foso`d`
pht`foso`d`bo
bo ..........
...............
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
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......... 6

f. Ur`sas parlhdhmhm
parlhdhmhm pamyhn
pamyhnot
ot (R@K)...
(R@K).......
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.............
..................
.............
... :

b. Uamhthdhnshm
Uamhthdhnshmhhm...
hhm........
..........
..........
.........
.........
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..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
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.........
.........
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.......
.. ?

j. Hsujhm
Hsujhm Naparhwhthm..
Naparhwhthm.......
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.... 88

IHI ; UAMQWQU

h. Nasocpudhm
Nasocpudhm.....
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
..............
...................
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........ ;6

 i. [hrhm......................................
[hrhm............................................................
............................................
............................................
.............................
....... ;6

GHFWHY UQ[WHNH
 

IHI O
UAMGHJQDQHM
h. Dhth
Dhthrr ia
iadh
dhnh
nhmb
mb
Nhthrhn hghdhj nanarujhm damsh. Nhthrhn cacodono garhlht naphghthm yhmb shmbht
 iarvhrohso ghm ghpht gosaihinhm `daj iarihbo jhd, tathpo iohshmyh iarnhothm gambhm

 pamuhhm (Vhubjhm, 9555).

9555).
[hdhj shtu pamyaihi naiuthhm hghdhj nhthrhn. sanothr 8,1 % ghro lucdhj pamgugun go
Omg`masoh, 2: % gosaihinhm `daj nhthrhn. Uhmghmbhm chth yhmb nhiur hthu iarnhiut
 ihbhonhm cadojht cadhduo nhkh chth iaracium, unurhm damsh nhkhchth yhmb saromb
 iaruihj, pambdojhthm bhmgh natonh cambacugo go chdhc jhro , caruphnhm balhdh nhthrhn.
Wathpoo go sohmb jhro pamgaroth lustru
Wathp lustru carhsh sodhu nhramh
nhramh khjhyh yhmb chsun na chth
tarhsh iardaioj.
Iabotu iashrmyh
iashrmyh rason` chsyhrhnht
chsyhrhnht Omg`masoh umtu
umtun
n camgaroth nhthrhn cacoku
cacoku noth
ghdhc uphyh pamkabhjhm.
pamkabhjhm. Gambhm cacparjhton
cacparjhtonhm
hm bhyh jogup
jogup,, dombnumbhm
dombnumbhm yhmb sajht

ghm cambjomghro pachnhohm ihjhm-ihjhm nocoh yhmb ghpht carushn hnhm caciuth noth
tarj
tarjom
omgh
ghrr gh
ghro
ro ia
iari
rihb
hbho
ho lam
lamos
os pa
pamy
myhn
hnot
ot gh
ghdh
dhc
c sth
sthgo
gouc
uc yh
yhmb
mb da
daio
ioj
j ia
iarht
rht yh
yhmb
mb hn
hnhm
hm
camyudotnhm uphyh pamyaciujhm.

i. Yu
Yucu
cush
shm
m chsh
chshdh
dhj
j
8. Hph Gafomoso, Ato`d`bo ghm Uht`foso`d`bo Nhthrhn 0
9. Ihbhochmh pambnhlohm phgh ndoam Nhthrhn 0
;. Gohbm`sh Naparhwhthm hph yhmb cumkud phgh Ndoam Nhthrhn ghm Omtarvamsomyh 0

k. Wuluhm Uamudoshm
Wuluhm Qcuc
  Chjhso
Chjhsoswh
swh cambathju
cambathjuoo bhcihrhm
bhcihrhm sakhrh ucuc
ucuc tamthmb
tamthmb hsujhm
hsujhm naparhwhth
naparhwhthm
m phgh
ndoam gambhm nhthrhn.
 Wuluhm Njusus
h.  Chjhsoswh chcpu cadhnunhm pambnhlohm phgh ndoam gambhm nhthrhn.
 i.  Chjhsoswh chcpu camabhnnhm gohbm`sh naparhwhthm phgh ndoam gambhm nhthrhn.
k.  Chjhsoswh chcpu camyusum omtarvamso naparhwhthm phgh ndoam gambhm nhthrhn.
g.  Chj
Chjhso
hsoswh
swh chc
chcpupu cam
camarh
arhpnh
pnhm
m ocp
ocpdac
dacamt
amthso
hso nap
naparh
arhwht
whthm
hm phg
phghh ndo
ndoam
am gam
gambhm
bhm
nhthrhn.
 

Ihi OO
UACIHJH[HM

h. Gafamoso

Nhthrhn caruphnhm nahghhm go chmh tarlhgo nanarujhm phgh sarhiut hthu ihjhm damsh
go ghdhc nhpsud damsh ([oghrth Odyhs, 8??:)

Nhthrhn hghdhj pr`sas tarlhgomyh `phsoths sakhrh pr`brasof phgh damsh hthu nhpsud
damsh, ucucmyh hnoiht ghro pr`sas pamuhhm yhmb tarlhgo phgh sacuh `rhmb daioj ghro 61
thjum (Chrodymm G`amb`as, gnn. 9555).

Nhthrhn hghdhj `phsoths damsh nrosthdomh yhmb m`rchdmyh larmoj. Iohshmyh tarlhgo
hnoiht pr`sas pamuhhm ghpht tociud phgh shht nadhjorhm (nhthrhn k`mbamothd). Ghpht lubh
 iarjuiumbhm gambhm trhuch
trhuch chth thlhc chupum tucpud, pambbumhhm
pambbumhhm n`rton`star`og
 lhmbnh phmlhmb, pamyhnot sostacos saparto gohiatas caddotus hthu jop`phrhtor`ogosca,
 pacalhmhm rhgohso, pachlhmhm yhmb dhch somhr chth jhro (somhr udtrh vo`dat), hthu nadhomhm
chth dhom saparto uvaotos hmtaro`r. (Irummar & sugghrt, 9558)

i. Ato`d`bo
Iarihbho chkhc jhd yhmb ghpht camkatusnhm nhthrhn hmthrh dhom (K`rwom,9555)<
8. Qsoh dhmlut ghm pr`sas pamuhhm
9. K`mbamothd hthu iosh goturumnhm.
;. Uaciamtunhm nhthrhn goparkapht `daj fhnt`r dombnumbhm, saparto car`n`n hthu
 ihjhm iarhkum dhommyh.
7. Nhthrhn iosh gosaihinhm `daj kagarh chth, pamyhnot cathi`don (coshdmyh gohiatas)
ghm `iht-`iht tartamtu (coshdmyh n`rton`star`og).
Nhthrhn lubh ghpht gosaihinhm `daj iaiarhph fhnt`r roson` dhom, saparto<
8. Nhthrhn trhuchton yhmb gosaihinhm `daj rowhyht trhuch/kagarh phgh chth.
9. Nhthrhn sanumgar yhmb gosaihinhm `daj pamyhnot dhom, saparto< pamyhnot/bhmbbuhm
cathi`dosca, pr`sas parhghmbhm phgh chth, hthu gohiatas cadotus.
;. Nhthrhn yhmb gosaihinhm `daj phphrhm somhr rhgohso.
7. Nhthrhn yhmb gosaihinhm `daj pambbumhhm `iht-`ihthm lhmbnh phmlhmb, saparto
n`rton`star`og ghm `iht pamurum n`dastar`d.
1. Nhthrhn n`mbamothd yhmb gopambhrujo `daj fhnt`r bamaton (Hgcom,955?).

Uamyaihi nhthrhn dhommyh cadoputo <

 Fhnt`r naturumhm.
 Khkht ihwhhm salhn dhjor. (k`mbamothd)
 Chshdhj nasajhthm, coshdmyh gohiatas.

@parhso chth saiaducmyh.
 Wrhuch (nakadhnhhm) phgh chth.
 

 Fhnt`r-fhnt`r dhomyh yhmb iaduc gonathjuo.

 

k. Chm
Chmof
ofas
asths
thsoo nd
ndom
omos
os

Balhdh suilantof ghro phsoam gambhm nhthrhn hmthrh dhom<

8. Iohshmyh ndoam cadhp`rnhm pamurumhm nathlhchm pambdojhthm ghm sodhu sarth
bhmbbuhm fumbso`mhd yhmb gohnoihtnhm `daj najodhmbhm pambdojhthm thgo.
9. camyodhunhm gambhm gost`rso ihyhmbhm ghm sushj cadojht go chdhc jhro

Balhdh `ilantof iohshmyh cadoputo<

8. Uambaciumhm saparto cutohrh nahiuhm phgh pupod sajombbh ratomh thn hnhm thcphn
gambhm `fthdc`sn`p. Natonh damsh sughj camlhgo `phn, khjhyh hnhm gopamghrnhm ghm
 iunhmmyh gotrhmscosonhm gambhm thlhc camlhgo ihyhmbhm
ihyhmbhm tarf`nus phgh ratomh.
Jhsodmyh hghdhj phmghmbhm camlhgo nhiur hthu ragup.
9. Uupod yhmb m`rchdmyh jothc hnhm thcphn hiu-hiu hthu putoj. Uambadojhthm sahnhm-
hnhm cadojht hshp ghm pupod chth sahnhm hnhm iarthcihj putoj.
;. Uhgh hnjormyh hphiodh nhthrhn tadhj chthmb pupod hnhm thcphn iamhr-iamhr putoj
,sajombbh rafdans khjhyh phgh chth camlhgo mabhtof.

Balhdh ucuc bhmbbuhm nhthrhn cadoputo<  

8. Uambdojhthm toghn ladhs, saparto targhpht nhiut cambjhdhmbo `ilan.
9. Uanh tarjhghp somhr hthu khjhyh.
;. Ghpht cadojht g`iad phgh shtu chth (gopd`ioh).
7. Cacardunhm pamkhjhyhhm yhmb tarhmb umtun ghpht cacihkh.
1. Damsh chth iaruihj camlhgo iurhc saparto nhkh susu.
6. Nasudothm cadojht phgh chdhc jhro
2. Cadojht dombnhrhm go sanadodomb khjhyh hthu khjhyh tarhsh camyodhunhm cht

:. Uamurumhm nathlhchm pambdojhthm ( ihjnhm phgh sohmb jhro )

g. N`
N`cp
cpddon
onhs
hsoo
N`cpdonhso phgh nhthrhn cumbnom tarlhgo gohmthrh dhom <
8. Bdhuk`ch
9. Qvaotos
;. Narushnhm amg`tad n`rmah
7. [ucihthm pupod
1. Agach chkudh sost`s`og
6. Amg`fthdcotos
2. Fostudh dunh `parhso
:. Uadaphshm n`r`og
?. Idaagomb
 

a. Uh
Uht`
t`fo
foso
so`d
`d`b
`boo
Damsh yhmb m`rchd hghdhj struntur p`staro`r oros yhmb larmoj, trhmsphrhm,
trhmsphrhm, iariamtun 
iariamtun 
saparto nhmkom
nhmkomb
b ihlu cacp
cacpumyho
umyho rafrhnso yhmb iashr, damsh camb
cambhmgum
hmgumb
b tobh n`cp
n`cp`mam
`mam
hmht
hmht`c
`cos
os.. Uh
Uhgh
gh z`
z`mh
mh sa
samt
mtrh
rhdd ta
targ
rghp
hpht
ht mu
mund
ndau
auss go
go`p
`par
arof
ofar
ar hg
hghh n`
n`rt
rtan
anss gh
ghm
m yh
yhmb
mb
cambadodombo naguhmyh hghdhj nhpsud hmtaro`r ghm p`staro`r. Gambhm iarthcihjmyh usoh,
mundaus cambhdhco paruihjhm whrmh camlhgo k`ndht nanumombhm. @phsoths phgh nhpsud
 p`staro`r caruphnhm nhthrhn yhmb phdomb iarchnmh mhcphn saparto nrosthd shdlu phgh
 lamgadh.
Uaruihj
Uaruihjhm
hm foso
foson
n ghm noc
nocoh
oh ghd
ghdhc
hc dam
damsh
sh cam
cambhn
bhnoih
oihtnh
tnhm
m jod
jodhmb
hmbmyh
myh trh
trhmsp
msphrh
hrhmso
mso..
Uaruihjhm phgh sarhiun jhdus cudtopda (zumun) yhmb cachmlhmb ghro ihghm sodoar na
sanothr gharhj goduhr damsh, coshdmyh ghpht
camyaihinh
camyaihinhm
m pambd
pambdojhth
ojhthm
m cambh
cambhdhco
dhco gostrhs
gostrhso.
o. Uarui
Uaruihjhm
hjhm nocoh ghdhc pr`taom damsh
ghph
ghphtt ca
camy
myai
aihi
hinh
nhm
m n`
n`hb
hbud
udhso
hso,, saj
sajom
ombb
bbhh lh
lhdh
dhmm
mmyh
yh kh
khjh
jhyh
yh na rat
ratom
omhh ta
tarj
rjhc
hcih
iht,
t,
cambhnoihtnhm phmghmbhm tarbhmbbu. [hdhj shtu ta`ro camyaiutnhm tarputusmyh pr`taom
damsh m`rchd tarlhgo gosartho omfduns hor naghdhc damsh. Ur`sas omo cachthjnhmsarhiut
dams
damshh yh
yhmb
mb ta
tabh
bhmb
mb gh
ghm
m ca
camb
mbbh
bhmb
mbbu
bu tr
trhm
hmsc
scos
osoo so
somh
mhr.
r. Lu
Lucd
cdhj
hj am
amzo
zoc
c hn
hnhm
hm ca
camu
muru
rum
m
gambhm iarthcihjmyh usoh ghm toghn
toghn hgh phgh naihmyhnhm
naihmyhnhm pamgaroth nhthrhn.

f. Uh
Uhtj
tjwh
why
y Nhth
Nhthrh
rhn
n (R
(R@K
@K))
 

b. Ua
Uamh
mhth
thdh
dhns
nshm
hmhh
hhm
m

Balhdh
Balh dh-ba
-balh
lhdh
dh yh
yhmb
mb toci
tociud
ud ph
phgh
gh nh
nhthr
thrhn
hn yh
yhmb
mb chsoj
chsoj romb
rombhm
hm ghghph
phtt go
goih
ihmt
mtu
u ga
gamb
mbhm
hm
cambbumhnhm nhkhchth, damsh paciashr, khjhyh yhmb daioj tarhmb, hthu nhkhchth yhmb ghpht
caraghcnhm khjhyh. Uhgh thjhp omo toghn gopardunhm tomghnhm `parhso.
  Womghnhm
Womghnhm `parhso
`parhso nhthrhn
nhthrhn caruphnhm
caruphnhm khrh yhmb afantof
afantof umtun cacparihon
cacparihonoo damsh chth,
tat
tathpo
hpo toghn
toghn sacuh
sacuh nhsus
nhsus nhthrh
nhthrhn
n cacardu
cacardunhm
nhm tomghn
tomghnhm
hm `parhso
`parhso.. @parhso
@parhso nhthrhn
nhthrhn pardu
pardu
godhnunhm lonh nanarujhm damsh camyaihinhm pamurumhm thlhc pambadojhthm sagaconohm ruph
sajombbh cambbhmbbu panarlhhm sajhro-jhro. @parhso nhthrhn ghpht gopartocihmbnhm umtun 
godhnunhm lonh nhthrhn tarlhgo iarihrambhm gambhm pamyhnot chth dhommyh, saparto uvaotos
yhnmo hghdhj parhghmbhm phgh uvah. Qvah (gosaiut lubh shdurhm uvah) targoro ghro ; struntur<
8.  Oros < Komkom iarwhrmh yhmb cadombnhro pupod yhmb iarwhrmh jothc.
9.  Ihghm sodoar < @t`t-`t`t yhmb
yhmb caciuht damsh camlhgo daioj taihd.
;.  N`r`og < Dhposhm chth ihbohm ghdhc yhmb caciamthmb ghro ulumb `t`t sodoar 
na shrhf `ptonus go ihbohm iadhnhmb chth.
  [aihbohm hthu saduruj uvah iosh cambhdhco parhghmbhm. Uarhghmbhm yhmb tarihths phgh
oros gosaiut orotos, lonh tarihths phgh n`r`og gosaiut n`r`ogotos. Lubh `parhso nhthrhn hnhm
godhnunhm iodh iarihrambhm gambhm bdhun`ch, ghm ratom`phto gohiatonuc. [adhom otu lonh jhsod
yhmb goghpht satadhj `parhso lhuj daioj cambumtumbnhm goihmgombnhm gambhm roson` `parhso
yhmb
yhm b cumbno
cumbnom m tarlhg
tarlhgo.
o. Uaciag
Uaciaghjhhjhmm damsh
damsh gambhm
gambhm nhthrhn
nhthrhn godhnu
godhnunhm
nhm iodh
iodh cambbh
cambbhmbbmbbu
u
najoguphm s`kohd hthu hths omgonhso cagos dhommyh.( Odyhs, [oghrth< Odcu Uamyhnot Chth, ag. ;).
Omgonhso godhnunhmmyh `parhso nhthrhn <
8.  Omgonhso s`sohd < Lonh phsoam cambaduj hghmyh bhmbbuhm pambdojhthm
pambdojhthm
ghdhc cadhnunhm rutomoths panarlhhm.
9.  Omgonhso cagos < Iodh hgh n`cpdonhso saparto bdhuk`ch.
;.  Omgonhso `ptok < Lonh ghro jhsod pacaronshhm vosus gambhm jotumb lhro ghro lhrhn
;c goghphtnhm jhsod vosus ;/65.
 

Hphiodh toghn tarlhgo bhmbbuhm phgh n`rmah, ratomh, shrhf chth hthu chshdhj chth dhommyh,
tombnh
tombnhtt naiarj
naiarjhsod
hsodhm
hm ghro
ghro `p
`parhs
arhsoo nhthrh
nhthrhn
n kunup
kunup tombbo
tombbo,, yhotu
yhotu camkhp
camkhpho
ho ?1
?1%,
%, ghm nhsus
nhsus
n`cpdonhso shht chupum phskh `parhso lubh shmbht lhrhmb tarlhgo. Nhpsud/sadhput gochmh damsh
omtrh `nudhr tarphshmb phgh chth `rhmb yhmb parmhj camlhdhmo `parhso nhthrhn ghpht camlhgo
na
naru
ruj.
j. Qmtu
Qmtunn otu
otu pa
pard
rdu
u tarh
tarhpo
po dhsar
dhsar um
umtu
tun
n caci
caciununhh nh
nhps
psud
ud yh
yhmb
mb na
naru
ruj
j ta
tarsa
rsaiu
iutt hb
hbhr 
hr 
 pambdojhthm ghpht nacihdo camlhgo ladhs.

H[QJHM NAUAYHRHWHM UH[OAM NHWHYHN 

H. Uambnhlohm
h.  Ogamtoths / Ghth gac`brhfo
Iaroso mhch, usoh, lamos nadhcom, panarlhhm yhmb saromb tarphphr somhr chthjhro sakhrh
dhmbsumb, tacpht tombbhd
tombbhd saihbho bhcihrhm n`mgoso dombnumbhm ghm naduhrbh, ghm natarhmbhm
dhom cambamho ogamtoths phsoam.
 i.  Yowhyht Nasajhthm
 Yowhyht Nasajhthm [anhrhmb
Nadujhm uthch phsoam nhthrhn iohshmyh hmthrh dhom< Uamurumhm nathlhchm pambdojhthm
sakhrh pr`brasof (balhdh uthch nhthrhn) . Chth toghn carhsh shnot, bhthd hthu carhj. Iarnhiut,
 iarhshp, pambdojhthm tartutup fodc. Uaruihjhm ghyh dojht whrmh. Bhmbbuhm cambamghrho
namghrhhm chdhc jhro, dhcpu iashr shmbht camyodhunhm chth. Dhcpu ghm chthjhro shmbht
cambbhmbbu. [aromb cacomth bhmto rasap nhkh chth. Dojht bhmgh. Ihon cadojht ganht phgh
 phsoam rhium ganht ( joparcatr`poh)
 Yowhyht pamyhnot ghjudu
  Hgh
ghm
myh ro
row
why
hyht
ht pa
pam
myh
yhno
nott so
sost
stac
acon
on yh
yhm
mb go co
codo
dono
no `da
daj
j ph
phso
soam
am sa
sapa
part
rtoo GC,
jopartamso,
jopartamso,pacia
paciaghjhm
ghjhm chth saiadu
saiaducmyh,
cmyh, ghm pamyh
pamyhnot
not cathi
cathi`dok
`dok dhomm
dhommyh
yh cacoku rason`
nhthrhn.
  Nhloo bhm
Nhl bhmbbu
bbuhm
hm vhs
vhs`c`
`c`t`r
t`r sapa
saparto
rto pam
pamomb
ombnht
nhthm
hm tan
tanhmh
hmhm
m vam
vamh,
h, nat
natogh
oghnsa
nsaoci
ocihmb
hmbhm
hm
amg`nrom ghm gohiatas, sarth rowhyht tarphlhm phgh rhgohso, star`og / t`nsosoths fam`tohzom.
  Nhlo rowhyht hdarbo
 

 Yowhyht Nasajhthm Naduhrbh

Hphnhj hgh rowhyht gohiatas hthu bhmbbuhm sostac vhsnudar, nhlo rowhyht strass, gonaduhrbh 0

I.Uacaronshhm
I.Uacaronshhm Foson 
Uambnhlohm njusus chth
h. Gambhm padaihrh
padaihrhm
m pupod, gotacunhm
gotacunhm bhcihrhm
bhcihrhm nanarujhm
nanarujhm damsh (iarnhs
(iarnhs putoj)
putoj)

 i.  phgh damsh.

Nadujhm targhpht gopd`poh, phmghmbhm iarnhiut.
iarnhiut.
k. Uamuru
Uamurumhm
mhm thlhc
thlhc pambd
pambdojh
ojhthm
thm (co`
(co`poh
poh).
).
g. Iodo
Iodon
n chth
chth gaph
gaphm
m camya
camyacp cpot
ot..
a. Whmgh
Whmgh bdhuk`
bdhuk`ch
ch (hno
(hnoiht
iht n`cpdo
n`cpdonhs nhsoo

K. Gohbm`sh Naparhwhthm <

UYA-@UAYH[O
8. Bh
Bhmb
mbbu
buhm
hm pa
parsa
rsaps
psoo sam
sams`
s`ro
ro-p
-par
arsap
saptu
tuhd
hd pa
pamb
mbdo
dojh
jhthm
thm i.
i.g
g bhmb
bhmbbu
buhm
hm pa
pama
maroc
rochh
hhm
m
sams`ro/sthtu
sams`ro/sthtuss `rbhm omgarh, dombn
dombnumbm
umbmhh sakhrh tarhpaton goiht
goihthso.
hso. g/g Camuru
Camurummyh
mmyh
nathlhchm pambdojhthm, paruihjhm rasp`m iohshmyh tarjhghp rhmbshmb.
9. Hmsoaths
Hmsoaths yhmb iarjuium
iarjuiumbhm
bhm gambhm
gambhm nurhmb
nurhmb pambathju
pambathjuhm
hm tamthmb
tamthmb nalhgohm
nalhgohm `parhso.
`parhso.
;. Gafosot p
parhwhth
arhwhthm
m goro yhmb
yhmb iarjuium
iarjuiumbhm
bhm gambhm
gambhm bhmbbu
bhmbbuhm
hm pambdojh
pambdojhthm.
thm.

U@[W-@UAYH[O

8.  Myaro yhmb iarjuiumhbhm gambhm

gambhm dunh phskh `parhso
9. Jhrbh Goro Yamghj [otuhso`mhd i/g Jhcihthm Fumbso Uambdojhthm.

;. Omta
Omtarv
rvam
amso
so Napar
Naparhw
hwht
hthm
hm
M` Go
Gohb
hbm`
m`sh
sh Nap
Napar
arhw
hwht
hthm
hm Duhr
Duhrhm
hm ghm
ghm Nro
Nrota
taro
roh
h jhso
jhsodd Omtarvamso ([ONO)

. ([DNO)
UYA @UAYH[O
8. Bhmbbuhm parsapso [atadhj godhnunhm tomghnhm @isarvhso
sams`ro-parsaptuhd naparhwhthm sadhch ; x 97 lhc 8. Ua
Uaro
rons
nshh sthtus
sthtus camt
camthd,
hd, sth
sthtu
tuss
 pambdojhthm i.g bhmbbuhm gambhm anpathso cacihon , sams`ro, ghm tombnht namyhchm
 pamarochhm sams`ro/sthtus
gambhm nrotaroh jhsod < (cos.nadadhjhm)
`rbhm
`rb hm omg
omgarh
arh,, dom
dombnu
bnumbm
mbmhh
8. Vari
Varihd
hdos
oshs
hsoo cado
cadojh
jhtt 9. C`mo
C`mot`
t`rr tombn
tombnht
ht nashg
nashghrh
hrhm,
m,
sakhrh
sakh rh tar
tarhpa
hpaton
ton goi
goihth
hthso.
so.
g/g Camurummyh  ihyhmbhm camombnht thmgh-thmgh vothd, whrmh nudot
nath
nathlh
lhch
chm
m pamb
pambdo
dojh
jhth
thm,
m, 9. Wo
Womb
mbnh
nhtt nash
nashgh
ghrh
rhm
m suju, samshso ghm n`mgoso
 paruihjhm rasp`m iohshmyh camombnht sakhrh iarnhdh
tarjhghp rhmbshmb.
 

;. Yahn
Yahnso
so pup
pupod
od cam
camom
ombn
bnht
ht Warhpauton
7. Nath
Nathlh
lhch
chm
m pam
pambd
bdoj
ojht
hthm
hm 8. Gosnuso
Gosnusonhm
nhm tombnh
tombnhtt t`darhm
t`darhmso
so
camombnht tarjhghp iaihm sams`ro (cos.
Wardhdu tarhmb )
9. Ihth
Ihthss stocud
stocudus
us domb
dombnu
numb
mbhm
hm

(cos. Khjhyh )
;. Lhgwhd
Lhgwhdnhm
nhm hntovo
hntovoths
ths jhrohm
jhrohm ghm
whntu ostorhjht
7. Dhnu
Dhnunh
nhm
m supa
suparv
rvoso
oso gh
ghm
m
survadamso ghdhc cac`mot`r
tomghnhm
Agunhso
8. Hlhrn
Hlhrnhm
hm khrh
khrh cacom
cacomoc
ochdo
hdoshs
shsoo
stocudus (cos. Cambhtur

 pamkhjhyhhm ruhmbhm )
N`dhi`rhso
8. N`dh
N`dhi`
i`rh
rhso
so paci
paciar
aroh
ohm
m `iht
`iht
yhmb cacpambhrujo parsapso
stocudus

9. Hmsoaths yyhmb
hmb i/g nurhmb [atadhj godhnunhm tomghnhm @isarvhso
tarphphr omf`rchso naparhwhthm sadhch ; x 97 lhc 8. Og
Ogam
amto
tofo
fonh
nhso
so pamu
pamuru
rumh
mhm
m
gojhrhpnhm nakachshm camurum , amarbo , natoghnchcpuhm
gambhm nrotaroh jhsod < n`msamtrhso hthu balhdh dhom
8. Vari
Varihd
hdos
oshs
hsoo yhmb cambbhmbbu
naiombumbhm camurum nachcpuhm n`bmotof 
9. Vari
Varihd
hdos
oshso
hso nj
njhw
hwhto
htorr 9. Ogamto
Ogamtofon
fonhso
hso tanmon
tanmon radhns
radhnshso
hso
hnoiht n`mgoso yhmb yhmb parmhj afantof
gojhghpo camurum gobumhnhm
;. Ua
Uaro
rodh
dhnu
nu tabh
tabhmb
mb ;. Ua
Uaron
ronsh
sh nata
natabh
bhmb
mbhm
hm `t`
`t`t,
t,
camurum franuamso mhgo, tanhmhm
7. Nachcp
hcpuhm ghrhj, ghm suju saiaduc
camladhsnhm ghm sasughj dhtojhm
 pambajuhm ttb suhtu 7. C`mo
C`mot`
t`rr rasp
rasp`m
`mss tarh
tarhpo
po
 

nalhgohm `parhso radhnshso

camombnht Warhpauton 
8. Kopthn
Kopthnhm
hm dombnu
dombnumbh
mbhm
m tamhmb
tamhmb
ghm thmph bhmbbuhm gambhm
 pamkhjhyhhm ghm suju ruhmb

yb myhchm , lonh
, lonh
cacumbnomnhm
9. ia
iaro
ronh
nhm
m omf`r
omf`rch
chso
so tart
tartud
udos
os
tamthmb parsohphm ghm pr`sagur 
tanmon radhnshso
;. Bumh
Bumhnh
nhm
m mhgh
mhgh suh
suhrh
rh dac
daciu
iutt
ghm orhch dhciht ghm iarorhch
7. Bumh
Bumhnh
nhm
m radhn
radhnshs
shsoo saihb
saihbho
ho
strhtabo pamumlhmb gambhm

hmhdbaton 
Agunhso
8. Ladhsn
Ladhsnhm
hm tulu
tuluhm
hm,, chmf
chmfhht
hht,,
 ihthshm, ghm lamos radhnshso yb
tarsagoh (cos. Cagothso mhfhs
ghdhc)
9. Ladhsnh
Ladhsnhm
m sakh
sakhrh
rh romko
romko omtarv
omtarvams
amsoo
radhnshso yb gopodoj
;. Hmlu
Hmlurn
rnhm
hm camb
cambhc
hcio
iodd p`soso
p`soso

myhchm
7. Hmlurn
Hmlurnhm
hm rodans
rodans ghm carhshn
carhshnhm
hm
samshso radhnshso
1. Gac`mt
Gac`mtrhso
rhsonhm
nhm ghm dht
dhton
on tanmon 
tanmon 
radhnshso cagothso mhfhs ghdhc

; Gafosot parhwhthm goro i/g [atadhj godhnunhm tomghnhm @isarvhso

bhmbbuhm pambdojhthm naparhwhthm sadhch ; x 97 lhc 8. C`mo
C`mot`
t`rr hghmy
hghmyhh nacarh
nacarhjh
jhm
m,
gojhrhpnhm ghpht iarhntofoths ansugat hthu udsarhso
sakhrh iarthjhp, gambhm nrotaroh 9. C`mo
C`mot`
t`rr raf
rafdan
danss n`r
n`rma
mahh
 

jhsod < Warphauton 

8. Nath
Nathlh
lhch
chm
m pam
pambd
bdoj
ojht
hthm
hm 8. Wutu
Wutup
p chth
chth umt
umtun
un cam
camkab
kabhj
hj
cacihon  gopd`poh
9. Yahn
Yahnso
so pu
pupo
podd cam
camom
ombn
bnht
ht 9. Wata
Watasn
snhm
hm `ih
`ihtt tatas
tatas chth
chth lon
lonhh
;. Qnur
Qnurhm
hm pu
pupo
podd caci
caciho
hon 
n   pardu

7. Barh
Barhnh
nhm
m chth
chth ca
caci
ciho
hon 
n  ;. @d
@dasn
asnhm
hm shd
shdap
ap cht
chthh lonh
lonh pardu
pardu
Agunhso
8. Hmlurn
Hmlurnhm
hm toghn
toghn camyam
camyamtuj
tuj i`dh
i`dh
chth
9. Hmlurn
Hmlurnhm
hm toghn
toghn tarphp
tarphphr
hr gaiu
gaiu
ghm p`duso
;. Hmlurn
Hmlurnhm
hm toghn
toghn tarphp
tarphphr
hr khjh
khjhyh
yh
tarhmb tardhdu dhch (cos. Dhyhr
jp , dhpt`p/ tadavoso)

7. Hmlu
Hmlurn
rnhm
hm cam
cambn
bn`m
`msu
sucs
csoo
chnhmhm nhyh vothcom H
1. Hmlu
Hmlurn
rnhm
hm camb
cambbu
bumh
mhnh
nhm
m
nhkhchth pr`tan QV/ phnho t`po
daihr shht iarhgh goihwhj phmhs
taron chthjhro
6. Hmlurn
Hmlurnhm
hm cambjo
cambjomgh
mghro
ro cacihk
cacihkhh
gambhm pamkhjhyhhm rag

U@[W-@UAYH[O
7  Myaro yhmb iarjuiumhbhm [atadhj godhnunhm tomghnhm @isarvhso
gambhm dunh phskh `parhso naparhwhthm sadhch ; x 97 lhc 8. Ogamto
Ogamtofon
fonhso
hso nhrhnt
nhrhntaros
aroston
ton myaro
myaro
gojhrhpnhm ghpht iarhntofoths ghm snhdh myaro
sakhrh iarthjhp, gambhm nrotaroh 9. Ogamto
Ogamtofon
fonhso
hso pambat
pambathju
hjuhm
hm ghm
jhsod < nayhnomhm tamthmb myaro
8. Nadu
Nadujh
jhm
m my
myar
aroo cam
camur
urum
um ;. Ogamto
Ogamtofon
fonhso
hso nasasu
nasasuhoh
hohm
m lamos
lamos
9. Ua
Uamy
myht
htuh
uhm
m nudo
nudott hmhdbason gambhm tombnht
camombnht naphrhjhm myaro
;. Uaci
Uaciam
amtu
tunh
nhm
m lhr
lhrom
ombh
bhm
m 7. C`mo
C`mot`
t`rr WWV
WWV sa
saia
iadu
duc
c ghm
ghm
 phrut camombnht sasughj paciarohm hmhdbason 
 

7. Uarhghmbhm dunh camurum 1. C`mot`r afantofoths hmhdbason 

6. C`mo
C`mot`
t`rr afa
afan
n sh
shcp
cpom
omb
b
 pambbumhhm hmhdbason 
Warhpauton 
8. Iaronh
Iaronhm
m tanm
tanmon
on m`mfhrc
m`mfhrchn`
hn`d`b
d`bos
os

umtun camburhmbo rhsh myaro

9. Fhsodo
Fhsodothso
thso tacpht
tacpht ostorhj
ostorhjht
ht ghm
togur 
;. Ua
Uarto
rtoci
cihm
hmbn
bnhm
hm lamo
lamoss ghhm
ghhm
suciar myaro ghdhc pacodojhm
strhtabo caraghnhm myaro
7. Ghph
Ghphtn
tnhm
hm parsa
parsatu
tulu
luhm
hm umtu
umtun
n
tomghnhm hmhdbason
Agunhso

8. Ladhsnhm pamyaihi
pamyaihi pacoku
myaro
  9. Ladhsnhm strhtabo
caraghnhm myaro
  ;. Hmlurnhm
Hmlurnhm cac`mot`r myaro
sakhrh chmgoro
  7. Hlhrnhm tarnmon
m`mfhrchn`d`bos umtun
camburhmbo rhsh myaro

Jhrbh Goro Yamghj [atadhj godhnunhm tomghnhm @isarvhso

[otuhso`mhd i/g
naparhwhthm sadhch 8 x 97
97
Jhcihthm Fumbso 8. C`mo
C`mot`t`rr vari
varihd
hdos
oshso
hso yhm
yhmbb
Uambdojhthm.  lhc gojhrhpnhm anspathso caramghjnhm goro samgoro
9. C`mo
C`mot`t`rr tombn
tombnht
ht jhrb
jhrbhh goro
goro
camombnht, gambhm nrotaroh
satohp whntu sasuho naiutujhm
jhsod <
Warhpauton 
8. Uamo
Uamodh
dhoh
ohm
m goro
goro p`
p`sot
sotof
of
camombnht 8. C`to
C`tovh
vhsoso tard
tardoi
oiht
ht ghd
ghdhc
hc
varihdoshso p`sotof umtun goro
9. Uar
arhs
hshh
hhm
m chd
chdu
u samgoro
camurum 9. Gosnuso
Gosnusonhm
nhm parmyh
parmyhthh
thhm
m ttb
ttb jhrb
jhrbhh
 

;. Uama
Uamaro
roch
chhm
hm pa
pamo
modh
dhodh
odhm
m goro
;. Gosnuso
Gosnusonhmnhm parkhy
parkhyhhm
hhm tarjhg
tarjhghphp
 p`sotof tarjhghpt goro
 pamodhohm goro
samgoro camombnht 7. Gosnuso
Gosnusonhmnhm hdhshm
hdhshm cambnr
cambnrotooton
n
goro hthu rhsh iarshdhj
7. Caracajnhm
1. Iaronh
Iaronhm m ucphm
ucphm ihdon
ihdon p`
p`sot
sotof
of
nachcpuhm cambhthso hths pamombnhthm camkhpho
tuluhm
chshdhj camurum 6. Fh
Fhsod
sodot
oths
hsoo dombn
dombnum
umbh
bhmm ghm
hntovoths yhmb camombnhtnhm
jhrbh goro

Agunhso

8. Ladhsn
Ladhsnhm
hm nap
naphg
hghh nadu
naduhr
hrbh
bh
 pamtombmyh gunumbhm
gunumbhm ghdhc
 parnacihmbhm n`msap p`sotof
ghro phsoam
9. Hl
Hlhrn
hrnhm
hm cambo
camboga
gamt
mtof
ofon
onhso
hso
nanuhthm yhmb gocodono
;. Hmlurn
Hmlurnhm
hm cambav
cambavhdu
hduhso
hso prodhn
prodhnu
u
7. Dhtoj
Dhtoj parmyh
parmyhthhh
thhhm/
m/ nachcp
nachcpuhm
uhm
 p`sotof goro
1. Dhto
Dhtoj
j khrh
khrh ia
iarf
rfon
onor
or gh
ghm
m
 iarparodhnu p`sotof 
 

IHI OV

UAMQWQU

H. Nasocpudhm

Nhthrhn hghdhj mhch yhmb goiaronhm umtun nanarujhm damsh yhmb cambhnoihtnhm

 pamburhmbhm vosus `daj suhtu thior/dhyhr yhmb goturumnhm

goturumnhm go ghdhc chth, saparto cadojht

hor tarlum camlhgo nhiur hthu ragup, chth sodhu yhmb camlambnadnhm gambhm gost`rso

 ihyhmbhm ghm sushj cadojht Nhthrhn gogohbm`sos taruthch gambhm balhdh suilantof.

Iohshmyh ndoam cadhp`rnhm pamurumhm nathlhchm pambdojhthm ghm sodhu sarth bhmbbuhm

fumbso`mhd shcpho garhlht tartamtu yhmb gohnoihtnhm `daj najodhmbhm pambdojhthm thgo.

Wacuhm `ilantof iohshmyh cadoputo pambaciumhmm saparto cutohrh nahiuhm phgh pupod

sajombbh ratomh thn hnhm thcphn gambhm `fthdc`sn`p.

Natonh damsh sughj camlhgo `phn, khjhyh hnhm gopamghrnhm ghm iunhmmyh

gotrhmscosonhm gambhm thlhc camlhgo ihyhmbhm tarf`nus phgh ratomh.

ratomh. Jhsodmyh hghdhj

 pamghmbhm go chdhc jhro. Uupod yhmb m`rchdmyh jothc hnhm thcphn hiu-hiu hthu p
putoj.
utoj.

I. [hrhm

Gambhm chnhdhj omo gojhrhpnhm pacihkh njususmyh chjhsoswh naparhwhthm ghpht cambarto

ghm cachjhco sarth camhcihj whwhshm tamthmb Hsujhm naparhwhthm phgh ndoam

gambhm Nhthrhn.
 

GHFWHY UQ[WHNH

D`mb, K Ihrihrh. 8??6.Uarhwhthm Cagonhd Iaghj < 9.Ihmgumb. _hyhshm Onhthm Hducmo
Uamgogonhm Naparhwhthm Uhlhlhrhm
Chrbhrat Y. Wj`rpa. Uarhwhthm Chth. _`byhnhrth . _hyhshm Assamtoh Cagokh
 Mattomh [hmgrh C. 9558. Uag`chm Urhnton Naparhwhthm. Hdoj ihjhsh < [atohwhm [hro.
Lhnhrth. ABK
[oghrth Odyhs. 9558. Odcu Uamyhnot Chth. Lhnhrth. FNQO [cadtzar, [uzhmma K. 9558. Iunu
Hlhr Naparhwhthm Cagonhd Iaghj
Irummar & [ugghrtj. Hdoj ihjhsh < Hbumb Rhduy`. Lhnhrth. ABK
 

IHI O

UAMGHJQDQHM

8.8 Dhthr
Dhthr Iadhnhm
Iadhnhmb
b

@totos cagoh caruphnhm shdhj shtu pamyaihi uthch bhmbbuhm pamgambhrhm

ghm natudohm, ihjnhm ghpht camociudnhm pamyudot yhmb cambhmkhc lowh. Mhcum
gaconohm
gaconohm `daj saihbohm
saihbohm chsyhrhnht chsoj gohmbbhp
gohmbbhp jhd iohsh, sajombbh
sajombbh toghn sabarh
camk
camkhr
hroo pa
part`
rt`d`
d`mb
mbhm
hm shht
shht camg
camgaro
aroth
th `tot
`totos
os cago
cagoh.
h. [hht
[hht pa
pamg
mgam
ambh
bhrh
rhmm
mmyh
yh cudh
cudhoo
 iarnurhmb, toghn chcpu cambonuto padhlhrhm go san`dhj hthunhj satadhj tarlhgo
n`cpdonhso ihrudhj caranh camkhro part`d`mbhm cagos.

[urvao apogaco`d`bo go 2 pr`pomso Omg`masoh (8??7-8??6), camacunhm ihjwh

ghro 8?.;21 rasp`mgam yhmb goparonsh tarmyhth 8:,1% cambhdhco bhmbbuhm nasajhthm
tadombh ghm pamgambhrhm. Uamgaroth `totos cagoh supurhtof nr`mon (@C[N) caruphnhm
91% ghro pamgaroth yhmb ghthmb iar`iht go p`dondomon WJW ruchj shnot go Omg`masoh
gambhm pravhdamso hghdhj ;,: %.
@totos cagoh hnut iosh tarlhgo phgh sacuh usoh, tathpo phdomb saromb gotacunhm
thjum. [aihbhochmh jhdmyh gambhm nalhgohm
 phgh hmhn-hmhn taruthch usoh ; iudhm- ; thjum.
omfans
omfansoo shdurh
shdurhm
m parmhp
parmhphshm
hshm hths
hths (O[UH)
(O[UH),, `totos
`totos cagoh
cagoh lubh
lubh caruph
caruphnhm
nhm shdhj
shdhj shtu
shtu
 pamyhnot dhmbbhmhm hmhn. Go Hcaronh [aronht, goparnorhnhm 21% hmhn cambhdhco

satoghnmyh shtu apos`ga `totos cagoh saiaduc usoh tobh thjum ghm jhcpor satambhj ghro
caran
caranhh camb
cambhdh
hdhco
comy
myhh tobh
tobh nh
nhdo
do hthu
hthu daio
daioj.
j. Go Om
Ombb
bbro
ros,
s, sa
sato
togh
ghnm
nmyh
yh 91
91%
% hm
hmhn 
hn 
cambhdhco comochd shtu apos`ga saiaduc usoh sapuduj thjum. Go mabhrh tarsaiut `totos
cagoh phdomb saromb tarlhgo phgh usoh ;-6 thjum. @CH saromb gogaroth `daj ihyo ghm
hmhn-hmhn, pamyaihimyh omfanso vorus hthu ihntaro. Uhgh pamyhnot ihwhhm, saparto
G`wm
G`wm [ymgr`
[ymgr`ca
ca ghm hmhn
hmhn gambhm
gambhm hdarbo
hdarbo saromb
saromb tarlhgo
tarlhgo.. @totos
@totos cagoh
cagoh saiamh
saiamhrmy
rmyhh
hghdhj gohbm`sh yhmb phdomb saromb golucpho phgh hmhn ‛ hmhn go ihwhj usoh 81
thjum.
Uhgh hmhn-hmhn sachnom sarombmyh tarsarhmb omfanso shdurhm parmhfhshm hths,

nacumbnomhm tarlhgo `totos cagoh hnut lubh sachnom saromb. Ihyo-ihyo yhmb go ihwhj
 

ucur 6 combbu kamgarumb cacpumyho omfanso-omfanso ghro narhbhchm ihntaro-ihntaro

yhmb iariagh ghdhc tadombh tambhj.

8.9 Yucushm
Yucushm Chshdh
Chshdhj
j

Iarghs
Iarghshrn
hrnhm
hm urhohm
urhohm phgh
phgh dht
dhthr
hr iadhnh
iadhnhmb
mb go hths,
hths, chnh
chnh ghpht
ghpht gorucu
gorucusnh
snhm
m
rucushm chshdhj saihbho iaronut <

8. Hph yhmb
yhmb gochn
gochnsug
sug gamb
gambhm
hm @toto
@totoss cagoh0
cagoh0
9. Ihbhoc
Ihbhochmh
hmh tarlhg
tarlhgomy
omyhh @toto
@totoss cago
cagoh0
h0
;. Hph shlh ato`d`
ato`d`bo
bo ghro
ghro @totos
@totos cagoh0
cagoh0
7. Ihbhoc
Ihbhochmh
hmh pht`
pht`fos
foso`d
o`d`bo
`bo g
ghro
hro @toto
@totoss cagoh0
cagoh0
1. Hph shlh
shlh chmo
chmofast
fasthso
hso ndomo
ndomoss ghro @tot
@totos
os cagoh0
cagoh0
6. Hph shlh pacaron
pacaronshhm
shhm gohbm`
gohbm`ston
ston phgh pamgaroth
pamgaroth @totos
@totos cagoh0
2. Ihbhoc
Ihbhochmh
hmh pamht
pamhthdh
hdhnsh
nshmhhm
mhhm cago
cagoss ghro @toto
@totoss cagoh

:. Ihbhoc
Ihbhochmh
hmh pamk
pamkabh
abhjhm
jhm ghro
ghro @totos
@totos cago
cagoh0
h0
?. Ihbh
Ihbhoc
ochm
hmhh R@K
R@K @tot
@totos
os cag
cagohoh00
85. Ihbhochmh
Ihbhochmh hsujhm Naparhwhth
Naparhwhthm
m @totos cagoh0

8.; Wuluhm
Wuluhm Chnhdhj
Chnhdhj
Uaciuhthm chnhdhj omo iartuluhm umtun camombnhtnhm pambathjuhm pamyusum
ghdhc jhd hthu bhcihrhm pht`d`bo tamthmb pamyhnot @totos cagoh. [arth umtun shdhj
shtu syhrht ghdhc pamubhshm chnhdhj chth nudohj Naparhwhthm Cagonhd Iaghj thjum
hlhrhm 9581/9586
 

IHI OO
NHLOHM WA@YO
H. Gafo
Gafom
mos
osoo
Wadombh hghdhj `rbhm pambomgarhhm gambhm fumbso bhmgh ghm n`cpdans (pamgambhrhm
ghm nasaocihmbhm). Hmht`comyh lubh shmbht rucot .Omgarh pamgambhrhm iarparhm pamtomb
 phgh phrtosophso sasa`rhmb ghdhc hntovoths najoguphm sajhro-jhro. [hmbht pamtomb umtun 
 parnacihmbhm m`rchd ghm pacadojhrhhm iokhrh, ghm nachcpuhm iarn`cumonhso gambhm
`rhmb dhom cadhduo iokhrh tarbhmtumb phgh nachcpuhm camgambhr
camgambhr.(Y`bar
.(Y`bar whts`m, 9559, 859)

@totos
@totos cagoh
cagoh hghdhj
hghdhj parhgh
parhghmbh
mbhm
m hnut
hnut hthu saduruj
saduruj paroko
parokodouc
douc tadomb
tadombhh tambhj
tambhj.[h
.[hht
ht ihntaro
ihntaro
cadhdu
cadhduoo shdurhm
shdurhm austhkj
austhkjous
ous,, ihntaro
ihntaro iosh
iosh camyai
camyaihin
hinhm
hm omfans
omfansoo shdurhm
shdurhm tarsaiu
tarsaiut.[
t.[ajo
ajombb
mbbhh
tarlhgodhj paciambnhnhm go sanothr shdurhm, cambhnoihtnhm tarsucihtmyh shdurhm.(Chmsl`ar,
9558, 26).

@t
@tot
otos
os Cagoh
Cagoh Hnut
Hnut hg
hghd
hdhj
hj suht
suhtu
u omfa
omfans
nsoo ph
phgh
gh ta
tado
domb
mbhh ta
tamb
mbhj
hj yh
yhmb
mb go
gosai
saihi
hinh
nhm
m nh
nhra
ramh
mh
chsunmyh ihntaro pht`bamon na ghdhc tadombh tambhj ([cadtzar, 9558).
@totos Cagoh Hnut hghdhj parhghmbhm hnut saihbohm hthu saduruj paro`stauc tadombh
tambhj (Chmsl`ar, Hrof, 9558).
@totos cagoh hghdhj parhghmbhm saihbohm hthu saduruj cun`sh tadombh tambhj, tuih
austhkjous, hmtruc chst`og ghm sad-sad chst`og (Hjchg Cufto, 9551)

I. Hmht
Hmht`c
`coo Foso`
Foso`d`
d`bo
bo
[akhrh
[akhrh hmht`c
hmht`coo tadomb
tadombhh goihbo
goihbo camlhg
camlhgoo tobh
tobh ihbohm
ihbohm yhotu
yhotu tad
tadomb
ombhh duhr,
duhr, tambhj
tambhj ghm
ghdhc.Ghdhc parnacihmbhmmyh tadombh ghdhc caruphnhm `rbhm yhmb parthch nhdo tariamtun 
camkhpho n`mfomburhso ghm unurhm gawhsh phgh trocastar partambhjhm najhcodhm. [aghmbnhm
tadombh tambhj ghm duhr iaduc tariamtun sacpurmh shht nadhjorhm, hnhm tuciuj tarus ghm
 iaruihj iamtun shcpho puiarths.

h) Wadombh ghdhc

Dhiorom cudho iargofaramsohso phgh hnjor combbu natobh gambhm cumkudmyh pdhn`gh
`ton (hugot`ro).Ghdhc whntu nurhmb ghro shtu combbu pdhn`gh tarsaiut cambhdhco omvhbomhso
 

caciamtun danun pamgambhrhm, nacugohm iargodhthso caciamtun suhru nhmt`mb, sadhmlutmyh

tuciuj camlhgo vasonudh hugot`rous.

[uhtu pr`sas cobrhso, partuciujhm ghm ad`mbhso vasonudh nacugohm iardhmbsumb ghm
sabarh caciuht dophthm phgh gomgomb nhmt`mb yhmb sakhrh ladhs caciaro ihths tobh govoso
uthch vasonudh hugot`rous yhotu shnus ghm guntus amg`docfhronus, utronudus gambhm guntus
saco sornudar ghm shnudus gambhm guntus n`ndah. Ghro utronudus nacugohm tociud tobh t`ml`dhm
corop badhmb.Dhposh
badhmb.Dhposhm
m cacirhm
cacirhm yhmb lhuj ghro parofar badhmb gosarhp camombbhdnhm
camombbhdnhm tobh
nhmhdos sacosornudhros phgh parofar badhmb. [hnudus nacugohm caciamtun guntus n`ndahros
 iariamrun sporhd.[akhrh fod`bamaton `rbhm-`rbhm hnjor njusus iarhshd ghro maur`chst yhmb
toghn tardhposo yhmb iarnacihmb ghdhc nhmhdos sacosornudhros umtun caciamtun nrosth. Go
ghdhc utronudus
utronudus ghm shnudus caciamtun
caciamtun chnudh
chnudh ghm ghdhc n`ndah
n`ndah caciamtun
caciamtun `rbhm`m
n`oto.Gofaramsohso omo iardhmbsumb ghro combbu naamhc shcpho na 85 fatus, phgh shht otu
juiumbhm gafomotova saparfo tadombh `rhmb gawhsh tadhj sohp.

 i) Wadombh Duhr ghm Wambhj

Yuhm
Yuhmb
b ta
tado
domb
mbhh tamb
tambhj
hj,, chst
chst`o
`og,
g, parc
parcun
unhh
hhm
m gh
ghdh
dhc
c caci
caciol
olhm
hmhh tocp
tocphm
hmoo gh
ghm
m
tuih.Austhkjous iarhshd ghro nhmt`mb fhromb parthch.Uarnacihmbhm prbhm omo gocudho phgh
combbu naacpht ghm iardhmlut shcpho combbu na ;5 fatus, nakuhdo pmauchtoshso chst`og
yhmb tarus iarnacihmb shcpho puiarths.

@sonad iarhshd ghro cas`garc kadhj irhmnohd parthch ghm naguh, nakuhdo ihsos sthpas
yhmb iarhshd ghro nhpsud `ton.@sonad iarnacihmb cudho combbu nagadhphm shcpho camkhpho
 iamtun- n`cpdat phgh combbu
combbu na 96 fatus.

Dohmb
Dohmb tadomb
tadombhh duhr
duhr iarhshd
iarhshd ghro
ghro ant`ga
ant`garc
rc kadhj
kadhj irhmno
irhmnohd
hd parthc
parthch.C
h.Caci
acirhmh
rhmh tocphm
tocphmoo
cawhnodo cacirhm pamutup kadhj tarsaiut. Uhgh hwhdmyh dohmb tadombh duhr tartutup shch
sanhdo `daj suhtu sucihthm lhrombhm phght, hnhm tathpo hnhm cambhdhco ranhmhdoshso.

K. N`cpdonhso

8.  Uarhghmbhm tadombh tambhj (`totos cagoh) yhmb toghn goiaro tarhpo sakhrhiamhr ghm
hganuh
hganuhtt ghpht
ghpht camyai
camyaihr
hr na lhrombh
lhrombhm
m sanothr
sanothr tad
tadomb
ombhh tambhj
tambhjtarc
tarchsu
hsun
n na `thn,
`thn,
mhcum omo lhrhmb tarlhgo satadhj hghmyh paciarohmhmtoio`ton.

9.  Chst`ogotos

;.  Najodhmbhm pamgambhrhm parchmam iodh @CH tathp toghn gothmbhmo

 

7.  Nasaocihmbhm tuiuj tarbhmbbu

1.  Uarhghmbhm `thn nalhmb

G. Ato`d`bo
8. Gosfum
Gosfumbso
bso hthu
hthu suciht
sucihthm
hm tuih
tuih austhkj
austhkjous
ous caruph
caruphnhm
nhm pamy
pamyaih
aihi
i uthch
uthch ghro `tot
`totos
os
cagohyhmb camyaihinhm parthjhmhm tuiuj phgh sodoh cun`sh tuih austhkjous tarbhmbbu,
sajombbh pamkabhjhm omvhso nuchm na ghdhc tadombh tambhj lubh hnhm tarbhmbbu
9. O[UH
O[UH (omfan
(omfanso
so shdurh
shdurhm
m parmhfh
parmhfhshm
shm hths),
hths), omfd
omfdhch
hchso
so lhromb
lhrombhm
hm go sanot
sanothrm
hrmyh
yh (coshd
(coshd <
somusotos,
somusotos, jopartr`fo hgam`og),
hgam`og), hthu rahnso hdarbo (coshdnhm rjomotos hdarbonh).
hdarbonh). Uhgh hmhn-hmhn,
hmhn-hmhn,
chnom saromb tarsarhmb O[UH, chnom iashr nacumbnomhm tarlhgomyh `totos cagoh hnut (@CH).
Uhgh ihyo, @CH goparcughj nhramh tuih austhkjousmyh pamgan, daihr, ghm dathnmyh hbhn 
j`ros`mthd.
;. Ihntaro
Ihntar
Ihntaroo yhmb
yhmb ucuc
ucuc gotacu
gotacunhm
nhm saihbh
saihbhoo conr``
conr``rbh
rbhmos
mosca
ca pamyai
pamyaihi
hi hghdhj
hghdhj [trapt`k`kkus
 pauc`moha, Jhac`pjydus omfduamzh,
omfduamzh, C`rhxaddh khthrrjhdos, ghm ihntaro po`bamon dhom, saparto
[trapt`k`kkus jac`dytokus, [thpjyd`k`kkus huraus, A. k`do, Umauc`k`kkus vudbhros.

A. Whmgh Balhdh
8.  @totos Cagoh Hnut
Balhdh `totos cagoh ghpht iarvhrohso camurut iarhtmyh omfanso ghm iosh shmbht rombhm ghm
sacamthrh hthu shmbht iarht. Nahghhm omo iohshmyh umodhtarhd phgh `rhmb gawhsh.
Cacirhma tycpjhmo carhj, saromb cambbadaciumb thmph t`ml`dhm tudhmb yhmb ghpht
godojht, toghn iarbarhn phgh `t`sn`po pmauchtok ( paciarohm tanhmhm p`sotof hthu mabhtova
 phgh tadombh tambhj gambhm omsudht`r ihd`m yhmb gonhotnhm na `t`sn`p ), ghpht cambhdhco
 parf`rhso.
h.  @t`rrjah, iodh tarlhgo ruptura cacirhma tycpjhmo
 i.  Nadujhm myaro tadombh ( `thdboh )
k.  Gachc
g.  Hm`ransoh
a.  Docfhgam`phto sarvonhd hmtaro`r 
[thgouc @totos Cagoh Hnut
 

Uaruihjhm
Uaruihjhm cun`sh tadombh tambhj saihbho hnoiht
hnoiht omfanso
omfanso ghpht goihbo hths 1 sthgouc
sthgouc
yhotu<
8)  [thgouc `nduso tuih austhnjous
Hghmyh
Hghmyh bhcihr
bhcihrhm
hm ratrhn
ratrhnso
so hnoiht
hnoiht tarlhgo
tarlhgomyh
myh tanhmh
tanhmhm
m mabhto
mabhtova
va go ghdhc
ghdhc tanhmh
tanhmhm
m
tambhj,, nhramh hghmyh his`ris ughrh. Afuso cumbnom
tambhj cumbnom tadhj tarlhgo,
tarlhgo, tathpo toghn ghpht

gogatanso. [thgouc omo sunhr goiaghnhm gambhm @totos Cagoh [ar`sh yhmb gosaihinhm
`daj vorus hthu hdarbo.
9)  [thgouc joparacasos (sthgouc prasupurhso)
[thgouc omo thcphn paciuduj gharhj yhmb cadaihr go cacirhma tocphmo hthu saduruj
cacirh
cacirhma
ma tocphm
tocphmoo thcphn
thcphn joparac
joparacasos
asos sarth
sarth agach.
agach. [akrat
[akrat yhmb
yhmb tad
tadhj
hj tariam
tariamtun 
tun 
cumbnom chsoj iarsofht ansught yhmb sar`sh sajombbh sunhr tardojht.
;)  [thgouc supurhso
Agach yhmb jaiht phgh cun`sh tadombh tambhj ghm jhmkurmyh sad apotad suparfokohd,
sarth tariamtunmyh ansught yhmb purudam go nhvuc tocphmo, camyaihinhm cacirhma

tocphmo cam`ml`d nah rhj dohmb tadombh duhr. Uhgh nahghhm omo phsoam thcphn shnot,
suju camombnht, rhsh myaro go tadombh iarthcihj jaiht. Hphiodh tanhmhm mhmhj go
khvuc tocphmo toghn iarnurhmb, chnh tarlhgo oskjacoh hnoiht tanhmhm phgh nhpodar 
ghm tociudmyh tr`ci`pjdaiotos phgh vamh nakod ghm manr`sos cun`sh, ghm suicun`sh.
 Manr`sos tardojht saihbho gharhj yhmb daioj dacian ghm iarwhrmh nanumombhm ghm go
tacpht omo hnhm tarlhgo ruptur.
7)  [thgouc parf`rhso
Hnoiht tardhcihtmyh paciarohm hmtoio`tonh hthu vorudamso nuchm yhmb tombbo, chnh
ghpht tarlhgo ruptur cacirhm tocphmo ghm mhmhj naduhr cambhd
cambhdor
or ghro tadombh tambhj

na dohmb tadombh duhr, phgh nahghhm omo hmhn yhmb thgomyh badoshj camlhgo tamhmb, suju
 ihghm turum ghm hmhn togur myamyhn. Nahghhm omo gosaiut @totos Cagoh Hnut [thgouc
Uarf`rhso.
1)  [thgouc ras`duso
Iodh cacirhm tocphmo utuj chnh pardhjhm-dhjhm hnhm m`rchd nacihdo, iodh sughj
 parf`rhso chnh sakrat hnhm iarnurhmb ghm hnjormyh naromb. Iodh ghyh thjhmc tuiuj
 ihon hthu vorudamso nuchm ragh, chnh ras`duso ghpht tarlhgo, whdhupum thmph
 pamb`ihthm.

9.  @totos Cagoh [ar`sh

 

Uhsoam cumbnom cambaduj najodhmbhm pamgambhrhm, rhsh pamuj hthu bhthd ghdhc tadombh
hthu parhshhm iamgumbhm, hthu ihjnhm suhrh datup hthu iargaron, yhmb tarlhgo natonh tuih
austhk
austhkjoo
joo iarush
iarushjh
jh caciun
caciunh.C
h.Caci
acirhma
rhma tycpjh
tycpjhmo
mo thcphn
thcphn nushc
nushc (whrmh
(whrmh numomb
numomb ragup
ragup
shcpho hiu-hiu phgh `t`sn`po pmauchton, ghm ghpht tardojht badaciumb ughrh ghdhc tadombh
tambhj.Hugo`brhc iohshmyh camumlunnhm hghmyh najodhmbhm pamgambhrhm n`mguntof.

;.  @totos Cagoh Nr`mon 

Balhdh ghpht comochd, gambhm iarihbho garhlht najodhmbhm pamgambhrhm ghm targhpht
`t`rrjah omtarcottam hthu parsostam yhmb iarihu iusun. Iohshmyh toghn hgh myaro nakuhdo phgh
nhsus chst`ogotos hnut, gochmh gharhj p`st huronudar camlhgo myaro tanhm ghm ihjnhm carhj
ghm agach. N`dastaht`ch, samgoro iohshmyh toghn camyaihinhm myaro. Avhduhso `t`sn`pon 
cacirhma tocphmo cacpardojhtnhm hghmyh parf`rhso, ghm n`dastaht`ch ghpht tardojht saihbho
chsh putoj go iadhnhmb cacirhma tocphmo hthu naduhr na nhmhdos anstarmh cadhduo duihmb
 parf`rhso. N`dastaht`ch ghpht lubh toghn tardojht phgh pacaronshhm `daj hjdo `t`sn`po. Jhsod

hugo`c
hugo`catro
atrokk phgh
phgh nhsus
nhsus n`dasta
n`dastaht`
ht`ch
ch saromb
saromb cacpar
cacpardoj
dojhtn
htnhm
hm najodhm
najodhmbhm
bhm pamgam
pamgambhr
bhrhm
hm
n`mguntof hthu khcpurhm.
N`cpdonhso yhmb tarlhgo <
8)  [unhr camyaciuj
9)  Kapht nhciuj nacihdo satadhj myaro tadombhh iarnurhmb
;)  Natudohm sacamthrh hthu camathp
7)  Uamyai
Uamyaihrhm
hrhm omfans
omfansoo na struntu
strunturr sanoth
sanothrmy
rmyhh yhmb
yhmb camyai
camyaihin
hinhm
hm chst`o
chst`ogot
gotos
os hnut,
hnut,
naducpujhm shrhf fhkohdos, n`cpdonhso omtrhkrhmohd(camombotos, hisas `thn), tjr`ci`sos somus
dhtarhdos.

F. Uht`foso`d`bo
Uhghh bhmbbu
Uhg bhmbbuhm
hm omo iohshm
iohshmyh
yh tarlhg
tarlhgoo gosfum
gosfumbso
bso tuih
tuih austhk
austhkjoo
joo sapart
sapartoo `istru
`istrunso
nso yhmb
yhmb
gohnoi
gohnoihtnh
htnhm
m `daj
`daj omfans
omfansoo shdurhm
shdurhm mhfhs
mhfhs hths,
hths, sajomb
sajombbh
bh tociud
tociud tanhmh
tanhmhm
m mabhto
mabhtova
va go tad
tadomb
ombhh
tambhj
tambhj.. [aihdo
[aihdonmy
nmyh,
h, targhp
targhpht
ht bhmbbu
bhmbbuhm
hm grhomh
grhomhsa
sa khorhm
khorhm tad
tadomb
ombhh tambhj
tambhj ghm nacumb
nacumbnom
nomhm
hm
rafduns sanraso as`pjhbus na gharhj omo yhmb sakhrh m`rchd iarsofht starod.Khrh chsun ihntaro
 phgh naihmyhnhm phsoam nacumbnomhm
nacumbnomhm cadhduo tuih austhkjoo hnoiht n`mthcomhso sakrat ghdhc
mhs`
mhs`fh
fhro
romb
mb.I
.Ihn
hnta
taro
ro lu
lubh
bh ghph
ghphtt chsu
chsun
n tado
tadomb
mbhh ta
tamb
mbhj
hj io
iodh
dh hg
hghh pa
parf
rf`r
`rhs
hsoo caci
cacirh
rhm
m
tycpjhmo.Ansught purudam iohshmyh hgh ghdhc tadombh tambhj ghm cambhnoihtnhm najodhmbhm

 pamgambhrhm n`mguntof.
 

R@K @CH

@CH hghdhj suhtu omfanso phgh tadombh tambhj yhmb gosaihinhm nhramh chsunmyh
 ihntaro pht`bamon na ghdhc tadombh tambhj ([cadtzar,9558).
([cadtzar,9558).

AWO@D@BO

Ihntaro pht`bamon  Hdarbo

Bhmbbuhm rhsh
Camyarhmb myhchm (myaro) i.g [ucihthm phgh tuih
mhs`fhromb ghm fhromb  pr`sas parhghmbhm austhkjous

Amzoc padomgumb ghm

O[UH
 iudu-iudu jhdus toghn 
 iarfumbso
 paciambnhnhm
myaro
shdurhm austhkjous
Ihntaro ghpht chsun 
cadhduo shdurhm
mhphs

O[UH

Damgor ghm mhmhj Wanhmhm khorhm

camom nht camombnht
 

R@K @CN 
@CN hghdhj omfanso nr`mon go tadombh tambhj gambhm parf`rchso cacirhma tocphmo ghm
sakrat yhmb
B. Chmofa
Chm naduhr
ofast
sthso ghro
mostadombh tambhj sakhrh tarus-camarus hthu jodhmb tociud. [anrat
hso Ndomos
Ndo
cumbnom amkar hthu namthd> iamomb hthu iaruph mhmhj ([yhcsujoghlht,8??2).
[akhrh ucuc balhdh hmhn gambhm @CH, yhotu <
 myaro tadombh

 naduhrmyh khorhm ghro tadombh

  iarnurhmbmyh pamgambhrhm
Uamb`ihthm gachc
 Omfanso vorus hthu ihntaro Bhmbbuhm fumbso tuih
@CH yhmb toghn  austhkjous
 sudot chnhm
hganuht
 cuhd ghm cumthj tarlhgo phgh mhs`fhromb
Coshd hghmyh sucihthm
 rowhyht camhron-mhron ghum tadombh phgh ihyo  phgh tuih austhkjous
Uarf`rhso yhmb sughj
[adhom otu, nahghhm omo iohshmyh umodhtarhd phgh `rhmb gawhsh, yhotu <
tariamtun 
cadhduo tuih austhkjous
 @t`rrjah, iodh tarlhgo ruptur cacirhm tocphmo Amzoc padomgumb ghm
 Nadujhm myaro tadombh (`thdboh)  iudu-iudu jhdus toghn 
Naduhrmyh sakrat tarus- Camyarhmb tadombh  iarfumbso

Gachc
camarus tambhj
 Hm`ransoh
Ihntaro ghpht chsun 
@toCag iarudhmb

Omfdhchso go
Docfhgam`phto sarvonhd hmtaro`r 
Cadhduo paf`rhso cadhduo shdurhm mhphs
tadombh
 @totos cagoh sar`sh cacirhma tocphmo
tambhj
@CN 
 Uhsoam cumbnom cambaduj najodhmbhm pamgambhrhm, rhsh pamuj hthu bhthd ghdhc
O[UH
tadombh hthu parhshhm iamgumbhm,Omfdhchso
hthu ihjnhm suhrh datup hthu iargaron, yhmb tarlhgo
Uaruihjhm parsapso
natonh tuih Austhkjous iarushjh caciunh.
sams`ro i.g omfanso go Uaciambnhnhm shdurhm
 Cacirhmtadombh
tocphmotambhj
carhj, hthu thcphn nushc (whrmh numomb ragup shcpho austhkjous
hiu-hiu
gachc myaro
 phgh `t`sn`po pmauchton) saromb cambbadaciumb thmph t`ml`dhm tudhmb (ghpht
tardojht badaciumb ughrh ghdhc tadombh tambhj), ghm toghn iarbarhn phghWanhmhm
`t`sn`pokhorhm
 Myaro i.g pr`sas
 parhghmbhm camombnht

Bhmbbuhm n`cumonhso Car`ian bamghmb

  i.g afan najodhmbhm Najodhmbhm pamgambhrhm tadombh
 

 pmauchton (paciarohm tanhmhm p`sotof hthu mabhtof phgh tadombh tambhj gambhm
omsudht`r ihd`m yhmb gonhotnhm na `t`sn`p), ghm ghpht cambhdhco parf`rhso.

Uarihmgombhm bhcihrhm ndomos < `totos anstarmh hnut ghm `totos cagoh hnut

Bhcihrhm @totos Antarmh Hnut @totos cagoh hnut

@t
@t`r
`rah
ah Cumb
Cumbno
nom
m hg
hghh cumb
cumbno
nom
m Hgh iodh cacirhmh
toghn  tocphmo iarduihmb > khorhm
 ihmyhn naduhr 

@thdboh Uarso
sosstam
am,, shchpho Jod
Jodhmb
hmb natonh
natonh cacirh
cacirhmh
mh
cacihmbumnhm pamgaroth tocphmo ruptur 
gochdhc jhro

 Myaro tanhm hurhd Hgh phgh phdphso huronudh Iohshmyh toghn hgh

Balhdh sostacon Whn hgh Gachc, omfanso shdurhm

mhphs hths, romotos

Agach nhmhdos hugot`rous Hgh Whn hgh

anstarmus

Cacirhmh tocphmo Whcphn m`rchd Arotach,

camb
cambba
badac
daciu
iumb
mb,, gh
ghph
phtt
cambhdhco parf`rhso

Najodhmbhm pamgambhrhm Wopa n`mguntof Wopa n`mguntof  

J. Ua
Uamh
mhth
thdh
dhns
nshm
hmhh
hhm
m
8. Iarg
Iarghs
hshr
hrnh
nhm
m sthg
sthgou
ouc
c
8.8 [thgouc @nduso. Iartuluhm umtun caciunh tuih austhkjous. Goiaronhm `iht tatas
jogumb.
8.8.8
8.8.8 JKd Afagr
Afagrom
om 5,1%
5,1% ghdhc
ghdhc dhrut
dhruthm
hm foso`d
foso`d`bo
`bon
n umtun
umtun hmhn
hmhn 489
489 thjum
thjum
8.8.9
8.8.9 JKd Afagr
Afagrom
om 8% ghdhc
ghdhc dhrut
dhruthm
hm foso`
foso`d`b
d`bon
on umtun
umtun hmhn
hmhn =89 thju
thjum
m hthu
hthu
gawhsh.
8.8.;
8.8.; [uciar
[uciar omfan
omfanso
so lubh
lubh jhrus
jhrus go`ihto
go`ihto gambh
gambhm
m caciaro
caciaronhm
nhm hmtoi
hmtoio`t
o`ton.
on.
8.9 [thgouc Urasupurhso. Goiaronhm hmtoio`ton, `iht tatas jogumb, ghm hmhdbaton.
Hmtoio`ton goiaronhm comochd sadhch 2 jhro. Iodh cacirhm tocphmo sughj
 

joparaco gofus, saihonmyh godhnunhm coromb`t`co. Qmtun tarhpo hwhd, goiaronhm

 pamosodom OC hbhr n`msamtrhsomyh hganuht
hganuht ghdhc ghrhj.
8.
8.9.
9.8
8 Hcpo
Hcposo
sodo
dom
m 7 x 15-
15-85
855
5 cb/N
cb/NbI
bII
I
8.
8.9.
9.9
9 Hc`n
Hc`nso
sosod
sodom
om 7 x 75 cb/Nb
cb/NbII
II/j
/jhr
hroo
8.
8.9.
9.;
; Arot
Arotr`
r`co
coso
som
m 7 x 75
75 cb/
cb/Nb
NbII
II/j
/jhr
hroo
8.; [thgouc [upurhso. Uhsoam jhrus gorulun umtun godhnunhm coromb`t`co iodh
cacirhm tocphmo chsoj utuj. [adhom otu,
o tu, hmhdbason lubh gopardunhm hbhr myaro
ghpht iarnurhmb.
8.7 [thgouc Uarf`rhso. Goiaronhm `iht kuko tadombh J9@9 ;% sadhch ;-1 jhro sarth
hmtoio`ton yhmb hganuht shcpho ; combbu.
8.1 [thgouc Yas`duso. Iohshmyh hnhm thcphn sanrat naduhr. Uhgh nahghhm omo ghpht
godhmlutnhm hmtoio`ton shcpho ; combbu, mhcum iodh chsoj naduhr sanrat gogubh
tadhj tarlhgo chst`ogotos. Uhgh sthgouc omo, jhrus go f`dd`w up sadhch 8 shcpho
s hcpho ;
 iudhm umtun cachstonhm toghn tarlhgo `totos
`totos cagoh sar`sh.
9. Womghnhm

9.8 Wocphm`s
Wocphm`somtas
omtasos
os
Womg
Womghn
hnhm
hm ga
gamb
mbhm
hm kh
khrh
rh camb
cambhc
hcio
iodd kh
khorh
orhm
m gh
ghro
ro tado
tadomb
mbhh tamb
tambhj
hj ga
gamb
mbhm
hm
cambbumhnhm lhruc umtun pacaronshhm
pacaronshhm conr`io`d`bo.
conr`io`d`bo. Yoson` ghro pr`sagur omo
hghdhj parf`rhso nr`mon cacirhm tocphmo, gosd`nhso tudhmb-tudhmb pamgambhrhm,
ghm tudo sams`romaur
sams`romaurhd
hd trhuchton,
trhuchton, dhsarhso marvus
marvus fhsohdos hthu n`rgh tocphmo.
tocphmo.
Wocphm`somtasos caruphnhm pr`sagur yhmb omvhsof, ghpht camociudnhm myaro, ghm
 iarp`tamso camociudnhm ihjhyh
ihjhyh saihbho pamhthdhnshmhhm rutom.
9.9 Coromb
Coromb`t`
`t`co
co
Womghnhm omsoso phgh cacirhm tocphmo umtun grhomhsa khorhm ghro tadombh
tambhj.
tambhj. Uhgh coromb`t`
coromb`t`co
co godhnunhm
godhnunhm paciaghjhm
paciaghjhm nakod go nuhgrhm
nuhgrhm p`staro`r-
p`staro`r-

omfaro`r cacirhm tocphmo. Qmtun tomghnhm omo gopardunhm dhcpu naphdh yhmb
tarhmb, k`r`mb tadombh yhmb sasuho, ghm poshu njusus (coromb`t`c) gambhm unurhm
nakod
nakod ghm
ghm sta
starod.
rod. Omgonh
Omgonhso
so umtun
umtun coromb
coromb`t`
`t`co
co hghdhj
hghdhj tar
targhp
ghphtm
htmyh
yh n`cpdo
n`cpdonhs
nhsoo
supurhtof, `thdboh iarht, bhbhd gambhm tarhpo hmtoio`ton, phsoam ocum`n`cpr`cos,
ma`mhtus, ghm phsoam yhmb gorhwht go umot parhwhthm omtamsof.

O. Uaca
Uacaro
rons
nshh
hhm
m Uamum
Uamumlh
lhmb
mb
Ghdhc camabhnnhm gohbm`sos @CH targhpht tobh jhd yhmb jhrus goparjhtonhm<
8. Uamyhn
Uamyhnot
ot cumku
cumkudd sakhrh
sakhrh camghg
camghghn
hn (hnu
(hnut)
t)
9. Gotacunhm
Gotacunhm thmgh
thmgh afuso
afuso phgh tadombh
tadombh tambhj
tambhj,, gambhm
gambhm thmgh<
thmgh< cambbacium
cambbaciumbmyh
bmyh

cacirhm tocphmo(iudbomb), tarihths hthu toghn hghmyh barhnhm cacirhm tocphmo,

 

hghmyh ihyhmbhm khorhm goiadhnhmb cacirhm tocphmo, ghm hghmyh khorhm yhmb
naduhr ghro tadombh.
;. Warghpht
Warghpht thmgh
thmgh hthu balhdh parhghm
parhghmbhm
bhm phgh
phgh tadombh
tadombh tambhj,
tambhj, gambhm
gambhm thmgh<
thmgh<
nacarhjhm phgh cacirhm tocphmo, hghmyh myaro tadombh yhmb cambbhmbbu togur
ghm hntovoths
Iaronut pacaronshhm pamumlhmb yhmb ghpht gobumhnhm<
o. @t`sn`po
Hghdhj pacaronshhm tadombh gambhm cambbumhnhm `t`sn`p taruthch umtun 
cadojht bamghmb tadombh. Uhgh `t`sn`po goghphtnhm jhsod hghmyh bamghmb tadombh
yhmb cambbaciumb, paruihjhm whrmh bamghmb tadombh camlhgo nacarhjhm hthu
hbhn numomb ghm surhc, sarth khorhm go dohmb tadombh
oo. @t`sn`p Umauchtok
Caruphnhm hdht pacaronshhm ihbo cadojht c`iodoths cacirhm tocphmo phsoam
tar
tarjhg
jhghp
hp tanhmh
tanhmhm
m yhmb
yhmb goiaro
goiaronhm
nhm.. Cacirh
Cacirhma
ma tocphmo
tocphmo m`rch
m`rchdd hnh
hnhm
m iarbar
iarbarhn 
hn 
hphiodh goiarotanhmhm. Cacirhma tocphmo yhmb toghn iarbarhn ghpht gosaihinhm

`daj hnucudhso khorhm goghdhc tadombh tambhj, parf`rhso hthu tocphm`sndar`sos.

Uacaronshhm omo camombnhtnhm samsotovoths gohbm`sos @CH. Mhcum ucucmyh
gohbm`sos @CH ghpht gotabhnnhm gambhm `t`sn`p iohsh
ooo. Wocphm`catro
Qmtu
Qmtun
n camb
cambn`
n`mf
mfor
orch
chso
so pama
pamacu
cuhm
hm `t`
`t`sn`p
sn`poo pmau
pmauch
chto
ton
n godh
godhnu
nunh
nhm
m
tocphm`catro. Wocphm`catro ghpht cacaronsh sakhrh `ilantof c`iodoths cacirhm
tocphmo
tocphmo ghm rhmtho
rhmtho tudhmb pamgambhrhm.
pamgambhrhm. Wocphm`cat
Wocphm`catro
ro carup
caruphnhm
hnhm n`mforchso
 pamtomb targhphtmyh khorhm go tadombh tambhj.Wocphm`catro lubh ghpht cambunur 
tanhmhm tadombh tambhj ghm gambhm cughj camodho phtamso thiumb coromb`t`co
gambhm cambunur pamombnhthm v`duca dohmb tadombh duhr.Wocphm`catro pumyh

samsotovoths ghm spasofosoths 25-?5% umtun gatanso khorhm tadombh tambhj, tathpo
tarbhmtumb narlhshch phsoam.Uacaronshhm godhnunhm jhmyh gambhm camacpadnhm
suciht na dohmb tadombh sadhch iaiarhph gaton, ghm hdht hnhm sakhrh `t`chtos
camgatanso nahghhm tadombh ihbohm tambhj.

ov. Wocphm`somtasos
Wocphm
Wocphm`so
`somta
mtasosg
sosgoonu
oonuto
to hsporh
hsporhso
so ghm nudtur
nudtur khorhm
khorhm ghro
ghro tad
tadomb
ombhh tam
tambhj
bhj,,
 iarchmfhht phgh phsoam yhmb bhbhd gotarhpo gambhm iarihbho hmtoio`tonh, hthu
 phgh ocum`gafosoamso. Wocphm`somtasos caruphnhm pumbso phgh cacirhm
tocphm
tocphmo,
o, gambhm
gambhm hmhdba
hmhdbasoh
soh d`nhd
d`nhd umtun
umtun cam
camghp
ghphtn
htnhm
hm sanrat
sanrat gambhm
gambhm tuluhm
tuluhm

 pacaronshhm ghm umtun camumlunnhm hghmyh khorhm go tadombh tambhj ghm umtun 
cambogamtofonhso pht`bam yhmb spasofon.
 

v. Qlo Yomma
Was pamgambhrh
pamgambhrhm
m umtun cacihmgombnhm
cacihmgombnhm jhmthrhm tudhmb ghm jhmthrhm
jhmthrhm ughrh
tadombh phsoam.
Dhmbnhj<
 Whmbnho pamhdh gobathrnhm dhdu gotacpadnhm phgh pr`sasus chst`og (jhmthrhm
tudhmb)
tudhmb) jombbh
jombbh iumyo toghn dhbo targarmbhr.
targarmbhr. Uamhdh
Uamhdh nacugohm
nacugohm gopom
gopomghjn
ghjnhm
hm na
gaphm tadombh sanothr 9,1 kc. Iodh chsoj targambhr gosaiut Yomma p`sotof (+), iodh
toghn targambhr gosaiut Yomma mabhtof (-)
vo. Qlo Raiiar  
Was pamgambhr
pamgambhrhm
hm umtun cacihmgombnhm
cacihmgombnhm jhmthrhm tudhmb tadombh
tadombh noro gambhm
tadombh nhmhm.
Dhmbnhj<
Uamhdh
Uamhdh gobath
gobathrnh
rnhm
m ghm thmbn
thmbnho
ho pamhdh
pamhdh god
godath
athnnh
nnhm
m go bhros
bhros tam
tambhj
bhj naphdh
naphdh (go
vartans, ghjo, phmbnhd jogumb, go tambhj-tambhj bobo saro hthu ghbu). Hphiodh
 iumyo pamhdh targambhr daioj narhs phgh shdhj shtu tadombh gosaiut Raiar 

dhtarhdoshso
dhtarhdoshso na tadombh
tadombh tarsaiut.
tarsaiut. Iodh toghn ghpht goiaghnhm na hrhj tadombh chmh
 iumyo targambhr daioj narhs gosaiut
gosaiut Raiar toghn hgh dhtarhdoshso
voo. Qlo [whihkj
Was
Was pa
pamg
mgam
ambh
bhrh
rhm
m um
umtu
tun
n caci
cacihm
hmgo
gomb
mbnh
nhm
m jh
jhmt
mthr
hrhm
hm tudhm
tudhmb
b `r
`rhm
hmb
b yh
yhmb
mb
goparonsh gambhm pacaronsh yhmb pamgambhrhmmyh m`rchd.
Dhmbnhj<
Uamhdh gobathrnhm, thmbnho pamhdh godathnnhm phgh pr`sasus chst`ogaus shcpho
tog
toghn
hn tar
targam
gambhr
bhr iumyo.
iumyo. Nacugo
Nacugohm
hm thmbnh
thmbnhoo pam
pamhdh
hdh sab
sabarh
arh gopomg
gopomghjn
hjnhm
hm phgh
phgh
 pr`sasus chst`ogaus tadombh pacaronsh yhmb pamgambhrhmmyh m`rchd. Iodh
 pacaronsh chsoj ghpht camgambhr gosaiut [kjwhihkj cacamgan,
cacamgan, iodh pacaronsh

toghn ghpht camgambhr, pacaronshhm goudhmb gambhm khrh saihdonmyh yhotu pamhdh
godathnnhm phgh pr`sasus chst`ogaus pacaronsh daioj gudu. Iodh phsoam chsoj
ghpht
ghpht camgam
camgambhr
bhr iumyo
iumyo gosaiu
gosaiutt [kjwhi
[kjwhihkj
hkj cachml
cachmlhmb
hmb ghm iod
iodhh phsoam
phsoam ghm
 pacaronsh norh-norh shch-shch camgambhrmyh gosaiut gambhm [kjwhihkj shch
gambhm pacaronsh.

L. N`cpdonhso

Camurut Laffray U. Jhrros ghm Ghvog J. Ghrr`w cacihbo n`cpdonhso omo camlhgo guh
yhotu <
H. N`cpdonhso
N`cpdonhso omtrhnrhmohd
omtrhnrhmohd cadoputo<
cadoputo<
8. Camombotos
 

Camombotos
Camombotos ghpht tarlhgo
tarlhgo gosatohp
gosatohp shht ghdhc parlhdhmhm
parlhdhmhm n`cpdonhso
n`cpdonhso omfanso
tado
tadomb
mbh.
h. Lhdhm
Lhdhm pa
pamy
myai
aihr
hrhm
hm yh
yhmb
mb iohsh
iohsh tarlh
tarlhgo
go yh
yhot
otu
u cadh
cadhduo
duo pa
pamy
myai
aihrh
hrhm
m
dhmbsu
dhmbsumb,
mb, lhrhmb
lhrhmb cadhdu
cadhduoo tr`ci`
tr`ci`fda
fdaioto
iotos.
s. Uhgh
Uhgh whntu
whntu nu
nuchm
chm camyar
camyarhmb
hmb
 iohshmyh strapt`n`nnus, pmauc`n`nnus,
pmauc`n`nnus, hthu sthfod`n`nnus hthu nuchm yhmb
daioj
daioj lhrhmb
lhrhmb J. Omfdua
Omfduamzh
mzh,, n`dof`
n`dof`rc,
rc, hthu
hthu po`n`n
po`n`nus,
us, cambom
cambomvhs
vhsoo ruhmb
ruhmb sui

hrhkjm`og, poh-hrhkjm`og iarahnso gambhm cambhghnhm ansughso khorhm sar`sh

yhmb camyaihinhm pamombnhthm rombhm tanhmhm khorhm spomhd.
s pomhd.
9. Hisa
Hisass sui
suigu
gurh
rhdd
Hisas
Hisas suigur
suigurhd
hd caruph
caruphnhm
nhm sthgouc
sthgouc supurh
supurhso
so ghro
ghro panoca
panocamom
mombot
botos
os omtarm
omtarmh.
h.
[anhrhmb sughj lhrhmb gotacunhm. Iodh tarlhgo jhrus gohmbbhp nahghhm bhwht
ghrurh
ghrurhtt iaghj
iaghj shrhf,
shrhf, nhramh
nhramh jhrus
jhrus camghp
camghphtn
htnhm
hm paciag
paciaghjh
hjhm
m sabarh
sabarh umtun 
umtun 
camkabhj nachtohm.
;. Hisa
Hisass an
anst
strh
rhgu
gurh
rhdd
Hisas anstrhgurhd ohdhj tarnucpudmyh mhmhj gohmthrh gurhcatar ghm tudhmb

yhmb camutupo r`mbbh chst`og hthu tadombh tambhj. Hisas anstrhgurhd lonh
toghn tarthmbhmo gambhm ihon ghpht camyaihinhm camombotos, tr`ci`sos somus
sobc`og ghm hisas `thn (d`ius tacp`rhd hthu saraiadhr, tarbhmtumb phgh soso
yhmb tarnamh.
7. Wr`c
Wr`ci`
i`so
soss somus
somus dht
dhtarh
arhdo
doss
[alhdhm gambhm pr`brasofoths omfanso, tr`cius cambhdhco pardushm ratr`brhg
nagharh
nagharhj
j vamh
vamh lubudh
lubudhr,
r, cadomt
cadomthso
hso somus
somus patr`s
patr`sus
us jombbh
jombbh na gharhj
gharhj somus
somus
khvarm`sus. N`cpdonhso omo saromb gotacunhm phgh zhchm prh-hmtoio`ton, tathpo
nomo sughj lhrhmb tarlhgo.

1. Hisas `t
`thn 
[aihbho n`cpdonhso `totos cagoh ghm chst`ogotos, hisas `thn ghpht tociud go
saraiadduc go f`ssh nrhmoo p`staro`r, hthu phgh d`ius tacp`rhd go f`ssh nrhmoo
cagoh.
cagoh. Hisas
Hisas `thn
`thn iohshm
iohshmyh
yh tariam
tariamtun
tun saihbh
saihbhoo parduh
parduhshm
shm dhmbsu
dhmbsumb
mb omfans
omfansoo
tadombh hthu tr`ci`fdaiotos.
6. Jogr
Jogr`s
`saf
afhd
hdus
us `tot
`totos
os
Nadhomhm omo iaruph pamombnhthm tanhmhm omtrhnrhmohd gambhm tacuhm khorhm
sarair`spomhd yhmb m`rchd. Uhgh pacaronshhm targhpht agach phpod. Nahghhm
omo ghpht camyartho `totos cagoh hnut hthu nr`mos.

I. N`cpdo
N`cpdonhs
nhsoo omtrhtacp
omtrhtacp`rh
`rhdd cadoputo
cadoputo <
 

8. Fh
Fhko
kohd
hd phrh
phrhdo
doso
soss
9. Dhior
hiorom
omto
toto
toss
;. Hisas
Hisas [uip
[uipar
aro`
o`st
stahd
ahd

N. Uamka
Uamkabhj
bhjhm
hm @totos
@totos Cagoh
Cagoh
Iaiarhph jhd yhmb thcphnmyh ghpht camburhmbo roson` @CH hghdhj<
8. Uamkab
Uamkabhjh
hjhm
m O[UH
O[UH phgh
phgh ihyo
ihyo ghm hmhn-
hmhn-hmh
hmhn.
n.
9. Uaciar
Uaciarohm
ohm H[O
H[O comoc
comochd
hd sadhch
sadhch 6 iudhm.
iudhm.
;. Uambjomghr
Uambjomghrhm
hm paciarohm
paciarohm susu go i`t`d
i`t`d shht
shht hmhn
hmhn iarihrom
iarihromb.
b.
7. Uambjo
Uambjomgh
mghrhm
rhm phlhm
phlhmhm
hm tarjhgh
tarjhghp
p hshp r`n`n
r`n`n..
1. Iaramhmb
Iaramhmb nacumb
nacumbnomhm
nomhm iashr toghn camombnhtnh
camombnhtnhm
m roson`
roson` @CH.
@CH.

D. Hs
Hsuj
ujhm
hm Napa
Naparh
rhwh
whthm @totos Cagoh
thm

8. Uambnhlohm

h. Ogam
Ogamto
toth
thss ndo
ndoam
am
 i. Yowhyht nasajhthm
8. Yo
Yowh
whyh
yhtt nasaj
nasajht
hthm
hm ghj
ghjud
udu
u
Hphn
Hphnhj
hj hg
hghh na
naio
iohsh
hshhm
hm ia
iara
ramh
mhmb
mb,, hp
hphn
hnhj
hj pa
parm
rmhj
hj camg
camgar
arot
othh bh
bhmb
mbbu
buhm
hm
 pamgambhrhm (nhphm, iarhph dhch, pamb`ihthm hph yhmb godhnunhm, ihbhochmh
naiohshhm
naiohshhm caciarsojnh
caciarsojnhm
m tadombh,
tadombh, nahghhm
nahghhm dombnumbh
dombnumbhm
m tamhm,
tamhm, gharhj omgustro,
gharhj p`duso), hphnhj rowhyht phgh hmbb`th naduhrbh.
9. Yo
Yowh
whyh
yhtt nasaj
nasajht
hthm
hm sanh
sanhrh
rhmb
mb

nhlo nadujhm nasajhthm

nasajhthm yhmb gorhshnhm
gorhshnhm phsoam phgh shht go hmhcmash, [aparto
 pamlhihrhm ghro rowhyht hghmyh nadhomhm myaro yhmb gorhshnhm.
;. Yo
Yowh
whyh
yhtt nasaj
nasajht
hthm
hm nadu
naduhrb
hrbhh
Cambnhlo hgh hthu toghn shdhj shtu naduhrbh yhmb cambhdhco pamyhnot yhmb
shch. Hgh hthu toghnmyh rowhyht omfanso
omfanso shdurhm pamgambhrhm
pamgambhrhm yhmb iarudhmb
iarudhmb
ghm rowhyht hdarbo phgh naduhrbh.
k. Ua
Uaca
caro
rons
nshh
hhm
m foso
foson 
n 
8. Nahg
Nahghh
hhm
m ucu
ucuc
c ndo
ndoam
am
h. Naphdh
 

Dhnunhm Omspanso,phdphso,parnuso
Omspanso,phdphso,parnuso ghm go gharhj tadombh,gambhm
tadombh,gambhm cambbumhnhm
cambbumhnhm
samt
samtar
ar hthu
hthupu
pum
m hdht
hdht-h
-hdh
dhtt dhom
dhom myh
myh hp
hphn
hnhj
hj hg
hghh kh
khor
orhm
hm yh
yhmb
mb na
nadu
duhr
hr gh
ghro
ro
tadombh,ihbhochmh whrmh, ihu, ghm lucdhj.hphnhj hgh thmgh-thmgh rhghmb.
 i. Nhlo hghmyh myaro phgh tadombh
k. Dajar, Nhlo hghmyh
hghmyh paciashrhm
paciashrhm nadamlhr
nadamlhr docfa
docfa go gharhj dajar 

g. Ghgh / tj`rhn 
a. Lhmtumb
f. Uarut / hig`cam
b. Bamo
Bamot`
t`ur
urom
omhr
hroh
oh
j. Anstra
rac
coths
o. [o
[ost
stac
ac om
omta
tabu
buca
cam
m
 l. [ostac maur`d`bo
n. Ghth
Ghth p`dh
p`dh naiohs
naiohshhm
hhm sajhro
sajhro-jh
-jhro
ro
g. Mutroso

Ihbhoc
Ihbhochmh
hmh p`dh
p`dh chnhm
chnhm ghm comuc ndoam phgh
phgh shht sajht
sajht ghm shnot,hp
shnot,hphnh
hnhj
j hgh
 pariaghhm n`msucso goot myh.
a. Adocomhso
Nhlo conso,ghm gafanhso ndoam
f. Hntovo
Hntovoths
ths sajhro-j
sajhro-jhro
hro ghm parhwh
parhwhthm
thm goro
goro
Iohshmyh
Iohshmyh ndoam gambhm bhmbbuhm `totos cagoh omo,hbhn sushj umtn iarn`cumonhso
iarn`cumonhso
ga
gamb
mbhm
hm `rhm
`rhmb
b dhom
dhom nh
nhram
ramhh hg
hghh bh
bhmb
mbbu
buhm
hm ph
phgh
gh ta
tado
domb
mbhh my
myhh sa
sajo
jomb
mbbh
bh oh nu
nurhm
rhmb
b
camgambhr/nurhmb myhciumb tamthmb hph yhmb go iokhrhnhm `rhmb dhom.
b. Uaca
Uacaro
rons
nshhm
hhm gohb
gohbm`
m`sto
ston 
n 

8. Was
Was Hugo
Hugo`c
`cat
atro
ro < HK
HK camu
camuru
rum
m
9. Z rhy
rhy < tarjhgh
tarjhghp
p n`mg
n`mgoso
oso pht`d`
pht`d`bo
bo
;. Was ia
iarioson 
7. Was bhrp
bhrpu
u thdh
thdh

9. Go
Gohb
hbm`
m`sh
sh Nap
Napar
arhw
hwht
hthm
hm
h. Go
Gohb
hbm`
m`sh
sh @t
@tot
otos
os cag
cagoh
oh hnu
hnutt
8. Bhmbbu
Bhmbbuhm
hm rhsh myhchm
myhchm (myaro)
(myaro) iarjuium
iarjuiumbhm
bhm gambhm
gambhm pr`sas
pr`sas parhgh
parhghmbh
mbhm
m phgh
phgh

tadombh tambhj
9. Bhmbbuhm
Bhmbbuhm omtarhnso
omtarhnso s`sohd
s`sohd iarjuiumb
iarjuiumbhm
hm gambhm
gambhm afan najodhmb
najodhmbhm
hm pamgambhrhm
pamgambhrhm..
 

;. Bhmbbu
Bhmbbuhm
hm parsap
parsapso/s
so/sams`
ams`ros
ros iarjui
iarjuiumb
umbhm
hm gambhm
gambhm `istrunso
`istrunso,, omfans
omfansoo go tad
tadomb
ombhh
tambhj hthu narushnhm go syhrhf pamgambhrhm
7. Hmsoaths
Hmsoaths iarjuiuhmb
iarjuiuhmbhm
hm gamhbm
gamhbm pr`sagur
pr`sagur `parhso,
`parhso, gohbm`sos,
gohbm`sos, pr`bm`
pr`bm`sos,
sos, hmastaso,
hmastaso,
myaro,
myaro, jodhmb
jodhmbmyh
myh fumbso
fumbso,, nacum
nacumbno
bnomhm
mhm pamuru
pamurumhm
mhm pamgam
pamgambhr
bhrhm
hm daioj
daioj iashr 
iashr 
satadhj `parhso.

;. Omtarvamso

 M Gohb
Gohbm`
m`sh
sh Napa
Naparh
rhwh
whth
thm
m Duhr
Duhrhm
hm ghm
ghm nro
nrota
taro
rohh jhs
jhsod
od Omtarvamso ([ONO)
@ ([DNO)

8 Bhmbbuhm rhsh [ata

[atadh
dhj
j godh
godhnu
nunh
nhm
m tomg
tomghn
hnhm
hm h. @isa
sarrvhso <
myhchm (myaro) nap
napar
arhw
hwht
hthm
hm sa
sadh
dhch
ch ; x 97  Dhn
Dhnun
unhm
hm pam
amb
bnh
nhlo
lohm
hm yhm
hmb
b n`
n`cp
cpra
raj
ja

 iarjuiumbhm  lhc chnh myaro camurum cadoputo d`nhso, nhrhntaroston, hwothm ghm gur 
gambhm pr`sas gambhm Nrotaroh Jhsod< franuam
franuamso,
so, omt
omtamso
amsoths
ths,, nuhdot
nuhdoths
hs hthu
hthu naphrh
naphrh
 parhghmbhm phgh tadombh Cam
Camuml
umlunn
unnhm
hm Wombnh
Wombnhtt Myaro
Myaro myaro ghm fhkt`r prasopothsomyh.
tambhj yhmb goiuntonhm `daj omgokht`r   Dhnunhm pacaronshhhm WWV
saihbh
saihbhoo iaronu
iaronutt (saiutn
(saiutnhm
hm 8-  i. Warhpauton
1 < shmbht iarht, iarht, saghmb,  Bumh
Bumhnh
nhm
m pam
amg
gan
anht
hthm
hm yhm
hmb
b p`soto
sotoff um
rombhm hthu toghn hgh) < cam
camb`
b`pt
ptoc
ochd
hdn
nhm ra
rasp
sp`m
`m ph
phso
soam
am ta
tarj
rjhh
 Ansp
Anspra
raso
so myar
myaroo ph
phgh
gh hmhdbason.
whlhj  Bumhnhm pamganhthm yhmb camamhmbnhm

Badoshj
Bado shj// na
natab
tabhm
hmbh
bhm
m 
 Myhthnhm gambhm ladhs jhrhphm tarjhghp pad
`t`t  phsoam
 Gurhso apos`ga myaro
 La
Laddhsnh
snhm sacu
acuh pr`sa
sag
gur ghm hp
hphh y
 Caromtoj ghm camhmbos
gorhshnhm sadhch pr`sagur 
 Badoshj
 Wachmo
Wachmo phsoam
phsoam umtun
umtun caciar
caciaronh
onhm
m nahch
nahch
ghm camburhmbo thnut
k. Agunhso
 Ihmtu phsoam cambamhd sotuhso y
camociudnhm nakachshm
 G`r`mb phsoam umtun cambumbnhp
 

 parhshm ,nathnuthm,parsapso
 Om
Omst
stru
runs
nson
onhm
hm ph
phso
soam
am camb
cambbu
bumh
mhnh
nhm
m ta
tan 
n 
radhnshso
 Omf`rchsonhm
Omf`rchsonhm naphgh phsoam tamthmb pr`sa
yhmb ghpht camombnhtnhm myaro ghm thwhr 
strhtabo n`pomb yhmb goshrhmnhm.
9 Bhmbbuhm omtarhnhso [ata
[atadh
dhj
j godh
godhnu
nunh
nhm
m tomg
tomghnhm h. @isarvhso
hnhm
s`sohd iarjuiumbhm nap
napar
arhw
hwht
hthm
hm sa
sadh
dhch
ch ; x 97  Og
Ogam
amto
tofo
fonh
nhso
so na
nac
chcpu
hcpuhm
hm iar
arom
omta
tanr
nr
gambhm
gambhm afan najodhmbhm
najodhmbhm  lhc chnh omtarhnhso s`sohd gambhm `rhmb dhom.
 pamgambhrhm cam
camomb
ombnht
nht gam
gambhm
bhm Nro
rota
taro
rohh  Ogamtofonhs
Ogamtofonhsoo jhcihthm
jhcihthm cadhnunhm
cadhnunhm omtarh
Jhsod< gambhm `rhmb dhom
 Uarhshhm myhchm gambhm  i. Warhpauton
sotuhso s`sohd  C`tovhso
C`tovhso camombnhtn
camombnhtnhm
hm ntardoihthm
ntardoihthm ghd
 Uarhshhm cughj suhtu juiumbhm

cambn`cumonhsonhm 
C`tovhso iarphrtosopso ghdhc nabohthm i
 parhshhhm ghm nad`cp`n 
 Comht cadhnunhm n`mthn   C`tovhso omtarhnso go duhr dombnumbhm
foson   Gosn
Gosnus
uson
onhm
hm pa
para
ramk
mkhm
hmhh
hh na
nabo
boht
hthm
hm c
 Yasp`msof
Yasp`msof naphgh
naphgh `rhmb gaphm
dhom k. Agunhso
 Hmlurn
Hmlurnhm
hm iaromt
iaromtanr
anrhso
hso gambhm
gambhm `rhmb
`rhmb d
sakhrh iartjhp
 Hmlurnhm onut sarth nabohthm s`sohd

 Hmlu
Hmlurn
rnhm
hm ia
iari
rihb
hboo pa
pamb
mbhd
hdhc
hchm
hm ga
gam
m
`rhmb dhom

; Bhmbbuhm parsapso [ata

[atadh
dhj
j godh
godhnu
nunh
nhm
m tomg
tomghn
hnhm
hm h. @isarvhso
sa
sams
ms`r
`ros
os iarj
iarjui
uium
umbhm nap
bhm napar
arhw
hwht
hthm
hm sa
sadh
dhch
ch ; x 97  Ua
Uaron
ronsh
sh sthtu
sthtuss camt
camthd
hd,st
,stht
htus
us sa
sams
ms`r
`ro,
o,
gmabhm `istrunso, omfanso  lhc chnh Bhmbbuhm parsapso tombnht namyhchmhm
go tadombh sam
sams`r
s`ros
os camuru
camurum
m gambhm
gambhm  i. Warhpauton
tambhj hthu narushnhm go Nrotaroh Jhsod cacihonmyh <  Gosn
Gosnus
uson
onhm
hm tomb
tombnh
nhtt t`
t`da
darh
rhmh
mhso
so ta
tarj
rjhh
shrhf pamgambhrhm.  Varihdoshso camgambhr   iaihm sams`ro

 iosonhm  Ihthso stocudus dombnumhbm

 Gost`rso sams`ro
 

 Uarodhnu jhdusomhso  Lhgwhdnhm hntovoths jhrohm ghm ostorhjht.

 N`msamtrhso k. Agunhso

 @roamthso  Hlhrnh
Hlhrnhm
m khrh camoco
camocodhso
dhsoshso
shsonhm
nhm stocud
stocud

 Fumbso sams`ro (camburhmbo naiosombhm)

7 Hmsoaths iarjuiuhmbhm [atadhj

[atadhj godhnu
godhnunhm
nhm tomghn
tomghnhm
hm h. @isarvhso
gambhm pr`sagur `parhso, napa
naparh
rhwh
whth
thm
m sa
sadh
dhch
ch ; x 97  Ogamtofohnso shht tombnht
tombnht hmsoaths iaruihj
gohb
gohbm`
m`so
sos,
s, pr`b
pr`bm`
m`so
sos,
s,  lhc chnh Hmsoaths camurum  Ogamtofonhso nachcpuhm cambhc
hmastaso, myaro, gambhm Nrotaroh Jhsod < naputushm
jodhmbmyh fumbso,  Varihdoshso  C`mot`r thmgh hmsoaths
nacumbnomhm pamurumhm naiombumbhm  i. Warhpauton 
 pamgambhrhm daioj iashr   Vari
Varihd
hdos
oshso
hso nj
njhw
hwht
htor 
or  k. Kopthnhm suhshmh tarhpauton um
satadhj `parhso. hnoi
hnoiht
ht n`mg
n`mgos
osoo yh
yhmb
mb camuciunhm naparkhyhhhm
gojhghpo  Wacphtnhm ihrhmb proihgo gam
 Uardhnu badoshj caciaronhm namyhchmhm
 Uarodhnu tabhmb  C`to
C`tovh
vhso
so camb
cambog
ogam
amto
tofo
fonh
nhso
so sot
sotuh
uhso
so y
 N`msamtrhso camombnht cacoku nakachshm

 U`dh togur cacihon   Bumhnhm pamganhthm yhmb tamhmb

Agunhso
 Omf`rchsonhm sakhrh hntuhd pamb`ihthm

 Hmlurnhm naduhrbh tathp iarshhch phsoam

 Wog
oghn
hn cadh
cadhn
nun
unhm
hm nab
abot
othm
hm yhm
hmb
b to
n`cpatotof 
 Hmlurn
Hmlurnhm
hm cambum
cambumbnh
bnhpnh
pnhm
m parhshh
parhshhm
m
 parsapso
 Dhtoj tanomon radhnshso

7.Ocpdacamthso
7.Ocpdacamthso Naparhwhthm
Naparhwhthm

Camurut Uhtrokoh H. U`ttar (9551), Ocpdacamthso caruphnhm padhnshmhhm ghro ramkhmh

tomghn
tomghnhm
hm naparhw
naparhwhth
hthm
m yhmb
yhmb tad
tadhj
hj gosusu
gosusum
m / gotacu
gotacunhm
nhm,, yhmb
yhmb iartul
iartuluhm
uhm umtun
umtun cacamu
cacamujo
jo
naiutujhm phsoam sakhrh `ptochd ghpht tardhnshmh gambhm ihon godhnunhm `daj phsoam otu
samgoro hthupum parhwht sakhrh chmgoro ghm lubh ghpht ianarlhshch gambhm hmbb`th toc
 

nasajhthm
nasajhthm dhommyh
dhommyh saparto
saparto hjdo bozo ghm foso`tarhpos.
foso`tarhpos. Uarhwht cacodoj omtarvamso
omtarvamso naparhwhthm
naparhwhthm
yhmb hnhm goiaronhm naphgh phsoam.
Iaronut
Iaronut omo cat`ga ghm dhmbnhj parsohphm umtun camkhpho tuluhm hsujhm napar
naparhwhthm
hwhthm yhmb
ghpht godhnunhm `daj parhwht <

8. Cachjhco
Cachjhco ramkhmh
ramkhmh naparhwhthm
naparhwhthm yhmb tadhj gotamtunhm
gotamtunhm
9. Camyoh
Camyohpnh
pnhm
m tamhbh
tamhbh ghm
ghm hdht yhmb
yhmb gopa
gopardu
rdunhm
nhm
;. Camyoh
Camyohpnh
pnhm
m dombn
dombnumb
umbhm
hm tarhp
tarhpaut
auton 
on 
7. Cacihmtu
Cacihmtu ghdhc
ghdhc cadhnu
cadhnunhm
nhm hntovoth
hntovothss najogup
najoguphm
hm sajhro-jhr
sajhro-jhroo
1. Caciar
Caciaronh
onhm
m hsujhm
hsujhm naparhw
naparhwhth
hthm
m dhmbsu
dhmbsumb
mb
6. Cambn`msud
Cambn`msudnhm
nhm ghm
ghm caciaro
caciaro pamyudujh
pamyudujhm
m phgh ndoam
ndoam ghm naduhrbhmyh
naduhrbhmyh..

Ocpdacamthso
Ocpdacamthso caciutujnhm
caciutujnhm parhwht umtun cambnhlo
cambnhlo nacihdo
nacihdo nahghhm
nahghhm ndoam,
ndoam, camadhhj,
camadhhj,
ghm cac`gofonhso ramkhmh naparhwhtm yhmb sughj hgh, cambogamtofonhso hrah
hra h gochmh ihmtuhm
goiutujnhm umtun cambocpdacamthsonhm, cambn`cumonhsonhm omtarvamso naparhwhthm.
Ocpd
Ocpdac
acam
amth
thso
so gh
ghro
ro hsujh
hsujhm
m na
napa
parhw
rhwhth
hthm
m lu
lubh
bh caci
caciut
utuj
ujnh
nhm
m pa
pamb
mbat
athj
hjuh
uhm
m th
thci
cihj
hjhm
hm
natarhcpodhm ghm pars`mhd. [atadhj ocpdacamthso, parhwht camudosnhm ghdhc khththm ndoam
gasnropso
gasnropso sombnht
sombnht ghro pambnhlohm
pambnhlohm naparhwhthm
naparhwhthm,, Ur`sagur
Ur`sagur spasofon ghm rasp`m ndoam tarjhghp
hsujhm
hsujhm naparh
naparhwht
whthm
hm hthu lubh
lubh parhwht
parhwht iosh
iosh camgad
camgadabh
abhson
sonhm
hm ocpdac
ocpdacamt
amthso
hso phgh
phgh tamhbh
tamhbh
nasajhthm
nasajhthm dhom tarchsun cachstonhm ihjwh `rhmb yhmb gogadabhsonhm
gogadabhsonhm tarhcpod ghdhc tubhs
ghm ghpht camladhsnhm tubhs sasuho gambhm sthmghr naparhwhthm.

8. Avhduhso
Camurut Uhtrokoh H. U`ttar (9551), Avhduhso caruphnhm pr`sas yhmb godhnunhm umtun 
camodho pamkhphohm tuluhm hthu camodho rasp`m ndoam tarjhghp tomghnhm daparhwhthm
saiarhph lhuj tuluhm naparhwhthm tadhj tarpamujo.
Uhghh ucucmy
Uhg ucucmyhh avhduh
avhduhso
so goiagh
goiaghnhm
nhm camlhg
camlhgoo gu
guhh yhotu
yhotu avhduh
avhduhso
so nuhmto
nuhmtothto
thtoff ghm avhduh
avhduhso
so
nuhdot
nuhdothtof
htof.. Ghdhc
Ghdhc avhdus
avhdusoo nuhmto
nuhmtothto
thtoff yhmb
yhmb gomodh
gomodhoo hghdhj
hghdhj nuhtot
nuhtoths
hs hthu
hthu lucdhj
lucdhj naboht
nabohthm
hm
naparhwhthm yhmb tadhj gotamtunhm saghmbnhm avhduhso nuhdothtof gof`n`snhm phgh chshdhj
shtu ghro tobh gocamso struntur hthu suciar, gocamso pr`sas ghm gocamso jhsod tomghnhm yhmb
godhnunhm.
Hghpum dhmbnhj-dhmbnhj avhduhso naparhwhthm hghdhj saihbho iaronut <

8. Cambuc
Cambucpud
pudnhm
nhm ghth
ghth napa
naparhwh
rhwhthm
thm phsoa
phsoam
m
9. Camhfsornhm
Camhfsornhm (cambomtarp
(cambomtarprathson
rathsonhm)
hm) parnacihmb
parnacihmbhm
hm phsoam
 

;. Cacihm
Cacihmgom
gombnh
bnhm
m gambhm
gambhm nahghhm
nahghhm saiaduc
saiaduc ghm sasughj
sasughj godhnunhm
godhnunhm tomghnh
tomghnhm
m gambhm
gambhm
cambbumhnhm nrotaroh pamkhphohm tuluhm yhmb tadhj gotathpnhm
7. Cambun
Cambunur
ur ghm cacihmg
cacihmgomb
ombnhm
nhm parnacih
parnacihmbh
mbhm
m phsoam
phsoam gambhm
gambhm sthmghr
sthmghr m`rchd
m`rchd yhmb
yhmb
 iardhnu

IHI OOO
UAMQWQU

;.8 Nasocpu
Nasocpudhm
dhm

@totos cagoh hghdhj parhghmbhm saihbohm hthu saduruj cun`sh tadombh tambhj, tuih
austhkjous, hmtruc chst`og yhmb iohshmyh gosaihinhm `daj ihntaro hthu vorus yhmb tarlhgo
nurhmb
nurhmb ghro ; combbu. Uamyaihi uthch ghro @CH hghdhj tarsucihtmy
tarsucihtmyhh shdurhm hthu tuih
austhkjous yhmb iosh gosaihinhm `daj pr`sas parhghmbhm hnoiht omfanso ihntaro yhmb chsun na
ghdhc tuih austhkjous tarsaiut, nalhgohm O[UH yhmb iarudhmb phgh hmhn lubh ghpht camlhgo

fhnt`r pamyai
fhnt`r pamyaihi
hi tarlhg
tarlhgomy
omyhh @CH phgh
phgh hmhn.
hmhn. [thgou
[thgouc
c @CH ghpht
ghpht tarihbo
tarihbo camlhg
camlhgoo doch
doch
sthgou
sthgouc,
c, hmthrh
hmthrh dho
dhom
m < [thgou
[thgouc
c @nduso
@nduso,, Urasup
Urasupurh
urhso,
so, [up
[upurh
urhso,
so, Uar
Uarf`r
f`rhso,
hso, ghm [thgou
[thgouc c
Yas`duso. Gochmh chmofasthso ghro @CH lubh tarbhmtumb phgh dathn sthgouc yhmb gohdhco
`daj ndoam. Warhpo ghro @CH lubh iarghshr phgh sthgouc yhmb gohdhco ndoam. Ghro parlhdhmhm
 pamyhnot @CH, ghpht cumkud iaiarhph chshdhj naparhwhthm yhmb gohdhco `daj ndoam, hmthrh
dhom < myaro, rason` omfanso, rason` omlury, bhmbbuhm parsapso sams`ro, ghm bhmbbuhm n`msap
goro.

;.9
;.9 [hrh
[hrhm
m

Nhco camyhghro ghdhc pamudoshm chnhdhj omo chsoj ihmyhn nanurhmbhm ghm iaduc
camkhpho saduruj hspan. @daj nhramh otu nhco camyhrhmnhm hbhr pacihkh ghpht camkhro
rava
ravara
rams
msoo ‛ rava
ravara
rams
msoo ghro
ghro iunu
iunu ‛ iunu
iunu dhom
dhom yh
yhmb
mb lu
lubh
bh camg
camgun
unum
umb
b gh
ghdh
dhc
c Hsuj
Hsujhm
hm
Naparhwhthm phgh @totos Cagoh hnut ghm nr`mos.
 

GHFWHY UQ[WHNH

Hro, Adozhiatj. 9552. Hsujhm

9552. Hsujhm Naparhwhthm Uhgh
Uhgh Ndoam Gambhm Bhmbbuhm
Bhmbbuhm [ostac
 Uamgambhrhm ghm Rokhrh.
Rokhrh. Agot`r< Gr. Yhtmh Hmbbrhamo., [p WJW-ND., C.Nas.
Ihmgumb <[WONas [hmt` I`rr`caus.

Irummar & [ugghrtj. 8??2. Iunu

8??2. Iunu HlhrNaparhwhthm Cagonhd Iaghj
Iaghj.. Lhnhrth < ABK

Irummar & [ugghrtj . 9555. Naparhwhthm

9555. Naparhwhthm Cagonhd Iaghj,
Iaghj, Iunu OO Agoso ?, Hdoj Ihjhsh <
Hbumb Rhduy` gnn. Lhnhrth <ABK.

Chmsl`ar, Hrof gnn. 9555. Nhpoth

9555. Nhpoth [adanth Nag`ntarhm Lodog O . Lhnhrth < Cagoh Haskudhpous
Fhnudths Nag`ntarhm Omg`masoh.
Rodnoms`m, Lugotj C hmg Mhmky Y. Hjarm. 9588. Iunu
9588. Iunu [hnu Gohbm`sos
Gohbm`sos Naparhwhthm,
Naparhwhthm, agoso ?.
Lhnhrth, ABK.