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KAOAIAF RNEMAW
LINF =
ONGAKAPAE PX^KLE
OAPA RNEDAEPAX
Rumj syuour pneuijs paematoae onfa`jrat Aiiaf swt oarnea `nedae rafkat `ae oarueja-
Eya pneuijs `apat kneyninsajoae pneuijsae kaoaiaf Rnemas jej, yaed hnrmu`ui= Rnrkajeae
’
Hlia Ongji‛. Wfaiawat `ae saiak atas onoasjf Aiiaf Eahj Kufakka` saw. Zaed tniaf
knkhawa ojta `arj aiak onhl`lfae on aiak yaed pneuf `nedae jiku pnedntafuae snpnrtj yaed
ojta rasaoae saat jej.
Rneuijs
j
@ACPAX JWJ
Fai
OAPA RNEDAEPAX ……………………………………………………………………
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@ACPAX JWJ……………………………………………………………………………... ..... jj
HAH J. RNE@AF^I^AE
HAH S. RNE^P^R
A. Onsjkpuiae ............…………………………………
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H. Warae.........
Warae.........…………
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@ACPAX R^WPAOA............................................................................................................. 13
jj
HAH J
RNE@AF^I^AE
liafrada yaed knkpueyaj haeyao gahaed. @jsakpjed jtu, pnrkajeae hlia ongji saedat ku`af
uetuo `jkajeoae snfjedda tj`ao tnrhatas pa`a tjedoat usja rnkama, tntapj muda aeao-aeao `ae
lraed tua, prja atau waejta guoup hnsar pnkjeateya. Rnrkajeae Hlia Ongji muda knrupaoae
liafrada yaed hnrsoaia jetnreasjleai, haeyao endara yaed jout hnrpnrae `aiak lijkpja`n atau
pnsta liafrada `ueja.
Haeyao snoaij gahaed liafrada pnrkajeae yaed a`a snoaraed jej. Wngara darjs hnsar
`jhn`aoae knema`j `ua yajtu liafrada pnrkajeae hlia hnsar snpnrtj hlia vlij, hlia hasont, `ae
snpao hlia. @ae yaed on`ua a`aiaf liafrada pnrkajeae hlia ongji snpnrtj tnejs knma, tnejs, huiu
taedojs, `sh.
Ra`a liafrada pnrkajeae hlia ongji a`a yaed kneddueaoae aiat, snpnrtj huiu taedojs, tnejs
knma (pjed-pled), tnejs, `ae a`a yaed tj`ao kneddueaoae aiat. @j Je`lensja pnrkajeae hlia
ongji huoae knema`j fai yaed asjed iadj, oarnea su`af knema`j kaoaeae plolo snfarj ‗ farj.
Hafoae `j Je`lensja muda `ja`aoae Onmureas (Onmuaraae Easjleai) uetuo pnrkajeae hlia ongji.
Rnrkajeae Hlia Ongji snrjed `jtnkuoae `aiak onfj`upae snfarj-farj. @j `aiak kaoaiaf
jej aoae `jhafas knedneaj Rnrkajeae Hlia Ongji `jaetaraeya yajtu= Huiu Paedojs, Pnejs Knma
`ae Pnejs.
1
HAH JJ
H^I^ PAEDOJW
A. Wnmaraf
Huiu taedojs a`aiaf saiaf satu gahaed liafrada yaed `jsuoaj linf kasyaraoat Je`lensja.
Oarnea jtuiaf, liafrada yaed satu jej knema`j ae`aiaf haedsa ojta `aiak oaegaf `ueja. Pao
sn`jojt atint huiu taedojs Je`lensja hnrfasji kne`apatoae onkneaedae. Knkaed Je`lensja
knkpueyaj snmaraf huiu taedojs yaed paemaed. Pnedlo sama Xu`j Fartlel yaed kakpu
knkneaedj onmuaraae Aii Nediae` fjedda `niapae oaij. Hafoae onmayaae atint Je`lensja yaed
asijeya hnreaka Ejl Fap Ijaed jej hniuk hjsa `jtaoiuooae linf atint huiu taedojs `arj endara
kaeapue. Hnijau suosns knkhaeddaoae Je`lensja snmao tafue 1:32-ae fjedda 1:62-ae. Wniaje
jtu kasjf a`a atijt pnenrus Xu`j Fartlel iajeeya. Wnhut sama Wusj Wusaetj, Aiae Hu`jousuka,
Paucjo Fj`ayat `ae yaed tnrharu a`aiaf Mleatfae Gfrjstjn yaed muda jout knedfarukoae eaka
Je`lensja `aiak oaegaf Asjae Dakns 8216.
H. Rnednrtjae
Rnrkajeae huiu taedojs `joneai muda `nedae jstjiaf ha`kjetle, awai kuiaeya pnrkajeae
jej `jeakaoae ha`kjetle, eakue oarnea knijfat pa`a pnednrtjaeeya kaoa liafrada jej
knkpueyaj eaka iaje yajtu huiu taedojs.katnrj ha`kjetle pnrkajeaeeya knkjijoj dnrao yaed
`lkjeae aetara oaoj `ae muda inedae. Dnraoae tnrsnhut onku`jae knema`joae tnoejo tnrtnetu
adar hjsa knkajeoae raont `ae muda olo. Wngara farcjaf huiu
farcjaf huiu taedojs hnrasai
taedojs hnrasai `arj `ua oata yajtu
huiu `ae taedojs.
tae dojs. Oata huiu `jakhji `arj hnetuo olo (sfuttinglgo)yaed tnrhuat `arj huiu aedsa.
Wn`aedoae taedojs `jakhji `arj oata `asar kneaedojs. @ae jetj `arj pnrkajeae huiu taedojs
a`aiaf kneaedojs pnrdnraoae `arj sfuttinglgo tnrsnhut.
Huiu taedojs knrupaoae snhuaf liafrada raont yaed `aiak pnrkajeaeeya `jiaouoae linf
`ua lraed yaed saijed
saijed hnriawaeae uetuo pnrkajeae tueddai. @ae uetuo pnrkajeae dae`a
kneddueaoae `ua pasaedae yaed saijed hnriawaeae.Rnrkajeae liafrada jej kjrjp snoaij `nedae
tnejs. Huiutaedojs atau ha`kjetle hnrtumuae uetuo knkuoui hlia pnrkajeae yaed `j snhut olo
atau sfuttinglgo. Olo `j puoui adar kninwatj marjed supaya matuf `aiak hj`aed pnrkajeae
iawae yaed su`af `j tnetuoae.
8
G. Iapaedae
Iapaedae pnrkajeae huiu taedojs hnrhnetuo pnrsndj paemaed. Onku`jae `jhadj knema`j
`ua hj`aed yajtu hj`aed pnrkajeae yaed saijed hnrfa`apae `ae tnrpjsaf `nedae ent yaed
knkhnetaed `jtnedaf.Ra`a ukukeya pnrkajeae huiu taedojs a`a hnhnrapa darjs pa`a kasjed-
kasjed hj`aed tnrsnhut. Darjs jtu knijputj darjs snrvjs `npae, snrvjs tnedaf, snrvjs sakpjed
(uetuo pnrkajeae tueddai) sjsj oaeae `ae ojrj, `ae darjs snrvjs hniaoaed (uetuo pnrkajeae
dae`a), `ae darjs-darjs tnrsnhut knkpueyaj ontnhaiae snojtar 02 kk. Tarea darjs pa`a
iapaedae huiu taedojs farus hnrwarea oletra `nedae warea iapaedae, snpnrtj faieya warea
ouejed atau putjf.Hafae yaed `jdueaoae `aiak pnrkuoaae iapaedae huiu taedojs a`aiaf hafae
sjetntjs yaed iueao `ae oayu snrat `ae tj`ao hlinf kneddueaoae hafae yaed tnrhuat `arj hafae
sjetntjs yaed onras `ae hntle oarnea `apat knedaojhatoae pnkaje gj`nra.
Hnrjout jej uourae iapaedae huiu taedojs jetnreasjleai yaed `jtntapoae stae`ar jetnreasjleai.
@aiak pnrkajeae huiu taedojs a`a haeyao tnoejo `asar yaed farus `jouasaj duea
knema`j kl`ai awai atau `asar uetuo knema`j snlraed pnkaje huiu taedojs prncnsjleai.
Hnrjout jej knrupaoae tnoejo `asar pnrkajeae huiu taedojs.
Gara knkndaed raont a`aiaf caotlr utaka yaed paijed hnrpnedaruf tnrfa`ap ouaijtas
puouiae yaed `jfasjioae. Wnhadaj pnkuia farus hnear-hnear kneduasaj tnoejo `asar
tnrinhjf `afuiu adar kakpu kniaemutoae on tnofejo hnrjouteya. Mnejs knkndaed raont
a`a `ua kagak yajtu = Rndaedae clrnfae`, pndaedae hagofae`.
Cuedsj `arj dnraoae oaoj a`aiaf snhadaj pneyaedda tuhuf adar knenkpatoae ha`ae
`aiak plsjsj yaed knkuedojeoae uetuo kniaouoae dnraoae puouiae yaed ncnotjc. Mjoa
jedje knkuoui `nedae plsjsj yaed hajo kaoa snlraed pnkaje farus knkpueyaj
ongnpatae dnrao.
7
Wnrvjs
Zajtu puouiae pnrtaka ueto knedawaij pnrkajeae huiu taedojs. Wnrvjs `jiaouoae sntniaf
hlia katj. Mjoa tnrma`j onsaiafae `aiak snrvjs kaoa aoae kneduetuedoae iawae
kaje. Pnoejo snrvjgn `jiaouoae `nedae gara knedarafoae olo onoaeae, onojrj, on`npae
ataupue onhniaoaed pnkaje iawae. @ae fai yaed farus `j fje`arj `aiak snrvjgn a`aiaf
olo `nedae plsjsj taeddued `ae hnra`a tnpat `j `npae iawae. Oarnea saka faieya ojta
hueuf `jrj oarnea snrvjgn ojta `apat `jonkhaijoae `nedae ku`af `ae knkatjoae
pnrdnraoae ojta. Wnrvjgn a`a tjda kagak yajtu clrnfae` pne`no, clrnfae` tjeddj `ae
hagofae`.
Lvnrfna`
Zajtu puouiae yaed `jiaouoae mjoa olo knedaraf onhniaoaed plsjsj tuhuf ojta sne`jrj.
@ae lvnrfna` jej `jiaouoae snpnrtj lraed yaed faeya kninkpar `ae raont `jpndaed
`nedae tnoejo clrnfae`.
Wkasf
Zajtu puouae yaed onras `ae tamak. Ruouiae skasf hnrtumuae uetuo knkatjoae iawae
sngnpat-gnpateya. Ra`a jetjeya saiaf satu kaecaat puouiae skasf a`aiaf knejedoatoae
ouaijtas pnrkajeae.
@rlpsflt (Ruouiae Rltled)
Zajtu puouiae yaed `jiaouoae saka snpnrtj skasf. Rnrhn`aaeeya pa`a plsjsj raont saat
pnroneaae `nedae
`ne dae olo. Ruouiae `rlpsflt jaiaf mnejs puouiae yaed kniueguroae olo on
`anraf iawae sn`noat kuedoje `nedae ent.
0
HAH JJJ
PNEJW KNMA
A. Wnmaraf
Pnejs knma `jhuat `j Jeddrjs snojtar aha` on-1:, `j kaea `jkajeoae linf lraed onias atas
snhadaj pnrkajeae je`llr sntniaf kaoae kaiak. Pnejs knma knkpueyaj hnhnrapa eaka, saiaf
satueya "wfjcc wfacc", `ae `jsaraeoae hafwa pnrkajeaeeya pnrtaka oaij `jonkhaedoae linf
tnetara Jeddrjs `j Je`ja atau Acrjoa Wniatae, `j kaea knrnoa knkhawaeya onkhaij on Jeddrjs.
Wnharjs huou `jsusue `jtnedaf knma snhadaj ent, `j kaea `ua huoueya hnrcuedsj uetuo
knkuoui hlia dlic. Eaka "pjed-pled" `jdueaoae fakpjr snkua endara snhniuk pnrusafaae
Jeddrjs M. Maquns & Wle It` knema`joaeeya knrno `adaed pa`a tafue 1:21. Eaka "pjed-pled"
onku`jae inhjf `jdueaoae uetuo pnrkajeae yaed `jkajeoae pnraiatae Maquns, `nedae
pnrusafaae iaje kneynhuteya tnejs knma. Wjtuasj
W jtuasj yaed saka tnrma`j muda `j Aknrjoa Wnrjoat, `j
kaea Maquns knemuai fao eaka "pjed-pled" onpa`a Raronr Hrltfnrs. Raronr Hrltfnrs iaiu
knema`joaeeya knrno `adaed tafue 1:82-ae, knkhuat lrdaejsasj iajeeya kneduhaf eaka
knema`j "tnejs knma" `jhae`jed kneddueaoae eaka yaed inhjf ukuk, eakue `nedae knrno
`adaed.
Jelvasj hnsar hnrjouteya `jiaouoae linf Makns T.Djhh, pnegjeta tnejs knma, yaed
knenkuoae hlia sniuilj` `aiak pnrmaiaeae kneumu AW tafue 1:21 `ae kneuruteya glglo
uetuo pnrkajeae. Jej `jjoutj N.G. Dll`n yaed, pa`a tafue yaed saka, knegjptaoae vnrsj
kl`nre `arj raont `nedae knkasaed sninkhar oarnt yaed `jhnrj hjetjo, on oayu yaed su`af
`jasaf. Pnejs knma kuiaj tnroneai pa`a tafue 1:21 `jsnhahoae tureakne yaed `jhuat, huou
yaed kneuijsoae tnetaed tnejs knma, `ae onmuaraae `ueja tj`ao rnskj pa`a tafue 1:28. Pafue
1:>2ae, raont yaed kneddueaoae inkharae oarnt `jdahued `nedae iapajsae sples `j `asareya
kneduhaf pnrkajeae sngara `rakatjs, knejedoatoae ongnpatae `ae pnrputarae hlia. Jej
`jpnroneaioae pnrusafaae aiat liafrada Jeddrjs W.T. Faeglgo It`. Rneddueaae ink gnpat `apat
knejedoatoae ongnpatae `ae pnrputarae inhjf mauf, yaed knedfasjioae pnruhafae pnraiatae
uetuo "kneurueoae ongnpatae pnrkajeaeeya". Pnejs knma `jpnroneaioae snhadaj gahaed
Lijkpja`n pa`a tafue 1:66.
H. Rnednrtjae
Liafrada tnejs knma a`aiaf pnrkajeae yaed knkaoaj knma snhadaj iapaedae sniaje raont
snhadaj pnrinedoapae utakaeya. Rnrkajeae tnejs knma `jkajeoae linf `ua pnkaje saijed
hnrfa`apae (pa`a oatndlrj tueddai), `ae nkpat lraed uetuo oatndlrj dae`a atau pasaedae.
Rnrkajeae tnejs knma hjasa muda `jsnhut `nedae pnrkajeae hlia pjed pled.
Ra`a liafrada tnejs knma, aiat utaka yaed `jhutufoae a`aiaf raont yaed `jhuat `arj oayu
yaed hnriapjs oarnt. Xaont pa`a pnrkajeae tnejs knma hjasa muda `jsnhut hnt. Onku`jae
pnrinedoapae iajeeya a`aiaf hlia pjk pled, snrta snhuaf knma hnrhnetuo sndj paemaed yaed
knema`j iapaedaeeya.
G. Iapaedae
Hnrjout jej a`aiaf rjegjae uourae iapaedae tnejs knma (uourae knma).
Inhar = 1>8,> gk
Raemaed = 840 gk
Pjeddj knma `arj iapaedae = 43 gk
Iuas = 0,146> k¸
Pnhai knma = 7 gk
Raemaed ent = 467 gk
sjsjeya `jjoat pa`a tjaed pneyaedda `nedae tjeddj 1>,8> gk. Wnknetara sjsj hatas pa`a on`ua
tjaed pneyaedda knkpueyaj marao 1>,8> gk `arj sjsj hatas pnrkuoaae knma.(7) Raemaed ent
pnrkajeae tnejs knma `arj sjsj ojrj on oaeae farus hnruourae 1,67 kntnr. Wnknetara sniuruf
paemaed ent, `arj umued atas on pnrkuoaae knma a`aiaf 1>,88 gk. (0) Hlia pjkpled
pjkple d (tnejs knma)
knkjijoj ontnetuae hnrat 8,4 drak `ae `jakntnr 02 kk.(>) Hlia pjkpled hnrwarea putjf atau
lraedn snrta `jhuat `arj hafae sniuilsa rjedae.(3) Raetuiae hlia pjkpled farus knegapaj 87 ‗
83 gk pa`a paetuiae pnrtaka mjoa `jmatufoae.(4) Hlia pjkpled hjsaeya
hjsaeya knkjijoj tae`a hjetaed
`arj satu fjedda tjda tae`a hjetaed yaed kneuemuooae ouaijtas hlia pjkpled tnrsnhut. Pjda
hjetaed a`aiaf tae`a yaed kneuemuooae ouaijtas hlia pjkpled tnrhajo yaed `apat `jpaoaj pa`a
tureakne rnskj .
Hadj pnkaje tnejs knma, gara knkndaed `ae kneddueaoae hnt knrupaoae saiaf satu
tnoejo `asar yaed farus `jouasaj, oarnea mjoa saiaf `aiak kneddneddakeya, aoae
knedfasjioae puouiae yaed tj`ao tnraraf.
Pnoejo drjp sne`jrj tnrhadj knema`j tjda mnejs, yajtu sfaonfae` drjp, pnefli` drjp, `ae
snnkjiinr drjp.
a. Pnoejo Wfa
Wfaon
onfa
fae`
e` D rj p
Pnoejo jej onhaeyaoae `jdueaoae linf pnkaje tnejs knma prlcnsjleai `arj hneua Nrlpa.
Garaeya pue guoup ku`af, yajtu `nedae kneddneddak hnt snpnrtj ojta sn`aed hnrmahat taedae.
Pnoejo sfaonfae`
Pnoejo sfaonfae` drjp
drjp aoae knku`afoae ojta kneddueaoae on`ua sjsj hnt `ae muda
knkpnrku`af ojta `aiak kneafae atau kniaouoae skasf
kniaouoae skasf on
on araf iawae.
Rnefli` drjp
drjp knrupaoae tnoejo yaed snrjed `jdueaoae linf pnkaje Asja, linf oarnea
`jsnhut tnoejo Asja. Garaeya pue guoup ku`af, yajtu plsjsjoae taedae ojta snliaf-liaf sn`aed
knkndaed pnea. Ontjoa kneddueaoae tnoejo jej, hadjae hnt yaed `jkajeoae faeya satu sjsj,
linf oarneaeya slhat hjsa knkjijf plsjsj yaed paijed eyakae.
g. Pnoejo Wn
Wnn
nkjiin
jiinrr Drj
D rj p
noejo snnkjiinr drjp hjsa
noejo snnkjiinr drjp hjsa `joataoae kjrjp `nedae fae`sfaon
`nedae fae`sfaon drjp, eakue yaed knkhn`aoaeeya
jaiaf pa`a snnkjiinr
pa`a snnkjiinr drjp, marj
drjp, marj tniuemuo knkndaed sniuruf hadjae hnt `ae hnt `jputar
`jputar snojtar 82²
fjedda :2² on araf ha`ae.
1. Rndaed drjp
Rndaed drjp kneddueaoae
kneddueaoae tnoejo sfaonfae`
tnoejo sfaonfae` drjp
drjp
8. Inouooae marj tniuemuo `j snpaemaed sjsj hnt.
hnt.
7. Rutar hnt
hnt hadjae
hadjae atas snmauf 82² fjedda :2² on araf tuhuf ojta.
8. Wta
Wtaeg
egn
n (Pnoejo Wjap Wjada)
Pnoejo
Pnoejo staegn knrupaoae tnoejo `asar `aiak pnenkpatae plsjsj ha`ae, oaoj snrta taedae
staegn knrupaoae
saat `aiak ole`jsj kneynraed kaupue hnrtafae `aiak tnejs knma. Hadj pnkaje, tnoejo jej
knrupaoae tnoejo yaed saedat pnetjed uetuo `jouasaj.@nedae kneduasaj tnoejo jej, plsjsj
tuhuf ojta aoae mauf inhjf sjap uetuo knednkhaijoae hlia snraedae `arj iawae.
7. C llt
ltwl
wlrr o (Dnraoae
(Dnraoae Oaoj)
yajtu clltwlro
Pnoejo `asar sniaemuteya yaed pnriu `jouasaj linf pnkuia yajtu clltwlro atau dnraoae
oaoj. @aiak tnejs knma, clltwlro
knma, clltwlro `jhn`aoae uetuo elknr tueddai `ae dae`a.Ra`a elklr
tueddai, haeyaoeya
iaedoaf hafoae iaedoaf
inhjf, `nedaetnr`jrj
araf `arj hnhnrapa
pnrdnraoae on tnoejo yajtu
sakpjed ojrj,satu iaedoaf,
sakpjed `ua iaedoaf,
oaeae, on `npae,tjda
on
hniaoaed `ae `jadleai. Clltwlro sne`jrj kneynsuajoae `arj marao `ataedeya hlia `nedae
pnkaje. Apahjia maraoeya tnriaiu `noat, slhat tj`ao pnriu kniaedoafoae oaoj. Wn`aedoae
apahjia maraoeya guoup mauf `arj knma, slhat hjsa kneddueaoae satu iaedoaf atau `ua iaedoaf
(kneynsuajoae snhnrapa mauf hlia). Pnoejo Clltwlro
Pnoejo Clltwlro yaed snrjed `jdueaoae pnkaje `nedae
tjpn kneynraed yajtu `ua iaedoaf (twl stnps).
stnps).
0. Wtrl
Wtrlon
on (Ruouiae)
Pnoejo
Pnoejo strlon
strlon `apat
`apat `jiaouoae saat ole`jsj hnrtafae kaupue kneynraed. Ra`a `asareya,
tnoejo puouiae tnrhadj knema`j `ua yajtu clrnfae`
yajtu clrnfae` `ae
`ae hagofae` . Eakue, `aiak
pnednkhaedaeeya, tnoejo jej knkjijoj haeyao gahaedeya.
a. Wn
Wnrvjgn
rvjgn (Wnrvjs)
Ruouiae srvjgn knrupaoae tnoejo puouiae hlia pnrtaka. @aiak tnejs knma, tnoejo `asar
Ruouiae srvjgn
jej sne`jrj tnrhadj knema`j hnhnrapa mnejs, yajtu snrvjgn
yajtu snrvjgn clrnfae` tlpspje, hagofae` tlpspjes,
clrnfae` hagospje,
hagospje, hagofae` hagospje
hagofae` hagospje `ae
`ae sj`nspje
sj`nspje..
1. C lrnfa
lrnfae`
e` Plpsp
Plpspjj e
1. Iaouoae pnrsjapae pa`a plsjsj knma snhniaf oaeae `nedae knedfa`ap snotlr ojrj knma
iawae.
8. Rndaed hnt `nedae taedae oaeae snkharj knenouo sjou snojtar :2² `ae pndaed hlia
`nedae taedae ojrj.
7. Iakhuedoae hlia snguoupeya onku`jae puoui `nedae hnt. hnt.
0. ^safaoae paetuiae yaed `jfasjioae
` jfasjioae tj`ao tnriaiu tjeddj `arj ent.
ent.
8. H ag
agofae`
ofae` Plpsp
Plpspjj e
7. C lr nfa
fae`
e` Ha
H agosp
gospjj e
0. H agofa
gofae`
e` Ha
H agosp
gospjj e
>. Wj
Wj``nsp
spjj e
Pnoejo jej kneddueaoae dnraoae kneyapu hlia kneyakpjed, yaed kaea pnkaje `apat
knedolkhjeasjoae dnraoae jej `nedae hagospje kaupue tlpspje. DnraoaeDnraoae sj`nspje
sj`nspje aoae
aoae
knedfasjioae paetuiae hlia yaed inhjf gnpat `ae gne`nrued kninedoued on oaeae kaupue on
ojrj hjia `jolkhjeasjoae `nedae tlpspje.
tlpspje.
Pnoejo `asar yaed satu jej kneddueaoae puouiae `nedae ayueae yaed paemaed. Pjpn
puouiae yaed `jfasjioae yajtu `atar, onras `ae gnpat. @aiak liafrada tnejs knma,
tnoejo `rjvn tnrhadj knema`j `ua kagak yajtu clrnfae`
yajtu clrnfae` `rjvn `ae
`ae hagofae`
hagofae` `rjvn.
`rjvn.
(1.)C
(1.) C lr nfa
fae`
e` @ r j vn
vn,, ^etuo kniaouoaeeya, slhat pnriu kneddnraooae hnt on
on araf `npae yaed
`jjoutj `nedae putarae ha`ae onaraf `ataedeya hlia snojtar 0>². Pnroa`aed saat kniaouoae
tnoejo jej, tnr`apat ole`jsj yajtu tnrma`j pnrdnsnrae plsjsj drjp
plsjsj drjp aojhat
aojhat pnrdnraoae pnrdniaedae.
Linf oarneaeya `jpnriuoae pndaedae yaed ouat adar hnt tj`ao ku`af hnruhaf plsjsjeya. plsjsjeya.
(8)Hagofae` @rjvn, Gara kniaouoaeeya dnraoae jej guoup ku`af. Rnrtaka, plsjsjoae sjou
knkhnetuo su`ut :2². Dnraooae hnt `nedae `jjoutj dnraoae knkutar ha`ae. ^etuo hjsa
kneduasaj tnoejo jej, slhat muda pnriu kneduasaj dnraoae oaoj `ae snrjed iatjfae hagofae` adar
adar
tnrhjasa.
tnrhjasa.
Rusf knrupaoae tnoejo `asar puouiae hagospje hagospje pasjc yaed `jdueaoae uetuo
knedfa`apj hagospje.
hagospje. Pnoejo jej hnrtumuae adar hlia tj`ao kniakhued tnriakpau tjeddj
`arj ent.
ent. @aiak
@aiak tnejs knma, tnoejo pusf
tnoejo pusf tnr`jrj
tnr`jrj `arj `ua mnejs, yajtu clrnfae`
yajtu clrnfae` pusf
pusf `ae
`ae hagofae`
pusf..
pusf
(1)C
(1) C lr nfa
fae`
e` Rusf, ^etuo kniaouoaeeya, slhat pnriu knkplsjsjoae hnt `aiak plsjsj sn`jojt
tnrhuoa. Wniaemuteya dnraoae hnt on `npae `ae adao onhawaf. ^etuo knejedoatoae aourasj
puouiae, hlia pnriu knedneaj hnt hadjae tnedaf. (8) Hagofae` Rusf, ^etuo kne`apatoae
hnt hadjae
puouiae hagofae` pusf
pusf yaed snkpurea, slhat pnriu knedole`jsjoae
kne dole`jsjoae adar hlia faeya
kneddnsno hnt `nedae ouat, snfjedda knedfasjioae hlia hagospje. Wnpnrtj faieya clrnfae`
faieya clrnfae`
pusf, hlia
pusf, hlia pnriu knedneaj hnt hadjae
hadjae tnedaf.
tnedaf.
Dnraoae Gflp
Gflp a`aiaf saiaf satu tnoejo `asar puouiae hagospje
hagospje pa`a tnejs
tn ejs knma `nedae tjpn
hnrtafae. Pnoejo jej tnrhadj knema`j `ua mnejs, yajtu clrnfae`
yajtu clrnfae` gflp `ae
gflp `ae hagofae` gflp.
gflp.
( 1). C lr nfa
fae`
e` G fl
flp
p, ^etuo kniaouoae dnraoae clrnfae`
dnraoae clrnfae` gflp,
gflp, plsjsjoae
plsjsjoae hnt adao tnrhuoa.
Dnraooae hnt on araf `npae `ae adao gle`led onhawaf. Ruoui hlia pa`a hadjae sjsj hawaf
hlia `ae usafaoae hlia knedneaj hadjae hnt `npae sn`jojt on hawaf. (8) H agofae` G flp flp,,
^etuo kniaouoae hagofae` gflp, akhji
gflp, akhji plsjsj awai hagofae` `nedae
`nedae plsjsj hnt `npae
`npae gle`led
on atas. Iaouoae puouiae `nedae kneddueaoae sjsj hadjae hawaf hnt `ae
`ae usafaoae knedneaj
hadjae hawaf hlia.
hlia.
(1).
(1) . C lr nfa
`npaeeya fae`
e` H ilgo, ^etuo
ilgo,
knedfa`ap kniaouoae
adao on dnraoae jej,slhat
hawaf. Wniaemuteya pnrtaka plsjsjoae
pnriu hnt on `npae
knkpnrfatjoae `nedaehlia.
`ataedeya sjsj
Iaouoae dnraoae hilgo sndnra
sndnra sntniaf hlia knkaetui `arj knma. ^safaoae hlia knedneaj tnpat
c. Pnoejo Wk
Wka
asf
Wkasf
kasf knrupaoae saiaf satu tnoejo `asar snraedae pa`a pnrkajeae tnejs knma yaed
paijed knkatjoae yaed hjsa knkhuat iawae onwaiafae. Pnoejo jej sne`jrj `apat `jiaouoae
`nedae clrnfae`
`nedae clrnfae` ataupue
ataupue hagofae`.
hagofae`.
1. C lrnfa
lrnfae`
e` Wkasf
Wkasf
1. Rlsjsjoae oaoj ojrj on `npae `nedae oaoj oaeae hnra`a `j hniaoaed.
8. Ma`joae oaoj oaeae snhadaj tukpuae `nedae knkplsjsjoae tuhuf sn`jojt kjrjed on
oaeae.
7. Wntniaf hlia knkaetui `ae hnra`a pa`a plsjsj tjtjo tnrtjeddj, iaouoae puouiae snonras
kuedoje `ae aourat pa`a hlia on araf hawaf `nedae kneddueaoae pnrdniaedae taedae.
8. H agof
gofa
ae` Wk
Wka
asf
1. Rlsjsjoae oaoj oaeae on `npae `nedae oaoj ojrj hnra`a `j hniaoaed.
8. Kjrjedoae ha`ae on ojrj fjedda pue`ao oaeae knedaraf on knma.
7. Rlsjsjoae taedae ojrj onhawaf iaiu on hniaoaed `nedae plsjsj taedae ojrj inhjf tjeddj
`arj knma.
0. Wntniaf hlia knkaetui `ae knegapaj tjtjo tnrtjeddj, ayueoae inedae `arj hawaf on
`npae kneumu araf oaeae.
>. Iaouoae puouiae snonras kuedoje `ae aourat `nedae kneddueaoae pnrdniaedae taedae.
3. Ontjoa kniaouoae skasf,
kniaouoae skasf, pje`afoae
pje`afoae hnrat ha`ae pa`a oaoj ojrj on oaoj oaeae.
d. Pnoejo Ilh
Pnoejo ilh
ilh knrupaoae dnraoae `asar knkuoui hlia iakhued kneumu on arna iawae.
Pumuae `arj dnraoae jej yajtu adar iawae ouwaiafae saat knednkhaijoae hlia saat ojta snraed.
@aiak pnrkajeae tnejs knma, tnoejo jej saedat akpuf uetuo knednkhaijoae skasf
knednkhaijoae skasf iawae
iawae `ae
hjsa hjoje katj dnraoae iawae. Hjasaeya dnraoae ilh yaed hajo
h ajo `ae hnear yajtu pa`a
pa` a ontjeddjae
8-0 kntnr.
HAH JS
PNEJW
A. Wnmaraf
Rnrkajeae tnejs kl`nre `joajtoae `nedae Jeddrjs, `ae snhneareya endara jejiaf yaed
kuiaj knejedoatoae liafrada jej on pneletle haru `ae knema`joaeeya snplpuinr snoaraed,
knema`j huotj tureakne Tjkhin`le jej, yaed knrupaoae Pureakne tnrtua. `arj `ueja, yaed
hnriaedsued `j Ile`le `arj 1644. Pnejs saat jej knrupaoae liafrada lijkpja`n, snmao 1:66 `j
Wnlui, eakue liafrada jej su`af knema`j kl`aijtas Lijkpja`n snhniukeya `ae kasjf `aiak
hnhnrapa tafue eakue aofjreya `jinpas, oarnea kasjf hniuk a`a pnraturae yaed tntap `ae
olkprnfnesjc `j snkua sjsj. . Aturae Cn`nrasj Pnejs Jetnreasjleai knkngafoae sjtuasj jej `j
1:80, `ae jejiaf saiaf satu aiasae knedapa liafrada kuiaj hnronkhaed `ae snkaoje haeyao
oiuh snkaoje haeyao
H. Rnednrtjae
Pnejs iapaedae knrupaoae snhuaf pnrkajeae atau liafrada `nedae kneddueaoae raont
snhadaj aiat pnkuoui hlia kninwatj ent `ae knkaetuioae hlia snfjedda iawae tj`ao `apat
knednkhaijoae hlia tnrsnhut. Pnejs muda knrupaoae snhuaf gahaed liafrada yaed `apat
`jkaejeoae sngara je`jvj`u atau dae`a. Wnrta iapaedaeeya pue `apat hnruhaf snsuaj `nedae
mukiaf pnkajeeya. Pnejs iapaedae knrupaoae saiaf satu liafrada yaed saedat `jaouj linf
`ueja.
Kneurut Tjojpn`ja, Pnejs a`aiaf liafrada yaed hjasaeya `jkajeoae aetara `ua pnkaje
atau aetara `ua pasaedae kasjed ‗ kasjed `ua pnkaje. Kneurut Iar`enr , Pnejs a`aiaf
pnrkajeae yaed knknriuoae ongnpatae oaoj, ontnpatae yaed tnrone`aij, stakjea, aetjpastj,
ontntapae fatj, `ae ongnr`joae. Kneurut Oatjij, Pnejs a`aiaf saiaf satu `arj pnrkajeae hlia
ongji yaed knkjijoj iapaedae hnrhnetuo pnrsndj. Kneurut Rnrkaea,Pnejs a`aiaf pnrkajeae
yaed `jkajeoae `nedae kneddueaoae tnoejo, huoae `nedae snkharaed knkuoui sama. Ma`j,
`arj hnhnrapa pnednrtjae kneurut para afij, `apat oakj sjkpuioae hafwa
hafwa
Pnejs Iapaedae a`aiaf saiaf satu gahaed liafrada hadjae hlia ongji yaed `aiak satu
iapaedae `jhatasj linf snhuaf ent `ae tnr`jrj `arj 8 lraed atau 8 pasaed pnkaje yaed
saijed hnrfa`apae.
Pumuae `arj tnejs iapaedae a`aiaf knkuoui hlia `nedae aiat yaed hnreaka raont fjedda
iawae tj`ao `apat knednkhaijoae hlia yaed ae`a hnrj `ae knkpnrtafaeoae `anraf sne`jrj `arj
iawae uetuo knkneaedoae suatu pnrtae`jedae.
G. Iapaedae
Pnejs `jkajeoae `j iapaedae pnrsndj paemaed, on`ua uouraeeya hnrhn`a-hn`a mjoa
`jputar sngara je`jvj`u atau hnrpasaedae, snfjedda knkhuateya inhjf inhar.
1. Iapaedae hnrhnetuo pnrsndj paemaed `nedae uourae=
uourae=
paemaed 87,44 k `ae inhar 6,87 k uetuo tueddai (sjedin)
(sjedin)
paemaed 87,44 k `ae inhar 12,:4 k (dae`a)
(dae`a)
7. Hlia
darjs tnedaf 37,>2 kk ‗ 33,34
33,34 kk
hnrateya >3,42 dr ‗ >6,06
>6,06 dr.
0. Xaont
uetuo pnkuia/pniamar hjasaeya kneddueaoae raont yaed rjedae 1,> les ‗
les ‗ 18,38
18,38
les
sn`aed 18,38 les ‗ 10,>
10,> les
hnrat 10,> les ‗ 1>
1> les
Rnrkuoaaeeya muda hjsa hnruhaf haeyao, `nedae varjasj utaka 7 uetuo jtu.
8. Far`glurt
Far`glurt, atau iaetaj onras, su`af inhjf gnpat `arj yaed snhniukeya `ae hjsa `jhuat `arj
hafae yaed hnrhn`a snpnrtj snkne, tartae, aspai atau hafoae oayu. Prne snpnrtj Austraija
Pnrhuoa atau AW Pnrhuoa `jkajeoae pa`a mnejs taeaf jej.
7. Xukput
Rastj tjpn pneda`jiae `nedae pnrkajeae inhjf gnpat, oarnea jtu kneawaroae sn`jojt dnsnoae
snfjedda hlia kniamu inhjf gnpat. Kuedoje muda a`a pneyjkpaedae ongji oarnea pltledae
rukput yaed knsoj ongji, hjsa knkhuat pnrhn`aae pa`a araf hlia. Pureakne Tjkhin`le
`jkajeoae `j rukput / rukput.
@aiak hnrkaje tnejs iapaedae, `jhutufoae tnoejo knkndaed raont yaed hajo `ae hnear adar
`apat knkaosjkaioae snhuaf puouiae. Hnrjout hnhnrapa kagak knkndaed raont.
Gletjenetai drjp, jej a`aiaf tnoejo yaed su`af a`a snmao zakae
z akae awai tnrhnetuoeya
pnrkajeae tnejs iapaedae, yaed `jiaouoae `nedae gara plsjsj taedae a`a
a` a `j atas dadaed
raont.
Tnstnre drjp, pa`a saat ae`a kniaouoae puouiae tlpsje, saedat `jaemuroae uetuo
knkaoaj puouiae jej, yaed `jiaouoae `nedae gara snpnrtj iayaoeya knkndaed paegj.
C lrnfa
lrnfae`
e` n
nast
astn
nr e, hadj ae`a yaed kasjf haru hniamar kasaiaf tnejs iapaedae, oakj
saraeoae uetuo knkndaed raont `nedae tnoejo jej, oarnea tnoejo jej `jiaouoae `nedae
gara hnrmahat taedae.
Wnrvjs a`aiaf awaiae yaed `jiaouoae uetuo knkuiaj snhuaf pnrtae`jedae. A`apue tnoejoeya
a`aiaf.
C iat sn
snrr vn,
vn, tnoejo yaed knedfasjioae puouiae onras snrta gnpat.
Wij
Wijgn
gn sn
snrvn
rvn,, tnoejo yaed saedat knkatjoae hadj para iawae `nedae gara knednmutoae
iawae snfjedda suijt hadj iawae `aiak knednkhaijoaeeya.
Ojgo snrvn, tnoejo jej `jiaouoae `nedae gara kniaouoae kninkpar hlia sakpaj `j atas
onpaia iaiu knkuoui hlia `nedae onras.
Pwjst snrvn, tnoejo jej fakpnr saka `nedae ojgo snrvn, faeya sama twjst snrvn `aiak
knedayueoae raont inhjf mauf iadj.
7. Pnoejo Ruouiae
Ruouiae ilh, tnoejo jej `jpaoaj uetuo knkhuat iawae onsusafae `aiak knedakhji
HAH S
RNE^P^R
A. Onsjkpuiae
Rnrkajeae Hlia Ongji knrupaoaf saiaf satu liafrada yaed knkpueyaj haeyao gahaed.
@jsakpjed jtu, pnrkajeae hlia ongji saedat ku`af uetuo `jkajeoae snfjedda tj`ao tnrhatas
pa`a tjedoat usja rnkama, tntapj muda aeao-aeao `ae lraed tua, prja atau waejta guoup hnsar
pnkjeateya. Rnrkajeae Hlia Ongji muda knrupaoae liafrada yaed hnrsoaia jetnreasjleai,
haeyao endara yaed jout hnrpnrae `aiak lijkpja`n atau pnsta liafrada `ueja.Ra`a liafrada
pnrkajeae hlia ongji a`a yaed kneddueaoae
kne ddueaoae aiat, snpnrtj huiu taedojs, tnejs
tne js knma (pjed-pled),
tnejs, `ae a`a yaed tj`ao kneddueaoae aiat. @j Je`lensja pnrkajeae hlia ongji huoae knema`j
fai yaed asjed iadj, oarnea su`af knema`j kaoaeae plolo snfarj ‗
snfarj ‗ farj.
farj.
Huiu taedojs knrupaoae snhuaf liafrada raont yaed `aiak pnrkajeaeeya `jiaouoae linf
`ua lraed yaed saijed
saijed hnriawaeae uetuo pnrkajeae tueddai. @ae uetuo pnrkajeae dae`a
kneddueaoae `ua pasaedae yaed saijed hnriawaeae.
Liafrada tnejs knma a`aiaf pnrkajeae yaed knkaoaj knma snhadaj iapaedae sniaje raont
snhadaj pnrinedoapae utakaeya. Rnrkajeae tnejs knma `jkajeoae linf `ua pnkaje saijed
hnrfa`apae (pa`a oatndlrj tueddai), `ae nkpat lraed uetuo oatndlrj dae`a atau pasaedae.
Rnrkajeae tnejs knma hjasa muda `jsnhut `nedae pnrkajeae hlia pjed pled.
Pnejs Iapaedae a`aiaf saiaf satu gahaed liafrada hadjae hlia ongji yaed `aiak satu
iapaedae `jhatasj linf snhuaf ent `ae tnr`jrj `arj 8 lraed atau 8 pasaed pnkaje yaed saijed
hnrfa`apae.
H. Warae
Wntniaf kneuijsoae kaoaiaf jej, pneuijs knkhutufoae sarae `arj Duru uetuo pnrhajoae
yaed inhjf hajo `aiak pneyususeae kaoaiaf sniaemuteya. Warae hadj tnkae-tnkae snkua `apat
`jpnrdueaoae uetuo hafae pnkhniamarae takhafae `aiak katnrj Rnrkajaeae Hlia Ongji Ra`a
Rnkhniamarae RNEMAW, Eakue pneuijs kasjf haeyao hutuf sarae `ae pnrhajoae `arj snkua
pnkhaga.
@ACPAX R^WPAOA
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