KHZAPHB ZMBDHL]K]HB DHB HV]LHB IMZMPHSHTHB

CHSHT DHP]PHT ZHDH ZHVNMB BMHP DPASBNBC

AKML

KELOMPOK 9
IIMMKKAAE
EZZAAII
45. NI PUTU WISMADEWI
00 203221124
46. LUH KOMANG TRI MAHAYANI
203221125
88..BBii
47. TUT KKuull VVuurryyhhbbiibbccssiill
WURI UMBARWATI
((88>>66000066::>>88)) 203221126
48. NI PUTU SRI RAHAYU
00..ZZuuttuu MMiihh 203221127
49. I WAYAN SUKARTIKA YASA
203221128
HHee``hhrrhhwwhhttii
((88>>6600006688::44))
66..NN SShhyyhhbb MMddddyy
SSiirrhhwwiibbhhtthh
((88>>66000066::33::))

ZPACPHE HKNL OMBOHBC V8

IMZMPHSHTHB VTNIMV SNPH EMDNIH @HKN
DMBZHVHP 
0:0:

8
 IHTH ZMBCHBTHP 

Zuji syuiur pmbukis phbjhtihb imphdh Tulhb ^hbc Ehlh Msh hths hbucrhl-Byh

smlibcch pmbukis dhpht embymkmshiihb ehihkhl yhbc `mrjuduk ‛ Khparhb Zmbdhlukuhb

dhb Hsulhb Impmrhwhthb Chwht Dhrurht phdh phsimb Bmhr Drawbibc―. Ehihkhl ibi
disusub ubtui emembuli tuchs Impmrhwhthb Chdhr.
Dhkhe pmbukishbbyh pmbukis tidhi kmphs dhri `hbtuhb `mr`hchi pilhi, akml ihrmbh
itu pmbukis embcufhpihb tmrieh ihsil imphdh smkurul pilhi yhbc tmkhl `mrphrtisiphsi
dhkhe imkhbfhrhb pme`uhthb ehihkhl ibi.
Zmbukis embyhdhri `hlwh pmbukishb ehihkhl ibi ehsil jhul dhri smepurbh. Akml
ihrmbh itu, pmbukis embclhrhpihb shrhb dhb iritii yhbc `mrsight dhb eme`hbcub dmei
embymepurbhihb ehihkhl ibi. Hilirbyh, smeach ehihkhl ibi `mrehbghht `hci pmbukis
.

dhb pme`hfh phdh ueuebyh

Dmbphshr, Hprik 0:0:

Zmbukis

0
 DHGTHP NVN
Lhkhehb
LHKHEHB O]D]K 8
…………………………………………………………..
IHTH 0
ZMBCHBTHP …………………………………………………………
DHGTHP NVN ………………………………………………………………….. 6
@H@ N ZMBDHL]K]HB
8.8Khthr @mkhihbc ……………….…………………………….. =
8.0Pueushb Ehshkhl ………..………………………………… 3
8.6Tujuhb ………….………………….………………...….…. 3
8.6.8 Tujuhb ueue …………………...………………… 3
8.6.0 Tujuhb ilusus …………..………..…………..…… 3
8.4 Emtadm Zmbukishb <
....................................................................
8.= Ehbghht Zmbukishb <
..................................................................
8.7 Vistmehtiih Zmbukishb >
.............................................................
@H@ NN TNBOH]HB Z]VTHIH
0.8 Iabsmp Bmhr Drawbibc  .................................................................8:
0.8.8 Dmgibisi ..................................................................... 8:
...
0.8.0 Mtiakaci ..................................................................... 88
...
0.8.6 Ikhsigiihsi ............................................................... 88
...
0.8.4 Zhtagisiakaci ............................................................ 80
..
0.8.= Ehbigmsthsi 8=
Ikibis........................................................
0.8.7 Iaepkiihsi.................................................................. 87
.
0.8.3 Zracbasis ..................................................................... 83
0.8.< Zmemriishhb Dihcbastii 83
..............................................
0.0 Zmbhthkhishbhhb ...............................................................................8>
0.0.8 Zmrtakabchb Zrhlaspithk ....................................................8>
0.0.0 Zmrtakabchb Nbtrhlaspithk ..................................................8>
6
0.6 Iabsmp Hsimp Chdhr phdh Zhsimb Bmhr Drawbibc  ...............0=
0.6.8 Zmbcihjihb Chwht Dhrurht 0=
..........................................
0.6.0 Dihcbash Impmrhwhthb 0=
................................................
0.6.6 Nbtmrvmbsi Impmrhwhthb 07
...............................................

6
@H@ NNN IHV]V IMCHSHTHB ZHDH BMHP DPASBNBC 
6.8 Zmbcihjihb ............................................................................. 66
..
6.0 Dihcbash .................................................................................. 6=
6.6 Nbtmrvmbsi ............................................................................... 6=
..
6.4 Nepkmembthsi ........................................................................ 6<
..
6.= Mvhkuhsi ................................................................................... 6>

@H@ NW ZMB]T]Z
6.8 Viepukhb ............................................................................................4:
6.0 Vhrhb ...................................................................................................4:
DHGTHP Z]VTHIH

4
 @H@ N
ZMBDHL]K]HB

8.8 Khthr @mkhihbc

yhbc embchii`htihb chbccuhb rmspirhsi ihrmbh fhirhb (vhb `mfi mt hk, 0::=). Lhsik hilir 
mbibcchk. Zmbym`h` imehtihb hii`ht tmbccmkhe dihbthrhbyh hdhkhl imehtihb athi ihrmbh lipaisih hthu isimeih athi phrhl, HPDV

Vmtihp jhe smtihp lhri km`il dhri 4: arhbc imlikhbchb byhwh emrmih hii`ht
tmbccmkhe. Vmpmrti hbhi imfik tmrcmkibfir di iakhe rmbhbc, rmehjh `mrmbhbc
di
 `hwhl pmbchrul hkialak hthu a`ht-a`hthb, pmbuephbc ihphk yhbc tmr`hkii dhb

whrch ehsyhrhiht yhbc di khbdh `hbjir. Imjhdihb ibi emruphihb pme`ubul cka`hk
yhbc tmrimeuih dhb tmrus embibciht.  Khparhb Cka`hk Drawbibcs
Archbishsi
 Imsmlhthb Dubih 0:84 di dmdiihsiihb ilusus ubtui tmbccmkhe yhbc emruphihb
thbthbchb imsmlhthb yhbc shbcht di fmchl dhb `mkue di thrcmtihb ubtui uphyh
 pmbfmchlhbbyh. Khparhb ibi di `uht `mrtujuhb ubtui embcu`hl hbcih imjhdihb
tmbccmkhe. Dmbchb hdhbyh khparhb hihb embmthpihb pmbcmthluhb tmriibi tmbthbc
tmbccmkhe dhb pmbfmchlhb tmbccmkhe yhbc embchii`htihb iar`hb
tmwhs ilususbyh di ihkhbchb hbhi-hbhi dhb rmehjh. Zmbfmchlhb di
tubjuiihb dhri
 `mr`hchi ibvmbthris yhbc mgmitig hbthrh khib, pmbccubhhb lhe`hthb ubtui 

embcabtrak hisms im hir, pmbymdihhb tmepht yhbc hehb smpmrti pusht pmbitiphb hbhi 
 prh-smiakhl dhb pmbchjhrhb hbhi usih smiakhl imtrhepikhb dhshr (SLA, 0:84).
Zmbym`h` tibccibyh hbcih imehtihb hii`ht tmbccmkhe shkhl shtubyh hdhkhl
sistme pmrtakabchb dhb pmbcmthluhb pmbhbchbhb iar`hb yhbc tidhi tmpht
dhb
 pribsip pmrtakabchb hwhk yhbc tidhi smsuhi. Zmbcmthluhb pmbhbccukhbchb pmbdmrith
chwht dhrurht emehbc pasisi `mshr dhkhe embmbtuihb im`mrlhsikhb pmrtakabchb.
@hbyhi imjhdihb pmbdmrith pmrtakabchb pmrtheh yhbc justruembibcchk dubih hthu
embchkhei imfhfhthb hii`ht imshkhlhb dhkhe eme`mriihb pmrtakabchb hwhk. lhk ibi
tmrjhdi ihrmbh iurhbcbyh pmehlhehb ehsyhrhiht tmbthbc ihsus imchwhtdhrurhthb

(Hzlhri, 0:88).
=
 Emburut Sarkd Lmhktl Archbizhtiab (SLA) :,3% dhri smkurul
imehtihb didubih hthu km`il dhri =::.::: imehtihb smtihp thlub
dism`h`ihb ihrmbh tmbccmkhe. Zhdh thlub 0::4 dismkurul dubih tmrdhpht
6<<.::: arhbc embibcchk ihrmbh tmbccmkhe, hbcih ibi embmephti uruthb im-6
imehtihb didubih hii`ht fmdmrh tidhi dismbchjh (Pigiba dii, 0:88). Vmfhrh ueue
>:% ihsus tmbccmkhe tmrjhdi di hir thwhr (dhbhu, subchi, iakhe) dhb 8:% tmrjhdi
di hir khut. Vmkhib itu ibdividu dmbchb pmimrjhhb smpmrti pmbhbcihp iihb
iaemrsihk hthu emehbfibc dmbchb embccubhihb pmrhlu imfik km`il rmbthb
tmrlhdhp tmbccmkhe (SLA, 0:80). Dhth yhbc diiuepukihb dhri  Hemrifhb
Gaubdhtiab gar Hquhtif Nbjury Zrmvmbtiab smphbjhbc thlub 0::=,
embym`utihb `hlwh 3:% iar`hb tmbccmkhe imeudihb embibcchk, ihrmbh
tidhi hdhbyh pmbchwhshb (kigm cuhrd)  dhb whitu tmbccmkhe yhbc emkm`ili =
embit (Zhkemr, 0::=). Tmbccmkhe (drawbibc)  emruphihb fmdmrh akml ihrmbh
pmrmbdhehb ( su`emrsiab/ieemrsiab) yhbc dhpht embchii`htihb imehtihb
dhkhe whitu iurhbc dhri 04 jhe. Hph`ikh iar`hb ehepu smkheht dhkhe whitu
iurhbc dhri 04 jhe ehih dism`ut dmbchb istikhl  Bmhr Dwarbibc.  Dhkhe
smpukul thlub tmrhilir, km`il dhri =:.::: arhbc embibcchk hii`ht tmbccmkhe
di Hemriih Vmriiht, dhb emruphihb pmbym`h` imehtihb tmr`hbyhi im-4
hii`ht imfmkhihhb smfhrh ueue. Vm`hchi the`hlhb, dipmriirhihb tmrdhpht
km`il dhri
=::.::: imjhdihb tmbccmkhe smtihp thlubbyh di Hemriih Vmriiht. Di
Nbdabmsih smbdiri hbcih imjhdihb tmbccmkhe `mkue diimthlui. Bheub, emrujui
phdh iabdisi cmacrhgis wikhyhl Nbdabmsih yhbc tmrdiri dhri `mr`hchi pukhu dmbchb
chris phbthi yhbc fuiup phbjhbc yhbc emeubciibihb tmrjhdibyh tmbccmkhe.
Tmrkm`il Nbdabmsih
 juch emruphihb dhmrhl wishth di ehbh pmrhirhb juch emruphihb shkhl shtu
dhyh thrii wishth yhbc dieikiii. Tmrutheh @hki yhbc tmrimbhk dmbchb Zhbthi
Iuth-byh yhbc ibdhl yhbc embccadh arhbc ubtui smimdhr `mrmbhbc shephi
embiiehti akhlrhch hir eishkbyh smkhbfhr dhb jmtsii smrth `mr`hchi pmrehibhb
hir khibbyh. Tmbtu shjh tidhi hihb hdh smarhbc pub yhbc `mrlhrhp lhk tmrsm`ut
tmrjhdi phdh sihphpub. Bheub, hph`ikhe iith embmeuihb imjhdihb
tmrsm`ut tmbtu lhrus embcmthlui khbcihl-khbcihl yhbc lhrus dikhiuihb hchr
dhpht embymkhehtihb iar`hb. Tmbccmkhe dhpht tmrjhdi phdh hir thwhr ehupub
7
hir khut dhb emruphihb shkhl shtu imfmkhihhb yhbc dhpht `mrujubc phdh imehtihb
jiih tmrkhe`ht embdhpht
 pmrtakabchb. Nbisihbsi pme`mrihb pmrtakabchb pmrtheh shbcht pmbtibc ubtui smcmrh

7
 dikhiuihb hchr iar`hb dhpht tmrlibdhr dhri imehtihb hthu imfhfhthb yhbc km`il
 phrhl. Akml ihrmbh itu, pmbcmthluhb embcmbhi tmibii pme`mrihb `hbtuhb lidup
dhshr dhb pmbhbchbhb iar`hbtmbccmkhe. shbcht dipmrkuihb dhkhe
embclhdhpi situhsi smpmrti ibi smlibcch pmrtakabchb yhbc di`mriihb hihb km`il
tmpht.
Imchwhtdhrurhthb phdh iar`hb tmbccmkhe tmrihit mrht dmbchb ehshkhl
 pmrbhghshb dhb ihrdiavhsiukmr yhbc pmbhchbhbbyh ememrkuihb
pmbyaiabc imliduphb jhbtubc dhshr dmbchb embubjhbc rmspirhsi dhb siriukhsi
iar`hb dhri kuhr  emkhkui rmsusithsi, dhb embfmchl ibsugisimbsi (Bavith,
0::>). Akml sm`h` itu,
 pmbhbchbhb dibi shbcht dipmrkuihb ihrmbh drawbibc dhpht embym`h`ihb
phru smsmarhbc tmrmbdhe fhirhb, yhbc dhpht embym`h`ihb iabdisi
yhbc dhpht embchbfhe jiwh, smpmrti pbmueabih hspirhsi dhb hsgiisih. Zmrhb
pmrhwht di sibi
 juch shbcht dipmrkuihb embcibcht im`utulhb aisicmbhsi hdhkhl im`utulhb dhshr 
ehbusih. Zhsimb dmbchb drawbibc embchkhei imsukithb `mrbhghs, smlibcch lhk ibi
 juch dhpht embchbccu imbyhehbhb dhb byhwh phsimb, ehih dhri itu
hsulhb impmrhwhthb yhbc tmpht dhb fmpht imphdh ikimb dmbchb bmhr
drawbibc  shbcht dipmrkuihb. @mrdhshrihb khthr `mkhihbc di hths, ehih pmbukis
tmrthrii embyusub ehihkhl yhbc `mrjuduk ‛Khparhb Zmbdhlukuhb dhb Hsulhb
Impmrhwhthb Chwht Dhrurht phdh phsimb Bmhr Drawbibc―.
8.0 Pueushb Ehshkhl
@mrdhshrihb khthr `mkhihbc di hths ehih rueushb ehshkhl yhbc
embjhdi gaius dhkhe pmbmkitihb ibi hdhkhl? ‛@hchiehbh hsulhb impmrhwhthb chwht
dhrurht
 phdh phsimb Bmhr Dwarbibc1  ―
8.6 Tujuhb Zmbikushb
8.6.8 Tujuhb ]eue
]btui embcmthlui hsulhb impmrhwthb chwht dhrurht phdh
phsimb dmbchb Bmhr Drawbibc.
8.6.0 Tujuhb Ilusus
8. ]btui embcmthlui pmbcmrtihb Bmhr
Drawbibc.  0. ]btui embcmthlui mtiakaci Bmhr
3
Drawbibc. 
6. ]btui embcmthlui ikhsigiihsi Bmhr Drawbibc. 
4. ]btui embcmthlui phtagisiakaci Bmhr Drawbibc. 
=. ]btui embcmthlui ehbigmsthsi ikibii Bmhr Drawbibc. 

3
 7. ]btui embcmthlui iaepkiihsi Bmhr Drawbibc. 
3. ]btui embcmthlui pracbasis Bmhr Drawbibc. 
<. ]btui embcmthlui pmemriishhb dihcbastii Bmhr Drawbibc. 
>. ]btui embcmthlui pmbhthkhishbhhb Bmhr Drawbibc. 
8:. ]btui embcmthlui hsulhb impmrhwhthb chwht dhrurht Bmhr Drawbibc. 
88. ]btui embcmthlui iepkmembthsi phdh ihsus phdh phsimb
dmbchb
imchwhthb Bmhr Drawbibc. 
8.4 Emtadm Zmbukishb
Emtadm yhbc dicubhihb dhkhe pmbukishb khparhb ihsus ibi hdhkhl emtadm
dmsiriptig. Hdhpub tmibii pmbcuepukhb dhth dhkhe pmbyusubhb studi ihsus
ibi hdhkhl Vtudi impusthihhb yhitu embcchki ibgarehsi emkhkui shrhbh `mr`hchi
`uiu ehupub kitmrhtur yhbc `mrihithb dmbchb tmari yhbc `mrlu`ubchb
dmbchb bmhr  drawbibc.
8. = Ehbghht Zmbukishb

8.=.8 Ehbghht Tmaritis

8. @hci Zmbukis
]btui embhe`hl dhb eme`mriihb pmbcmthluhb hchr tmrwujud
 pmbcmthluhb `hii tmbthbc pmrtakabchb pmrtheh phdh imjhdihb tmbccmkhe
smlibcch embcurhbci hbcih imjhdihb imehtihb dhb fmdmrh
hii`ht tmbccmkhe.
0. @hci NZTMI
Eme`mriihb sue`hbchb ilususbyh dhkhe `idhbc impusthihhb yhbc
tmrihit dmbchb imchwht dhrurhthb tmbccmkhe.
6. @hci Nbstritusi Zmbdidiihb
Dhpht embjhdi rmgmrmbsi dhb `hlhb `hfhhb di pmrpusthihhbdi VTNIMs
Sirh Emdiih dhb ubtui emembuli ehth iukihl hsimp chwht dhrurht.
8.=.0 Ehbghht Zrhitis
8. @hci Zmbukis Vmkhbjutbyh
Vm`hchi rmgmrmbsi pmbukis smkhbjutbyh ubtui emehphrihb tmbthbc
 pmrtakabchb pmrtheh phdh imjhdihb tmbccmkhe.

<
8.7 Vistmehtiih Zmbukishb

]btui emepmrakml che`hrhb embcmbhi studi ihsus ibi,

pmbukis embccubhihb sihtmehtiih pmbukishb yhbc tmrdiri dhri mepht `h` yhitu ?
8. @H@ N Zmbdhlukuhb yhbc emkiputi khthr `mkhihbc, rueushb ehshkhl, tujuhb

 pmbukishb, emtadm pmbukishb, ehbghht pmbukishb dhb sistmehtiih pmbukishb.

0. @H@ NN embcurhiihb tmbthbc ?
h. Iabsmp dhshr ihsus yhbc tmrdiri dhri pmbcmrtihb, mtiakaci, ikhsigiihsi,
 phtagisiakaci, ehbigmsthsi ikibis, iaepkiihsi, pracbasis, pmemriishhb
dihcbastii, pmbhthkhishbhhb prhlaspithk dhb
pmbhthkhishbhhb ibtrhlaspithk.
 `. Iabsmp dhshr hsulhb impmrhwhthb chwht dhrurht yhbc tmrdiri dhri
 pmbcihjihb, dihcbash, ibtmrvmbsi impmrhwhthb.
6. @H@ NNN Zme`hlhshb ihsus yhitu hsulhb chwht dhrurht phdh phsimb dmbchb

 Bmhr Drhawbibc.
4. @H@ NW Zmbutup yhbc embcmeuihihb siepukhb dhb shrhb yhbc
dhpht dipmrcubhihb sm`hchi `hlhb pmeiiirhb di ehsh yhbc hihb dhthbc.

>
 @H@ NN
TNBOH]HB TMAPN

0.8  Bmhr Dwarbibc 

0.8.8 Zmbcmrtihb
Tmbccmkhe (drawbibc) hdhkhl imehtihb hii`ht hsgiisih yhbc tmrjhdi
dhkhe 04 jhe smtmkhl pmristiwh tmbccmkhe di hir, smdhbcihb
lhepir  tmbccmkhe (Bmhr Dwarbibc) hdhkhl iar`hb ehsil dhkhe
imhdhhb lidup km`il dhri 04 jhe smtmkhl smtmkhl pmristiwh tmbccmkhe di hir.
Tmbccmkhe (drawbibc)  hdhkhl imehtihb yhbc dism`h`ihb akml
hspirhsi fhirhb im dhkhe pmrbhphshb hii`ht tmr`mbhebyh smkurul hthu
sm`hcihb tu`ul im dhkhe fhirhb, smdhbcihb lhepir tmbccmkhe ( Bmhr
Dwarbibc) hdhkhl imhdhhb chbccuhb gisiakaci tu`ul hii`ht tmbccmkhe,
tmthpi tidhi tmrjhdi imehtihb.  Emihbisem khib embym`utihb
ihrmbh imtidhismie`hbchb mkmitrakit smrue yhbc emepmbchruli gubcsi
jhbtubc (rmgkmis ihrdihi) dhb
 `ish juch dism`h`ihb ihrmbh khribcasphsem sm`hchi hii`ht rmgkmis vhchk
(@hbmrjmm dhkhe Phuug (0::<)).
Zhdh pmristiwh tmbccmkhe (drawbibc)  , smkurul tu`ul tidhi
lhrus tmbccmkhe di dhkhe hir. Hshkihb ku`hbc lidubc dhb eukut `mrhdh di
`hwhl
 pmreuihhb hir ehih lhk itu sudhl fuiup emembuli iritmrih sm`hchi
 pmristiwh tmbccmkhe. `mrdhshrihb pmbcmrtihb tmrsm`ut, ehih pmristiwh
tmbccmkhe tidhi lhbyh dhpht tmrjhdi di khut hthu subchi tmthpi dhpht juch
tmrjhdi di dhkhe wmsthgmk hthu me`mr `mrisi hir. Ouekhl hir yhbc
dhpht emehtiihb jiih dilirup akml phru-phru hdhkhl sm`hbyhi 0 K ubtui
arhbc dmwhsh dhb 6:-4: ek ubtui `hyi (Sikihbta, 0:80).
Emburut SLA (0:8=), tmbccmkhe emruphihb chbccuhb sistme
 pmrbhghshb hii`ht tmrmbdhe dhkhe emdih yhbc fhir. Iabsmbsus
tmr`hru embyhthihb dmgibisi tmr`hru dhri tmbccmkhe lhrus embfhiup ihsus
ghthk dhb bab ghthk. Dhephi tmbccmkhe dhpht `mruph imehtihb, ear`idiths,
dhb bab ear`idiths. Hdh juch iabsmbsus yhbc embyhthihb `hlwh
istikhl `hshl, imribc, hitig, phsig, dihe, dhb embmbchl smlhrusbyh tidhi
dicubhihb khci.
8:
  Drawbibc  hthu tmbccmkhe hdhkhl prasms ehsuibyh fhirhb im dhkhe
shkurhb bhghs hthu phru-phru yhbc embym`h`ihb chbccuhb
pmrbhghshb shephi imehtihb. Dmgibisi tmbccmkhe embchfu phdh “hdhbyh
fhirhb yhbc ehsui libcch embutupi ku`hbc lidubc dhb eukut„, smlibcch
tidhi tmr`hths
 phdh ihsus tmbccmkhe di iakhe rmbhbc, hthu pmrhirhb smpmrti subchi,
khut, dhb dhbhu shjh, tmthpi juch phdh iabdisi tmr`mbhebyh tu`ul dhkhe
smkaihb hthu iu`hbchb diehbh `hcihb whjhl `mrhdh di `hwhl pmreuihhb
hir (Zutrh, 0:84).
Ohdi, tmbccmkhe (drawbibc) emruphihb suhtu imhdhhb
ghthk, smdhbcihb lhepir tmbccmkhe (Bmhr Dwarbibc) eubciib dhpht
`mrhii`ht ghthk. Vmdhbcihb SLA embdmgibisiihb sm`hchi prasms chbccuhb
pmrbhphshb hii`ht tmbccmkhe/lhepir tmbccmkhe dhkhe fhirhb.
Kuhrhb tmbccmkhe diikhsigiihsiihb sm`hchi embibcchk, ear`idiths dhb
tidhi hdh ear`idiths.
0.8.0 Mtiakaci
 Bmhr Dwarbibc tmrjhdi imtiih iar`hb tidhi dhpht `mrbhghs dhkhe hir 
dhkhe pmriadm whitu tmrtmbtu. Vmkheh tmbccmkhe, ibthim aisicmb
hihb embchkhei pmburubhb dhb sistme utheh tu`ul dhpht `mrlmbti
hii`ht imiurhbchb aisicmb. Dhkhe `m`mrhph ihsus tmrutheh yhbc
tmrjhdi phdh hbhi, lhk ibi dhpht tmrjhdi dhkhe litubchb dmtii smdhbcihb
phdh dmwhsh tmrjhdi km`il kheh. Vhbcht pmbtibc ubtui diibcht
`hlwh smkhku hdh imeubciibhb ubtui embymkhehtihb smsmarhbc yhbc
tmbccmkhe whkhupub dhkhe whitu fuiup kheh. Tmbccmkhe `ish
dism`h`ihb akml (Kmvib dhkhe Hravhl, 0::>)?
8. Tmrchbccubyh imehepuhb gisii hii`ht pmbchrul a`ht-a`hthb
0. Imtidhiehepuhb hii`ht lipatmreih, syai, fmdmrh, hthu imkmkhlhb
6. Imtidhiehepuhb hii`ht pmbyhiit hiut imtiih `mrmbhbc
4. Zmrhlu hthu ihphk tmbccmkhe
=. Tmrpmrhbcihp hthu tmrjmrht di dhkhe hir 
7. @ubul diri
0.8.6 Ikhsigiihsi
@mrdhshrihb tmepmrhtur hir, ikhsigiihsi tmbccmkhe di`hci embjhdi
88
tich emburut Kmvib (dhkhe Hravhl, 0::>)?

88
 8. Tmbccmkhe di hir lhbcht (whre whtmr drawbibc), `ikh tmepmrhtur hir
≭ 0:ºF
0. Tmbccmkhe di hir dibcib (fakd whtmr drawbibc), `ikh tmepmrhtur hir
=- 0:ºF
6. Tmbccmkhe di hir shbcht dibcib (vmry fakd whtmr drawbibc),
`ikh tmepmrhtur hir ; =ºF
@mrdhshrihb aseakhriths hir, ikhsigiihsi tmbccmkhe di`hci embjhdi duh?
8. Tmbccmkhe di hir thwhr 
0. Tmbccmkhe di hir khut
Imjhdihb tmbccmkhe hthu su`emrsmd hffidmbt dhpht eme`mriihb duh lhsik?
8.  Neemrsiab sybdraem, yhbc emruphihb imehtihb embdhdhi
smtmkhl iabthi dmbchb hir dibcib,
0. Vu`emrsmd ibjury, yhitu dhpht embym`h`ihb imehtihb 04 jhe smtmkhl
imjhdihb tmbccmkhe, survivhk, hthu pukilbyh imhdhhb smtmkhl imjhdihb
tmbccmkhe.
0.8.4 Zhtagisiakaci
Imsmkhehthb smsmarhbc yhbc tmbccmkhe dipmbchruli akml
`hbyhi  ghitar, hbthrh khib hdhkhl imthlhb gisii, imehepuhb `mrmbhbc,
im`mrhdhhb
 `hbtuhb hkht pmkhepubc, jhrhi ubtui embfhphi tmepht yhbc hehb, sulu hir,
usih, dhb khib-khib. Vmrhbcihihb prasms hihb tmrjhdi sm`hchi `mriiut? pmrtheh
tmrjhdi suhtu pmriadm phbii dhb ushlh yhbc lm`ht dmbchb `mrlmbti `mrbhphs
smkheh 8- 0 embit, smkhjutbyh tmrjhdi rmgkmis embmkhb smjuekhl hir diiiuti
khribcasphsem, lipaisih embym`h`ihb hpbmh, pmburubhb imshdhrhb,
khku rmkhishsi khribc dhb hir ehsui im dhkhe phru-phru dhkhe juekhl
km`il
 `hbyhi hilirbyh embjhdi hsgiisih dhb imehtihb. Zhdh sm`hcihb `mshr ihsus,
tmrjhdi hspirhsi hir yhbc `hbyhi im dhkhe phru, tmthpi phdh km`il iurhbc 8:%
iar`hb tmthp tmrjhdi khribcasphsem, dhb tmrjhdi hph yhbc dism`ut
dry drawbibc. 
Vmfhrh tmaritis, `mrdhshrihb tabisiths fhirhb yhbc ehsui im
ruhbc hkvmakus, ihsus tmbccmkhe di`mdhihb embjhdi tmbccmkhe di hir khut
dhb di hir thwhr. Vmkhib itu hdh juch pme`hcihb ihsus tmbccmkhe
80
`mrdhshrihb tmepmrhtur hirbyh. Kuhs pmreuihhb tu`ul hbhi km`il `mshr
dhriphdh dmwhsh,

80
dhb smfhrh praparsiabhk emeikiii juekhl kmehi su`iuthb yhbc km`il smdiiit.
Lhk ibi hihb emeudhlihb tie`ukbyh lipatmreih. @m`mrhph
tmari embyhthihb `hlwh phdh lipatmreih hthu phdh imhdhhb tmbccmkhe
di hir  dibcib hihb tmrjhdi rmgkmis ‛divibc― phdh hbhi. Pmgkmis tmrsm`ut
tmrdiri dhri
 `rhdiihrdi, pmburubhb hthu pmbclmbtihb khju pmrbhphshb, dhb pmru`hlhb
drhehtis phdh siriukhsi, smlibcch tmrjhdi rmdistri`usi dhrhl im archb-archb
smpmrti jhbtubc, phru dhb athi. Zhtagisiakaci lhepir tmbccmkhe `mrlu`ubchb
mrht dmbchb lipaismeih euktiarchb.

Che`hr 8. Zhtacmbmsis ag Bmhr

Drawbibc  8. Mgmi Tmrlhdhp Zhru

Zhdh iar`hb tmbccmkhe di hir thwhr, tmrjhdi pmrpibdhlhb (h`sarpsi)
hir smfhrh `mshr-`mshrhb dhri rabcch hkvmakus im dhkhe pme`ukul dhrhl
 phru. Lhk ibi diihrmbhihb tmihbhb aseatii di dhkhe pme`ukul dhrhl
 phru km`il tibcci dhriphdh tmihbhb aseatii di dhkhe
hkvmakus. Zmrpibdhlhb tmrsm`ut hihb embym`h`ihb lmeadikusi.
Hir hihb emehsuii mritrasit, smlibcch mritrasit embchkhei kisis.
Mritrasit yhbc embchkhei kisis ibi hihb emkmphsihb iab ihkiue im
dhkhe siriukhsi dhrhl dhb embchii`htihb pmbibcihthb ihdhr ihkiue
di dhkhe pkhseh
86
(lipmrihkmei).

86
 Imhdhhb lipmrihkmei dithe`hl dmbchb `m`hb siriukhsi
yhbc embibciht hii`ht pmbymrhphb hir dhri hkvmakus dhpht
embchii`htihb gi`rikhsi vmbtriimk. Hph`ikh hspirhsi hir fuiup
`hbyhi, hihb tie`uk lmeadikusi yhbc lm`ht. Imhdhhb ibi hihb
embym`h`ihb furhl jhbtubc dhb hkirhb `hkii vmbh `mrthe`hl, smlibcch
embchii`htihb mdmeh ueue
 jhribchb tmrehsui phru.  Hspirhsi hir thwhr lipatabii dhpht embcurhbci
iabsmbtrhsi surghithb smlibcch dhpht embym`h`ihb ibsth`ikiths hkvmakhr 
smlibcch tmrjhdi iakhps phru.  Zhdh iblhkhsi hir khut, tmihbhb aseatii 
fhirhb di dhkhe hkvmakus km`il `mshr dhriphdh di dhkhe pme`ukul dhrhl.
Akml ihrmbh itu, pkhseh dhrhl hihb tmrthrii im dhkhe hkvmakus.
Zrasms ibi dhpht embchii`htihb `mriurhbcbyh vakuem
ibtrhvhsiukhr, smlibcch tmrjhdi lipavakmeih dhb
lmeaiabsmbtrhsi. Lipavakmeih embchii`htihb tmrjhdibyh pmburubhb
tmihbhb dhrhl dmbchb khju bhdi yhbc fmpht, dhb hilirbyh tie`uk
imehtihb hii`ht hbaisih dhb ibsugimbsi
 jhbtubc dhkhe 6 embit. Imkuhrbyh fhirhb im dhkhe hkvmakus juch hihb
embcurhbci iabsmbtrhsi surghithb. Vmkhbjutbyh, hihb tmrjhdi imrushihb
hkvmaki dhb sistme ihpikmr, smlibcch tmrjhdi pmburubhb ihphsiths rmsidu
gubcsiabhk dhb mdmeh phru.  Hii`ht km`il khbjut khci, dhpht
tmrjhdi htmkmithsis ihrmbh pmbibcihthb tmihbhb pmreuihhb hkvmakhr.  @ikh
iar`hb embchkhei hspirhsi hthu mdmeh phru, dhpht tmrjhdi hfutm
rmspirhtary distrms sybdraem (HPDV). Vhkurhb rmspirhtarii yhbc
tmrsue`ht akml dm`ris di dhkhe hir hihb embym`h`ihb pmbibcihthb
thlhbhb shkurhb rmspirhtarii dhb emeifu pmkmphshb emdihtar-
emdihtar ibgkhehsi, smlibcch tmrjhdi vhsaiabstriisi yhbc
embym`h`ihb prasms pmrtuihrhb chs embjhdi tmrlhe`ht.
0. Mgmi Tmrlhdhp Ihrdiavhsiukhr 
Vm`hcihb `mshr iar`hb tmbccmkhe embchkhei lipavakmeih hii`ht
 pmbibcihthb pmremh`ikiths ihpikmr yhbc dism`h`ihb akml lipaisih.
Lipavakmeih smkhbjutbyh hihb embchii`htihb lipatmbsi.
Imhdhhb lipaisih ibi juch hihb emepmbchruli gubcsi eiaihrdiue,
smlibcch dhpht tmrjhdi disriteih vmbtriimk dhb hsistak. Vmkhib itu,
84
lipaismeih juch dhpht embym`h`ihb imrushihb eiaihrdiue dhb
pmburubhb furhl

84
  jhbtubc. Lipmrtmbsi pukeabmr dhpht tmrjhdi hii`ht pmkmphshb
emdihtar  ibgkhehsi.
6. Mgmi Tmrlhdhp Vusubhb Vhrhg Zusht
Imrushihb phdh susubhb shrhg pusht `mrlu`ubchb mrht
dmbchb khehbyh lipaismeih, dhb phsimb dhpht jhtul dhkhe imhdhhb
tidhi shdhr. Mgmi khib dhri lipaisih dihbthrhbyh hdhkhl dissmeibhtmd
ibtrhvhsfukhr  fahcukhtiab (DNF), ibsugisimbsi cibjhk dhb lhti, smrth
hsidasis emth`akii. Zhdh pmbmkitihb ihsus-ihsus lhepir tmbccmkhe
dikhparihb tmrdhpht imkhibhb mkmitrakit yhbc ribchb. Zmru`hlhb yhbc
embfakai dhb pmbtibc hdhkhl pmru`hlhb chs dhrhl dhb hshe-`hsh
hii`ht ibsugisimbsi rmspirhsi, dihbthrhbyh hdhkhl lipaismeih,
lipmrihpbih, smrth iae`ibhsi hsidasis emth`akii dhb rmspirhtarii.
Imkhibhb yhbc km`il `hbyhi tmrjhdi hdhkhl lipaismeih. Imhdhhb yhbc
smcmrh tmrjhdi smtmkhl tmbccmkhe dhkhe hir  hdhkhl lipavmbtikhsi dhb
imiurhbchb aisicmb. Zhdh pmrfa`hhb `ibhthbc, tmihbhb phrsihk A0
hrtmrihk (ZhA0) emburub drhstis embjhdi 4: eeLc dhkhe shtu embit
pmrtheh, embjhdi 8: eeLc smtmkhl 6 embit, dhb 4 eeLc smtmkhl =
embit.
Disgubcsi smrm`ri dhpht tmrjhdi hii`ht imrushihb lipaisih hwhk, hthu
dhpht juch ihrmbh imrushihb pracrmsig susubhb shrhg pusht
yhbc emruphihb hii`ht dhri lipapmrgusi smrm`ri phsfh rmsusithsi.
Lipapmrgusi smrm`ri phsih rmsusithsi tmrjhdi hii`ht `mr`hchi
emihbisem, hbthrh khib yhitu pmbibcihthb tmihbhb ibtrhirhbihk,
mdmeh smrm`ri sitataisii, sphsem hbtmriakhr smrm`ri yhbc dism`h`ihb
ehsuibyh ihksiue im dhkhe atat pakas pme`ukul dhrhl, dhb rhdiihk
`m`hs yhbc di`hwh aisicmb.
0.8.= Ehbigmsthsi Ikibis
Che`hrhb ikibii iar`hb tmbccmkhe shbcht `mrvhrihsi
`mrlu`ubchb dmbchb khehbyh tmbccmkhe. Fabb dhb @hrimr
embcme`hbcihb suhtu ikhsigiihsi (diiutip akml Haiy @y) dhkhe
Mkzauii, (0:80) yhbc dihbcchp
 `mrehbghht ubtui pmdaehb pmbikhihb dhb pmbca`hthb phsimb tmbccmkhe.
Ikhsigiihsi ibi `mrdhshrihb sthtus bmurakacis dhb shbcht `mrcubh
8=
`ikh dicubhihb dhkhe 8: embit pmrtheh.

8=
 Th`mk 8 Ehbigmsthsi ikibis Bmhr Drawbibc `mrdhshrihb sthtus
bmurakacis

Ihtmcari H Ihtmcari @ Ihtmcari F

(Hwhim) (@kubtmd) (Faehthsm)
h. Vhdhr (CFV 8=) h. Vtupar h. Iaeh
Vihbasis, hpbam tmthpi  `. Pmspabs  `. Pmspabs tmrlhdhp
Vmtmkhl dikhiuihb tmrlhdhp  Bymri
rhbcshbchb
 pmrtakabchb dhpht f. Distrmss pmrbhphshb, f. Hpbam
ime`hki `mrbhphs sihbasis d. Lipatmrei
Vpabthb d. Zmru`hlh m. Kh`arhtariue ?
 `. Lipatmrei ribchb b hsidasis emth`akii,
rhdiakacis phdh dhdh
f. Zmru`hlhb rhdiakacis m. Kh`arhtariue lipmrihr`ih,
ribchb phdh dhdh HCD ? hsidasis lipaismeih,
d. Kh`arhtariue HCD emth`akii, chbccuhb gubcsi
? Hsidasis emth`akii, lipaismeih, cibjhk hiut,
Lipaismei lipmrihr`ih chbccuhb mkmitrakit

0.8.7 Iaepkiihsi
Iaepkiihsi yhbc tmrjhdi hdhkhl hii`ht dhri imhdhhb lipaisih, hspirhsi
hir im dhkhe phru dhb ibgmisi yhbc tmrjhdi smtmkhlbyh.
8. Mbsmghkaphti Lipaisii ? suhtu imhdhhb diehbh `hcihb athi tmrtmbtu
yhbc embchkhei lipaisih shht tmbccmkhe tidhi dhpht ime`hki im
gubcsi barehk hthu tmkhl tmrjhdi imrushihb yhbc pmrehbmb
0. Zbmueabih hspirhsi ? emruphihb iaepkihsi yhbc phkibc smribc
tmrjhdi hii`ht ehsuibyh hir im dhkhe phru hthu tmrlirupbyh hir shht
phsimb
 `mrushlh ubtuiemymkhehtihb diri. @hitmri ehupub eiirarchbisem khib
yhbc hdh di hir hihb `mrime`hbc `ihi di dhkhe phru dhb embym`h`ihb
tmrjhdibyh ibgmisi
6. Chchk Cibjhk ? Gubcsi cibjhk pmbdmrith tmbccmkhe yhbc tmkhl
embdhpht rmsusithsi `ihshbyh tidhi embubjuiihb imkhibhb, tmthpi
dhpht tmrjhdi hk`ueiburih, lmeacka`aburih, akicurih dhb hburih.
Imrushihb cibjhk
 pracrmsig hihb embchii`htihb tu`ukhr bmirasis hiut hii`ht
tmrjhdibyh lipaisih `mrht, hsidasis khitht dhb pmru`hlhb hkirhb dhrhl im
cibjhk.
87
 Emburut Gkhcs (0::<) dhb Vzpikehb (0:80), smtmkhl imjhdihb
bmhr  drawbibc,  smarhbc phsimb `mrmsiia tmrjhdibyh iaepkiihsi smpmrti ?
8. Lipaisih hthu isimeii ibjuri fmrm`rhk
0. HPDV (hfutm rmspirhtary distrmss sybdraem)

87
6.Imrushihb pukaehk smiubdmr hii`ht rmspirhsi
4.Fhrdihi hrrmst
=.Hbaisih
7.Vlafi  
3.Eyacku`iburih
<.Nbsugisimbsi cibjhk
>.Nbgmisi Vistmeii dhb ibtrhvhsiukmr iahcukhsi juch dhpht tmrjhdi smkheh 30 jhe pmrtheh smtmkhl rmsusithsi.
Hdh juch iaepkiihsi khib dhri drawbibc yhitu ?
8.Bmurakacif ibjury
0.Zukeabhry mdmeh hbd HPDV ( Hfutm Pmspirhtary Distrmss Vybdraem)
6.Vmfabdhry pukeabhry ibgmftiab
4.Euktipkm archb systme ghikurm
=.Hfutm tu`ukhr bmfrasis (smfabdhry ta lypaxmeih)
7.Eyacka`iburih
3.Lmeacka`iburih.

0.8.3 Zracbasis
Zmbmbtuhb pracbasis yhbc tmr`hii phdh iar`hb lhepir
tmbccmkhe hdhkhl dmbchb emkhiuihb mvhkuhsi hwhk sthtus
lmeadibheiibyh. Vme`ikhb
 pukul duh pmrsmb iar`hb lhepir tmbccmkhe hihb pukil smpmrti
smeukh. Zmbmkitihb tmrlhdhp >6 iar`hb lhepir tmbccmkhe dmbchb usih
rhth-rhth 68
 `ukhb embyhthihb, `hlwh phsimb yhbc tidhi embchkhei iaeh shht dhthbc
im NF] hthu dhthbc im NCD dmbchb bhdi tmrh`h dhb tmihbhb dhrhl tmruiur,
tidhi embchkhei imrushihb bmurakacis pmrehbmb. Hihb tmthpi emrmih yhbc
dhthbc dmbchb pmemriishhb hwhk bhdi tidhi tmrh`h hthu dhkhe
imhdhhb iaeh, `ihshbyh embibcchk hthu embchkhei imrushihb athi
yhbc phrhl. Kuhrhb yhbc `urui dilu`ubcihb dmbchb hdhbyh hsistak,
tmbccmkhe 2 8= embit, tidhi embdhpht rmsusithsi di tmepht imjhdihb,
kheh rmsusithsi 2 6: embit, embdhpht mpibmgrib, hsidasis emth`akii, dhb
sulu ibti tu`ul rmbdhl.
 Bikhi pL ; 3,89 Ckhcaw Faeh Vfhkm (CFV) ;=9 pupik yhbc tmrgiishsi dhb
83
 `mrdikhthsi shht ehsui ruehl shiit embhbdhihb pracbasis `urui, tmthpi
 `uihb `mrhrti ibdiihsi iabtrh ubtui emkhiuihb rmsusithsi. Hihb tmthpi, `ikh

83
 hsidasis dhb iaeh tmthp `mrkhbcsubc 4 jhe smtmkhl rmsusithsi, imeubciibhb
ubtui emepmrthlhbihb sistme bmurakacis smpmrti smeukh hihb
sukit. Hbdmrsab dii., embdhphtihb ghitar prmdiitar kuhrhb bmurakacis hdhkhl
pL ≤ 3,8, rhsia ZhA0/ZHA0 ≤ :,6= dhb hbiab chp ≭8= eMq, ehsibc-ehsibc
bikhi siar 8, `ikh siar ≭ 0, ehih kuhrhbbyh `urui yhitu cmjhkh sish pmrehbmb
hthu imehtihb. @ikh smtmkhl 04-4< jhe tmrhpi rmsusithsi yhbc hdmiuht
tidhi  tmrdhpht pmr`hiihb ikibis, imeubciibhb `mshr imehtihb athi hthu
imrushihb
 `mrht phdh athi tmkhl tmrjhdi.
0.8.< Zmemriishhb dihcbastii 
Zhsimb dmbchb drawbibc lhrus emkhiuihb \-rhy dhdh dhb eabitaribc
shturhsi aisicmb.Phdiacrhgi dhdh eubciib embubjuiihb pmru`hlhb
hiut, smpmrti ibgiktrhsi hkvmakhr `ikhtmrhk.Vmkhib itu, pmemriishhb sistme shrhg
pusht, MIC, dhb hbhkisis chs dhrhl juch dipmrkuihb (Mkzauii, 0:80).
@mriiut
 pmemriishhb dihcbastif khibbyh yhitu?
8. Kh`arhtariue (H@C + aisiemtri, emtlmeacka`ibmeih dhb
fhr`axy lmeacka`ibmeih F@F pratlrae`ib tiem, phrtihk
tlrae`apkhstib tiem, gi`ribacmb, D-diemr, gi`rib, Vmrue mkmitrakit,
ckuiash, khitht, ghftar  iahcukhsi)
0. Kivmr mbzyems ? Hsphrthtm heibatrhbsgmrhsm dhb hkhbibm
eibatrhbsgmrhsm,
6. Pmbhk gubftiab tmsts (@]B, frmhtibibm)
4. Druc sfrmmb hbd mtlhbak kmvmk 
=. Fabtibuaus puksm axiemtry hbd fhrdiarmspirhtary eabitaribc 
7. Fhrdihf trapabib N tmstibc 
3. ]ribhkisis
<. Nehcibc (Gata tlarhis) ? `uiti hspirhsi, mdmeh pukea, htmkmithsis, `mbdh
hsibc, mvhkuhsi pmbmephthb mbdatrhimh tu`m
>. FT sfhb imphkh dhb smrviihk `ikh furich trhueh
8:. Mxtrmeity, h`daeibhk, pmkvif iehcibc `ikh hdh ibdiihsi
88. Mflafhrdiacrhply jiih hdh disgubcsi eiaihrd
80. MIC (Mkmitraihrdiacrhe)
8<
 86. Ihtmtmr swhb-chbz ubtui eabitar fhrdihf autput dhb lmeadibheii 
 phdh phsimb dc sthtus FW tidhi sth`ik hthu phsimb yhbc eme`utulihb
 pmbca`hthb ibatrapif euktipkm dhb vhsahitig.

0.0 Zmbhthkhishbhhb Imchwhthb phdh Bmhr Dwarbibc 

Zhdh pribsipbyh, thth khishbh ihsus lhepir tmbccmkhe hdhkhl
embchthsi chbccuhbb aisicmbishsi, vmbtikhsi, siriukhsi, imsmie`hbchb
hshe `hsh, dhb embfmchl imrushihb sistme shrhg pusht yhbc khbjut. Vmcmrh
smtmkhl iar`hb ditakabc, lhrus dikhiuihb rmsusithsi jhbtubc phru. Aisicmb lhrus
di`mriihb smfmphtbyh dhb dikhbjutihb dhkhe pmrjhkhbhb im ruehl shiit. Vmtihp
embit yhbc dikhkui thbph
 pmrbhphshb dhb siriukhsi yhbc hdmiuht emburubihb smfhrh drhehtis imsmephthb
kuhrhb yhbc `hii. Vmeuh iar`hb lhepir tmbccmkhe lhrus dirhwht di ruehl shiit,
 `hchiehbhpub iabdisi phsimb. Zhsimb yhbc tidhi `mrcmjhkh lhrus
dia`smrvhsi, eibiehk smkheh 04 jhe di ruehl shiit. Imehtihb yhbc khe`ht dhpht
tmrjhdi hii`ht htmkmithsis yhbc kuhs, mdmeh phru hiut, dhb lipaismeih
smtmkhl phsimb embibcchkihb ruhbc chwht dhrurht emburut Phaag (0::<).
0.0.8 Zmrtakabchb Zrhlaspithk
Hii`ht yhbc phkibc pmbtibc dhb emruciihb dhri tmbccmkhe
hdhkhl lipaisih. Akml ihrmbh itu, aisicmbhsi, vmbtikhsi dhb
pmrgusi lhrus diime`hkiihb smsmcmrh eubciib. ]btui embfhphibyh
hihb dipmrkuihb
 pmrtakabchb POZ dmbchb smcmrh dhb hitivhsi sistme khyhbhb
imchwht- dhrurhthb. Vmsuhi dmbchb 0:8: HLH Cuidmkibms gar
Fhrdiapukeabhry
 Pmsusfithtiab hbd Memrcmbfy Fhriavhsfukhr Fhrm, shht ibi POZ dieukhi
iaeprmsi dhdh dmbchb uruthb F-H-@. Bheub, pmdaehb tmrsm`ut
juch emrmiaembdhsiihb ibdividuhkishsi uruthb `mrdhshrihb mtiakaci dhri
lmbti
 jhbtubc. POZ ubtui iar`hb tmbccmkhe sm`hiibyh tmthpi embccubhihb
 pmbdmihthb H-@-F embcibcht sight lipaisih dhri lmbti jhbtubc tmrsm`ut.
Iar`hb lhbyh dmbchb lmbti bhghs `ihshbyh emrmspab smtmkhl `m`mrhph ihki
 pme`mrihb bhghs `uhthb.
8>
8. Embymkhehtihb Iar`hb Dhri Hir 
Lhk pmrtheh yhbc dikhiuihb hph`ikh embmeuihb imjhdihb  Bmhr 
 Dwarbibc hdhkhl embymkhehtihb iar`hb dhri hir. ]btui 

8>
 embymkhehtihb iar`hb tmbccmkhe, pmbakabc lhrus dhpht
embfhphi iar`hb smfmpht eubciib, sm`hiibyh embccubhihb hkht
hbciut (pmrhlu, rhiit, phphb smkhbfhr hthu hkht `hbtu hpubc).
Vmtidhibyh dipmrkuihb duh arhbc dmwhsh ubtui embchbciht iar`hb
dhri dhkhe hir im pmrhlu
 pmbymkhehthb. ]btui embclibdhri tmrjhdibyh  past-ieemrsiab
fakkhpsm, sm`hiibyh iar`hb dihbciht dhri dhkhe hir dmbchb pasisi
tmkubciup. Vmkhib itu, pmbakabc juch lhrus emepmrlhtiihb imsmkhehthb
diribyh.
Zmbmkitihb tmrhilir embubjuiihb `hlwh sth`ikishsi tukhbc
kmlmr  tidhi pmrku dikhiuihb imfuhki tmrdhpht imhdhhb yhbc
embym`h`ihb tmbccmkhe embubjuiihb hdhbyh imeubciibhb tmrjhdi
trhueh. Imhdhhb ibi tmrehsui riwhyht embymkhe, hdhbyh thbdh-thbdh
fmdmrh hthu thbdh- thbdh ibtaisiihsi hkialak. Tidhi hdhbyh
ibdiihtar tmrsm`ut, fmdmrh tukhbc `mkhihbc imeubciibhb tidhi
tmrjhdi. Vth`ikishsi tukhbc kmlmr  smfhrh ehbuhk dhb hkht sth`ikishsi
eubciib embclhe`ht pme`uihhb
 jhkhb bhghs yhbc hdmiuht, emepmrsukit dhb eubciib emepmrkhe`ht
 pmbclhbthrhb bhghs `hbtuhb.
0. Zme`mrihb Bhghs @hbtuhb
Lhk yhbc pmrtheh dhb utheh dhkhe embhbchbi iar`hb tmbccmkhe
hdhkhl eme`mriihb vmbtikhsi smcmrh. Nbisihsi smcmrh bhghs `hbtuhb dhpht
embibcihtihb pmkuhbc lidup iar`hb. @hbtuhb pmrbhghshb
`ihshbyh di`mriihb imtiih iar`hb yhbc tidhi rmspabsig `mrhdh di hir
dhbcihk hthu di kuhr hir. Wmbtikhsi eukut im lidubc dhpht dicubhihb
sm`hchi hktmrbhtig  vmbtikhsi eukut im eukut jiih pmbymkheht
embchkhei imsukithb dhkhe embfu`it lidubc iar`hb, embyhbcch
imphkh iar`hb, dhb eme`uih
 jhkhb bhghs di dhkhe hir. Zmbakabc yhbc tidhi tmrkhtil sm`hiibyh
tidhi  embfa`h eme`mriihb pmrtakabchb imtiih iar`hb ehsil `mrhdh
di hir  yhbc dhkhe.
Ehbjmemb jhkhb bhghs dhb pmrbhghshb smruph dmbchb
yhbc dirmiaembdhsiihb ubtui `mr`hchi iar`hb lmbti jhtubc. Vm`hcihb
0:
iar`hb tidhi embchspirhsi hir ihrmbh tmrjhdi sphsem khribc hthu
emrmih embhlhb bhghs. @hlihb jiih tmrjhdi hspirhsi fhirhb,
tidhi pmrku dikhiuihb pme`mrsilhb jhkhb bhghs akml ihrmbh phdh
sm`hcihb `mshr 

0:
 iar`hb lhbyh embchspirhsi fhirhb dhkhe juekhl smdiiit dhb
dhpht dismrhp dmbchb fmpht im siriukhsi smbtrhk, smlibcch lhk ibi tidhi
embjhdi a`struisi di trhimh. Tibdhihb pmbcmkuhrhb fhirhb
dhri shkurhb
 pmrbhghshb smkhib   suftiab (eishkbyh h`daeibhk tlrust dhb ehbmuvmr 
Lmiekifl) tidhi pmrku dhb `mrpabtmbsi eme`hlhyhihb iar`hb smlibcch
tibdhihb tmrsm`ut tidhi dirmiaembdhsiihb.
6. Iaeprmsi Dhdh
Vmcmrh smtmkhl iar`hb yhbc tidhi rmspabsig diimkuhrihb dhri hir,
 pmbakabc sm`hiibyh eme`uih jhkhb bhghs, embcmfmi pmrbhghshb dhb
 jiih iar`hb tidhi `mrbhghs, `mriihb duh ihki bhghs `hbtuhb yhbc
eme`uht dhdh tmrhbciht (jiih tidhi dikhiuihb sm`mkuebyh di
hir). Vmtmkhl pme`mrihb duh ihki bhghs `hbtuhb, pmbakabc lhrus
smcmrh eme`mriihb iaeprmsi dhdh dhb emkhiuihb siikus iaeprmsi-
vmbtikhsi smsuhi pmdaehb `hbtuhb lidup dhshr dmwhsh. Imeudihb,
pmbakabc lhrus embcmfmi dmbyut bhdi iar`hb. Dmbyut bhdi eubciib
sukit ubtui  dirh`h phdh iar`hb tmbccmkhe, tmrutheh jiih iar`hb
imdibcibhb. Hph`ikh dhkhe 8: dmtii dmbyut bhdi tidhi tmrh`h,
siikus iaeprmsi- vmbtikhsi lhrus  dikhiuihb ime`hki. Hph`kih
pmbakabc lhbyh smbdiri, smtidhibyh eme`mriihb = siikus 
(smiithr 0 embit) sm`mkue embibcchkihb
iar`hb ubtui embclu`ubci baear dhrurht  ubtui  embdhpht
pmrtakabchb km`il khbjut. Lhbyh pmbakabc yhbc tmrkhtil yhbc sm`hiibyh 
eme`mriihb iaeprmsi dhdh di hir.  Imtiih iar`hb sudhl
diimkuhrihb dhri hir, jiih ih tidhi emrmspab dhb tidhi `mrbhghs   smtmkhl
duh ihki bhghs `hbtuhb, pmbakabc lhrus emehshbc  Hutaehtmd Mxtmrbhk 
 Dmgi`rikkhtar (HMD) jiih tmrsmdih dhb emkhiuihb dmgi`rikhsi jiih
  slafih`km rlytle  tmridmbtigiihsi. Lhbyh pmrku embcmribcihb dhmrhl
dhdh sm`mkue emehshbc `hbthkhb dmgi`rikhsi dhb embccubhihb HMD
4. Zmbhbchbhb Eubthl Vhht Pmsusithsi
Iar`hb eubciib hihb eubthl shht pmbakabc emkhiuihb iaeprmsi
dhdh hthu `hbtuhb bhghs. Vmsuhi dmbchb pmbmkitihb smkheh 8: thlub di
Hustrhkih, duh pmr tich dhri iar`hb yhbc embdhphtihb bhghs `hbtuhb
08
dhb <7% dhri iar`hb yhbc ememrkuihb iaeprmsivmbtikhsi eubthl. Oiih

08
 lhk ibi tmrjhdi, eiribcihb iar`hb im shepibc dhb `mrsilihb eubthlhb
embccubhihb jhri, phihihb hthu pmbymdat (  suftiab). Oiih
tmrdhpht imfurichhb fmdmrh  spibhk fard,  iar`hb sm`hiibyh
dicukibcihb diehbh imphkh, kmlmr dhb `hdhb dicmrhiihb `mrshehhb
ubtui emkibdubci shrhg  tukhbc kmlmr.
=. Embclhbchtihb ime`hki
@mrushlh ubtui embclhbchtihb ime`hki phsimb dmbchb lipatmreih
dhkhe di kuhr ruehl shiit hdhkhl tidhi tmpht, tmthpi khbcihl-khbcihl
ubtui embfmchl imlikhbchb phbhs tu`ulb km`il khbjut pmbtibc ubtui 
dikhiuihb. ]btui embfmchl imlikhbchb phbhs tu`ul, phihihb
yhbc
 `hshl sm`hiibyh dikmphsihb sm`mkue phsimb di`ubcius dmbchb smkieut
tm`hk. Eibuehb lhbcht tidhi dhpht eme`hbtu dhb sm`hiibyh dilibdhri.
Embccicik emruphihb thbdh pracbastii yhbc `hii.
7. Trhbsparthsi dhb Nbdiihsi Pujui Im Puehl Vhiit

Iar`hb   Bmhr Dwarbibc sm`hiibyh smcmrh di`hwh im ubit

chwht dhrurht tmrdmiht ubtui mvhkuhsi dhb pmbhbchbhb km`il khbjut
smlibcch dhpht emeibiehkihb iaepkiihsi hthu imfhfhthb
yhbc eubciib ditie`ukihb. Tidhi dihbjurihb embubdh trhbsparthsi
ubtui pmemriishhb smiubdmr imfuhki iar`hb `mbhr-`mbhr dhpht
diihtmcariihb ‛sth`ik―.
Vm`mkue dirujui iar`hb (tmrutheh phdh iar`hb dmbchb pmburubhb
imshdhrhb) lhrus dihehbihb di sm`uhl thbdu (`ikh tmrsmdih)
dhb dipasisiihb dmbchb byhehb. Iar`hb dmbchb grhitur, fmdmrh imphkh
hthu tukhbc `mkhihbc sm`hiibyh dikmthiihb di phphb dmbchb
pmbyhbcch tukhbc `mkhihbc. Mvhkuhsi tmrlhdhp imshdhrhb dhb
thbdh-thbdh vithk dikhiuihb smfhrh `mrihkh smkheh pmrjhkhbhb. Vmeuh
phsimb tmbccmkhe yhbc embchkhei hebmsih akml ihrmbh imjhdihb
tmrsm`ut, imlikhbchb hthu dmprmsi imshdhrhb, ditmeuihb hdhbyh pmriadm
hpbmh, hthu emrmih yhbc ememrkuihb bhghs `uhthb lhrus dirujui im
ubit chwht dhrurht tmrdmiht, emsiipub thbph cmjhkh di tmepht
imjhdihb.0 Vmkhib itu, pmrtie`hbchb ubtui emrujui iar`hb juch
tmrchbtubc phdh hdh tidhibyh hspirhsi hir, ihrmbh tmrdhpht risiia
00
tmrjhdibyh mdmeh phru.

00
0.0.0 Zmrtakabchb Nbtrhlaspithk
Ohkhb bhphs lhrus `mrsil dhri eubthlhb dhb `mbdh hsibc. H`daeibhk 
tlrusts tidhi dihbjurihb ubtui embcmkuhrihb fhirhb dhri phru. @ikh diduch
hdhbyh `mbdh hsibc, ehbuvmr flmst faeprmssiab hthu `hfi `kaws
km`il dihbjurihb. @ikh phsimb dhpht `mrbhphs spabthb, `mriihb aisicmb 8::%
yhbc dikme`h`ihb, dmbchb embccubhihb ehsimr. Oiih iar`hb tidhi
`mrbhphs, vmbtikhsi dhrurht smcmrh dikhiuihb, smtmkhl eme`mrsilihb jhkhb
bhphs.
Zme`mrihb aisicmb smkhbjutbyh dismsuhiihb dmbchb lhsik pmemriishhb
hbhkisis chs dhrhl hrtmri. Vpibh smrviihk dijhch `ikh tmrdhpht imeubciibhb
fmdmrh tukhbc kmlmr. Kmlmr dipasisiihb dhkhe pasisi bmtrhk.
Zmehbthuhb thbdh vithk, pmbikhihb ihrdiapukeabhk dhb bmurakacis
`mrukhbc, x-rhy dhdh, dhb pmbikhihb aisicmbishsi emkhkui HCD hthu
aisiemtri pmrigmr lhrus dikhiuihb phdhb smeuh iar`hb tmbccmkhe.
Zmemriishhb khibbyh `mrchbtubc iabdisi ikibis dhb tmepht imjhdihb.
Zhdh iar`hb yhbc hsieptaehtiihthu cmjhkh eibiehk, lhepir smtmbchlbyh
pmr`uruihb hthu lipaismeih phdh 4-<
 jhe smtmkhl pmristiwh tmbccmkhe.  Zmehbthuhb sulu ibti tu`ul emruphihb lhk
 pmbtibc, pmbcuiurhb tmr`hii dikhiuihb phdh eme`rhbm tiephbi ihrmbh
 `mriarmkhsi iuht dmbchb sulu athi. Hkht ubtui embclhbchtihb pmbdmrith
dhpht dicubhihb smkieut pmbclhbcht hthu rhdihbt whremr . 
Cmjhkh pmrbhphshb hthu mdmeh phru khe`ht yhbc ribchb shephi `mrht
dhpht tmrjhdi emsii hwhkbyh pmbdmrith embubjuiihb pmemriishhb gisii dhb
x-rhy dhdh barehk. Vm`hkiibyh, im`hbyhihb hbhi dmbchb cmjhkh eibiehk
shht im ]CD dhpht embjhdi hsieptaehtii dhkhe 8< jhe smtmkhl tmbccmkhe.
\-rhy dhdh `ihshbyh didhphtihb che`hrhb mdmeh hbthr smk hthu
mdmeh hkvmakhr. Vm`hcihb `mshr embubjuiihb hdhbyh ibgiktrhtm
badukhr yhbc
 `mriabgkumbsi phdh 8/6 emdihk khphbchb phru. Emburut Eadmk dhb ihwhb-
ihwhb, 3:% ihsus embchkhei hsidasis emth`akii. @ikh phsimb embubjuiihb
lipatmbsi hthu tidhi hdh rmspabs, dihbjurihb pme`mrihb bhtriue `iihr`abht
dmbchb dasis 8 eMq/ic @@ smfhrh ibtrhvmbh. Oiih pmemriishhb hbhkisis chs
dhrhl dhpht dikhiuihb, bhtriue `iihr`abht di`mriihb smsuhi dmbchb rueus ?
06
  Bh `iihr`abht (eMq) 5 `mrht `hdhb (ic) x dmgifit `hsh (eMq) x :,6
Ohkhb bhphs lhrus di`mrsilihb dhri iatarhb dhb dijheib tmthp tmr`uih.
Zhdh iar`hb lhepir tmbccmkhe yhbc `hbyhi embmkhb hir, risiia hspirhsi

06
eubthlhb shbcht `mshr. Akml ihrmbh itu, khe`ubc lhrus fmpht diiasabcihb
dmbchb emehihi piph bhsachstrii. Zmbca`hthb smkhbjutbyh `mrchbtubc phdh
lhsik mvhkuhsi ZhA0, ZhFA0, dhb pL dhrhl. ZhFA 0 km`il dhri 7: eeLc
emruphihb ibdiihsi ubtui emkhiuihb `hbtuhb pmrbhphshb. @ikh
tmrjhdi imchchkhb aisicmbishsi emsiipub tmkhl di`mriihb aisicmb, pmrku
dikhiuihb ibtu`hsi mbdatrhimhk.  Nbisihk   pasitivm mbd-mxpirhtary
prmssurm  (ZMMZ) dieukhi smiithr = fe L 0A, dhpht di bhiiihb `mrthlhp
libcch 8:-8= fe L 0A
 `ikh aisicmbishsi ehsil `mkue hdmiuht (thrcmt VhA0 2 >:%).
Hbhi-hbhi iar`hb tmbccmkhe embubjuiihb irheh jhbtubc hsistak
==%, vmbtriimk thiiihrdi (WT) hthu vmbtriimk gi`rikhsi (WG) 0>% dhb
 `rhdiihrdi 87%. Dmgi`rikhsi mkmitrii hthu ihrdiavmrsi dipmrkuihb phdh iar`hb
dmbchb WG hthu WT thbph bhdi. A`ht-a`hthb ihrdiahitig
eubciib dipmrkuihb ubtui emepmr`hiii ritem jhbtubc. Aisicmbishshi dhb
vmbtikhsi yhbc hdmiuht emruphihb syhrht emepmr`hiii gubcsi eiaihrd.
Pmsusithsi fhirhb dhb ibatrapii smribcihki di`utulihb ubtui
emepmr`hiii gubcsi
 jhbtubc dhb pmrgusi pmrigmr, bheub phdh imhdhhb disgubcsi eiaihrd
 pme`mrihb fhirhb yhbc hcrmsig eubciib dhpht emepmr`urui mdmeh
phru. Nbgusm mpibmgrib (dasis :,:=-8λc/ic/embit) `ihshbyh emruphihb
pikilhb utheh phdh pmbdmrith dmbchb disgubcsi jhbtubc hthu
lipatmbsi smtmkhl imjhdihb  lipaisii-isimeii, da`utheib (dasis 0-
0:λc/ic/embit) dhpht emepmr`hiii fhrdihf autput    phdh pmbdmrith
bareatmbsi.
Zmbca`hthb khib yhbc pmrku dipmrtie`hbcihb hdhkhl pme`mrihb
 `rabiadikhtar dhb  hbti`iatii. Oiih phdh pmemriishhb gisis didhphtihb
 `rabiasphsem, pme`mrihb `rabiadikhtar   smpmrti heibagikib ibtrhvmbh hthu
bm`ukishsi hcabis-ΰ 0 hihb eme`mriihb lhsik yhbc `hii.  Zme`mrihb hbti`iatii 
 phdh shht hwhk tidhi dihbjurihb, emsiipub smribcihki hir yhbc  dihspirhsi
embchkhei iabtheibhsi. Akml ihrmbh itu pmrku pmemriishhb iuktur dhrhl,
iuktur  sputue, juekhl kmiasit, dhb hbhkisis thbdh vithk. Zmeikilhb
hbti`iatii  dikhiuihb  `mrdhshrihb iuktur dhrhl hthu sputue. Zmbccubhhb
a`ht stmraid tidhi dihbjurihb ihrmbh  tidhi hdh `uiti `hii smfhrh
04
 ikibis ehupub mispmriembthk yhbc embubjuiihb `hlwh  pmbccubhhbbyh
`mrehbghht.

0.6 Iabsmp Hsimp Chdhr phdh Zhsimb Bmhr Dwarbibc 

04
 0.6.8 Zmbcihjihb Chwht Dhrurht
8.Ndmbtiths Ikimb ? emkiputi bheh, ueur, pmimrjhhb, jmbis imkheib, hkheht
0.Imkulhb ]theh ? Ihji lhk yhbc dirhshihb ikimb shht itu, `ihshbyh ikimb embcmkul smshi bhghs
6.Piwhyht Zmbyhiit Vmihrhbc ? @hchiehbh hwhk eukh ikimb di`hwh im
 pmkhyhbhb imsmlhthb shephi eubfukbyh imkulhb yhbc dirhshihb ikimb
4.Piwhyht Zmbyhiit Dhluku ? Ihji hphihl sm`mkuebyh ikimb pmrbhl tmbccmkhe, dhb ihji hphihl ikimb emepubyhi pmbyh

=.  Zriehry Vurvmy
h.  Hirwhy ? sue`hthb jhkhb bhghs hii`ht phru tmrisi fhirhb. Ehbhjmemb ?
iabtrak smrviihk
 `.   @rmhtlibc  ? pmbibcihthb grmiumbsi bhghs, bhghs dhbcihk dhb fmpht,
imsukithb `mrbhghs Ehbhjmemb ? di`mriihb `hbtuhb vmbtikhsi
f. Firfukhtiab ? pmburubhb furhl jhbtubc Ehbhjmemb ? iaeprmsi dhdh
d.   Dish`ikity  ? tmrjhdi pmburubhb imshdhrhb Ehbhjmemb ? ihji CFV,
 pmriish pupik, cmrhihb mistrmeiths
 `.  Mxpasurm  ? tidhi hdh jmjhs Ehbhjmemb ? chbti phiihb `hshl dhb
 `mriihb smkieut lhbcht.
0. Vmfabdhry Vurvmy
h. Zmbcihjihb Gisii 
Imhdhhb ]eue ? Ikimb `ihshbyh thephi kmehl, pufht, smshi, dhb imsukithb `mrbhghs.
 `. Zmemriishhb @7
8) @rmhtlibc ? Ikimb embcmkul smshi dhb sukit `mrbhghs, pmrbhghshb fmpht dhb dhbcihk, PP embibciht
0) @kaad  ? Tmihbhb dhrhl ikimb emburub, ikimb thephi pufht, sihbasis dhb bhdi embibciht (thiiihrdi)
6) @rhib ? Ikimb embchkhei pmburubhb imshdhrhb, CFV emburub
4) @awmk ? Tidhi ditmeuihb imkhibhb
=) @kmddmr ? Tidhi ditmeuihb imkhibhb
7) @abm ? Ihji hdhbyh grhitur ihrmbh tmr`mbtur `mbdh imrhs

0=
 0.6.0 Dihcbash Impmrhwhthb
Hdhpub dihcbash impmrhwhthb chwht dhrurht phdh phsimb  Bmhr 
 Dwarbibc emburut VDIN 0:83 hbthrh khib?
8. @mrsilhb jhkhb bhghs tidhi mgmitig `mrlu`ubchb dmbchb suprmsi rmgkmi
`htui  smiubdmr hii`ht hspirhsi hir ehsui imdhkhe phru hii`ht
tmbccmkhe (D.:::8)
0. Chbccuhb pmrtuihrhb chs `mrlu`ubchb dmbchb lipaismeih rmgrhitari
dhb im`afarhb ibtmrstitihk pukeabhk/hkvmakhr phdh sthtus fmdmrh ihpikmr
phru (D.:::6)
6. Zakh bhghs tidhi mgmitig `mrlu`ubchb dmbchb lipaisih hii`ht pmburubhb
ihdhr aisicmb dhkhe tu`ul (D.:::=)
4. Zmburubhb furhl jhbtubc yhbc `mrlu`ubchb dmbchb pmbibcihthb
imrjh vmbtriimk (D.:::<)
=. Pisiia chbccuhb pmrgusi smrm`rhk tidhi mgmitig `mrlu`ubchb
dmbchb iurhbcbyh supkhi aisicmb (D.::83)

0.6.6 Nbtmrvmbsi Impmrhwhthb

Dihcbash Impmrhwhthb Tujuhb dhb Iritmrih Lhsik Nbtmrvmbsi

8 0
@mrsilhb Ohkhb Bhghs
Tidhi  Mgmitig
(D.:::8)
Zmbym`h` ?
Gisiakacis
h. Vphsem jhkhb bhghs
 `. Lipmrsmirmsi jhkhb bhghs
f. Disgubcsi bmuraeusiukmr  0. Zraduisi sputue
d. @mbdh hsibc dhkhe jhkhb
bhghs
m. Hdhbyh jhkhb bhghs `uhthb
g. Vmirmsi yhbc tmthlhb
c. Lipmrpkhsih dibdibc jhkhb
bhghs
l. Zrasms ibgmisi
i. Pmspab hkmrci
 j. Mgmi hcmb ghrehiakacis
Vituhsiabhk
h. Emraiai
hitig 
6
Vmtmkhl di`mriihb hsulhb Ehbhjmemb Ohkhb Bhghs
impmrhwhthb smkheh .....x ......
dilhrhpihb `mrsilhb jhkhb bhghs 8. A`smrvhsi
embibciht dmbchb iritmrih lhsik - Eabitar pakh bhghs
(grmiumbsi, imdhkhehb,
?
ushlh bhghs)
8. @htui mgmitig embibciht - Eabitar `ubyi bhghs
the`hlhb (eis. Curckibc,
emburub embci, wlmmzibc, rabfli
6. Embci emburub imribc)
4. Slmmzibc emburub - Eabitar sputue (juekhl
=. Dispbmh emburub whrbh, hraeh)
7. Artapbmh emburub 0. Tlmrhpmutii 
3. Vukit `ifhrh emburub - Zmrthlhbhb imphtmbhb
jhkhb
<. Vihbasis emburub bhghs dmbchb lmhd-tikt dhb
>. Cmkishl emburub flib-kigt (  jhw-tlrust jiih
8:. Grmiumbsi bhghs furich trhueh Fmrvifhk)
 `. Emraiai phsig  eme`hii 
88. Zakh bhghs eme`hii 

07
- Zasisiihb
smeigawkm
r hthu
gawkmr 
- @mriihb
eibue lhbcht

07
f. Tmrphjhb pakuthb - Khiuihb gisiatmrhpi dhdh,
Cmjhkh dhb thbdh ehyar  jiih pmrku
- Khiuihb pmbcishphb
8. @htui tidhi mgmitig  kmbdir iurhbc dhri 8=
0. Tidhi ehepu `htui  dmtii 
6. Vputue `mrkm`il - Khiuihb
4. Embci, wlmmzibc dhb/hthu lipmraisicmbhsi
rabfli imribc
sm`mkue pmbcishphb
=. Emiabiue di jhkhb
bhghs Cmjhkh dhb thbdh mbdatrhflmhk
-
Imkuhrihb sue`hthb `mbdh
Eibar Vu`jmitig  phdht dmbchb garsmp EfCikk
8. Dipsbmh - @mriihb aisicmb, jiih pmrku
0. Vukit `ifhrh 6. Mduihsi
6. Artapbmh
- Hbjurihb hsuhb fhirhb
A`jmitig 
0:::eK/lhri, jiih tidhi hdh
8. Cmkishl iabtrhibdiihsi
0. Vihbasis - Hjhrihb tmibii
6. @ubyi bhghs emburub
`htui mgmitig 
4. Grmiumbsi bhghs `mru`hl 4. Iakh`arhsi
=. Zakh bhghs `mru`hl
- Iakh`arhsi pme`mrihb
 `rabiadikhtar, mispmitarhb,

euiakitii, jiih pmrku.

Dihcbash Impmrhwhthb Tujuhb dhb Nbtmrvmbsi

Iritmrih
Lhsik
8 0 6
Chbccuhb pmrtuihrhb thbdh eibar Vmtmkhl di`mriihb hsulhb impmrhwhthb
Chs (D.:::6) Vu`jmitig 
smkheh
8. Zusibc
Zmbym`h` .....x ...... dilhrhpihb
8. Imtidhismie`hbchb
 pmrtuihrhb chs embibciht dmbchb iritmrih
vmbtikhsi-pmrgusi
lhsik ?
0. Zmru`hlhb eme`rhb
hkvmakus-ihpikmr  8. Tibciht imshdhrhb
Cmjhkh dhb thbdh ehyar embibciht
Vu`jmitig 
0. Dispbmh emburub
8. Dyspbmh
A`jmitig  6. @ubyi bhhs the`hlhb emburub
0. ZFA0  4. Zusibc emburub
embibciht/emburub
=. Zmbckilhthb ih`ur emburub
6. ZA0 Emburub
4. Thiiihrdih 7. Dihgarmsis emburub
=. pL hrtmri 3. Cmkishl emburub
embibciht/emburub
<. Bhghs fupibc lidubc emburub
7. @ubyi bhghs
the`hlhb Cmjhkh dhb

03
Tmrhpi Aisicmb
8. A`smrvhsi
- Eabitar imfmphthb hki
rhb aisicmb
- Eabitar pasisi hkht
tmrhpi aisicmb
- Eabitar hkirhb aisicmb
smfhrh
 pmriadii dhb phstiih grhisi
yhbc di`mriihb fuiup
- Eabitar mgmitigiths tmr
hpi aisicmb (aisiemtri,
HCD, jiih
 pmrku)
- Eabitar
imehepuhb
emkmphsihb aisicmb
shht ehihb
- Eabitar
thbdh-thbdh
lipavmbtikhsi
- Eabitar thbdh dhb
cmjhkh taisiihsi
aisicmb dhb
htmkmithsis
- Eabitar tibciht
imfmehshb hii`ht tmrhpi
aisicmb

03
0. Zmbckilhthb >. - Eabitar ibtmcrths euiash
ih`ur  A`jmitig  lidubc hii`ht
ZFA0 eme`hii 
8. Vihbasis pmehshbchb aisicmb.
0. 8:. ZA0 eme`hii 
0. Tmrhpmutii 
Dihgarmsis 88. Thiliihrdih - @mrsilihb smirmt phdh
6. Cmkishl eme`hii  eukut, lidubc dhb trhflmh, jiih
4. Bhghs fupibc lidubc 80. pL hrtmri eme`hii  pmrku
=. Zakh bhghs 86. Vihbasis eme`hii  - Zmrthlhbihb imphtmbhb
h`barehk jhkhb bhghs
(fmpht/khe`ht,
84. Zakh bhghs eme`hii 
rmcukmr/irrmcukmr, - Vihpihb dhb htur phrhkhthb
8=. Shrbh iukit  pme`mrihb aisicmb
dhkhe/dhbcihk)
7. Shrbh iukit eme`hii  - @mriihb aisicmb the`hlhb jiih
h`barehk (eis. pufht,  pmrku
im`iruhb) - Tmthp `mriihb aisicmb phdh
3. Imshdhrhb emburub shhr phsimb ditrhbsparthsi
- Cubhihb pmrhbciht aisicmb
yhbc smsuhi dmbchb
6.
tibciht ea`ikits phsimb.
6. Mduihsi
- Hjhrihb phsimb dhb imkuhrch
fhrh embccubhihb aisicmb di
ruehl
4. Iakh`arhsi
- Iakh`arhsi pmbmbtuhb dasis
aisicmb
- Iakh`arhsi pmbccubhhb
aisicmb shht hitiviths dhb/hthu
tidur 

Dihcbash Impmrhwhthb Tujuhb dhb Iritmrih Lhsik Nbtmrvmbsi

8 0 6
Zakh Bhghs Tidhi Mgmitig  i. Vibdraem Vmtmkhl di`mriihb hsulhb impmrhwhthb
(D.:::=) lipavmbtikhsi smkheh
Zmbym`h` .....x ...... dilhrhpihb pakh
h. Dmprmsi pusht pmrbhghshb bhghs eme`hii dmbchb iritmrih
 `. Lhe`hthb uphyh bhghs lhsik ?
f. Dmgareiths dibsibc dhdh
d. Dmgareiths tukhbc dhdh 8. Wmbtikhsi smembit embibciht
m. Chbccuhb 0. Ihphsiths ithk embibciht
bmuraeusiukhr  6. Dihemtmr tlarhi hbtmriar-
g. Chbcuhb bmurakacis pastmriar embibciht
c. Nehturiths bmurakaci 4. Tmihbhb mispirhsi
l. Zmburubhb mbmrci embibciht
i. A`msiths =. Tmihbhb ibspirhsi
 j. Zasisi tu`ul yhbc embibciht
embclhe`ht misphbsi phru

0<
Zmehbthuhb Pmspirhsi

8. A`smrvhsi
- Eabitar grmiumbsi,
irheh, imdhkhehb dhb
uphyh bhghs
- Eabitar pakh bhghs
(`rhdipbmh, thiipbmh,
lipmrmbtikhsi, iussehuk,
Flmym-Vtaims, @iat,
hthisii)
- Eabitar imehepuhb
`htui mgmitig 
- Eabitar hdhbyh
praduisi sputue
- Eabitar hdhbyh sue`hthb
 jhkhb bhghs
- Zhkphsi imsiemtrishb
misphbsi

0<
k. Imrushihb
ibmrvhsi dihgrhceh
e. Fmdmrh emdukh spibhkis
b. Mgmi hcmb
ghrehiakacis a.
Imfmehshb
Cmjhkh dhb thbdh ehyar
8. Zmburubhb atat `hbtu
bhghs
0. Ghsm mispirhsi
emehbjhbc
6. Zakh bhghs h`barehk
Cmjhkh dhb thbdh
eibar Vu`jmitig  eme`hii   pmehbthuhb
8. Artlapbmh
0. Zmrbhphshb fupibc lidubc
A`jmitig  eme`hii dhdh eme`hii   pmehbthuhb, jiih pmrku
6. Dihemtmr tlarhis
8. Zmrbhphshb hbtmriar-
pursmd-kip
 pastmriar embibciht
4. Wmbtikhsi smembit emburub
=. Ihphsiths vithk emburub
7. Tmihbhb mispirhsi emburub
3. Tmihbhb ibspirhsi emburub
<. Misiursi dhdh `mru`hl.
7. Dispbmh emburub  phru
3. Zmbccubhhb atat - Husiukthsi `ubyi bhghs
`hbtu bhghs emburub - Eabitar shturhsi aisicmb
<. Zmehbjhbchb - Eabitar bikhi HCD
ghsm mispirhsi - Eabitar lhsik x-rhy tlarhis
emburub 0. Tmrhpmutii 
>. Artapbmh emburub
- Htur ibtmrvhk pmehbthuhb
rmspirhsi smsuhi iabdisi phsimb
8:.Zmrbhghshb pursmd kip
emburub -
Daiuembthsiihb lhsik
88.Zmrbhghshb fupibc  pmehbthuhb
lidubc emburub 6. Mduihsi
80.Grmiumbsi bhghs - Omkhsihb tujuhb dhb prasmdur
86.Imdhkhehb bhhs - Nbgarehsiihb lhsik
84.Misiursi
Iakh`arhsi
4.
- Iakh`arhsi pme`mrihbh
aisicmb smsuhi ibdiihsi

Dihcbash Impmrhwhthb Tujuhb dhb Nbtmrvmbsi

Iritmrih
Lhsik
8 0 6
Zmburubhb Furhl Ohbtubc Vmtmkhl di`mriihb hsulhb
(D.:::<) Vu`jmitig  impmrhwhthb smkheh .....x ......
Zmbym`h` h) Kmkhl dilhrhpihb furhl
h. Zmru`hlhb irheh  jhbtubc embibciht dmbchb iritmrih
jhbtubc
lhsik ?
 `. Zmru`hlhb grmiumbsi
 jhbtubc 8. Imiuhthb bhdi
f. Zmru`hlhb  pmrigmr embibciht
iabtrhitikithd d. 0. Mjmftiab grhftiab (MF)
Zmru`hlhb prmkahd embibciht
m. Zmru`hlhb hgtmrkahd 6. Fhrdihf ibdmx
Cmjhkh dhb thbdh ehyar embibciht
8. Zmru`hlhb irheh jhbtubc 4.   Kmgt vmbtrifukhr
Vu`jmitig ?   straim wari ibdmx (KWVSN)
h) Zhkpithsi embibciht
A`jmitig  =. Vtraim vakuem ibdmx (VWN)
h) @rhdiihrdih/thfliihrdih
 `) Che`hrhb MIC hriteih
hthu chbccuhb iabduisi
0. Zmru`hlhb  prmkahd 
0>
 Zmrhwhthb Ohbtubc
8. A`smrvhsi
- Ndmbtigiihsi thbdh/mjhkh priemr
 pmburubhb furhl jhbtubc (emkiputi
dispbmh, imkmkhlhb, mdmeh,
artapbmh, pmraxysehk bafturbhk
dyspbmh, pmbibcihthb FWZ)
- Ndmbtigiihsi thbdh/cmjhkh smiubdmr
 pmburubhb furhl jhbtubc (emkiputi
 pmbibcihthb `mrht `hdhb,
lmphtaemchki, distmbsi vmbh
 jucukhris, phkpithsi, rabfli `hsshl,
akicurih, `htui, iukit pufht)
- Eabitar tmihbhb dhrhl
(tmrehsui tmihbhb artasthtii,
jiih pmrku)
- Eabitar ibthim dhb autput fhirhb
- Eabitar `mrht `hdhb smtihp lhri
 phdh whitu yhbc
sheh
- Eabitar shturhsi aisicmb
- Ebitar imkulhb bymri dhdh (eis.

0>
 A`jmitig  embibciht emburub
h) Mdmeh 7. Zhkpithsi 07. Tmihbhb dhrhl
 `) Distmbsi vmbh jucukhris emburub
f) FWZ embibciht /emburub 3. @rhdiihrdih
d) Lmphtaemchki emburub
6. Zmru`hlhb hgtmrkahd  <. Thiiihrdih
Vu`jmitig  emburub
h) Dispbmh >. Che`hrhb MIC
A`jmitig  hriteih eburub
h) Tmihbhb dhrhl 8:. Kmkhl
embibciht/emburub emburub
 `) Bhdi pmrigmr tmrh`h kmehl 88. Mdmeh emburub
f) FPT 2 6 s 80. Distmbsi vmbh
d) Akicurih  jucukhris
m) Shrbh iukit pufht emburub
dhb/hthu sihbasis 86. Dispbmh
4. Zmru`hlhb iabtrhitikiths emburub
Vu`jmitig  84. Akicurih
h)   Zhraxysehk bafturbhk emburub
dyspbmh (ZBD) 8=. Zufht/sihbasis
 `) Artlapbmh
emburub
f) @htui   87.   Zmraxyehk
A`jmitig  bafturbhk
h) Tmrdmbchr suhrh jhbtubc dyspbmh (ZBD)
V6 dhb/hthu V4 emburub
 `)   Mjmftiab 83. Artapbmh
grhftiab (MZ) eburub emburub
Cmjhkh dhb thbdh eibar 8<. @htui emburub
8. Zmru`hlhb  prmkahd  8>. Vuhrh jhbtubc V6
A`jmitig  emburub
h) Eureur jhbtubc 0:. Vuhrh jhbtubc
 `) @mrht `hdhl `mrthe`hl V4 emburub
f)   Zukeabhry hrtmry wmdcm 08. Eurur jhbtubc
  prmssurm (ZHSZ) emburub emburub
0. Zmru`hlhb hgtmrahd  00. @mrht `hdhb
A`jmitig emburub
h)   Zukeabhry Whsfukhr 06.
  Pmsisthbfm (ZWP)
embibciht/emburub Lmphtaechk
 `) Vistmeif vhsfukhr i emburub
rmsisthbfm  04.   Zukeabhry
embibciht/emburub vhsfukhr
6. Zmru`hlhb iabtrhitikiths rmsisthbfm
A`jmitig (  ZWP) emburub
h) Fhrdihf Nbdmx (FN) 0=. Vistmeif
Emburub vhsfukhr
rmsisthbfm (VWP)
6:
 Nbtmbsiths, kiihsi, rhdihsi, durhsi,
 prmsipithsi yhbc embcurhbci bymri)
- Eabitar MIC 80 kmhd
- Eabitar hriteih (imkhibhb irheh
 jhbtubc dhb grmiumbsi)
- Eabitar bikhi kh`arhtariue
 jhbtubc (eis. Mkmitrakit mbzie
 jhbtubc, @BZ, BT pra-@BZ)
- Eabitar gubcsi hkht phfu jhbtubc
- Zmriish tmihbhb dhrhl sm`mkue
dhb smsudhl emkhiuihb hitiviths
- Zmriish tmihbhb dhrhl dhb
grmiumbsi bhdi sm`mkue pme`mrihb
a`ht (eis. @mth `kafimr, HFM
ibli`itar, fhkfiue flhbbmk
 `kafimr, dicaisib)
0. Tlmrhpmutii 
- Zasisiihb phsimb smei-gawkmr hthu
gawkmr dmbchb ihii im `hwhl hthu
 pasisi byhehb
- @mriihb dimt hbtubc yhbc susmhi
(eis. Hthsi hsuphb ihgmib, bhtriue,
iakmstmrak, dhb ehihbhb tibcci
kmehi)
- Cubhihb  stafibc mkhstis hthu
 pbmuehtii ibtmreitmb, smsuhi
ibdiihsi
- Ghsikithsi phsimb dhb imkuhrch
ubtui eadigiihsi chyh lidup smlht
- @mriihb tmrhpi rmkhishsi ubtui
embcurhbci strms, jiih pmrku
- @mriihb duiubchb measiabhk dhb
spirituhk
- @mriihb aisicmb ubtui
emepmrthlhbihb shturhsi aisicmb
2>4%
6. Mduihsi
- Hbjurihb `mrhitiviths gisii smsuhi
takmrhbsihbjurihb `mrhitiviths gisii 
smfhrh `mrthlhp
- Hbjurihb `mrlmbti emraiai 
- Hjhrihb phsimb dhb imkuhrch
embcuiur `mrht `hdhb lhrihb
- Hjhrihb phsimb dhb imkuhrch
embcuiur ibthim dhb autput

6:
  `)   Kmgt Wmbtrifukhr Vtraim eme`hii  fhirhb lhrihb
Wakuem Nbdmis (KWVSN) 03. FPT 4. Iakh`arhsi
emburub. eme`hii  0<. - Iakh`arhsi pme`mrihb hbtihriteih,
f) Vtraim Wakuem Nbdmx Zukeabhry  jiih pmrku
(VWN) - Pujui im pracrhe rmlh`ikithsi
hrtmry wmdcm
emburub  jhbtubc
  prmssurm
4. Zmrikhiu/measiabhk (ZHSZ)
Vu`jmitig  eme`hii 
h) Fmehs 0>. FWZ
 `) Cmkishl eme`hii 

Dihcbash Impmrhwhthb Tujuhb dhb Nbtmrvmbsi

Iritmrih
Lhsik
8 0 6
Pisiia Zmrgusi Vmrm`rhk Tidhi  w. Zmbyhkhl Vmtmkhl di`mriihb hsulhb
Mgmitig (D.::83) cubhhb impmrhwhthb smkheh
zht
........x .......dilhrhpihb
Ghitar risiia x. Tmrhpi  pmrgusi fmrm`rhk embibciht dmbchb
trae`akiti
h. Imh`barehkhb ehsh iritmrih lhsik ?
i 
 pratrae`ib dhb.hthu esh 8. Tibciht imshdhrhb embibciht
trae`apkhstib phrsihk
0. Iacbitig embiciht
 `. Zmburubhb iibmrjh vmbtriimk
6. Tmihbhb
iiri
ibtrhirhbihk emburub
f. Hrtmrasikmrasis harth
4. Vhiit imphkh emburub
d. Dismisi hrtmri
=. Cmkishl emburub
m. Gi`rikhsi htriue
7. Imfmehhb emburub
g. Tuear athi 
3. Hcithsi emburub
c. Vtmbasis ihratis
<. Dmehe emburub
l. Eiisaeh hrtmriue
>. Bikhi rhth-rhth tmihbhb dhrhl
i. Hbmuriseh fmrm`ri
eme`hii 
 j. Iahcukaphti
8:. Imshdhrhb eme`hii
i. Dikhthsi ihrdiaeiaphti
88. Tmihbhb dhrhl sistakii
k. Iahcukhsi eme`hii 
ibtrhvhsiukmr
dissheibhth 80. Tmihbhb dhrhl dihstakii
e. Me`akisem eme`hii 
b. Fmdmrh imphkh 86. Pmgkmis shrhg eme`hii 
a. Lipmriakmstmrakmeih
 p. Lipmrtmbsi
q. Mbdaihrditis ibgmisi
r. Ihtup prastmtii emihbis
s. Vtmbasis eitrhk
t. Bmapkhseh
athi 
u. Nbgmri eiaihrd hiut
v. Vibdraem sifi sibus
68
Ehbhjmemb Zmbibcihthb Tmihbhb
Nbtrhirhbihk

8. A`smrvhsi
- Eabitar thbdh/cmjhkh
 pmbibcihthb TNI (eis.
tmihbhb dhrhl embibciht,
tmihbhb bhdi emkm`hr,
 `rhdiihrdih, pakh bhghs irrmcukmr,
imshdhrhb emburub)
- Eabitar EHZ (  Emhb Hrtmry
  Zrmssurm)
- Eabitar sthtus pmrbhghshb
- Eabitar ibthim dhb autput
fhirhb
0. Tmrhpmutii 
- Eibiehkihb stieukus dmbchb
embymdihihb kibciubchb yhbc
tmbhbc
- @mriihb pasisi smeigawkmr 
- Libdhri embuvmr vhkshvh
- Fmchl tmrjhdibyh imjhbc
- Libdhri pme`mrihb fhirhb NW
lipatabii 
- Zmrthlhbihb sulu tu`ul
barehk
6. Iakh`arhsi
- Iakh`arhsi pmb`mrhb smdhsi
dhb hbti iabvuksi, jiih pmrku
- Iakh`arhsi pme`mrihb diurmtii 
aseasis, jiih pmrku

68
y. Mgmi shepibc tibdhihb (eis.tibdhihb apmrhsi
`yphss)

60
 @H@ NW
IHV]V IMCHSHTHB ZHDH BMHP DPASBNBC

Ihsus imchwhthb phdh phsimb bmhr drawbibc hihb dijh`hrihb phdh urhihb di
 `hwhl ibi.
 By H di`hwh im NPD dhkhe imhdhhb ehsil lidup smtmkhl tmbccmkhe
hii`ht tmrpmkmsmt shht `mrpiibii di tmpi dhbhu. Ihrmbh tidhi `ish `mrmbhbc By H
khbcsubc tmbccmkhe shht jhtul im hir dhbhu yhbc tmrbyhth fuiup dhkhe. Vmtmkhl 6:
embit By. H
 `hru `mrlhsik tmrtakabc ihrmbh suheibyh dhthbc. Dhkhe pmemriishhb di NPD didhphtihb
dhth By H embchkhei lipaisih dhb phru-phrubyh tmrisi fhirhb. @m`mrhph lhri smtmkhl
dirhwht di PV imhdhhb By H smehiib eme`urui, pmrbhghshb embjhdi tidhi tmrhtur dhb
daitmr  embdihcbasis HPDV.
6.8 Zmbcihjihb
Hbhebmsh

8. Zmbcihjihb
 Bheh ? By. H
]sih ? 46 thlub
Ombis imkheib ? Shbith
Zmbdidiihb ? V8
Hcheh ? Nskhe
Vuiu ? Ohwh
Shrch bmchrh ? Nbdabmsih

Vthtus pmrihwibhb ? Embiihl

Hkheht ? Vurh`hyh
Tck EPV ? 21
== April 2021
HHpprriikk
2021
Tck pmbcihjihb ? 21
== April 2021
HHpprriikk
 Baear rmcistmr ? 0::6=73<
Dihcbash emdis ?  Dmfrmhsmd ag Fabfiausbmss (  DAF) mt fhush Lipaismeih dd
 Bmhr Drawbibc
0. Piwhyht pmbyhiit
h. Imkulhb utheh ? ikimb tmbccmkhe tmbccmkhe hii`ht tmrpmkmsmt shht `mrpiibii 

66
di tmpi dhbhu.

66
 `. Piwhyht imsmlhthb smihrhbc ? phsimb di`hwh im NPD dhkhe imhdhhb
ehsil lidup smtmkhl tmbccmkhe hii`ht tmrpmkmsmt shht `mrpiibii di tmpi dhbhu.
Ihrmbh tidhi `ish `mrmbhbc By H khbcsubc tmbccmkhe shht jhtul im hir
dhbhu yhbc tmrbyhth fuiup dhkhe smkheh 6: embit. Dhkhe
pmemriishhb di NPD didhphtihb dhth By H embchkhei lipaisih dhb phru-
phrubyh tmrisi fhirhb.
f. Piwhyht imsmlhthb dhluku ? -
d. Piwhyht imsmlhthb imkuhrch? -
m. Imhdhhb ueue ? Imshdhrhb ? pmburubhb imshdhrhb
g. Zmemriishhb Gisii ?
8) @8 ( @rmhtlibc)  ? smshi bhghs, iuusehuk PP 5 6= x/embit, VhA 0  pmrigmr 
<>%, pmemriishhhb HCD/M embubjuiihb pL 3,0=. ZA0 <= eeLc, pFA0
=< eeLc, @M 84, LFA6 84, VhA0 di HCD <<%
0) @0 ( @kaad)  ? tmihbhb dhrhl 8::/7= eeLc, pufht, sihbasis, bhdi
80= x/embit
6) @6 ( @rhib) ? pmburubhb imshdhrhb CFV M6W4E=
4) @4 ( @khddmr) ? tidhi hdh imkulhb
=) @= ( @awmk) ? tidhi hdh imkulhb
7) @7 ( @abm) ? tidhi hdh imkulhb
Dihcbash
 Ba Hbhkish Dhth Mtiakaci
Impmrhwhthb
8 DV ? - Drhwbibc Chbccuhb
DA ? smshi bhghs,
Wakubthry `rmhtl Zmrtuihrhb Chs
iuusehuk PP 5 6=
x/embit, VhA0 pmrigmr 
<>% pL 3,0=. ZA0  Lipaismeih
<= eeLc, pFA0  Zmburubhb gubcsi tu`ul
=< eeLc, @M
84, LFA6 84, Nbvakubthry `rmhtlibc
VhA0 di HCD <<
Hir ehsui im phru
%
Zmbibcihthb

pmrem`ikiths

eme`rhb ihpikmr
hkvmaki Lipaisih

64
 Chbccuhb pmrtuihrhb chs
0 DV ? - Drhwbibc Pisiia chbccuhb

64
 DA ? Zmburubhb pmrgusi jhribchb
Wakubthry `rmhtl
imshdhrhb CFV fmrm`rhk

M6W4E=, tmihbhb Lipaismeih

dhrhl 8::/7= Zmburubhb gubcsi tu`ul

eeLc, pufht, sihbasis, bhdi 80= Nbvakubthry `rmhtlibc

HPDV
x/embit
Mdmeh phru

Lipaisih

Pisiia chbccuhb pmrgusi

 jhribchb fmrm`rhk

6.0 Dihcbash Impmrhwhthb

8. Chbccuhb pmrtuihrhb chs `mrlu`ubchb dmbchb lipaismeih rmgrhitari
dhb im`afarhb ibtmrstitihk pukeabhk / hkvmakhr phdh sthtus fmdmrh ihpikmr phru
dithbdhi dmbchb smshi bhghs, iuusehuk PP 5 6= x/embit, VhA 0   pmrigmr <>% pL
3,0=. ZA0 <= eeLc, pFA0 =< eeLc, @M 84, LFA6 84, VhA0 di HCD <<%.
0. Pisiia chbccuhb pmrgusi jhribchb fmrm`rhk `mrlu`ubchb dmbchb iurhbcbyh supkhi
aisicmb dithbdhi dmbchb  pmburubhb imshdhrhb CFV M6W4E=, tmihbhb
dhrhl 8::/7= eeLc, pufht, sihbasis, bhdi 80= x/embit.

6.6 Nbtmrvmbsi Impmrhwhthb

Tujuhb dhb Iritmrih
Dihcbash Impmrhwhthb Lhsik Nbtmrvmbsi
8 0 6
Chbccuhb pmrtuihrhb 0. ZA0 Emburub Vmtmkhl di`mriihb hsulhb impmrhwhthb
Chs (D.:::6) smkheh 8 x 8= embit dilhrhpihb
Zmbym`h`  pmrtuihrhb chs embibciht dmbchb iritmrih
8.
lhsik ?
Imtidhismie`hbch
b vmbtikhsi- 8. Tibciht imshdhrhb embibciht
pmrgusi 0. Dispbmh emburub
Cmjhkh dhb thbdh ehyar
Vu`jmitig  6. Cmkishl emburub
8. Dyspbmh
A`jmitig 
8. ZFA0 embibciht/emburub

6=
Tmrhpi Aisicmb
8. A`smrvhsi
- Eabitar imfmphthb hki
rhb aisicmb
- Eabitar pasisi hkht
tmrhpi aisicmb
- Eabitar hkirhb aisicmb
smfhrh
 pmriadii dhb phstiih grhisi
yhbc di`mriihb fuiup
- Eabitar mgmitigiths tmr
hpi aisicmb (aisiemtri,
HCD, jiih
 pmrku)

6=
6. Thiiihrdih 4. ZFA0 eme`hii  - Eabitar imehepuhb
4. pL hrtmri emkmphsihb aisicmb
embibciht/emburub =. ZA0 eme`hii 
shht ehihb
=. @ubyi bhghs the`hlhb 7. Thiliihrdih - Eabitar thbdh-thbdh
Cmjhkh dhb thbdh eme`hii  lipavmbtikhsi
eibar A`jmitig  3.  pL hrtmri eme`hii  - Eabitar thbdh dhb cmjhkh
8. Vihbasis taisiihsi aisicmb dhb
0. Cmkishl htmkmithsis
<. Vihbasis eme`hii 
6. Zakh bhghs >. Zakh bhghs eme`hii  - Eabitar tibciht
h`barehk imfmehshb hii`ht tmrhpi
87. Shrbh iukit
(fmpht/khe`ht, aisicmb
eme`hii 
rmcukmr/irrmcukmr, - Eabitar ibtmcrths euiash
dhkhe/dhbcihk) lidubc hii`ht
4. Shrbh iukit pmehshbchb aisicmb.
h`barehk (eis. pufht, 0. Tmrhpmutii  
im`iruhb) - @mrsilihb smirmt phdh
=. Imshdhrhb emburub eukut, lidubc dhb trhflmh, jiih
pmrku
- Zmrthlhbihb imphtmbhb
jhkhb bhghs
- Vihpihb dhb htur phrhkhthb
 pme`mrihb aisicmb
- @mriihb aisicmb the`hlhb jiih
 pmrku
- Tmthp `mriihb aisicmb phdh
shhr phsimb ditrhbsparthsi
- Cubhihb pmrhbciht aisicmb
yhbc smsuhi dmbchb
tibciht ea`ikits phsimb.
6. Mduihsi
- Hjhrihb phsimb dhb
imkuhrch fhrh embccubhihb
aisicmb di ruehl
4. Iakh`arhsi
- Iakh`arhsi pmbmbtuhb dasis
aisicmb
- Iakh`arhsi pmbccubhhb
aisicmb shht hitiviths dhb/hthu
tidur 

67
 Tujuhb dhb Iritmrih
Dihcbash Nbtmrvmbsi
Impmrhwhthb Lhsik
8 0 6
Pisiia Zmrgusi Vmrm`rhk Tidhi  Vmtmkhl di`mriihb Ehbhjmemb Zmbibcihthb Tmihbhb
Mgmitig (D.::83) hsulhb impmrhwhthb Nbtrhirhbihk
smkheh 0 x 6 embit
Ghitar risiia 8. A`smrvhsi
dilhrhpihb pmrgusi
fmrm`rhk embibciht - Eabitar thbdh/cmjhkh
8. Imh`barehkhb ehsh
 pmbibcihthb TNI (eis.
 pratrae`ib dhb.hthu esh dmbchb iritmrih lhsik ?
tmihbhb dhrhl embibciht,
trae`apkhstib phrsihk tmihbhb bhdi emkm`hr,
8. Tibciht
0. Zmburubhb iibmrjh vmbtriimk
imshdhrhb  `rhdiihrdih, pakh bhghs
iiri irrmcukmr, imshdhrhb emburub)
embibciht
6. Hrtmrasikmrasis harth 0. Iacbitig - Eabitar EHZ (  Emhb Hrtmry
4. Dismisi hrtmri embiciht   Zrmssurm)
=. Gi`rikhsi htriue 6. Tmihbhb - Eabitar sthtus pmrbhghshb
7. Tuear athi  ibtrhirhbihk - Eabitar ibthim dhb
3. Vtmbasis ihratis emburubshiit autput fhirhb
<. Eiisaeh hrtmriue imphkh emburub 0. Tmrhpmutii  
- Eibiehkihb stieukus dmbchb
>. Hbmuriseh fmrm`ri 4. Cmkishl emburub
=. Imfmehhb embymdihihb kibciubchb yhbc
8:. Iahcukaphti
emburub tmbhbc
88. Dikhthsi ihrdiaeiaphti
7. Hcithsi emburub - @mriihb pasisi smeigawkmr 
80. Iahcukhsi ibtrhvhsiukmr
- Libdhri embuvmr vhkshvh
dissheibhth 3. Dmehe emburub
- Fmchl tmrjhdibyh imjhbc
86. Me`akisem <.  Bikhi rhth-rhth
- Libdhri pme`mrihb fhirhb
84. Fmdmrh imphkh tmihbhb dhrhl
NW lipatabii 
8=. Lipmriakmstmrakmeih eme`hii 
- Htur vmbtikhtar hchr ZhFA0 
87. Lipmrtmbsi
>. Imshdhrhb
aptiehk
eme`hii
83. Mbdaihrditis ibgmisi - Zmrthlhbihb sulu
8:. Tmihbhb dhrhl
8<. Ihtup prastmtii emihbis tu`ul barehk
sistakii eme`hii 
8>. Vtmbasis eitrhk 6. Iakh`arhsi
88. Tmihbhb
0:.  Bmapkhseh athi  dhrhl - Iakh`arhsi pmb`mrhb
smdhsi dhb hbti iabvuksi,
08. Nbgmri eiaihrd hiut dihstakii jiih pmrku
00. Vibdraem sifi sibus eme`hii  - Iakh`arhsi pme`mrihb
06. Zmbyhkhlcubhhb zht 80. Pmgkmis diurmtii  aseasis, jiih pmrku
04. Tmrhpi trae`akitii  shrhg
0=. Mgmi shepibc tibdhihb eme`hii 
(eis.tibdhihb apmrhsi
`yphss)

6.4 Nepkmembthsi Impmrhwhthb

63
 Lhri/ Ba
Ohe Nepkmembthsi Mvhkuhsi TTD
Thbcchk Dx
8 0 6 4 = 7
EEiibb
Rabu, 8 :>.:: - Vihpihb dhb htur phrhkhthb V ? -
ccccuu,  pme`mrihb aisicmb BFA0  4
,21 April kpe A ? VhA0 pmrigmr >=%

2021 8,0 :>.:6 - Eabitar Withk Vicb V?-

A?
– TD ? 8:=/7=eeLc
– V ? 6=,7aF
–  B ? 887 x/embit
– PP 5 6: x/embit
0 :>.:= - Eabitar pmbibcihthb V
TNI  ?
A ? phsimb tidhi eubthl,
hcithsi, CFV M6W4E=

8 :>.:7 V?-
- Embche`ik shepmk HCD/M
A ? shepmk HCD/M dihe`ik
 phdh hrtmri rhdihkis
sm`hbyhi :.= eK whrbh
8 emrhl imfaikhthb
:>.80
- Embcmvhkuhsi lhsik V?-
HCD/M A ? pL 5 3.8>, ZFA0 5 7:
eeLc, ZA0 >7 eeLc,
LFA6 5 86, @M 5 -80,
8 :>.8= VhA0 5 >6%
V?-
- Emkhiuihb hsistmbsi
A ? tmrphshbc MTT ba 3,
Nbtu`hsi
giishsi iuht fugg prmssurm
6: eeLc, tmkhl di`mriihb
ibjmisi Pafurabiue 6:
ec, gmbthbyk =: efc, dhb
eidhzakhem 8: ec
ibtrhvmbh tidhi tmrjhdi
rmhisi hkmrci, VhA0 pmrigmr
8 :>.6= >>%
V?-
- Embche`ik shepkm HCD/M
A ? pL 5 3.0:, ZFA0 5 ==
 past ibtu`hsi
eeLc, ZA0 5 8:3
- eeLc, LFA6 5 07, @M5
8:.:: -80, VhA0 5 >>,<%
- Emkhiuihb trhbsgmr V ?-
phsimb im Puhbc A ? Vhturhsi pmrigmr ><%,
pmrhwhthb Nbtmbsig fhrm/NF] dmbchb `hbtuhb `hcibc,
bhdi tmrphbthu 8:7
x/embit

6<
 6. = Mvhkuhsi Impmrhwhthb
Lhri/ Ba
Mvhkuhsi TTD
Thbcchk Dihcbash
8 0 6 4
EEiibbccccuu
Rabu, 21 April 2021 8 V?-
,, == A ? Nbtmrprmthsi HCD/M past Nbtu`hsi Hsidasis
HHpprriikk
Pmspirhtarii tmriaepmbshsi sm`hcihb diehbh pL 5
3.0:, ZFA0 5 == eeLc, ZA 0 5 8:3 eeLc, LFA 6 
5 07, @M5 -80, VhA0 5 >>,<%
H ? ehshkhl tidhi tmrhthsi
Z ? trhbsgmr phsimb im ruhbc pmrhwhthb ibtmbsig fhrm
ubit (NF]) ubtui vmbtikhsi emihbii, phstiihb
shturhsi pmrigmr tmrfhphi.
0 V?-
A ? phsimb tidhi eubthl, hcithsi, CFV M 6W4E= (hphtis)
H ? ehshkhl `mkue tmrhthsi
Z ? Khbjutihb smkurul ibtmrvmbsi smtmkhl dikhiuihb
trhbsgmr phsimb dim ruhbc NF]

6>
 @H@ NW
ZMB]T]Z

4.8 Viepukhb
  Bmhr Dwarbibc hdhkhl suhtu pmristiwh tmbccmkhe diehbh iar`hb ehepu
 `mrthlhb lidup km`il dhri 04 jhe smtmkhl pmristiwh tmbccmkhe itu tmrjhdi.
Ghitar  tmrpmbtibc yhbc lhrus dipmrlhtiihb dhkhe embikhi iar`hb tmbccmkhe
hdhkhl kheh tmr`mbhe iar`hb di dhkhe hir, tibciht imphrhlhb lipaisih yhbc
tmrjhdi dhb hdh tidhibyh hspirhsi hir shht imjhdihb `mrkhbcsubc.
Zmrtakabchb smcmrh dhpht emepmbchruli imsmkhehthb iar`hb. Zmbchbhb
yhbc dikhiuihb `mruph smcmrh embymkhehtihb iar`hb dhri hir dhb tibdhihb
rmsusithsi sm`hchi `hbtuhb lidup dhshr  yhbc hihb embibcihtihb imsmephthb lidup
iar`hb.
Vth`ikishsi kmlmr tidhi pmrku dikhiuihb imfuhki jiih tmrdhpht ibdiihsi hdhbyh
fmdmrh smrviihk phdh iar`hb. Trhbsparthsi dhb mvhkuhsi pmrku dikhiuihb
ubtui  embcmthlui iabdisi iar`hb dhb iaepkiihsi yhbc eubciib tmrjhdi.
@mrdhshrihb
 pmbmkitihb smkheh 83 thlub di Hgriih Vmkhthb tibciht im`mrlhsikhb rmsusithsi di
tmepht imjhdihb sm`mshr =6% dhb hihb embibciht embjhdi 37% hph`ikh ibsidmb
tmrjhdi di dmiht embhrh pmbchwhs phbthi.
4.0 Vhrhb
=. Ehlhsiswh impmrhwhthb
Dhpht embjhdi `hlhb hfuhb ubtui eme`uht hsulhb impmrhwhthb chwht
dhrurht bmhr drawbibc dhkhe prhitii imrjh khphbchb yhbc hihb dhthbc.
7. Tmehb smjhwht impmrhwhthb
Dhpht dijhdiihb `hlhb hfuhb ubtui eme`mriihb hsulhb impmrhwhthb
chwht dhrurht smrth km`il emehlhei pmbhbchbhb phsimb dmbchb
bmhr  drawbibc.

4:
 DHGTHP Z]VTHIH

Hravhl, B.N. 0::>. ‛ Zmehtmri Tmeh Zmbhbchbhb Iar`hb Zhsfh Tmbccmkhe (Iabdisi
 Lmbti Ohbtubc dhb Bhphs) Dhkhe Imcihthb Zmkhtilhb Iar`hb
Zhsih Tmbccmkhe phdh Kigm Cuhrd―.  Ghiukths Nkeu Imakhlrhchhb ]
bivmrsiths
 Bmcmri ^acyhihrth.

Zhkemr, Kybb. 0::=. Vhgm Vwieeibc Zhris & Pmfrmhtiab. Dhkhe Vushbta, 0::>. Zra
Xumst Mdufhtiab Oaurbhks phcm. 74.

Zutrh, H. H. C. H., 0:84. Imehtihb Hii`ht Tmbccmkhe ? Khparhb Ihsus, Dmbphshr?

Ghiukths Imdaitmrhb ]bivmrsiths ]dhyhbh PV]Z Vhbckhl.

 Bavith. 0::>. „Zmbhbchbhb Iar`hb Zhsfh Tmbccmkhe (Iabdisi Lmbti Ohbtubc dhb
 Bhphs) Dhkhe Imcihthb Zmkhtilhb Iar`hb Zhsih Tmbccmkhe Zhdh Kigm
Cuhrd. GNI ]bivmrsiths Bmcmri ^acyhihrth

Phaag, Vulhik. 0::<. Ehbuhk ag Fritifhk Fhrm. Bmw ^ari? @raaikyb.

Vhbtasa, @lmthrih, 0:8:. Zmr`mdhhb Ihdhr Ehcbmsiue Vmrue hbthrh Tiius Zutil

(Phttus Barvmcifus) yhbc Ehti Tmbccmkhe di Hir Thwhr dmbchb di Hir 
 Khut,  Viripsi, Vurhihrth, ]bivmrsiths Vm`mkhs Ehrmt

Vzpikehb, dii. 0:80. ‛ Drawbibc―  . Tlm Bmw Mbckhbd Oaurbhk ag Emdifibm.

Hfmsmd grae lttp?//www.bmje.arc/dai/pdg/ (dihisms = hprik 0:0:)

Tie Zaijh VDIN. 0:8<. ‛Vthbdhr Dihcbash Impmrhwhthb Nbdabmsih―. Ohihrth ? Dmwhb
Zmbcurus Zusht ZZBN

Tie Zaijh VNIN. 0:8<. ‛Vthbdhr Nbtmrvmbsi Impmrhwhthb Nbdabmsih―. Ohihrth ? Dmwhb

Zmbcurus Zusht ZZBN

Tie Zaijh VKIN. 0:8<. ‛Vthbdhr Kuhrhb Impmrhwhthb Nbdabmsih―. Ohihrth ? Dmwhb
Zmbcurus Zusht ZZBN

Sarkd Lmhktl Archbizhtiab. Drawbibc. Ghft slmmt B*6439 0:80 Yfitmd 0:80
AftU. Hvhikh`km grae? lttp?//www.wla.ibt/emdihfmbtrm/ghft
slmmts/gs643/mb/ dhkhe Pigiba dii, 0:0:

Sarkd Lmhktl Archbizhtiab.0:84. ‛Cka`hk Pmpart Ab

Drawbibc―. lttp?//www.wla.ibt/viakmbfmQ  ibjuryQprmvmbtiab/ cka`hkQ
rmpartQdrawbibc/ gibhk QrmpartQgukkQwm`.pdg. Dihisms thbcchk = Hprik 0:0:

Sikihbta, S., 0:80. Zmemriishhb Dihtae phdh Iar`hb Diduch Tmbccmkhe.  Ourbhk 

 Imdaitmrhb Garmbsii Nbdabmsih, Wakuem 84, pp. 6>-47.

48
Zhtlwhy Drawbibc
Hsidasis
Wakubthry Hir ehsui im Emth`akisem Emth`akii rmspirhtarii 
Drawbibc  @rmhtl Vphsem Khribc Lipaismeih hbhmra`
ckatis

@mrsilhb Ohkhb Bhghs Embmihb rmgkmi Vurghithb `mrfhepur Hir ehsui  Nbvakubthry Zmburubhb
Tidhi Mgmitig   `htui  dmbchb hir   phru-phru `rmhtlibc  gubcsi tu`ul

Zmbibcihthb pmremh`ikiths
eme`rhb ihpikmr hkvmaki

HPDV

Chbccuhb Zmrtuihrhb Fmdmrh phdh eme`rhb

Chs ihpikmr hkvmaki

Fhirhb tmriuepuk di Hkvmaki

Chbccuhb Iaepkihbs Mdmeh phru

 phru

Zakh Bhghs tidhi mgmitig   Bhghs tidhi tmrhtur  Lipasih @m`hb imrjh vmbtriimk jhbtubc

Zmburubhb Furhl
 Pisiia Chbccuhb Zmrgusi Wmbtriimk isimeii Ohbtubc
Fmrm`rhk tidhi mgmitig 

40