Kikai Seizu

Introductory Maintenance Course

Mechanical Diagrams
First Edition, October 2008

---------RNAIPL------
 Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 1: Introduction

１．The Role of Production Diagrams

There are various purposes of production diagrams, but this course describes production
diagrams for products thought of by designers. No matter how great a designer’s idea or the
technology they have, unless they are fully cognizant of methods of accurately transmitting the
idea to people on the production side, products satisfactory to the designer are impossible. In other
words, production diagrams must accurately express all the designer’s ideas. If products made to
the instructions on the diagram are different from the designer’s idea, the responsibility is the
designer’s, and no one else can be blamed. No matter how beautifully drawn, if the description is
incomplete or the required directions are missing, the diagram can only be considered useless.

General Rules
Diagrams described herein show the target object in plan form, and are used to mean diagrams
that communicate the necessary information between designers and manufacturers, and between
people placing and receiving orders. The general rules of a typical production diagram are
explained below.

Objectives of Production Diagrams

The objective of creating diagrams is to communicate accurately and easily the wishes of the
diagram maker to the user of the diagram. Further, diagrams are also expected to accurately store,
index, and use the information shown in the diagram.

Basic Elements that Must Be Included in the Diagram

Diagrams must satisfy the following requirements to achieve the objectives of production
diagrams.
(1) Include information on the required size, shape, orientation, and position as well as the form of
the target object. Further, information such as the surface texture, materials, and processing
methods are also included as necessary.
(2) The information described in (1) must be expressed using clear and easy-to-understand
methods.
(3) Expressions must be consistent throughout to avoid ambiguous interpretations.
(4) The diagrams must have as much commonality and universality across as many fields as
possible from the viewpoint of exchanging technologies between fields.
(5) Diagrams must be international from the standpoint of international trade and technology
exchange.
(6) Be equipped with content and format that enables the accurate storage, indexing, and use of
diagrams and copies including microfilm images.

Diagram Sizes and Formats

Diagram sizes and formats are as follows:

1-1
Chapter 1: Introduction

(1) The diagram size and format must be selected for convenience of diagram creation, copying,
storage, indexing, and use, etc., according to the regulations in JIS Z 8311 (diagram sizes and
formats).
(2) Select the smallest diagram size possible that can still maintain diagram clarity by considering
the size of the target object and the complexity of the form. For ease of handling the diagram,
however, this restriction does not apply when it is necessary to make diagram sizes uniform.
Lines Used in Diagrams
The lines used in diagrams are as follows:
(1) Lines used to create diagrams must be of the type and application regulated by JIS Z 8312
(lines used in creating diagrams). If described according to different specifications, however, lines
conforming to that application are used. (See Note 1.) If using lines according to a different
application, a description of what the lines describe must be included in the diagram.
Note 1: For example, JIS Z 8312 stipulates the use of fine solid lines as dimension lines, drawer lines,
rotational cross-section lines, center lines, and standard surface lines, but JIS B 0002 (screw
production diagrams) stipulates that “lines describing the bottom of screw valleys and lines describing
incomplete screws should be fine solid lines”.
(2) Lines specified in JIS Z 8312 are used when drawing with a lead pencil or ink and using
diagram production tools such as rulers and compasses, etc., or when creating diagrams using an
automatic drafting machine.
Characters Used in Diagrams
The characters used in diagrams are as follows:
(1) When creating a diagram, the characters used such as dimension figures, lettering and
symbols, and in the footnotes, etc., must be according to the stipulations of JIS Z 8313 (characters
used in diagram production).
(2) The characters stipulated in JIS Z 8313 are used when drawing by hand using either a pencil or
ink, including when using an aid such as a template. If drawing using an automatic drafting
machine, adjust its font to match the regulations as much as possible. Further, characters used in
typewriting, printing, stamping, and affixing seals should also follow these standards as much as
possible.

Symbols Used in Diagrams

The symbols used in diagrams are as follows:
(1) Specific items can be described on diagrams using symbols such as diagram symbols and
lettering to allow comprehension of the instruction details as well as clarifying the diagram.
(2) Generally special notes are not necessary if using, as stipulated, the specified symbols
prescribed by to the Japan Industrial Standards for diagram production.Example: Φ describes

diameter dimensions, and describes positioning angle tolerances.

(3) If using symbols that are not specifically designated by JIS for use in diagram creation, or if
using symbols designated by well-known standards other than JIS, as a rule, describe the
standards number in suitably placed notes on the diagram.
(4) If using symbols not described in (2) or (3) above, describe the meaning of the symbols in

1-2
 Chapter 1: Introduction

suitably placed notes on the diagram.

Describing Forms Used in Diagrams

(1) Projection Methods Used in Diagram Creation
The types of diagrams based on projection methods used when depicting the forms of solid
objects on plan diagrams are as follows, according to the purpose and application of the diagram.
[1] Normally, front projection diagrams as designated in JIS Z 8315 (projection methods used in
diagram creation) are used.
[2] If describing an object in three dimensions using a single form, either isometric drawings or
cabinet drawings as designated in JIS Z 8315 are used.
[3] Projection methods not designated by JIS Z 8315 may also be used as necessary, but in such
cases, the nomenclature of the projection diagram should also be appended. (See Note 2.) Note 2:
For example, curved surface line diagrams or perspective drawing, etc.
(2) Describing Forms during Diagram Creation
The methods of depicting the form of objects in diagrams are described below.
[1] The methods of depicting the forms of objects using front projection are stipulated in JIS Z 8316
(methods of describing forms during diagram creation). The diagram creator depicts the form to
enable the diagram user to understand the object correctly and easily.
Notes: 1. In this case, the form should be drawn while considering the nature of production and use or
the object according to the objective of the diagram.
2. JIS Z 8316 also stipulates auxiliary projection diagrams, local projection diagrams, partial projection
diagrams, and cross-section diagrams in addition to ordinary front projection diagrams, and as long as
the purpose of use of the diagram is not harmed, these may be selected as appropriate to rationalize
diagram production.
[2] When a specialilzed form is depicted faithfully, yet drawing diagrams of the objects or specific
parts are not particularly effective, the diagram should be according to JIS, which specify the
drawing methods, regardless of [1] above.
[3] With diagrams drawn using methods other than front projection as well, items not directly
related to projection (e.g., methods of describing cross-sections) should ideally be according to JIS
Z 8316 as much as possible.
(3) Measurements Used in Diagram Creation
The measurements used in creating diagrams are described below.
[1] The measurements used to create diagrams are stipulated by JIS Z 8314 (measurements using
in creating diagrams).
[2] The measurements used are selected to maintain clarity in the diagram after the size of the
object and the complexity of its form have been considered.
(4) Other Items
Diagrams must be drawn so as to maintain the correct proportional relationship between the size
of the form and the size of the object. In the following cases, however, this proportional relationship
does not need to be maintained in all or part of the diagram.
[1] Explanatory diagrams.
[2] Diagrams in which there are few dimensions with simple forms when compared to usual

1-3
Chapter 1: Introduction

production diagrams, and so there is no risk of their being misread. (See Note 3.)
Note 3: For example, diagrams created by entering the dimensions, etc., as needed on drawing paper
forms that have been printed in advance.

Methods of Entering Dimensions when Creating Diagrams

The methods of entering dimensions to describe quantitively the size, position, and orientation of
objects in the form shown in the diagram are according to JIS Z 8317 (methods of entering
dimensions during diagram creation).
Note: The standard environmental temperature for measuring dimensions is 20˚C.

Methods of Drawing Diagrams with Geometric Tolerances during Diagram Creation

The methods of drawing diagrams using symbols for the geometric tolerances of the shapes of
objects are stipulated in JIS B 0021 (methods of drawing diagrams of geometric tolerances). As a
rule, of the tolerances specified in diagrams, the shape, orientation, position, and run-out are
described using geometric tolerances.
Notes: The forms described in diagrams must maintain the characteristics of the shape of the object.
Consequently, unless otherwise specified, straight lines on diagrams should be viewed as straight lines
on the object, circles as circular parts of the object, parallel lines as parallel parts, and intersecting lines
as right angles. Further, center lines should be viewed generally as symmetrical axis lines, and center
lines that share two or more shapes in common should be viewed as symmetrical, concentric, or
coaxial axis lines.
Writing Text during Diagram Creation
Text written as notes, etc., on diagrams must be as follows to communicate information clearly and
easily.
(1) Text should be as clean as possible, and written in block style.
(2) The text should be a colloquial style.
(3) The style should be horizontal from left to right, and the text may be broken up if necessary.
(4) As a rule, the jargon used should be according to terms specified by JIS and technical language
specified by the Japanese Ministry of Education.
Changes to Diagrams
If the diagram is changed after publication, add suitable symbols to the changed parts, and store
suitably the shapes and dimensions, etc., before the changes were made. In such cases, clearly state
the date and reasons for the changes.

1-4
 Chapter 1: Introduction

2. Types of Diagrams
(1) Classification by Application

Diagram
Explanation
Type

Design diagrams describe the ideas of the designer, and
may compr ise diagrams that record practiced planning
Design that are then used either as is as assembly diagrams, or
Diagrams as templat es f or assembly diagrams.

Diagrams with the same name as the planning diagram.

Design diagrams and diagrams for production are normally called

production diagrams. Processing diagrams and manufacturing
Product ion diagrams are, of course, production diagrams.
Diagrams
Part or all of a production diagram may be presented to
a customer f or approval, or to outsources as an order ing
diagram.

Diagrams that are easy to understand and that explain
Explanation the outline of conf igurations and machines.
Diagrams Three-dimensional diagrams are often used in
explanat ion diagrams.

1-5
Chapter 1: Introduction

(2) Classification by Content

Diagram Type Explanation

Diagrams f or the production of parts and
products assembled and completed by a
Parts Diagrams or
specialist manuf acturer are also handled as a
Partial Diagrams
type of parts diagram as they descr ibe the
necessar y specif icat ions only. (See Fig. 1.1.)

Diagrams that enable the assembly details to be
understood as well as shown the assembled
product.

Although often included in parts tables,
assembly diagrams may also be at tached
separately to the par ts table.

A group of some of the parts of a product
collated is called a partial assem bly diagram.

In contrast to parts diagrams and partial
Assembly Diagram assembly diagrams, diagrams that show the f ull
assembly are also called parent diagrams, and
in this regard, the partial diagrams and partial
assembly diagrams are also called daughter
assembly diagrams.

Piping diagrams are also included as partial
assembly diagrams.

Assembly diagrams that include many partial
assembly diagrams are called comprehensive
assembly diagrams.

Diagrams that describe the appear ance of a
Appearance
product f or business use and f or explanations.
Diagrams
(See Fig. 1.2.)

Diagrams that describe easy-to-understand
Mechanism mechanisms to make explanat ions f or business,
Diagrams product ion management, and assembly worker
use. (See Fig. 1.3.)

Diagrams required f or basic construct ion work to
install machines at the product deliver y
Basic Diagrams destination.

They may also be partial assembly diagrams.
(See Fig. 1.4.)

Diagrams drawn f or separate processes such as
Process Diagrams
processing, inspect ion, etc., based on the
(Product ion
design diagrams.
Diagrams by

Process diagrams ar e also widely used in mass
Process)
product ion plants. (See Fig. 1.5.)

1-6
 Chapter 1: Introduction

(3) Classification by Character of the Diagram

Diagram Explanation
Type
Core
Diagrams based on the design.
Diagrams
This def init ion, however, is not standard.

Diagrams f or creating f uture copies to be used in
Original product ion.
Diagrams
Original drawings may also be extremely small images
on microf ilm, etc.

Copies of the original diagram.
Secondar y

Used for such purposes as emergency storage and as the
Original
original diagram in plants with similar systems in separate
Diagrams
locations.

Fig. 1-1: Example of Purchasing Parts Diagram (Assembly Parts Are also Handled as Parts Diagrams)

1-7
Chapter 1: Introduction

Fig. 1-2: Example of External Shape Diagrams (Used in Catalogs, Etc.)

Fig. 1-3: Example of MechanIism/System Diagram (Combination of Pulley, Cog Wheel, and

Fig. 1-4: Basic Diagram Example

1-8
 Chapter 1: Introduction

Fig. 1-5: Example of Process Diagram (Broach Processing Plan)

Understood by the broach

Processing dimensions This sprain in inserted into
processing supervisor,
diagram for all processes the broach processes and
processing can be performed
tolerances
while considering the before
and after processes.

1-9
 Chapter 2: Basic Diagram Production

Chapter 2: Basic Diagram Production

1. Diagram Size
The size of the paper is determined as shown in Column A and Column B, and the paper
used for diagram production is A0 to A4 as shown in Column B. Use is determined by paper
size. (As a rule, Column B, which mainly comprises notepads and books, is not used.) As an
exception, if particularly long diagrams are required, it is possible to extend the paper
lengthways.

2. Diagram Length and Breadth

Diagrams are said to be correctly aligned when positioned so that the long side runs left to
right (landscape). Recently, however, there have been cases in which portrait alignment is
used, and the opinion that landscape is no longer definitely determined as being the correct
alignment, although slight, exists both in Japan and other countries.

3. Diagram Outlines (Borders)

Generally, diagram outlines are determined according to the dimensions shown in Table 2-1.
Border lines are not essential, but are required to apply positioning and their margins of error if
taking photos, etc.

Table 2-1: Diagram Size Outlines

Using portrait alignment at A4 or smaller Size Names A0 A1 A2 A3 A4

841 594 420 297 210
ｂ axb x x x x x
ａ
1189 841 594 420 297
ｃ

C min. 10 10 10 5 5
a

ｄ ｃ
ｃ Open 20 20 10 10 10
D min.

Closed 25 25 25 25 25
ｃ
ｃ

4. Scale
With JIS, in addition to the actual 1:1 scale, the following scales are also used. Reduction:
1:2, 1:5, and 1:10. Expansion: 2:1, 5:1, and 10:1.
At the point where spaces can be used effectively on diagram paper, it is convenient to use
a fine scale, but it may be difficult to appreciate the ratio sizes if the relevant parts diagram is
at 1:2.5 or 1:3, etc., so it is recommended that you only use actual 1:1 values wherever
possible.

2-1
Chapter 2: Basic Diagram Production

5. Line Types, Thicknesses, and Applications

A geometric expression linked by straight lines, curved lines, and dashes or unbroken lines
from start to end, with the thickness of the lines at least half as thick as the length.
Note 1: The start and end may combine so that the line describes a circle.
Note 2: a line with a thickness less than half that of the length is called a dot.
Note 3: Try drawing test lines to inspect the clarity of the diagram by sending via
facsimile or transferring to microfilm.

5.1. Line Elements

Describes part of a non-continuous single line. For example, the gap between lines of
different lengths, etc.

5.2. Line Segments

A group of lines configured from at least two non-continuous different line elements. For
example, a combination of a long line, a gap, an extremely short line, a gap, an extremely
short line, a gap, etc. The lengths and names of line elements (refer to Table 2-2 for details).

Line Element Line Type Number Length

Dot 04 to 07 and 10 to 15 0.5d max.
Gap 02 and 04 to 15 3d
Extremely Short Line 08 and 09 6d
Short Line 02, 03, and 10 to 15 12d
Long Line 04 to 06, 08 and 09 24d
Long Gap 03 18d
Note: The line lengths in this table are applied to line elements in which the edges are
either semicircular or right-angled. The lengths of line elements with semicircular edges
are the distance from start to end depicted using a graphics pen (a tubular pen that uses
ink), and are those items to which d has been added to the length in Table 3.

Table 2-2: Line Element Names

5.3. Line Types
(1) Line Names (Reference)
Name Type Explanation
Solid Line Continuous line
Dotted Line A line of short lines of fixed length (approx. 3 mm) at fixed
intervals (approx. 1 mm)
Dot-Dash Line A line of lines of fixed length (approx. 20 mm) and single dots
(approx. 1 mm) alternating at fixed intervals (approx. 1 mm)
Two-Dot-Dash Line A line of lines of fixed length (approx. 20 mm) and two dots
(approx. 1 mm) alternating at fixed intervals (approx. 1 mm)

Table 2-3: Line Names

2-2
 Chapter 2: Basic Diagram Production

(2) Basic Line Shapes

Describes the line types and their applications (refer to Table 2-4 for details).

Table 2-4: Line Types and Applications

Name According to Line Type Line Application

Application
Outline Thick solid line Used to describe the shapes of visible parts of objects
Dimensions Line Used to enter dimensions.
Supplemental Used to draw out from the diagram shape to enter
Dimension Line dimensions.
Drawn Out Line Used to draw out to express notes, diagrams, etc.
Thin solid line
Rotational Cross Used to express a 90˚ rotation of the cuttings of parts in
Section Line the diagram.
Center Line Used to describe diagram center lines briefly.
Level Surface Line Used to describe the position of water and oil surfaces,
etc.
Hidden Line Thin broken line or thick Used to describe multiple shapes that are not visible on
broken line the object.
Center Line Thin dot-dash line (1) Used to describe the center of the diagram.
(2) Used to describe the centrode to which the center
has moved.
Baseline Used to clarify specific positioning.
Pitch Line Used to describe the basis for taking the pitch of
repeated diagrams.
Special Thick dot-dash line Used to describe the range that should be applied to
Specifications Line special requirements such as special processing parts,
etc.
Imaginary Line Thick two-dot-dash line (1) Used to describe adjoining parts for reference.
(2) Used to express the position of tools, jigs, etc., for
reference.
(3) Used to express moveable parts using a specified
position during travel or the limits of that travel.
(4) Used to describe shapes either before or after
processing.
(5) Used to describe repetitions.
(6) Used to describe parts in front of the cross-section
described in the diagram.
Center of Gravity Used to describe lines connected to the cross-section
Line center of gravity.
Curved or zig zag Thin solid lines or zigzags Used to describe the limits of ruptured object parts, or
Line of unspecified waves the limits of removed parts.
Cutting Line A thin dot-dash line that If drawing cutouts, used to describe on the diagram the
thickens at the ends and corresponding cutting position.
parts where the direction
changes.
Hatching Thin sold lines, aligned Used to separate specific parts limited on the diagram,
according to the rules. and other parts.
Special Applications Thin sold line (1) Used to describe extensions to outlines and hidden
Line lines.
(2) Used to describe surfaces.
Extremely thick solid line Used to clarify thin single line diagrams.

2-3
Chapter 2: Basic Diagram Production

(1) Solid Lines

a) Visible Outline (refer to Diagram 2-1 for details)
Lines that describe the outer shape of an object (i.e., lines that describe the shape of
those parts of an object that are visible) are called visible outlines.
These lines are vital for creating the major shape of the diagram, and so are expressed
using thick solid lines.

b) Broken Line (refer to Diagram 2-1 for details)

Lines that describe places where part of the object is ruptured, or lines that describe
places that have been removed. A thin solid line is used.

c) Dimension Lines, Supplemental Dimension Lines, and Leader Lines (refer to Fig. 2-1 for
details)
To enter dimensions in diagrams, dimension lines (normally with arrows at both ends of
the line) and supplemental dimension lines are used. (Depending on the circumstances,
dimension lines may be written directly into the diagrams, and supplemental dimension
lines may not be used.)
These are drawn using thin solid lines to make the diagram clear. Leader lines, which
are used to enter parts numbers, are also drawn using thin solid lines.

Fig. 2-1 Line Names

Dimensions line
Center lines (3122)
(3133)
Dimensions line
(3133) Hidden
Supplementary line (3121) Cutting line
dimensions line (3134) (3127)
Hatching Outlines (3120)
(3323)
Rotational cross-
section line (3128) Special specifications
Draw-out line line (3132)
(3135)
Center line Zigzag lines
(3122) (3116)
Rupture line
(3126)

Imaginary line
(3129)

(2) Broken Lines (Hidden Lines)

Used to describe the shapes of parts that are not visible in an object (i.e., hidden parts).
Note the following precautions when drawing broken lines.
Note: As shown in Fig. 2-2, if a dashed line and dot-dash line belonging to the same
shape intersect, make sure they intersect across two dashes.

Fig. 2-2: Dashed Line Intersection

2-4
 Chapter 2: Basic Diagram Production

Note 2: Dotted lines intersect at two dots.

If two dashed lines are drawn parallel and in close proximity, draw them staggered from
each other and not in alignment.

Poor Good

(3) Dot-Dash Lines

a) Cutting Lines
If drawing cross-sections, this line describes the cutting position, and is drawn using
thin dot-dash lines, and the important elements such as both ends, curves, etc., are
drawn using thick lines. Further, add arrows at both ends to describe the direction of
projection.
If clearly a cutting line, however, both ends and other important elements do not need
to be thick lines. Further, if it is not necessary to describe the direction of projection using
arrows, they may be omitted.
b) Center Lines
Center lines play as important a role in describing diagrams as outlines do, and so must
be drawn if depicting the center of diagrams such as all radiation axes, all hole centers,
centers of operations, centers of mechanisms, object centers, and the central axes of
objects, etc. Further, the dimensions of each part positioned in the diagram are described
using the center line as standard.
As a rule, thin dot-dash lines are used to describe center lines, but it is better if the
dashes are on the long side (approx. 20 mm).
Further, center lines must stop approximately 5 to 8 mm when protruding from the
diagram, and must never be longer than necessary.
In addition, among the center lines, those center lines for the overall diagram are called
basic center lines, and those center lines concerning part of the center line are called
secondary center lines, and when drawing diagrams, make sure to start drawing from the
basic center lines first.
c) Pitch Lines and Pitch Circles
If several holes are arranged along the circumference of a circle, forming one unit, the
circumference is the pitch of the circle, and uses a thin dot-dash line similar to center
lines (refer to Fig. 2-3 for details). Further, quite naturally, thin dot-dash lines are also
used for pitch circles and pitch lines for gear wheels and sprockets, etc.

Pitch circle PCD

Fig. 2-3
Pitch circle for holes
along the same
circumference

2-5
Chapter 2: Basic Diagram Production

(4) Two-Dot-Dash Lines

Thin dot-dash and two-dot-dash lines are used in imaginary lines.
Imaginary lines are used to describe all virtual lines as a diagrammatic expediency, and
whereas the cutting lines and center lines described above describe position only,
imaginary lines describe object shapes in the same way as outlines and hidden lines, and
they have a considerable number of applications.
(1) To describe parts in front of the depicted cross-section
(2) To describe adjoining parts for reference
(3) To describe shapes before or after processing
(4) To describe moveable parts in the location after movement

6. Characters
With characters, it is recommended to use Kanji for standard writing, katakana for technical
terms, and katakana to prevent explanatory tests from being difficult to read. (Hiragana may
also be used.)
Types of character sizes (or the height of the character) are as follows: Kanji 3.15, 6.3, 9,
12.5, and 18 mm, and kana, numerals, and English 2.24 mm. In continuous text, however,
write the Kanji only one size larger than other text. Examples of font sizes are shown in Fig.
2-4.

Fig. 2-4: JIS Characters

Size 9 mm: アイウエオカキクケ

Size 4.5 mm: テトナニヌネノハヒ

Size 4.5 mm: 1234567890

Size 6.3 mm: ＡＢＣＤＥＦＧＨＩＪＫＬＭＮＯＰＱＲＳＴＵＶＷＸＹＺ

ａｂｃｄｅｆｇｈｉｊｋｌｍｎｏｐｑｒｓｔｕｖｗｘｙｚ

2-6
 Chapter 2: Basic Diagram Production

ギリシャ文字と読み方

2-7
Chapter 2: Basic Diagram Production

7. Projection Methods
(1) Projection Methods
It is not easy to describe three-dimensional solid objects perfectly on flat diagrams. A
method called projection can be used, of which there are several varieties. Here, the
“projection” in “projection method” doesn’t just mean “product of backlighting”, but also
“foreshadowing” and “image”.
“Projection method” means any method of describing a three-dimensional solid target
object as a two-dimensional flat diagram.
a) Orthographic projection: A method of expression using multiple projections such as
adding diagrams of objects seen from the side to diagrams of objects seen from the
front. Used in the production of mechanical diagrams for the first and third angle
projection methods.
b) Pictorial diagrams (a method using single projections)

(2) Other Projection Methods

If it seems easier to understand a solid depiction of the image’s shape, isometric
projection, oblique projection, or perspective projection may be used.

1. Axonometric A method of describing an object using diagrams seen from a point at

Projection infinity of an oblique angle as if visible from three sides.
Projections in a direction not at right angles to the projected surface,
2. Oblique
and diagrams of shapes that have been warped from two other
Projection
aspects into a front aspect.
3. Perspective A method of creating diagrams with the same perspective as when
Projection looking at a solid with the naked eye.

In the creation of diagrams, only orthographic projection is used. The reasons being that
orthographic projection diagrams are easy to create, and the dimensions, etc., that have been
entered are easy to read.

Fig. 2-5: Pictorial Diagrams

(A) Isometric Projection (B) Oblique Projection

Z

120°
Actual dimensions

120° 120°
Y
30° 30°
Actual dimensions
a=15° to 75°

(C) Oblique Projection

Z
X
O

Y
2-8
 Chapter 2: Basic Diagram Production

(3) Third and First Angle Projection Methods

Two surfaces that intersect at right angles divide the space into four as shown in Fig. 2-6.
These spaces are called first angle, second angle, third angle, and fourth angle
counterclockwise from the right top.
These four spaces are delineated using parallel surfaces. First angle projection method
places a solid in the first angle space, and the object is then projected to the back surface
vis-à-vis the solid from the viewpoint described in the diagram. Third angle projection
method places a solid in the third angle space, and the object is then projected to the front
surface vis-à-vis the solid from the viewpoint described in the diagram.
First angle projection method is widely used in Europe, but in America and Japan, the
third angle projection method is used almost exclusively. (As a rule, JIS uses the third angle
projection method, but ISO uses both equally.) Fig. 2-7 shows the symbols used to describe
these projection methods.

Fig. 2-6: Determining Space

Second angle
第二角法
projection method First angle
第一角法
projection method

Third angle
第三角法 第四角法
Fourth angle
projection method projection method

Fig. 2-7: Symbols

(a) Third Angle Projection Method Symbols (b) First Angle Projection Method Symbols

2-9
Chapter 2: Basic Diagram Production

Concept for the Third Angle Projection Method

For the third angle projection method, a solid object is placed in the third angle, and the
left aspect is projected to the left perpendicular aspect, the surface aspect is projected to
the horizontal plane, and the front aspect is projected to the nearside vertical plane. The
projection plane is between the focal point and the object, and is characterized by having
exactly the same sensation as looking through a glass box.

If the three projections are developed as is, a third aspect projection diagram will result
(refer to Table 2-8 for details).

Fig. 2-8: Development of Third Aspect Projection Diagrams

Plane

Left aspect Front

(4) (First Angle Projection Method) Comparison with Third Angle Projection Method
The first angle projection method is often used in European countries and in shipbuilding
diagrams.
For the first angle projection method, the projection diagram is drawn from the back
projection through the object from the viewing position (refer to Table 2-9 for details).

Fig. 2-9: Concept for the First

Angle Projection Method

2-10
 Chapter 2: Basic Diagram Production

If the three projections are developed as is, a first aspect projection diagram will result (refer
to Table 2-10 for details).

Fig. 2-10: Development of First Aspect Projection Diagrams

Plane Left aspect

Front

When first aspect and third aspect projection diagrams are compared, it can be
understood that the third aspect projection method is easier to see as a continuation of
projection diagrams when compared to the actual object (refer to Table 2-12 for details).

Fig. 2-12: Comparison of First Aspect and Third Aspect Projection Diagrams

First Aspect Third Aspect

Projection Method Projection Method

Front Left aspect

Plane

Plane Left aspect Front

2-11
 Chapter 3: Diagrammatic Expressions

Chapter 3: Diagrammatic Expressions

1. Selecting Front Elevations

Diagrams must be created most effectively and accurately, as well as be easy to read, but
the overall effect is greatly controlled by the type of front elevation (typical projection drawing)
selected.
Front elevations are the main type of diagram, and so are necessary for all diagrams, and in
cases of extreme simplicity, front elevations alone are enough. (Whereas objects can be
described using front elevations alone, other diagrams should still not be omitted.)
For complicated objects, right elevations, plane figures, left elevations, and bottom
elevations can be added to front elevations. Consequently, the more complicated the diagram,
the easier or more difficult it becomes to read the diagram depending on the method of front
elevation selected. Thus, when it comes to selecting front elevations, using a car as an
example, the view from the side is normally the typical projection diagram used, and is treated
as the front elevation (see Fig. 3-1).

Fig. 3-1: Expressing Front Elevations

Left/right seat880
Center seat 885

Left/right seat 485

Center seat 490

3-1
Chapter 3: Diagrammatic Expressions

When drawing plans, to make them as easy to understand as possible for workers, use a
lengthy process as the basis for depicting the status of the product during processing.
For example, with products turned on a lathe, use the same center line as the aspect when
actually mounting the product to the lathe as the horizontal, and depict so that the work
emphasis is positioned on the right (see Fig. 3-2). Further, with products that are planed, use
the length as the horizontal, and depict so that the processed surface is the surface of the
diagram (see Fig. 3-3).

Fig. 3-2: Lathed Products

(a) Inner Surface Bevel (b) Outer Surface Bevel

Fig. 3-3: Planed Products

Further, avoid whenever possible diagrams that use dotted lines, and create diagrams
using external lines (solid lines) (see Fig. 3-4).

Fig. 3-4: No Need to Use Hidden (Dotted) Lines

Left View Front Elevation Right View

(Poor) (Good)

3-2
 Chapter 3: Diagrammatic Expressions

2. Supporting Diagrams
Depending on the shape of the product, it may not be possible to express a diagram
sufficiently using the normal front projection method. In this case, use supporting diagrams
(partial projections and supplementary projections).

(1) Partial Projections

Depending on the components, in cases where, contrary to expectation, a diagram is
more difficult to read if the product is depicted accurately in its entirety, it may be possible to
draw a projection diagram of the required components (parts) only as a plane figure or side
view. This is called a partial projection.

As a reference example, if depicting diagrammatically only part of the product, those

necessary parts are expressed as a partial projection. In this case, it is better not to add
arrows, but to depict using the third angle projection method immediately next to the main
object. Further, to avoid misreading, as a rule, connect the center line as shown in Fig. 3-5
(a).
In the case of Fig. 3-5 (b), when entering the dimensions along the key groove shaft axis,
connect the supporting dimension lines from the base line.

Fig. 3-5: Using Partial Projections

3-3
Chapter 3: Diagrammatic Expressions

The left view was drawn by developing the third angle projection method without using
partial projection, but this example is complicated and difficult to understand (see Fig. 3-6).

Fig. 3-6: When Partial Projection is not Used

In the following example, the left and right sides are depicted using partial projection,
making the diagrams easy to read (see Fig. 3-7).

Fig. 3-7: When Partial Projection is Used

3-4
 Chapter 3: Diagrammatic Expressions

(2) Supporting Projections

If it is necessary to draw the actual shape of a slope, sometimes only the necessary part is drawn
from the position opposite the slope. This is called a supporting projection (see Fig. 3-8).

Fig. 3-8: Example of Supporting Projection

If the supporting projection cannot be depicted from the position opposite the slope due to
space limitations, draw in the nearby margin and add a note (see Fig. 3-9).

Fig. 3-9: When the Supporting Projection Cannot Be Depicted From the Correct Position

View from A

If using partial projection or supporting projection, the plane diagram, which is difficult to
understand, can be omitted and the complicated side views simplified, so having made the
actual shape easy to understand, the hard work of diagram creation can be avoided.

3-5
Chapter 3: Diagrammatic Expressions

3. Describing Cross Sections

Hidden lines are used to draw parts that are not visible from the outside of the product. If the
product has a simple shape, this is sufficient for the purpose, but if the internal shape is
complicated, or when showing parts assembled using numerous individual components as in
an assembly diagram, contrary to expectation, using dotted lines can make diagrams
complicated and difficult to understand.
In this case, a cross section is used to show the internal configuration clearly. As shown in
Fig. 3-10 (a), the product is cut along a virtual cross-sectional plane, and the part closest to
the reader removed to show the internal shape by cross section. This cross-sectional
projection is called a cross-sectional diagram (see Fig. 3-10 (b)).

Fig. 3-10: Drawing Cross Sections

Cross section

(a) Cross Section (b) Cross-Sectional Diagram

(1) Drawing Cross Sections

Smashing has been used hitherto to clearly create the cross-sectional part, but because
creation of the diagram requires much effort, do not use smashing as a rule. If it is
necessary to prevent misreading or confusion of the diagram, however, smashing may be
performed. In this case, lightly shade an area 2 to 3mm thick around the cross section from
the back of the tracing paper using a red or black pencil (see Fig. 3-11).

Fig. 3-11: Smashing

Lightly shade 2 to 3mm

3-6
 Chapter 3: Diagrammatic Expressions

(2) Types of Cross-Sectional Diagrams

Products come in various shapes, so you must choose the most suitable cross section
method. There are a variety of cross-sectional diagrams as described below, depending on
the cross section method you are using.

a) Full Cross Section

As a rule, cross sections are described using a cross-sectioned surface along the basic
center line, and the method of cutting and drawing the entire component using this aspect
is called a full cross section (see Fig. 3-12).

Fig. 3-12: Full Cross Section Reference Example

If necessary, aspects that have been cut in places other than the basic center line can be used. In
this case, make sure to draw the line of the cut. To identify the basic center line, draw both ends of
the cutting line using a thick solid line, and indicate the viewing direction using arrows (see Fig.
3-13).

Fig. 3-13: Full Cross Section Using Cutting Lines

Cutting line

3-7
Chapter 3: Diagrammatic Expressions

(3) Cutting and Drawing Using Two or More Combined Planes

The cross section may be cut using a combination of two or more planes, but make sure
to display the cutting position using cutting lines.
For cutting lines, use a thick solid line for bends as well as both ends, and indicate the
viewing direction using arrows.

b) Stepped Cross-Sectional Diagrams

Describing cross sections of aspects that have been cut in steps is called the stepped
cross-sectional method, and at this time, if the lines for the perpendicular cross section
are added to the projection, there is a risk that the reader will misunderstand the diagram,
so do not add perpendicular lines (see Fig. 3-14).

Fig. 3-14
Stepped Cross-Sectional Diagram

c) Acute Angle Cross Sections

The half on one side of the basic center line is cut parallel to an ordinary projection, and the
remaining half is cut at a certain angle to this (see Fig. 3-15).
In this case, the cross section using the cross section aspect OA is rotated to a position where it
forms a straight line with AO, with O in the center, and then projected. Further, “cross section
AOA” is written on the cross-sectional diagram as an instruction.

Fig. 3-15: Example of an Acute Angle Cross Section

Cross section AOA

3-8
 Chapter 3: Diagrammatic Expressions

d) Right Angle Cross Sections

These can be considered as special cases of acute angle cross sections, and are a
method in which one half from the basic center line is cut normally, and the remaining half
is cut at right angles (see Fig. 3-16).

Fig. 3-16: Right Angle Cross Section

Cross section AOA

e) Multi-Point Synthesis Cross Section

This is a cross-sectional method that combines two or more types of cross section, stepped, acute
angle, or right angle, for one product (see Fig. 3-17 (a)). Even using this method, if the cross
section of one point cannot be expressed, increase the number of cross-sectional diagrams as
necessary.
Further, there is also another method in which the separate top and bottom cross sections are
collated in cross-sectional diagrams (see Fig. 3-17 (b)).

Fig. 3-17: Synthesized Cross-Sectional Diagram

Cross section AOB

Cross section AOA

Cross section AOBCD

3-9
Chapter 3: Diagrammatic Expressions

f) Semi-Cross Section
Used to depict the cross section of products with symmetrical shapes. As it is not necessary to
show the full cross section with such products, only half is cut (either the top half or the right
half from the basic center line) and the cross-sectional diagram drawn, and the remaining half
is drawn to show the external appearance (see Fig. 3-18).
This method is convenient as it enables both the internal and external shapes of the product to
be shown in a single diagram simultaneously.
Further, with semi-cross section diagrams, not only are hidden lines not used, but nor are
cutting lines, the same as for cross-sectional diagrams.

Fig. 3-18: Semi-Cross Section Diagram

g) Partial Cross Sections

Used to show the internal shape by partially cutting away only the required parts of the product.
This composite dotted line is used to describe the cutting line.
Further, this method is used particularly to describe the interior of products that must not be cut,
or when the part that needs to be described in cross section is narrow (see Fig. 3-19).

Fig. 3-19: Partial Cross Section

(a) Poor (b) Good

(a) Poor (b) Good

3-10
 Chapter 3: Diagrammatic Expressions

h) Rotational Cross Sections

Cross-sectional diagrams of the center part of long objects such as arms, ribs, hooks, and
shafts for handles and vehicles, etc., show the following:
[1] The cutting site of the component (see Fig. 3-20)
[2] An extension of the cutting line (see Fig. 3-21)

Fig. 3-20: Rotating Cross Section [1]

When cutting a component to show its center, use solid lines, and when depicting the inside of
the figure directly, use imaginary lines (thin solid lines).
Fig. 3-21: Rotating Cross Section [2]

Cross section AA

If images cannot be depicted along the cutting line extension, add alphabetical keys (e.g.,
A-A), and explain them below the cross-sectional diagram (e.g., “Cross section A-A”).

i) Products That Should not be Cut

The purpose of cross-sectional diagrams is to clearly show the shape and configuration of the
inside of a product. Nevertheless, depending on the product’s parts, making a cross section may
make the diagram confusing and difficult to read, or the cross section itself may have no meaning.
In this case, make sure that even if the cross section traverses that part, you do not show that part
of the cross section. There are two types of product that must never be cut: single component
products, and products with specified partial limitations.

Products for which cross-section diagram should not be drawn：

a-1 Shafts and axles
a-2 Screw parts (bolts, nuts, washers, etc.)
a-3 Rivets
a-4 Keys
a-5 Pins (parallel pins, taper pins, knock pins, split pins, etc.)

3-11
Chapter 3: Diagrammatic Expressions

Products for which Cross-sectional diagram can be drawn only based on the limited
condition:
b-1 Ribs in part of a product
b-2 Arms such as gearwheels, handles, belt wheels, flywheels, car wheels, etc.
b-3 Spokes such as cross handles, etc.
b-4 Handle grips
b-5 Butterfly screw pincers
b-6 Gearwheel teeth
b-7 Impeller veins

Fig. 3-22 shows the main objects described above.

Fig. 3-22: Objects That Should not be Cut

(b-6) Teeth
(a-5) Taper pins
(a-1) Shafts
(b-2) Arm

(a-2) Stopper screws

(a-2) Nuts
(a-4) Keys

(a-2) Washers

(b-1) Ribs (a-2) Bolts

An example of gearwheels is shown in Fig. 3-23, and an example of belt wheels is shown
in Fig. 3-24.

Fig. 3-23: Gearwheel Cross Section Fig. 3-24: Belt Wheel Cross Section

Tooth

Rim
Arm
Arm

Bush

(a) Good (b) Poor (a) Good (b) Poor

3-12
 Chapter 3: Diagrammatic Expressions

4. Special Diagrams
This section introduces useful methods for the creation of mechanical production diagrams.
These methods are useful for facilitating creation, reducing diagram creation work, and
making diagrams easy to understand.
1) Using development diagrams
2) Rotating diagrams
3) Idiomatic diagrams
4) Abridged diagrams

(1) Using Spreaded Diagrams

Use Spreaded diagrams if it is necessary to show the spreaded shape of target objects configured
using aspects or created by bending plates. For components that use washers (thin plates), it is
convenient for the diagram maker to add a Spreaded diagram to the diagram drawn using
standard projection.
At this time, enter “Spreaded diagram” either at the top or bottom of the Spreaded diagram (see Fig.
3-25).
Fig. 3-25: Spreaded Diagram

Spreaded
diagram

(2) Rotating Diagrams

Projections of components that have arms that protrude at an incline are difficult to understand.
Consequently, as shown in the diagram, the product can be described as having a part that rotates
at an incline (see Fig. 3-26).

Fig. 3-26: Rotating Diagrams

3-13
Chapter 3: Diagrammatic Expressions

(3) Idiomatic Diagrams

If a diagram is drawn too accurately, it will take far too much time to understand, as well
as being too difficult to understand. In this case, idiomatic diagrams are useful.

1) If there is a rotunda in the intersecting parts of the surface

If there is a rotunda in the intersecting parts of the surface, the intersection is not shown
on the projection. If it is particularly necessary to show the intersection, however, draw a
thick solid line at the intersection if there is no rotunda.

Fig. 3-27: Straight Corner

Fig. 3-28: Rounded corners

If there is a rotunda at the corner of the cross section,

describeasshown.

2) Describing Intersection Lines

For products with arms that protrude at an angle from the boss, describe the actual
length by rotating the part. Fig. 3-29 is an example of rotation using supporting lines in an
arc.

Intersecting solid: A solid comprising multiple solids that

intersect where they cross

Intersection line: A line comprising the intersecting parts of a

solid.

3-14
 Chapter 3: Diagrammatic Expressions

To determine the intersection lines of other parts that intersect with a cylinder will take a
considerable amount of time and requires the creation of a diagram. Nevertheless, in nearly all
cases, intersection lines are not required in the creation. Accordingly, JIS recommends using arcs
to express this part. Further, if the cylinders, prisms, and holes depicted are somewhat small,
describe the intersection lines using straight lines.

Fig. 3-29: Idiomatic Diagrams of Intersecting Solids

3) Diagrams of Components Where Parts Have Specific Shapes

Draw components where certain parts have specific shapes so that as far as possible, those
special parts are at the top. If drawing boss holes with key grooves, holes or grooves in the side
walls of tubes or cylinders, or ring cutouts, etc., use this drawing method (see Fig. 3-30).

Fig. 3-30: Diagrams of Components Where Certain Parts Have Specific Shapes

3-15
Chapter 3: Diagrammatic Expressions

If focusing on the processing of shaft key grooves, etc., the diagram may also be drawn as shown
(see Fig. 3-31).

Fig. 3-31: Diagram Focusing on Key Groove Processing

Cross section AA

4) If it is necessary to show that the diagram aspect of the plane is planar, so draw the diagonals
using a fine solid line (see Fig. 3-32).

Fig. 3-32: Plane Diagrams

3-16
 Chapter 3: Diagrammatic Expressions

5) Rolette Mesh and Stripe Steel Plate Diagrams (see Fig. 3-33)

[1] Rolettes

Fig. 3-33: Describing Rolette Cuttings

Flat Mesh
Processed to make sliding difficult

[2] Wire Mesh

If inclined, make sure the angle is 45˚.
Fig. 3-34: Example of Drawing Wire Mesh

[3] Stripe Steel Plates

Fig. 3-35: Example of Drawing Stripe Steel Plates

3-17
Chapter 3: Diagrammatic Expressions

6) Describing Special Processed Parts

If performing special processing, such as grinding or sintering, to part of the components, describe
this in the diagram by separating that area slightly parallel to the appearance lines using a thick
dot-dash line (see Fig. 3-36).

Fig. 3-36: Describing Special Processing

Carburization

High-frequency sintering

7) Describing Non-Metallic Materials

If it is necessary to describe non-metallic materials in particular, use the method shown
in Fig. 3-37. Even in such cases, be sure to write the name of the material on the parts
diagram.
The glass design in Fig. 3-37 can also be used for other transparent materials. In
general, transparent objects are not depicted as being transparent in diagrams so that
any objects on the far side are not visible.

Fig. 3-37: Describing Materials

Glass

Wood

Concrete

Fluids

3-18
 Chapter 3: Diagrammatic Expressions

(4) Abridged Diagrams

Abridged diagrams are useful for saving on the labor of diagram production and for improving
efficiency.

1) Omitting Hidden Lines

As shown in Fig. 3-38, if all hidden lines are depicted, contrary to intention, the diagram becomes
difficult to read.
Hidden lines tend to hinder understanding, and are best omitted.

Fig. 3-38
Example of Omitting
Hidden Lines

Hidden lines entered Hidden lines omitted

2) Omitting Middle Sections

As shown in Fig. 3-39, if the part of the same cross-sectioned shape is long, the middle section can
be omitted.

Fig. 3-39: Omitting Middle Parts

Note: Describe the cutaway ends using dotted lines.

3) Omitting the End Visible From the Front of the Cross Section
Fig. 3-40 below describes part of a boiler manhole, and the line visible from the front of the cross
section is better omitted, provided understanding is not impaired.

Fig. 3-40: Omitting Lines Visible from the Front of the Cross Section

3-19
Chapter 3: Diagrammatic Expressions

4) Omissions When There are Numerous Identical Types and Shapes

If many of the same type and shape, such as the same type of rivet hole, bolt hole, tube hole, or
tube, etc., are lined up continuously, there is no need to depict them all individually.
Describe merely the gist or both ends only, and omit the rest. Make sure to describe their positions,
however, using the center line, or intersections of center lines (see Fig. 3-41).

Fig. 3-41: Omitting Numerous Identical Types and Shapes

As shown in the diagrams below, if the center position of abridged shapes is confusing, or it is
necessary to describe clearly the center position in particular, add a black circle to the diagram
(see Fig. 3-42).

Fig. 3-42: Clearly Describing the Center Position of Abridged Shapes

Fig. 3-43: Abridged Diagram of the Target Shapes

3-20
 Chapter 4: Entering Dimensions

Chapter 4: Entering Dimensions

1. The Importance of Entering Dimensions in Diagrams

In creating diagrams, it is extremely important not only to show the shape and configuration
of the product, but also to enter the dimensions. In particular, if creating diagrams for the
manufacture of components, no matter how accurately the shape is depicted, if the
dimensions are incorrect or omitted, the components cannot be made correctly, so such
diagrams have absolutely no value as production diagrams.
Further, even if the dimensions are not omitted, if the method of entry is unsuitable,
production workers will have to make great efforts to read and understand the diagrams, and
in some cases, misunderstandings may occur, affecting work performance. From the above,
the importance of entering dimensions accurately on production diagrams can be understood.
To enter dimensions accurately, diligence is required in all tasks in the process of creating
products, and it is necessary to enable dimensions to be entered rationally so that the work
can be performed easily.

2. Dimensions Described in Diagrams

There are various types of product dimensions: finish dimensions, raw material dimensions,
and materials dimensions. “Finish dimensions” here are the dimensions for products in their
completed shape, and “raw material dimensions” describes dimensions before a cast or
forged product is mechanically processed.
Naturally, finish dimensions are just raw material dimensions to which completion costs
have been added.
Further, materials dimensions are the dimensions of materials before processing when
using commercially available rods, boxes, tubes, or plates as materials to create various
products.
Dimensions entered in normal diagrams describe the finish dimensions of those dimensions
described above unless otherwise stated explicitly, and raw material dimensions and materials
dimensions are clearly inscribed as such on diagrams in special cases, such as raw material
diagrams, materials diagrams, or processing diagrams.

3. Dimension Units

(1) Length
The dimension of length is entered in meters, and the unit symbol (mm) is not entered.
For example, if the unit is 50mm, just write “50”. If other units such as “m” or “cm” must be
used, make sure to enter them clearly. When describing numerals, such as 1m for example,
enter 1000. Do not enter 1.000. Further, make sure the decimal point is placed at the foot of
numbers and leave a suitable gap between each digit. Also, write decimal points so that they
are large and clear, viz.: 125.35.
(2) Angles
Angles are generally expressed as degrees, and if necessary both minutes and seconds
can be used together. Further, when expressing minutes and seconds, enter the following to
the right of the number: ˚, ‘, and ". For example, write 22 degrees, 3 minutes, and 21 seconds
as 22˚ 3’ 21”.

4-1
Chapter 4: Entering Dimensions

4. Lines and Arrows Used to Enter Dimensions

To enter dimensions in diagrams, use dimension lines, dimension supporting lines, leader
lines, arrows, etc.
(1) Dimension Lines and Dimension Supporting Lines
If describing the dimensions of parts in diagrams, first of all draw a vertical thin solid
line from both ends of the places describing the length to the outside of the diagram.
Next, draw a thin solid line (called the dimension line) parallel to the places that
describe the length to a point that is a suitable distance from the outside line (the
dimension support line is vertical), and draw arrows to the parts connected to the
dimension support line.
Further, write the numbers that describe the dimensions a slight distance from the
dimension lines alongside and above the lines without crossing the dimension lines (see
Fig. 4-1).

Fig. 4-1: Ent ering Dim ens ions

R50 R20

Φ80

160
85

50
140
280

a) Dimension Lines
[1] Make sure dimension lines are 10 to 15mm from the outside lines of the diagram
where the dimensions should be entered (see Fig. 4-2).
[2] Further, if drawing dimension lines with multiple intersections, separate the lines by
approx. 8 to 10 mm. This space, however, is determined by the size of the diagram
(see Fig. 4-2).
[3] Draw the dimension lines for short dimensions close to the diagram, and enter long
dimension lines on the outside to avoid the dimension lines and dimension support
lines from intersecting (see Fig. 4-2 (a) and Fig. 4-2 (b)).
[4] If dimension lines are contiguous, align them along the same straight line, and make
sure they do not become tiered (see Fig. 4-2 (c) and Fig. 4-2 (d)).

Fig. 4-2: Drawing Dimension Lines

2 to 3mm
8 to 10mm
8 to 10mm

10 to 15mm

(a) Good (b) Poor

4-2
 Chapter 4: Entering Dimensions

(c) Good (d) Poor

[5] As a rule, dimension lines are drawn between dimension support lines, but if the
dimension support lines are too long or there are too many intersections on the
diagram, the diagram will be difficult to read, so it is better to enter the dimension lines
directly inside the diagram (see Fig. 4-3).

Fig. 4-3: The diagram is easier to understand if the dimensions are entered in the diagram directly

(a) Good (b) Poor

[6] Make sure never to combine the use of dimension lines together with other lines, such
as outside lines and center lines (see Fig. 4-4).

Fig. 4-4 (Poor)

Never use dimension lines for
other purposes such as center 20
lines or outside lines.

[7] As a rule, add arrows to both ends of a dimension line, and enter the dimension
figures above and parallel, without intersecting the dimension line. If there is no room to
enter the figures as the gap between the dimension support lines is too narrow,
however, draw a leader line, and enter the dimension values (see Fig. 4-5).
200
Fig. 4-5: Entering Dimensions in Narrow Spaces
6 3 6 5 10 112
A 2.5
2 9 2

3 3 3
(a) Details of (c)
part A
(b)

4-3
Chapter 4: Entering Dimensions

b) Dimension Support Lines

[1] Dimension support lines are drawn from the center with the same thickness as
external lines on diagrams that describe dimensions.
[2] Normally, dimension support lines are drawn vertical to the part whose length is being
described, but as shown in Fig. 4-1, to describe the diameter of the ends of taper shafts
where the diagram is difficult to understand, draw the line at approximately 60˚ from
both ends of the part whose length is being described. Draw dimension lines, however,
parallel to the parts whose length is being described.
[3] Make sure the length of dimension support lines extends 2 to 3mm beyond the
dimension line position, and take care not to make it longer or shorter than this (see Fig.
4-2).
[4] When rolling or beveling between two surfaces that are mutually inclined, to describe
the position at which the two surfaces intersect, draw the shape before the rolling or
beveling process was performed using thin solid lines, and draw a dimension support
line out from the intersection (see Fig. 4-6 (a)). Further, if it is necessary to clarify the
intersection, black circles may be added at the intersection, or the lines can be made to
intersect (see Fig. 4-6 (b) and Fig. 4-6 (c)).
[5] As shown in Fig. 4-7, draw dimension support lines when describing angles by
extending two sides to form the angle, and express the dimension lines using an arc
centered on the intersection between the two sides or the extension of the two sides.
Fig. 4-6: Drawing Dimension Support Lines Out From Rolled and Angled Parts

φ50
(a) (b) (c)

φ45

Fig. 4-7: Dimension Lines and Dimension Support Lines for Describing Angles

45°

90° 30° 120°

4-4
 Chapter 4: Entering Dimensions

(2) Arrows
Add arrows to both ends of dimension lines, but make sure to draw as shown in Fig.
4-8 before entering the numerical dimensions. As shown in the diagram, draw the arrows
open to an angle of 30˚, and to a length of 4 to 6mm for each side of the chevron.
The size depends on the size of the diagram, but make sure the size is the same for all
arrows on one diagram. If the gap between the dimension support lines is narrow,
however, making it difficult to draw the arrows, use a black circle instead of arrows (see
Fig. 4-6 (a) and Fig. 4-6 (b)). Numerous arrows are drawn on a single diagram, so make
sure to carefully draw a consistent shape for the arrows. Make sure never to draw arrows
of considerable variation, poorly drawn arrows as shown in Fig. 4-9, or arrows that
protrude beyond or do not connect properly to dimension support lines.

4 to 6
Fig. 4-8: Drawing Arrows
(a) (b)
30°

Fig. 4-9: Arrow Shapes

(Good) (Poor)

(3) Leader Lines

If entering dimensions, processes, notes, or component numbers to part of the diagram,
use leader lines (see Fig. 4-10).
Make sure the lines are inclined, and add arrows if the leader lines drawn describe the
shape or there are dimension lines (see Fig. 4-10 (a)).
Further, if drawing out from the inside of lines that describe shape, add black circles to
the side from which the line is drawn out (see Fig. 4-10 (b)).
If describing multiple leader lines on the same diagram, care is required to make sure
that the diagram is easy to read. No matter how clearly the diagram is drawn, using a
single method to draw leader lines makes the diagram difficult to read, so care is
required.
If the leader lines drawn on the diagram are circles, draw the lines so that the leader
line extends through the center of the circle, and make sure the arrows indicate the
circumference of the circle (see Fig. 4-10 (a)).
Further, if drawing leader lines on a plan diagram of a cylinder, make sure the
arrowheads indicate the intersection between the outside line of the cylinder and the
center line (see Fig. 4-10 (c)).
If using leader lines to describe component numbers, make sure that the leader line
extends through the center of the circle that describes the component number (see Fig.
4-10 (b)).
Further, if entering notes, bend the end of the leader line so that it is horizontal, and
then write above the horizontal part (see Fig. 4-10 (a)).

4-5
Chapter 4: Entering Dimensions

Fig. 4-10: Drawing Leader Lines

Leader line 8 Drill (3) (5)

5 Drill

(a) (b) (c)

5. Entering Dimension Numbers

(1) Relationship Between Dimension Lines and Dimension Numbers

To enter length dimensions, write the dimension numbers a slight distance from the
dimension line as follows: if the dimensions line is horizontal, write at right angles to and
above the dimension line without bisecting the dimension line (i.e., write from left to right at
right angles to a horizontal dimension line), and if the dimension line is vertical, write to the
left of the vertical line (i.e., from bottom to top at right angles to the vertical dimension line)
parallel to and above the line (see Fig. 4-11).
Further, write accordingly in the case of inclined dimension lines. If the direction of the
dimension line is approx. 30˚ maximum from the vertical from top left to bottom right, the
direction of the numbers becomes opposite to that of vertical dimension line numbers, and
the numbers are easily misunderstood, so do not enter them.
If there is no way to avoid entering the numbers, however, enter them horizontally, or use
a leader line (see Fig. 4-11).

Fig. 4-11: Direction of Dimension Numbers

19 19

(2) Entering Angles

Draw the dimension lines to which angles are added as follows: Using the two segment
boundaries that comprise the angle, or the intersection of its extension lines, as the center,
describe using the arc drawn between both segment lines or their extension lines (see Fig.
4-7).
If entering angles, write the figures that express the angle a slight distance from the
dimension line and facing up, as follows: if the position of the script is above a line of 30˚
above right from the horizontal line through which the apex of the angle passes, write on the
outside of the dimension line (arc), and if the script is below, write on the inside of the
dimension line (arc) (see Fig. 4-12).

Fig. 4-12
Direction of Numbers
Used to Describe Angles

4-6
 Chapter 4: Entering Dimensions

(3) Arranging Dimension Numbers

a) If entering dimension numbers at the place where multiple dimension lines connect and
are parallel, enter the numbers in alignment with each other (see Fig. 4-13).
b) Figures are the cause of misreading when entered in places where two dimension lines
cross, or where the place is bisected by a line, so this must be avoided (see Fig. 4-14).
c) To enter dimensions in narrow spaces, enter as shown in Fig. 4-5 above.

Fig. 4-13: Entering Dimension Numbers When Multiple Parallel Dimension Lines Converge

Φ105
Φ80
Φ70

Φ95

Fig. 4-14: Avoid Entering Dimensions Where They are Bisected by Lines

28 10
30

4-7
Chapter 4: Entering Dimensions

6. Symbols Used With Dimensions

Using various numbers and symbols to describe dimensions on a diagram not only assists
in understanding that diagram, but enables other plans or commentaries to be omitted. The
symbols described below are those determined by JIS, and are all entered in front of any
numbers that describe dimensions at the same size as those numbers.

(1) Diameter Symbol (Circle)

The diameter of circles is described by entering the symbol Φ (called “circle”. There are those
who call this symbol “phi” due to its resemblance to the Greek letter, but this is a mistake) in front of
dimension numbers (see Fig. 4-15). If the diagram is circular and the figure can be understood
immediately to mean the diameter, however, this symbol may be omitted.

Fig. 4-15
“Circle”
Diameter of an arc

Φ150

(2) Symbol for Squares: □ (Square)

Squares are expressed using the symbol □ (read “square”). As with the diameter symbol, if the fact
that the figures represent a square can be understood immediately, the symbol may be omitted
(see Fig. 4-16).
“Square”: 1 Aspect of a Square
Fig. 4-16: Square Symbol: □
□150

(3) Radius Symbol: R

Add the symbol R (pronounced “arr”, the initial letter of “radius”) in front of dimension numbers to
describe the radius and make clear that these are the dimensions of the radius (see Fig. 4-17).

Fig. 4-17

“R”

Radius of an arc
(Short for “radius”)

4-8
 Chapter 4: Entering Dimensions

(4) Spherical Symbol (SR)

As shown in Fig. 4-18, to describe spheres, enter “Sphere” or “Sphere R”.

Fig. 4-18: Sphere and Sphere R Symbols

SR 2000 “ Sphere R ”

Radius of a Sphere

(5) Chamfering Symbol: “C”

As a rule, and as shown in Fig. 4-19, chamfering is expressed numerically, but for 45˚ chamfers,
the symbol “C” (initial letter of “chamfer”) is used as C1, C2, etc. The numbers here describe the
chamfer depth, but if the depth is 10mm or greater, this symbol is not used, and the dimensions
are written down instead.

Fig. 4-19

C2
“C”
(Short for Chamfer)
45° Chamfer

(6) Symbol for Thickness of Plates: “t”

The symbol that describes plate thickness is t (the initial for “thickness”), and if describing plate
thicknesses without diagrams, enter t10, t6, etc., near to or on the surface of the plate (see Fig.
4-20).

Fig. 4-20

“t”
(Short for “thickness”)
Plate Thickness

t5

4-9
Chapter 4: Entering Dimensions

(7) Symbol Describing Pitch: “P”

The symbol P, which describes rivet pitch, is entered as described below.
Example: P=100, P=98 (i.e., pitch is approx. 98mm)
Further, enter the “number for equal divisions of the pitch circle (outer circumference and pitch
lines) as necessary.

7. Entering Dimensions for Special Shapes

(1) Arc Radius
As shown in Fig. 4-21, add arrows to the arc side only of the dimension lines that describe
the diameter of an arc, and always draw the arrows at an incline, never horizontally or
vertically (see Fig. 4-21 (a)).
If it is necessary to describe the center of an arc in particular, use dots or a cross to
describe the position (see Fig. 4-21 (b)). Generally, add arrows to the inside of the arc, but if
there is no room to enter the arrows or the dimension lines, extend the dimension line to the
outside of the arc, and then add the arrows to the outside (see Fig. 4-21 (c)).
Further, if the center of the arc is far from the arc and cannot be drawn on the paper, draw
the center close to the arc (see Fig. 4-21 (d)).

Fig. 4-21: Arc Radius

(2) Arc and Chord Lengths

As shown in Fig. 4-22 (a), if describing the length of an arc, draw the dimension lines using
the arc and the concentric arcs against the dimension support lines drawn perpendicular to
the chord. Further, if describing the length of a chord, as shown in Fig. 4-22 (b), describe
using dimension lines parallel to the chord in place of the arc described above. In all cases,
draw the dimension support lines as shown in Fig. 4-22 (c). Further, if it in necessary to
describe clearly an arc as distinct from a chord, enter the following symbol above dimension
numbers:

Fig. 4-22: Entering the Lengths of Curves and Chords

45
45 45

(A) Arc length (B) Chord length (C) Poor

4-10
 Chapter 4: Entering Dimensions

(3) Curves
Curves configured from arcs express the curve at the position of the contact between
those arcs, or the radius of the arcs and their center (see Fig. 4-23).

Fig. 4-23: Expressing Curves Configured from Arcs

Curves that are not arcs are expressed using the method shown in Fig. 2-24. Further, this
method can also be applied to curves that can be formed from arcs.

Fig. 4-24: Expressing General Curves

4-11
Chapter 4: Entering Dimensions

(4) Holes
The method of opening holes that have been opened in mechanical components
depends on the purpose of use, and there are different types of holes such as bore holes,
reamer holes, punch holes, and spike holes. If it is necessary to classify these holes, as a
rule, enter the classification beside the dimensions (see Fig. 4-25 to Fig. 4-28).
In this case, leader lines are used to describe hole dimensions, but make sure that the
leader lines face towards the center hole, and that they are straight lines inclined from the
horizontal, add arrows to the drawn outer side, and then add the tip to the outside
circumference of the hole.
Further, write the entries on top of a short parallel line drawn at the opposite end of the
straight line (see Fig. 4-25).

a) Bore Holes
A hole opened using a drill is called a bore hole, and its dimensions are entered as
the dimensions of the diameter.
(See Fig. 4-25.) Bore holes that have not been drilled right through have a cam
shape at the tip, as shown in Fig. 4-25 (d). If there are numerous holes of the same
type, enter the values as, for example, 8-Φ14 or 8-14 for one hole, which shows that
there are eight bore holes with a diameter of 14mm (see Fig. 4-26).

Fig. 4-25: Describing Bore Holes

66bore
Drill 6 6boreDrill

30 bore

Fig. 4-26
Entering Dimensions for Multiple Bore Holes
8-14 bore

22 bore

4-12
 Chapter 4: Entering Dimensions

b) Reamer Holes
Bore holes that are further machined using a reamer to finish the dimensions more
accurately are called reamer holes.
Enter reamer hole dimensions as shown in Fig. 4-27.

Fig. 4-27: Entering Reamer Hole Dimensions Φ25H7 Reamer

c) Punch Holes and Spike Holes

Spike holes are holes opened using a core when making a casting, and so are used only if
accurate dimensions are not particularly required. Spike holes are not used for holes of 10 to 20 or
less. Further, punch holes are often big holes, as they are punched on a press using dies and
punches for sheet metal and section steel, etc. (see Fig. 4-28).

Fig. 4-28: Spike Holes and Punch Holes 40 spike hole

40 punch hole

(a) Spike hole (b) Punch hole

d) Other Holes
In addition to the holes described above, there are also spot facings, hole facings, large bore holes,
bolt holes, small screw holes, and pin holes. Enter the processing method and application with the
dimensions as necessary (see Fig. 4-29).

Fig. 4-29: Entering Dimensions for Spot Facings, Hole Facings, and Large Bore Holes

Φ20 Spot Facing Φ20 CounterBore Φ20 Counter sunk

4-13
Chapter 4: Entering Dimensions

(5) Tapers and Pitches

As shown in Fig. 4-30 (a), tapers are also called the gradient on both sides of a center line, and the
angle formed by both surfaces is called the taper angle. Further, as shown in Fig. 4-30, the pitch is
the name given to the gradient on one side only.

Fig. 4-30: Tapers and Gradients

a−b a−b
Taper L Gradient L

a
a b b

L
(a) (b)
These values are expressed in a formula as described below. They both show the reduction rate in
the difference between the heights at both ends, and are expressed as the fraction of the
numerator over 1.
a−b 1 a−b 1
Taper= ＝ ; Gradient= =
L p L p
Enter the taper and Gradient only where they need to be known exactly, and do not enter in places
where the information is not relevant. As a rule, enter the taper on the center line, and the Gradient
along the surface (see Fig. 4-21 (a) and 4-31 (b)). If it is particularly necessary to describe clearly
the percentage and direction of the taper or Gradient however, create a separate diagram (see Fig.
4-31 (c)). Further, in special circumstances, the leader lines can be drawn out from the incline, and
the values added (see Fig. 4-32).
Gradient
Taper 1/10 1/25

Fig. 4-31
Entering Taper and Pitch Dimensions

Fig. 4-32
Entering Dimensions to Clearly Describe the Taper

4-14
 Chapter 4: Entering Dimensions

(6) Key Grooves

Keys are used to fix bosses such as gearwheels, belt wheels, and handle wheels to rotating shafts.
The following example describes entering the dimensions for a key groove to which a key fits (see
Fig. 4-33).

Fig. 4-33: Entering Key Grooves

How to enter the dimensions of the inner diameter of the hub expressed by the cross section of the
key groove is shown in Fig. 4-34. Draw the lines of the inner diameter at a certain place in the key
groove as if there were no key groove.

Fig. 4-34: Entering the Dimensions of the Hub Inner Diameter

8. Simplifying Dimension Insertion

So far, we have described how to enter dimensions under ordinary circumstances. In

special cases where it is difficult for mistakes to occur, entering the dimensions can be
simplified not only to save labor, but also to make the diagram easier to understand.

(1) Diagrams With One Side Omitted

For diagrams where one side of a symmetrical product has been omitted from the
center line, extend the dimension lines beyond the center line. In this case, do not add
arrows to the ends of the extended dimension lines (see Fig. 4-35).

Fig. 4-35
t6
Entering Dimensions to Diagrams
Where One Side Has Been
Omitted

55
4-15
Chapter 4: Entering Dimensions

(2) Holes with the Same Dimensions Spaced at Regular Intervals

For steel frame constructions in which holes of the same dimension such as bolt holes
and rivet holes are spaced at regular intervals, the dimensions that describe the hole
arrangement are expressed in the format (number of spaces) x (dimensions of space)=
(total dimensions).
At this time, to prevent confusion between the number of spaces and the dimensions,
enter the pitch dimensions in one place only on the diagram (see Fig. 4-36).

Fig. 4-36: Entering Dimensions of Holes Spaced at Regular Intervals

90 8-20 Drill

45 7 x 90= 630 45
( 720 )

(3) Circular Flange Drill Holes

If the same bore holes are mounted equidistantly on the circumference of the same circular flange,
enable the number and size of the holes to be entered using leader lines.
Make sure, however, to also enter the diameter of the circle that passes through the center of the
bolt hole (i.e., the pitch circle) (see Fig. 4-37).

Fig. 4-37 Fig. 4-38

Entering Dimensions for Entering Dimensions to
Circular Flange Bore Holes Diagrams where One
Side Has Been Omitted
4-19 Drill

8 - 18 Drill
Flange A screw

3-19 Drill

4-16
 Chapter 4: Entering Dimensions

9. Entering Other Dimensions

(1) Dimensions Entered for Reference
If entering unimportant dimensions for reference, or to avoid duplication of dimensions,
enter the dimension numbers in parentheses (see Fig. 4-39).
Fig. 4-39: Entering Reference Dimensions
24
12

4
23
36
50
( 74 )

(2) Standard Places

If there are places that
should be designated as
standard during processing or
assembly, enter the dimensions
based on those places. In
particular, if it is necessary to
describe standard places, enter
“Standard” on these surfaces Fig. 4-40
Standard Places
(see Fig. 4-40).
Standard
Standard

Standard

4-17
Chapter 4: Entering Dimensions

10. Precautions When Entering Dimensions

There are several things you need to remember when entering dimensions.

(1) Dimensions Should Be Entered in Front Elevations Wherever Possible

Concentrate dimensions in the front elevation wherever possible, and enter dimensions that
cannot be expressed on the front elevation in the side elevation and plane diagrams. Essentially,
concentrating the dimensions on the main diagram (i.e., the front elevation) makes the diagrams
easier to read. If, contrary to expectation, the diagram is difficult to read because of concentrations
on complicated shapes, however, transfer the dimension groups for entry on a side elevation hole
for hole and boss for boss, etc. Avoid at all costs entering some of the dimensions from the group
on the front elevation, and other dimensions on the side elevation.

(2) Avoid Duplication

Enter enough dimensions as necessary for the best possible clarity of the product shape, but avoid
duplicate entries.

(3) Enter Dimension Numbers in Easy-to-read, Unequivocal Places

Make sure not to enter dimension figures in places that are difficult to see or easy to misread. In
other words, by straddling lines, or where lines intersect (see Fig. 4-41 and Fig. 4-42).

Fig. 4-41: Dimensions Entered Where They are Easily Misread

4-18
 Chapter 4: Entering Dimensions

(4) Use Dimension Support Lines Effectively When Entering Dimensions

The major principle for dimension lines is to draw dimension support lines before entry. If drawing
the dimension support lines confuses the diagram, however, the dimension support lines may be
omitted. As shown in Fig. 4-42, drawing dimension support lines that bisect the product tends to
confuse the product and the lines, and so is best avoided.

Fig. 4-42: Entering Numbers

(a) Bad example

(b) Poor example

Bad
Best avoided

(c) Good example

4-19
Chapter 4: Entering Dimensions

(5) Make Sure to Evenly Space the Diameter Dimensions of Concentric Circles with the Smaller on
the Inside
If several diameter dimensions that have been entered on a dimension support line are arrayed
along a symmetrical center line, draw each dimension line an equal distance apart, and enter the
smaller dimensions on the inside and the larger dimensions on the outside in alignment with each
other (see Fig. 4-13).

(6) Enter All Related Dimensions in One Place

Enter mutually related dimensions in the same place. For example, collate and enter the diameter
of the center circle of bolt holes for flanges or washers used in mounting and assembly, the hole
dimensions, and the hole arrangements in one projection diagram (see Fig. 4-43).

(7) Enter All Related Dimensions in a Straight Line

If several dimensions are contiguous and related, make sure the dimension lines form a single
straight line wherever possible (see Fig. 4-2 (c) and Fig. 4-2 (d)).

(8) Make Sure There Is No Need to Calculate Dimensions

Calculate the dimensions required for processing before entry, so that the dimension calculations
do not need to be subsequently determined.

Fig. 4-43: Entering Related Dimensions

3-5.5 bore

4-20
 Chapter 5: Geometric Tolerances

Chapter 5: Geometric Tolerances

Recent industrial products, with the amazing development of manufacturing technology, have
become extremely advanced, precise as well as having clearly improved performance.
Consequently, greater precision and compatibility have come to be demanded of all product parts,
and as one step in this direction, it is geometric tolerance, which is explained below, that has come
particularly into close-up.
The dimensional tolerances described in this chapter are limits to the length dimensions only,
mainly by measuring between two points. Nevertheless, products generally have geometric
shapes such as planes and lines. As finishing these shapes in geometrically perfect condition is
essentially impossible, it is necessary to describe on the diagrams beforehand the extent to which
deviations are tolerable. These tolerable values for shape deviation are called geometric
tolerances, and their expression using symbols and the methods for describing them on diagrams
are regulated by JIS B 0021.

1. Types and Symbols of Geometric Tolerances

Table 5-1 shows the types and symbols of geometric Table 5-1: Types and Symbols
tolerances determined by JIS, and these 14 geometric of Geometric Tolerances
tolerances are classified into shape, form, position, and
runout tolerances according to their characteristics and, Applicable Tolerance Type Symbol
further, these tolerances are divided into individual and Shape
related shapes depending on whether or not they are Individual Straightness
controlled by other related parts. Shapes deviation tolerance
Flatness deviation
2. Tolerance Areas tolerance

Shape Tolerances
In reality, the geometric tolerances described above are Circular deviation
regulated by the shape dictating the area in which tolerance
deviation is tolerated according to the geometrically Tubular deviation
correct shape, form, or position. This area is called the tolerance
tolerance area. As shown in Fig. 5-1 (a), for example, if the
straightness deviation of the line is described using the Individual Line enclosure
tolerance t, the line is separated by t only, and the area of or Related deviation tolerance
the two parallel planes is the tolerance area. Further, Shapes Box enclosure
similarly with diagram (b), the straightne4ss deviation of tolerance
the axis is described using the tolerance Φt, so this axis Related Parallel deviation
Form Tolerances

describes that the space inside the cylinder with diameter t Shapes tolerance
as shown on the diagram is the tolerance area.
Consequently, completed products are within tolerances Right angle
no matter what their shape or form provided their shape is deviation tolerance
within this tolerance area. Diagonal deviation
tolerance
Position deviation
tolerance
Tolerances

Fig. 5-1: Example of Tolerance Area

Position

Coaxial or
concentric tolerance
Symmetrical
deviation tolerance
Circumference
Tolerance
Runout

runout tolerance
Full runout deviation
tolerance
(a) Area bound by two planes (b) Area in center of cylinder

5-1
 Chapter 5: Geometric Tolerances

3. Datum
To set the tolerance area for the parallel deviation of related shapes, it is necessary to consider
which parts are the standard (planes, lines, axes, etc.), and these parts that comprise the
standards are called datum. Datum must be essentially theoretically accurate geometric standards,
but in reality no such thing exists, so instead, the surfaces of surface plates, bearings, or mandrills
placed against the product and used to perform inspections, etc., are used, and these are called
the actual datum shape. Conversely, the shape of the parts that set the datum on the diagram (the
surface or holes, etc., of the part) are called the datum shape. These are shown in Fig. 5-2.

Fig. 5-2: Datum Datum shape

Datum Actual datum shape= contact surface

4. Describing Geometric Tolerances on Diagrams
(1) Tolerance Entry Frames
When describing geometric tolerances on a
diagram, use the rectangular tolerance Fig. 5-3: Tolerance Entry Frames
entry frames as shown in Fig. 5-3, and as
shown in the diagram, enter the partitioned
tolerance values and symbols to show Tolerance value Character code for datum
tolerance type. Further, with related shapes, Tolerance value
Tolerance type code
if it is necessary to clearly describe the (a) Tolerance type code
datum, enter the description after the other (b)
information using capital letters of the
alphabet. Fig. 5-4: Specifying Tolerances for Lines or Planes

(2) Describing Shapes Regulated by

Tolerances
As shown in Fig. 5-4, tolerance entry
frames show the parts that regulate the
tolerances (appearance lines, dimension
lines, axes, and other lines, etc.) using thin
solid vertical lines with arrows at their tips.
These lines are called instruction lines. As
shown in Fig. 5-4, caution is necessary
when indicating the tolerances for lines or
planes themselves, clearly avoid the Fig. 5-5: Specifying Tolerances for Axes or Center Planes
position of the appearance lines or the
dimension lines coming from the
appearance lines and, further, as shown in
Fig. 5-5, if indicating the tolerances of axes
or center planes, make sure to draw the
extensions of the dimension lines so that
they become instruction lines for the
tolerance entry frames. In addition, as Fig. 5-6: Specifying Tolerances for Common Axes or Center Planes
shown in Fig. 5-6, with stepped shafts,
specifying the tolerances of common axes
or center planes is determined by the
contact of the instruction line arrow
perpendicular to the center line.
(3) Describing Datum in Diagrams
As shown in Fig. 5-7, if describing tolerances specified by a shape relating to the datum
described above, surround the capital letters using a rectangular frame, and draw filled-in
right-angled triangle (called a datum triangle symbol), which shows that this is a datum, on one
side of the datum, and connect the two using a thin solid line. Further, the precautions for

5-2
 Chapter 5: Geometric Tolerances

entering the tolerances described in Fig. 5-4 and Fig. 5-5 are exactly the same as for entering the
datum. In addition, as shown in Fig. 5-7 (b), if entering dimension line arrows from the outside,
one of the arrows can be substituted using the datum triangle symbol instead. Moreover, as
shown in Fig. 5-7 (c), if there is a risk of these symbols being misread, connect the two directly
without using any alphabet letters. The datum triangle symbol is generally colored in when used,
but triangle symbols that have not been colored in may also be used.

Fig. 5-7: Describing Datum Graphically

(a) If the line or plane is a (b) If the axis is a (c) Describing datum
datum datum graphically directly

(4) Theoretically Accurate Dimensions

As shown in Fig. 5-8, if specifying tolerances for positional, contour, or diagonal deviation among
the geometric tolerances, for example the tolerance is described using the positional deviation of
the center point without giving the dimensional tolerances for the center distance of the hole, and
in this case, the dimensions of the center distance are called theoretically accurate dimensions,
and these are shown by being surrounded by a square frame. In Fig. 5-8, 60 and 100 show that
they are theoretically accurate dimensions. To explain using this diagram, A is a distance of 60 and
B is a distance of 100 from the center of the Φ60 hole, and the true position can be described as
being within a circle with a diameter of 0.02 with the center at that point.

Fig. 5-8: Theoretically Accurate Dimensions

(5) Comparison of Dimension Tolerance and Geometric Tolerance Formulas

The center position of this circle can also be described using the dimensional tolerance entry
methods described above. These are shown in Fig. 5-9 (a), and the tolerance area of the center of
the circle in this case is the area of the rectangle that is performing the hatching in Fig. 5-9 (b).
Nevertheless, the maximum amount of fluctuation of the position deviation is in the direction of the

oppositional lines, and in this case the size is shown by 0.02 × 2 ≒ 0.028 . This amount of

fluctuation can be tolerated not only in the 45˚ direction, but in any direction. Consequently, if

5-3
 Chapter 5: Geometric Tolerances

drawing a circle with a diameter of 0.028, and using the area within that circle as the tolerance
area, its surface area will be 57% greater than the original rectangle. In this way, specifying the
position deviation using dimensional tolerances imposes unfairly harsh tolerances, and expanding
the tolerance area by using geometric tolerances makes machining that much easier, and is also
able to reduce the defect rate, so great economic effects can be obtained.

Fig. 5-9: Expanding Tolerance Area Using Position Deviation

(a) Entry using dimension tolerances (b) Tolerance area

5-4
 Chapter 5: Geometric Tolerances

(6) Displaying Geometric Tolerances and Their Tolerance Areas Graphically

Table 5-2 shows graphic representations of various geometric tolerances and their tolerance
areas.
Table 5-2: Displaying Geometric Tolerances and Their Tolerance Areas Graphically

Note: The lines used in the tolerance area column describe the following meanings. Graphic Example Tolerance Area
Thick solid line: Actual shape; Thick dotted line: Standard straight lines, standard planes,
standard axes or standard center planes; Thin solid line: Tolerance area; This dotted line: Parallel deviation along the X axis over a The space between 2 parallel
Center line and augmented projection plane standard straight line (for the axis of a hole) planes with a gap of 0.05mm and
intersecting the plane that
Graphic Example Tolerance Area includes the standard line

Parallel Deviation
Fixed direction straightness deviation
The space between two parallel
Straightness Deviation

(For /*****Illegible/)
planes with a gap of 0.1mm

General planar deviation The space between two parallel

planes with a gap of 0.1mm The space between 2 parallel
Right angle deviation from standard straight
line (using the hole’s axis as the standard) planes with a gap of 0.08mm at
Planar Deviation

right angles to the standard

Right Angle Deviation

straight line

The center of two concentric circles with

a radius deviation of 0.03mm. This is
used in the user-defined cross-section
at right angles to the axis.
Circularity Deviation

The space between 2 parallel

Diagonal deviation if the straight line and planes with a gap of 0.08mm in
standard straight line are not on the same the direction of the arrow shown in
plane (for the axes of the hole and cylinder) the diagram, at an angle of 60˚ to
Diagonal Deviation

the standard straight line

The space between 2 coaxial cylinders

with a radius deviation of 0.1mm.
Tubular Deviation

Coaxial deviation of cylinder The space inside a cylinder with

base line and coaxial diameter of
0.2mm
Coaxial Deviation

The center of a curve enveloping a

circle with a diameter of 0.04mm with
the center on a point on a
predetermined geometric contour line The symmetrical deviation in a set The space between 2 parallel
direction over the standard center plane planes with a gap of 0.08mm
Line Contours

of the axis
using the standard center plane
common to both grooves A and B
Symmetrical Deviation

as the center

The space of a curved plane

enveloped by a sphere with a diameter
of 0.02mm with the center on a point on
a predetermined geometric contour line
Plane Contours

Runout along the radius (for cylinder Runout does not exceed 0.1mm
surfaces) within the plane measured in the
direction of the arrow

Measured
plane
Sphere
Runout

Φ0.02

The interior of a circle with a diameter

Position deviation of a point on the plane
of 0.03mm with a predetermined
accurate center position
Position Deviation

5-5
 Chapter 6: Surface Skin Diagrams, Dimension Tolerances, and Fittings

Chapter 6: Surface Skin Diagrams, Dimension Tolerances, and Fittings

7. Dimension Tolerances
(1) Describing Dimension Tolerances
When processing machine parts, even if a groove width of 50mm has been specified in the
diagram, the processing result will be 50.02mm or 49.95mm, as an accurate finish is extremely
difficult and processing margins of error inevitably occur. Further, if this margin of error is within a
certain range, in most cases there is no barrier to using the part. Highly accurate processing is
extremely expensive. During machine processing, the margin of error must be as big as possible
within a range that does not impede functions. With mass production in particular, methods are
generally used so that, having assured compatibility, the finished dimensions (also called the
“actual dimensions”) are within a range with a maximum and minimum dimension according to the
function of the part. These dimensions, which describe the upper and lower limits, are called the
tolerance limit dimensions. The larger one is the maximum tolerable dimension, and the smaller
one is the minimum tolerable dimension. Further, the dimensions that form the basis for the finish
are called the basic dimensions.
The maximum tolerable dimension and the minimum tolerable dimension are called the dimension
tolerances, and the size of these dimension tolerances is determined by the size of the part and
the accuracy of the finish. (see Fig. 6-13).

Fig. 6-13: Dimension Tolerances

Dimension tolerancs t Lower dimension tolerance
Max. dimension tolerance A

Min. dimension tolerance B

Upper dimension tolerance

Dimension tolerance C

Example of maximum and minimum tolerable dimensions when the basic tolerance=
50.000mm.
Max. dimension tolerance A= 50.007mm
Min. dimension tolerance B= 49.982mm
Dimension tolerance T= A-B= 50.007-49.982= 0.025mm

As shown in Fig. 6-13, the product obtained by subtracting the basic tolerance from the
maximum tolerance is called the upper dimension tolerance, and the product obtained by
subtracting the basic tolerance from the minimum tolerance is called the lower dimension
tolerance. Consequently, the product obtained by subtracting the lower dimension tolerance
from the upper dimension tolerance is called the dimension tolerance.
Example: According to Fig. 6-13:
Upper dimension tolerance A-C= 50.007-50.000= +0.007mm
Lower dimension tolerance B-C= 49.982-50.000= -0.018mm
Dimension tolerance T= 0.007-(-0.018)= 0.025mm

(2) Entering Dimension Tolerances

To enter dimension tolerances on a diagram, add the upper and lower dimension
tolerances after the basic dimensions.

6-1
Chapter 6: Surface Skin Diagrams, Dimension Tolerances, and Fittings

If the tolerance limit dimensions are bigger than the basic dimensions, add a “+” sign to
the dimensions tolerance value, and if the tolerance limit dimensions are smaller than the
basic dimensions, add a “-“ sign.
a) Make sure numbers that describe the upper and lower tolerances are considerably
smaller than the basic dimensions numbers when entered.
b) If the absolute values of the upper and lower dimension tolerances are equal, enter them
as one. (see Fig. 6-14).

Fig. 6-14: Entering Dimension Tolerances

c) If entering tolerances for length dimensions, make sure to enter the tolerances for
unimportant dimensions to prevent contradictions occurring in the dimension tolerances
for each part. In this case, determine one basic aspect, and enter the tolerances based
on that aspect (see Fig. 6-15, Fig. 6-16, and Fig. 6-17).

Fig. 6-15 Fig. 6-16

Entering Dimension Tolerances that Collate Dimension Values Entering Tolerances for Length Dimensions

Fig. 6-17: Do Not Enter all Dimensions and Dimension Tolerances

6-2
 Chapter 6: Surface Skin Diagrams, Dimension Tolerances, and Fittings

8. Fittings
The relationship between the hole and shaft is called the fitting. As shown in Fig. 5-18, the
difference between the shaft and hole diameters when the shaft is smaller is called the gap, and
the difference between the shaft and hole diameters when the shaft is bigger is called the
interference.

Fig. 6-18: Gap and Interference

Clearance Interference

Shaft Shaft

Hole Hole

With JIS dimension tolerances and fittings, the combination of a hole and shaft that can fit together,
and the tolerance limits, are determined so that they apply to carious functions for a hole and shaft
of 500mm or smaller. Make sure that holes and shafts follow this standard when fitting.

(1) Types of Fitting

There are three types of fitting, as follows
:
a) Clearence fitting
There will always be a gap between the hole and shaft in the fitting if the maximum tolerable shaft
dimensions are smaller than the minimum tolerable hole dimensions. The value obtained by
subtracting the maximum tolerable shaft dimensions from the minimum tolerable hole dimensions
is called the minimum gap, and the value obtained by subtracting the minimum tolerable shaft
dimensions from the maximum tolerable hole dimensions is called the maximum gap. Fittings that
fix a slide bearing to the shaft make a gap fitting.

b) Interference Fitting
Interference between the hole and shaft is created by a fitting if the minimum tolerable shaft
dimensions are bigger than the maximum tolerable hole dimensions (including when both are the
same). The value obtained by subtracting the minimum tolerable hole dimensions from the
maximum tolerable shaft dimensions is called the maximum interference, and the value obtained
by subtracting the maximum tolerable hole dimensions from the minimum tolerable shaft
dimensions is called the minimum interference. As the interference depends on the actual
dimensions of the shaft and hole, it is necessary to select and assemble suitable shafts and holes
after considering their functions. Fittings that fix roller bearings to the hole are closed fittings
.
c) Transition Fitting
Whether an interference fitting or a gap fitting is created depends on the actual dimensions of the
hole and shaft by using a fitting in which the maximum tolerable shaft dimensions are greater than
the minimum tolerable hole dimensions (including if both are equal), and by using a fitting in which
the minimum tolerable shaft dimensions are smaller than the maximum tolerable hole dimensions.
Consequently, in many cases the selection and assembly of the fitting between such holes and
shafts is made in consideration of the functions. Fittings such as mounting a handle wheel to a
shaft are intermediate fittings.
Examples of gap and interference fittings are described below. The hole dimensions in these
examples are the same for all fittings, but the shaft dimensions may differ.

6-3
Chapter 6: Surface Skin Diagrams, Dimension Tolerances, and Fittings

Reference

Max. tolerable hole dimension A= 50.025mm; min. tolerable hole dimension B= 50.000mm
Max. tolerable shaft dimension a= 49.975 Max. gap: A-b= 0.075
Clearence Fitting
Min. tolerable shaft dimension b= 49.950 Min. gap: B-a= 0.025
Fitting Type

Max. tolerable shaft dimension a= 50.050 Max. interference: a-B= 0.075

Interference Fitting
Min. tolerable shaft dimension b= 50.034 Min. interference b-A= 0.025
Max. tolerable shaft dimension a= 50.011 Max. interference: a-B= 0.075
Transition Fitting
Min. tolerable shaft dimension b= 49.995 Min. gap: A-b= 0.025

(2) Basic IT Tolerances

Various pre-determined dimension tolerances can be applied depending on the accuracy of the
finished surface. Basic IT tolerances are applied mainly to fitted parts such as holes and shafts,
and are divided into 18 classes per basic dimension classification (class 01, class 0, class 1, class
2… class 16) depending on the degree of finish. (Refer to Table 6-5 for details.)
With hole and shaft fittings, classes 5 to 10 are used for holes, and classes 4 to 9 are used for
shafts.

Table 6-5: Some Basic IT Tolerance Values (Unit µm= 0.001mm)

Class Tolerance
Series IT4 IT5 IT6 IT7 IT8 IT9 IT10
Basic Dimension (Class 4) (Class 5) (Class 6) (Class 7) (Class 8) (Class 9) (Class 10)
Classification (mm) (1)
--- 3 max. 3 4 6 10 14 25 40
More than 3 6 max. 4 5 8 12 18 30 48
More than 6 10 max. 4 6 9 15 22 36 58
More than 10 18 max. 5 8 11 18 27 43 70
More than 18 30 max. 6 9 13 21 33 52 84
More than 30 50 max. 7 11 16 25 39 62 100
More than 50 80 max. 8 13 19 30 46 74 120
More than 80 120 max. 10 15 22 35 54 87 140
More than 120 180 max. 12 18 25 40 63 100 160
More than 180 250 max. 14 20 29 46 72 115 185
More than 250 315 max. 16 23 32 52 81 130 210
More than 315 400 max. 18 25 36 57 89 140 230
More than 400 500 max. 20 27 40 63 97 155 250

6-4
 Chapter 6: Surface Skin Diagrams, Dimension Tolerances, and Fittings

(3) Types and Descriptions of Holes and Shafts

Use upper case letters for symbols to describe hole types, and lower case letters for
symbols to describe shaft types (see Fig. 6-19). For holes, make sure the minimum
tolerable dimensions and the basic dimensions match (e.g., “H”), and for shafts, make sure
the maximum dimensions and the basic dimensions match (e.g., “h”). The hole and shaft
descriptions are as follows:

a) To describe holes, add the symbols to describe the hole type and the numerals to
describe the class in order to the right of the basic dimensions that describe the hole
diameter. E.g.: 35H7
a) To describe shafts, add the symbols to describe the shaft type and the numerals to
describe the class in order to the right of the basic dimensions that describe the shaft
diameter. E.g.: 35H8
c) If necessary, the upper and lower dimension tolerance values may be added to these
descriptions. E.g.: 35g5

Fig. 6-19: Symbols for Hole and Shaft Types

Hole (Inner Shape)

Baseline
Tolerance

Basic dimensions

Generally, basic dimension tolerances are the tolerances that determine the
tolerance limits closest to the baseline.

Baseline
Tolerance

Basic dimensions

Shaft (Outer Shape)

6-5
Chapter 6: Surface Skin Diagrams, Dimension Tolerances, and Fittings

(4) Types of Fitting Methods

There are two types of fitting method, hole standard fitting and shaft standard fitting, depending on
the standards used (see Fig. 6-20).

a) Hole Standard Fitting

This method performs fitting with either the required gap or interference by fitting various types
of shafts to a standard hole. Standard holes use types of hole with the symbol H, which means
that the lower dimension tolerance is 0.

b) Shaft Standard Fitting

This method performs fitting with either the required gap or interference by fitting various types
of holes to a standard shaft. Standard shafts use types of shaft with the symbol h, which means
that the upper dimension tolerance is 0.

c) Selecting Fitting Methods

If processing while adjusting to the dimensions desired for processing the shaft or hole, it is
more difficult to process the hole than the shaft. Consequently, in the case of hole standard
fittings in which various kinds of shafts will be processed for, one standard hole is used.

Fig. 6-20: Overall Relationship of Tolerance Classes for Hole Standard Fittings in General Use (Diagram Describes for 30-mm Dimensions)

Standard Hole
Shaft Shaft Shaft Shaft Shaft

Gap
Intermediate

Gap

Gap Fitting
Gap Gap
Intermediate
Closed

Fitting Fitting
Closed
Fitting

Fitting Fitting Fitting

Fitting
Fitting

Fitting

Shaft Tolerance
Class
Tolerance (µm)

6-6
 Chapter 6: Surface Skin Diagrams, Dimension Tolerances, and Fittings

Table 6-12: Fitting Selection Standard Table

Standard Hole
Status Class Scope
H6 H7 H8 H9
Even a considerably large gap is OK, or the gap needs to be just
c9 large enough to move. Parts with large gaps for easy assembly.
Parts that require suitable gaps at high temperatures.
Even a considerably large gap is OK, or the gap needs to be just
d9 d9
(Parts can move relatively)

large enough to move.

A fairly large gap is OK, or the gap needs to be just large enough
Gap Fitting

to move. Bearings that require good lubrication even with

e7 e8 e9
considerably large gaps. High temperature, high speed, and
heavy load bearings (forced lubrication).
Fittings that can operate with an adequate gap (high-quality
f7
f6 f7 fittings). Ordinary room temperature bearings with grease and
f8
lubricating oil.
Continuous rotating bearings on light-load precision equipment.
g5 g6 Fittings with slightly adjustable gaps (spigots and positioning).
Precision moving parts.
Positioning that can be moved manually if a lubricant is used
h7
h5 h6 h9 (high-quality positioning). Precision moving parts in particular.
(Parts that can move relatively and parts that

h8
Unimportant static parts.
Mounting parts that may have slight interference. High-precision
h5 positioning so that parts do not move mutually when in use.
Intermediate fitting

js6
h6 Fittings that can be partially assembled and disassembled using
wood or lead hammers
cannot)

Fittings that partially use steel hammers and hand presses in

js5 k6 assembly and disassembly (i.e., a key is required to prevent
mutual rotation between parts). High-precision positioning.
Assembly and disassembly is the same as described above.
k5 m6
High-precision positioning that does not tolerate the slightest gap.
Fittings that require considerable force for assembly and
m5 n6 disassembly. High-precision fixed mounting parts (a key is
required for transmission of great torque).
Fittings that require great force for assembly and disassembly (a
key is required for transmission of great torque). Pressure inserts
n5
p6 for non-ferrous alloys, however, require little force. Standard
n6
pressure insert fixings between steel and copper, or brass and
(Parts that cannot move relatively)

brass.
Assembly and disassembly is the same as described above.
Closed fitting

p5 r6 Sintered fittings, cooled fittings, and high-pressure fittings for

large-dimension components.
Mutually tight fixing, and permanent bonding that requires high
r5 r6 pressure for assembly. For light alloys, however, standard
pressure fitting is OK.
s6
s6 Mutually tight fixing, and permanent bonding that requires
t6 sintered fittings or cooled fittings. For light alloys, however,
u6 standard pressure fitting is OK
x6

6-7
Chapter 6: Surface Skin Diagrams, Dimension Tolerances, and Fittings

Table 6-13: Fitting Selection Standard Table (Continued)

Classification by Standard Hole Move-

Class
Application Example
Function H6 H7 H8 H9 ment
Parts that require large Loose fittings. Rotating parts that become
c9
gaps due to their function. dusty. Piston rings and ring grooves.
(Expansion and position Moving parts in exhaust valves and
error is great, or fitting spring holders. Wheels and shafts to
length is great.) Cost which great force is not applied (i.e.,
d9 d9

(Parts can move relatively)

reduction is required bound using stopper screws). Seals.
(production costs and

Gap fitting
maintenance costs).
General rotating or moving Exhaust valve fittings. Main crank shaft
e7 e8 e9
parts (i.e., parts that bearings. General moving parts.
require good lubrication).
Fittings between general shafts and
Ordinary fitting parts f7
bushes. Link mechanism levers and f6 f7
(which are often f8
bushes.
disassembled).
Parts that require precision
Pins in precision link devices. Precision
movements with almost no g5 g6
control valve rods. Keys and key grooves.
rattle.
Rim and boss fittings. Gearwheel fittings
Parts that can be assembled and disassembled

on precision gearwheel devices. h7

(Parts that can move relatively and parts that

h5 h6 h9
Shaft-to-shaft joints. Reamer bolts and h8
holes.
Fittings between joint flanges. Governor

Intermediate fitting
Torque cannot be h5
way and pins. Gearwheel rim and boss js6
transmitted by the h6

cannot)
fittings.
fitted bond alone
Reamer bolts and holes. Gearwheel
js5 k6
pump bearing bushes and cases.
without damage.

Reamer bolts and holes. Hydraulic device

pistons and shafts. Fittings between shaft k5 m6
joints and shafts.
High-precision fittings. Fittings between
m5 n6
suction valves and valve guides.
Fittings between gearwheels and shafts.
Parts that cannot be disassembled without

n5
Sag joints and shafts. Bonds between p6
Small torque can
(Parts that cannot move relatively)

n6
bearings and bushes.
be transmitted
using just the Shaft joints and shafts. Pump impellers
p5 r6
Closed fitting

bonding force of and shafts.

the fitting. Shaft joints and shafts. Pump impellers
r5 s6
and shafts.
Considerable
Bonds between bearings and bushes.
torque can be s6
Crank pins and holes.
risk of damage.

transmitted using
Suction valve seat fittings. t6
the bonding force
Fittings between motive gearwheel rims u6
of the fitting.
and bosses. Chassis wheels and shafts. x6
Wheels and wheel rims.

6-8
 Chapter 6: Surface Skin Diagrams, Dimension Tolerances, and Fittings

(5) Entering Fitting Symbols

To enter dimension tolerances on a diagram using fitting formulas, enter the numbers that
describe the symbol and class for the hole and shaft type after the basic dimensions.
In this case, as shown in Fig. 6-21, make sure that the size of the symbols and characters
is the same size as the numbers that describe the basic dimensions. Further, also enter the
symbols and class to describe the type of fitting, or the upper and lower dimension
tolerances in figures, as necessary.

Fig. 6-21: Descriptions Using Dimension Tolerance Symbols

6-9
 Chapter 7: Materials Symbols

Chapter 7: Materials Symbols

1. Reading Materials Symbols

When designing machines, select and use the cheapest possible materials that configure the
machine parts, as well as satisfying the functions required by those parts. Further, make sure to
clarify the parts materials in the diagrams. The materials, strength, hardness, production methods,
and other mechanical characteristics of metal materials, which are a major material used in
machines, are specified together with the symbols that describe the type of material. Metals
specified by JIS are all described using symbols, and the type and quality, etc., of the material can
be understood from the order of the symbols.

1st character (1): Describes the material using English, the initial Roman letter, or the elemental
symbol.
2nd character (2): Describes the standard name or product name of the material using either
English or the initial Roman letter.
3rd character (3): Describes the minimum tensile strength and the carbon trace amounts or type
number of the material, and depending on the material, the material symbol ends with the third
character.

End character: Describes the overall type such as shape, process, production method, or material,
etc., and is described using numbers, English or the initial Roman letter. Nearly all materials can
be described as shown above, but some materials may not be covered by the order described
above.

Hot rolled stainless steel plate

Type (304)

Carbon steel tubes for machine configuration

Hot finished jointless tube

Material A is soft
Type (17)
Machine
Carbon steel tube for configuration

7-1
Chapter 7: Materials Symbols

The three materials of ferrous steel, copper alloy, and aluminum alloy, which are often used as
machine materials, are cited as examples in the following explanation.

(1) Ferrous Steel

a) SS400 (formerly SS41) (Type 2 rolled steel for general purpose)
The first letter “S” is the initial letter of “Steel”, and the next “S” is the initial letter of “Structural”, and
thus describes rolled material for general purpose. Further, the final two numbers describe the
tensile strength (MPa) according to a tensile tester, and in this case, the 400 shows that the tensile
strength is 400 to 510MPa. The types of materials whose tensile strengths are described using
figures are as follows: SC42, SF40, FC20, SM50A
b) S45C (Carbon steel for machine configurations)
The S describes steel, and C describes the inclusion of carbon. The figure 45 describes the value
x100 of the amount of carbon in the steel, so in this case, it means carbon steel with 0.45% carbon
content. In reality, however, there is an error margin of approx. ±0.03%.
c) SK3 (Type 3 carbon-tool steel)
The S describes steel, and the K is the initial letter in Latin for tool steel. The number “3” describes
the type of carbon-tool steel.

(2) Steel Alloys

a) C2600P-1/2H (Brass plate)
C describes a copper alloy, P describes Plate, and the figure 2600 describes the type of copper
alloy. A copper alloy with copper and zinc components in the ratio 7:3 is called brass. The figure
2700 means 65% copper, and the figure 2800 means 60% copper. 1/2H describes the material,
where H means hardness and 0 means softness, so 1/2H means 1/2 hard.

(3) Aluminum Alloys

a) A5052TD-H38 (Aluminum alloy tubes)
The first “A” is the initial letter of aluminum, and the figure 5052 describes the alloy component.
The figures each have meanings: The first number, 5, classifies the different eight main types of
added elements, the second number, 0, classifies the limits of the misshaping or impurities in the
base alloy in ten steps from 0 to 9, and the 3rd and 4th figures describe the aluminum purity in the
case of aluminum, and the common name of the alloy number in the case of alloys.
TD means Drawing Tube, and is the symbol that describes the shape. In addition, there are also
plates (P) and drawing bars (BD). H38 is the adjustment symbol, and describes the type of
material changes due to heat treatment.

7-2
 Chapter 7: Materials Symbols

Meaning of Materials Symbols

1st Character
Symbol Name
S Steel
A Aluminum
C Copper or copper alloy
Bs Brass
B Bronze
PB Phosphor Bronze
Z Zinc
W Tungsten or white metal
2nd Character
Symbol Name
B Bar
P Plate
T Tube
W Wire
U Special Use
UH Heat-Resistant
UJ Bearing steel (Latin)
UM Machinability
US Stainless steel
UP Spring
K Tool steel
KH High-speed steel
KS Special (alloy tool steel)
KD Dies steel (Latin)
NC Nickel-chrome steel
C Casting
F Forging
TK Carbon steel tubes for configurations (Latin)
Tail-End Characters
Symbol Name
-CP Cold plate
-HP Hot plate
-O Soft
-H Hard
-F Can production
-SR Stress-relieving material

7-3
Chapter 7: Materials Symbols

Symbols of Main JIS Metal Materials

1) General Ferrous Steel Materials

Materials
Type Application Use
Symbol
SS330 Good processability and weldability
Rolled Steel for General machine
SS400
General purpose parts
SS490
Polished Bar Steel Can be used either as is or as small
General machine
(Drawn during SS400D ground amounts due to good accuracy
parts
Cooling) and surface accuracy
S45C Good quenching.
Carbon Steel for
General machine Tensile strength 58Kgf/mm2
Machine
parts Good quenching.
Configurations
S50C Tensile strength 66Kgf/mm2
Drill rods (circular bars)
SKS93 SK4 is drawn during cooling and then
SK3 ground into completion.
Carbon-Tool Steel Shafts, pins, etc.
SK4 Grade 7 (-DG7)= h7
SK5 Grade 8 (-DG7)= h8
Grade 9 (-DG7)= h9
Deformation due to quenching is
Alloy Tool Steel SKS3 Quenched parts
considerably smaller than with SK.
SCM435
General machine Tensile strength 70Kgf/mm2
SCM435
Chrome Molybdenum parts and screws, Tensile strength of 95Kgf/mm2 due to
SCM415
Steel etc., that require quenching and annealing
SCM420
strength Hardness HB270 min.
HRC50 min. with surface quenching.
General machine Machinable steel with sulfur added to
Machinable Sulfur and SUM21
parts carbon steel to improve machinability.
Sulfur Compound SUM22L
(Machinable Machinable steel to which lead has also
Steel SUM24L
steel) been added in addition to sulfur.
Carbon Steel and Roller bearings, Bearing steel
SUJ2
Chrome Bearing Steel etc.
Rolling processing at temperatures
close to room temperature. Good
dimensions accuracy with beautiful
Steel Plates Rolled Covers, cases,
SPCC finish.
while Cool etc.
Good bending, constricting, and cutting
processability.
Good weldability.
Parts for general Generally-used plate thickness is 6mm
Steel Plates Rolled
SPHC machine max.
while Hot
configurations

7-4
 Chapter 7: Materials Symbols

2) Stainless Steel Materials

Classification Materials Application Use
Symbol
18-8 type non-magnetic
Rustproof machine
Austenitic SUS303 machinable stainless steel.
parts
Better machinability than SUS304.
Material with the most
Rustproof machine wide-ranging uses, and used
Austenitic SUS304
parts generally as anti-corrosive and
heat-resistant steel.
Better saltwater resistance than
Rustproof machine
Austenitic SUS316 304, used in saltwater and other
parts
media.
Rustproof machine
Martensitic SUS440C Can be quenched.
parts
Rustproof machine Can be quenched.
Martensitic SUS410
parts Good processability.
3) Copper Alloy Materials
Type Materials Application Use
Symbol
General processed
Used in sliding parts due to its
Brass Plates C280P steel nameplates
good strength and spreadability.
and meter plates
General pullout
Machinable Brass
C3604BD bolts, screws, and Excellent machinability.
(Push Bars)
nuts, etc.
(4) Aluminum Alloy Materials
Classification Materials Application Use
Symbol
General strong Excellent strength and good
Al-Cu Alloys A2017
materials processability.
The most typical aluminum alloy,
General machine
with medium strength. Excellent
Al-Mg Alloys A5052 parts
seawater resistance with good
Covers, cases, etc.
fatigue resistance for its strength.
Excellent seawater resistance with
General machine
Al-Mg Alloys A5056 good surface finish due to
parts
machine processing.
Head-treated corrosion-resistant
General machine alloy.
Al-Mg-Si Alloys A6061
parts Considerably good resistance can
be obtained using T6 treatments.
Weaker than the typical aluminum
General machine alloy 6061 used for pulling, but
parts has excellent pulling ability, and
Al-Mg-Si Alloys A6063
Configuration complex surface shapes are
materials. possible with good corrosion
resistance and surface workability.
One of the strongest aluminum
Al-Zn-Mg Alloys A7075 Jigs and dies alloys, but with poor corrosion
resistance. Extreme duralumin.

7-5
Chapter 7: Materials Symbols

5) Cast and Forged Products, and Copper Alloy Cast Products

Materials
Type Application Use
Symbol
Type 3 Gray Cast
FC20 ---
Iron Products
Type 4 Gray Cast Cast machine
FC250 ---
Iron Products parts
Type 4 Graphite
FCD600 ---
Cast Iron Products
Bearings, sleeves,
Good pressure resistance, wear
Type 6 Bronze Cast bushes,
BC6 resistance, and casting
Products general machine
machinability.
parts
6) Steel Pipe Materials

Materials
Type Application Use
Symbol
Use pressure 10Kgf/mm2
Used at room temperature (gas
Carbon Steel pipes)
SGP Pipe parts
Tubes for Pipes A denotes dimensions in
millimeters, and B denotes
dimensions in inches.
Use pressure 100Kgf/mm2
Carbon Steel Use temperature 350˚C
STPG370
Tubes for Pipe parts A denotes dimensions in
(STPG38)
Pressurized Pipes millimeters, and B denotes
dimensions in inches.
Carbon Steel General machine
Types range from type 11 to type
Tubes for machine STKM parts
20.
Configurations Hollow shafts
Joint-Free Brass
Good stretchability, bendability,
Tubes (Ordinary C2700T ---
constrictability, and plating ability.
Class)

7-6
 Chapter 8: Mechanical Sketches

Chapter 8: Mechanical Sketches

1. Objectives
Generally, sketches in images depict the image viewed by the eye, such as scenery, on drawing
paper. Mechanical sketches of jigs and machines are the same, and describe images accurately
as viewed by the eye. Differing from picture sketches, however, the depiction requires the addition
of knowledge regarding mechanical diagrams. Whereas design diagrams are the diagrammatic
rendering of objects to be created, mechanical sketches are the creation of diagrams by
measuring and estimating the specific dimensions of products that have already been created.

“Mechanical sketches have the following objectives.”

(1) When creating identical or similar mechanical products
(2) When improving machines
(3) When replacing or repairing damaged or worn parts

2. Outline of Mechanical Sketches

The outline of mechanical sketches is to depict the shape freehand on graph paper while looking at
the machine or mechanical parts, and then enter the dimensions, finishing process, fitting symbols,
materials symbols, and other precautions necessary to create the product. (This is called a sketch
diagram or a rough sketch.)
Merely sketching products with simple shapes is adequate, but if the shape is slightly complicated,
the diagram may be difficult for another person to understand, or essential items may be omitted,
so it is necessary to perform reevaluation while creating the production diagram. At this time, it
may also be necessary to adjust several dimensions.

Relationship between Sketches and Production Diagrams

(1) Overall assembly sketches (one sheet shows all)
(2) Partial assembly sketches (one sheet per part)
Sketches (freehand)
(3) Component sketches (Number of sheets required by
all leaves, or one component one leaf)

The order of depiction is (1), (2), (3) as shown, and production diagrams are created based on the
above.
(1) Overall assembly sketches (one sheet shows all)
Production diagrams (using
(2) Partial assembly sketches (one sheet per part)
mechanical diagram production
(3) Production component diagrams (Number of sheets
methods)
required by one component one leaf)

The order of depiction is (1), (2), (3) as shown, and for products with simple configurations and few
components, the partial sketch assembly diagrams and production parts assembly diagrams can
be omitted.

8-1
Chapter 8: Mechanical Sketches

3. Protocol for Mechanical Sketches

(1) Thoroughly inspect the entire machine, and examine the functions.
Determine the moving parts, fixed parts, parts that require accuracy, and parts that do not
need to be so accurate, and so on.
(2) Create the sketch assembly diagram.
Create a projection diagram or equilateral projection diagram using triangulation to
understand which machine or machine components go where, and whether the product is
all-in-one or an assembly of numerous components. (Photos are also possible.) This
assembly sketch is useful when depicting comprehensive production assembly diagrams or
when performing disassembly and reassembly later on (see Fig. 8-1).

Fig. 8-1: Comprehensive Assembly Sketch

(3) Create the parts assembly diagram

Divide the complete machine into several large blocks, and then create the parts assembly
diagram for each block using the same platform as the comprehensive assembly diagram.
Machines with simple configurations can be omitted.
(4) Determine component numbers.
As shown in Fig. 8-1, Fig. 8-2, and Fig. 8-3, broadly divide the comprehensive assembly
diagram, and add component numbers so that the first uses numbers in the 100s, the
second uses numbers in the 200s, etc., or use T001 in conjunction with symbols. This is to
prevent making later additions impossible if a component number has been accidentally
omitted.
Consecutive numbers can be used on products with simple mechanisms and few
components.

Fig. 8-2: Partial Assembly Diagram Fig. 8-3: Components Diagram

8-2
 Chapter 8: Mechanical Sketches

(5) Disassembly
If there are many components, add tags to each component and enter the component number, or
for products with code marks, enter the code mark on the sketch to prevent errors during
reassembly.
(6) Create the components diagram
a) Draw the diagram freehand on graph paper. Enter the measured dimensions so as not to
fixate too greatly on the scale. (There is no need to count the scale on the graph paper.)
Graph paper scales may be used as a benchmark when drawing lines on a freehand diagram.
b) Place products with many curves on the paper and draw round the outline using a pencil.
(Modeling method.)
c) Print products that can be printed on paper by coating the product with malachite green,
waste oil, or using stamping, etc. (Print method.)

Fig. 8-4 From left to right

Fig. 8-5
It is difficult to draw from top to
bottom, so draw up. (I.e., twist
body to the right.)
Fig. 8-6: Directions for drawing lines

Fig. 8-7: Drawing with one pencil

Fig. 8-8: Draw the center lines and add symbols
means the lines do not meet
(Draw one side each.)

8-3
Chapter 8: Mechanical Sketches

(7) Draw the dimension support lines and dimension lines.

Enter the dimension lines, dimension support lines, and leader lines on all measured parts,
and enter in advance the setup for entering the dimensions (see Fig. 8-9).

Fig. 8-9

(8) Measure and enter the dimensions.

a) Enter the dimensions in order, starting from the most important parts (vertical, horizontal,
height, diameter, etc.) required to create the components.
b) Use separate measuring instruments according to the required accuracy. With an
accuracy of 0.1mm, use calipers, and when an accuracy of 0.01mm is required, use a
micrometer.
c) Accurately measure the fittings using a micrometer or a height gauge and block gauge.
d) Compare parts with components to be assembled to other dimensions to make sure that
objects in the center are not too big.
e) Check again that the total of the individual dimensions match the overall length, or that
there are no parts that have not been measured.
(9) Check that no measurements have been omitted.
Check that not only the dimensions, but also that the surface roughness symbols,
materials symbols, fitting symbols, quantities, and geometric tolerances, etc., have not been
omitted. To prevent entry omissions, it is convenient to create a table such as that shown in
Table 8-1.

Table 8-1
Component Part Name Material Properties Quantity Notes
No.

Standard Vertical x φ R Surface Screws Fitting Hardness Heat

Lines Horizontal x Roughness Processing
Height Symbol
OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK

For example, check whether or not the surface roughness symbols have been omitted, and
then if the symbol has not been omitted, enter “OK” in the surface roughness symbol column.

(10) Create the production diagram.

a) Check whether assembly is possible using the sketches. At times, the measured dimensions
may have to be revised considerably.
b) If worn or damaged parts have been sketched as is, estimate the original shape to create the
diagram.
c) Create the diagrams by drawing in the following order: components diagram, parts assembly
diagram, and comprehensive assembly diagram. (I.e., this is the reverse order to that of the
sketches.)

8-4
 Chapter 8: Mechanical Sketches

General Precautions for Sketches

(1) Creating sketches is different from creating copies of reference diagrams, and is an
arduous task given that diagram creation must be learned. When learning how to create
diagrams, be aware to acquire actual skills in sketch creation.
(2) When sketching, prepare in advance a work surface or area where the work can be
performed safely. Never work on top of the drawing production plate, even in error.
(3) When casting products that have been sketched, make sure the thickness is as uniform as
possible. If there is great variation in thickness, the cooling speeds will differ, causing
internal stress and other bad influences.
(4) Similarly, when casting, make sure always to take the R of the internal and external
corners of the cast skin. The way to take R is also described in JIS, but generally the R of
the contact point between thicknesses a and b is determined as follows:

Gray cast iron Cast steel

(5) Although explained briefly in the text, sketched components often become worn or
damaged, so at such times do not sketch the components as is, but judge the purpose of
use for the component and sketch as best you can the shape corrected to the original
form.
(6) Excluding fittings and precisely finished parts, rewrite the measured dimensions as
fractions, and express in millimeters.

4. Measuring Dimensions and Describing Shapes

First of all, describe the projection diagram using triangulation freehand in the following
order: front plan, side plan, and plane figure. Only the front plan is necessary for simple
shapes. (I.e., do not depict unnecessary projections.) Think carefully which view should be the
front projection of the diagram before starting to draw. (i.e., the diagram that best expresses
the characteristics of the product.)
Further, avoid using concealed lines wherever possible, and include cross-sectional
descriptions suitably while drawing. When depicting the shape in a diagram, determine the
standard elevation, and then enter the dimension lines, dimension support lines, and actual
measured dimensions. At this time, be careful to thoroughly examine and measure the
dimensions that are not particularly important (i.e., the dimensions from the surface of the
product as cast to the surface as cast) and the dimensions that are important for manufacture
(i.e., the dimensions of parts in which the components are mounted together, such as shafts
and holes). Do not forget to enter the total length, total width, and total height dimensions.

Use color separation in the sketch.

[1] Appearance lines: black pencil (HB)
[2] Dimension lines, dimension support lines, and leader lines: blue pencil
[3] Dimension numbers, and other characters and symbols: red pencil

Different accuracies and measuring instruments

[1] Pass and scales: Accuracy of 0.5 to 10mm
[2] Calipers: Accuracy of 0.1mm
[2] Micrometer: Accuracy of 0.01mm

8-5
Chapter 8: Mechanical Sketches

Measuring Length

Fig. 8-10: Calipers Fig. 8-11: Steel Scale

Measuring the Outer Diameter

Fig. 8-12: Calipers Fig. 8-13: Micrometer

Fig. 8-14: Pass (Outer Pass)

Measuring the Inner Diameter

Fig. 8-12: Calipers Fig. 8-16: Pass (Inner Pass)

Add scribe mark

8-6
 Chapter 8: Mechanical Sketches

Measuring Depth

Fig. 8-17: Calipers Fig. 8-18: Depth Gauge

Measuring Thickness

Fig. 8-19: Pass (Inner Pass) and Steel Scale Fig. 8-20 Pass (Outer Pass) and Calipers

Thickness a= c-b

Measuring R

Fig. 8-21: Steel Scale and R Gauge

Fig. 8-22: Measure great R (radius) using
a fuse, copper wire, rods, and string

8-7
Chapter 8: Mechanical Sketches

Measuring Angles

Fig. 8-23: Measuring Using a Protractor, Angle Gauge, and Angle Protractor

Measuring Screws
a) Sketch Items
Measure the screw outer diameter, length of the screw part (without the head), the pitch or number
of cams per inch (not necessary with flat screws), number of striations (not necessary for screws
with a single striation), and whether the twist is to the left or right (it is not necessary to enter the
direction if the twist is to the right). For female screws, measure the partner male screw.
b) Descriptions
Describe valleys using fine lines in the same way as mechanical drawings.
c) Measuring Pitch and Cams
Measure the pitch using a pitch gauge. If there is no gauge, measure the number of cams along a
suitable length and determine the pitch using division. For wit screws, count the number of cams
per inch, and measure the outer diameter of the screw in the case of flat meter screws, and then
select the closest product according to JIS standards.

Fig. 8-24: Measuring Using Pitch Gauge and Measuring Using a Scale

8-8
 Chapter 8: Mechanical Sketches

Measuring Gears
If sketching the tooth form of the gear or rack teeth, align a tooth form gauge (either a
module or diametral pitch gauge), and then measure either the module or diametral pitch.
Describe diametral pitch gears by revising to modules close to the actual measured value.
For general spur gears, if the following items are known, the mechanical diagram can be
created, and the tooth-cutting tools determined to enable production.
a) Outer diameter (measure using calipers)
b) Number of teeth
c) Module and diametral pitch
d) Tooth form (use involution)
e) Pressure angle (use 20°)

If the outer diameter and module are known, the pitch diameter can be calculated.

D= Dk-2m Symbol Name

D Pitch Diameter
Dk Outer Diameter
M Module

For standard gears (i.e., not X-gears), determine the distance from the center C as follows:

Symbol Name
z1 Number of teeth on gear 1
z2 Number of teeth on gear 2
m Module
(The modules for two biting gears are the same.)

Fig. 8-25: Tooth Form Gauge

8-9
Chapter 8: Mechanical Sketches

Measuring Hole Positions

a) Hole Positions
Fig. 8-26

b) Holes with the Same Diameter

To describe hole positions, the center cannot be measured directly, so calculate by
measuring A and B as shown in Fig. 8-27.

Fig. 8-27

c) Holes with Different Diameters

Fig. 8-28

d) Eccentricity

Fig. 8-29

Eccentricity

8-10
 Chapter 8: Mechanical Sketches

e) Hole Positions from Standard Surface

Fig. 8-30

f) Positional Relationship between Holes and Grooves

Fig. 8-31

Molding
Fig. 8-32: Molding Using Fuses

Fuse Fuse

Fig. 8-33: Molding Using Pencils

8-11
Chapter 8: Mechanical Sketches

Printing
If taking a mold pressing of products that can be printed, such as gears, be sure to work
efficiently. Products that are right/left symmetrical do not cause any problems, but
asymmetrical products will be printed back-to-front, so care is required.

Fig. 8-34: Printing

Examples of Describing Shapes

a) Products with simple shapes, such as shafts, can be expressed thoroughly using front
elevations only. At this time, make sure to enter the symbols and total length.

Fig. 8-35: Simple Products such as Shafts

Fig. 8-36: Diagrams Showing Drawing Order

2 bore

8-12
 Chapter 8: Mechanical Sketches

b) Products where the internal shape and dimensions are described, such as that shown in
Fig. 8-37, are easy to understand if a cross-section is used.

Fig. 8-37: Diagram Showing the Internal Shape of Hollow Products

Flat m0.5

c) Products such as those shown in Fig. 8-38 must be described using front elevation (b) and
side elevation (c).

Fig. 8-38

d) When entering the dimensions of bearings such as those shown in Fig. 8-39, look carefully
at the dimensions to describe the overall shape and the dimensions required for processing,
and make sure no dimensions have been omitted when creating and amending the
diagrams. Realizing that dimensions have been omitted once manufacture of the parts has
started is too late. Do not forgot, as this is an important part of sketching.

Fig. 8-39

8-13
Chapter 8: Mechanical Sketches

Fig. 8-40A: Dimensions Describing the Overall Shape

Fig. 8-40B: Dimensions and Symbols Required for Processing (Surface Roughness)

2-4 bore

2-9 bore
204 ***

3 bore

Fig. 8-40C: Completed Diagram

2-4 bore

2-9 bore
204 ***

3 bore

8-14
 Chapter 9: Diagram Configuration

Chapter 9: Diagram Configuration

1. Types of Diagrams
Table 9-1 shows an extract of mainly assembly diagram terminology from JISZ8114 (Diagram
Creation—Diagram Terminology). The difference between “parts correlation diagrams”, “overall
assembly diagrams” and “partial assembly diagrams” is classification of the details described in
the assembly diagram, as shown by the definitions. These classifications are determined by the
extent to which items are described. To further précis the definition of these assembly diagrams,
we could say that “Assembly diagrams are diagrams that describe the assembled condition of
two or more parts."
The parts that configure the item shown in the diagram enter the assembly process from
preprocessing both in and out of the factory. The diagrams used when processing parts during
the preprocess are generally called “parts diagrams (creation diagrams)”. “Parts diagrams”
describe not only the shape and dimensions, but also the surface roughness, geometric
tolerances, and processing methods, etc. The definitions of “parts diagram” is as shown in Table
9-1.To further précis the definition, we could say that “Parts diagrams are diagrams that show the
detail of parts.”

Type Definition
Parts Diagrams that show single parts that cannot be broken down further,
Diagram including all the information required to define the parts.
Materials Diagrams that show the status before mechanical processes such as
Diagram casting and forging, etc., using mechanical parts.
Assembly Diagrams that show the shape, etc., of assembled parts and the
Diagram relative positional relationship of the parts.
Parts Diagrams that show information for the assembly and arrangement of
Correlation two parts. For example, information concerning the dimensions, shape
Diagram limits, performance, and required pre-testing of both parts.
Overall An assembly diagram that shows all the parts and partially assembled
Assembly parts of the completed product.
Diagram
Partial Assembly diagrams that show the partial configuration that describes
Assembly the assembled body only of either parts or limited multiple parts.
Diagram

2. Diagram Configuration
Generally, configurations use parts tables, assembly
diagrams, and parts diagrams. For the parts number, the Parts diagram
parts table comes first and the assembly diagram is the
second page or later, and the parts diagram is the next Assembly diagram
page (number) after the assembly diagram.
Parts table
Example:

Parts
Diagram
Number
Parts Table 1st page
Overall 2nd page
Assembly
Diagram
Partial 3rd page
Assembly
Diagram
Parts 4th page (No.
Diagram 4) onwards
If there is no partial assembly diagram, the parts numbers on the parts diagram start from the 3rd
page (No. 3).

9-1
Chapter 9: Diagram Configuration

3. Parts Tables
Create the parts table after the planning diagram has been created. This is before you start to
draw the parts diagram. (Further, create the parts table after the parts diagram and assembly
diagram have been completed.)

(1) Objectives for Creating Parts Tables

1) To create parts using the parts tables and to sort purchased parts.
2) To manage the delivery schedule of created products and purchased products using the parts
table.
3) To log the spare parts storage location on the parts table to manage the spare parts.
4) To log the materials dimensions, etc., on the parts table for use in sorting the materials.
5) To check that all parts have been assembled for starting assembly.
6) To calculate the total weight using the parts table.
(2) Precautions when Creating Parts Tables
The roles described in Purposes (1) are included in the parts table, so during creation, the
following precautions must be taken.
1) Copy the table columns from the parts and assembly diagrams in their entirety.
2) Enter one part per one glance (i.e., fit the description for one part into one line).
3) Enter the following items in the parts table.

Diagram number: partial assembly diagram and parts diagram numbers.

Parts numbers.

Parts names.

Materials.

Materials dimensions.

No. of parts: Enter the number of parts per one machine. Enter the total number of products if
confirmed. Enter the minimum number of spare parts required.

Parts weights.

In the notes column, enter the name of the manufacturer of commercially-available parts, the
model numbers, and the JIS specifications, etc.

Overall weight.

Precautions for Determining Parts Numbers

a) If there is a separate manufacturing diagram for the parts shown in the assembly diagram,
those diagram numbers may be entered instead.
b) The parts numbers can use any of the following systems.
1) According to order of assembly.
2) According to order of assembly.
E.g.: Parts assembly products, main parts, small parts, etc.
3) Based on another ordering system.
[1] Place heavy and big items first.
[2] The order of parts from front to back.
[3] The order of parts from the outside to the center.
[4] The order of parts from top to bottom.
[5] The order of parts from hard to soft.
[6] Postpone parts that are easily scratched.
[7] Safety first.

9-2
 Chapter 9: Diagram Configuration

4. Assembly Diagrams
When all the parts diagrams have been created, proceed to the assembly diagram creation stage.
Create the assembly diagram to show how to assemble the manufactured parts together into one
machine.

(1) Purposes of Creating Assembly Diagrams

1) To use the diagram to discuss with the designer whether assembly of the parts is feasible and
to discuss the possible problems that may occur during assembly.
2) To instruct assembly workers on the order of assembly and what precautions to take during
assembly.
3) To enable machine users or workers to understand combinations with other machines,
operating conditions, maintenance, and disassembly.
(2) Precautions when Creating Assembly Diagrams
1) Create the diagram according to the assembly. Check using the work itself that assembly is
feasible.
2) Simple methods such as merely tracing the parts diagram to be able to recheck the parts
diagrams dimensions automatically while creating the assembly diagram are prohibited.
Make sure to draw the appearance dimensions as entered in the parts diagram.
3) Make sure to enter the following items on the assembly diagram.

Item Details
Overall Show exclusive spaces, wiring, wiring spaces, and maintenance
1
Dimensions zones.
Dimensions concerning mechanical performance (main shaft
2 Main Dimensions
diameters, strokes, etc.)
Dimensions, tolerances, fittings, surface roughness, hardness,
3 Combinations
and materials of parts at the boundaries with other machines
4 Mounting Position Mounting dimensions and basic machine methods
Relationship with Center of gravity positions, I bolt positions, wire suspension
5
Transport Tools positions, fork lift tines positions, etc.
If using an AC induction motor, rotate slightly to check the
Rotation Direction direction of rotation after wiring. Make sure the chief electrician
6 Operating performs this test, and make sure to have created the design so
Direction that the machine will not suffer damage even if the motor rotates
in reverse due to with wiring being backwards.
The positional relationship with the product and the machines
7 Product Relations
that process the product.
Design Basic specifications
8
Performance
Materials, colors (Munsell number), (add color samples), number
9 Painting Palette
of coats of paint
10 Total Weight
11 All Parts Numbers Add the parts numbers in the order of assembly.
If not all the parts can be shown on one assembly diagram,
create partial assembly diagrams by block.
12 Other Enter the block numbers instead of the parts numbers in the
overall assembly diagram.
Enter all the parts numbers in the partial assembly diagrams.

9-3
Chapter 9: Diagram Configuration

5. Detailed Explanation of Assembly Diagrams

Assembly diagrams are diagrams that show the assembled condition of two or more parts.
Diagrams that show the whole product in particular are called “overall assembly diagrams”, and
other assembly diagrams are called “partial assembly diagrams”.“Parts correlation diagrams” are
a type of “partial assembly diagram”. This fact is as shown in Table 9-1 above. “Partial assembly
diagrams”, however, use the following two methods, depending on the method for picking up the
product shown in the diagram.
[1] “Partial assembly diagrams” that show part of the “overall assembly diagram”.
[2] “Partial assembly diagrams” of “partial assembly diagrams”.
Generally, both tend to be used without particular awareness of which is which.

Note: Partial assembly diagrams that are extractions of part of the overall assembly diagram
If trying to depict the size of a product shown in the assembly diagram because of its size, the
measurements become large, and the assembled state of the finer parts cannot be shown. Here,
extract only specific parts using a separate sheet of paper, and use it to show the suitable
dimensions. This “partial assembly diagram” is a diagram that shows only part of the product, and
so does not include all of the parts, so certain parts are omitted using dotted lines, and the
complete shape is not depicted. Consequently, this “partial assembly diagram” is always a
“partial assembly diagram” even if there is no “overall assembly diagram”. Partial assembly
diagrams are often used to explain pipe diagrams, device diagrams, or layout diagrams, etc.

Note: Assembly diagrams show how to assemble the parts that configure an item
The primary purpose for creating “assembly diagrams” is to show how to assemble the
configuration parts when assembling an item. Consequently, the positional relationship between
the assembly parts—i.e., up/down, left/right, orientation, etc., must be shown so that no mistakes
are made. The purpose of the assembly diagram is not merely to show the shape of the item.
They are created so that even workers without specialist knowledge can “work as shown by the
assembly diagram”.

Note: Detecting errors in parts tables and configuration parts

When creating assembly diagrams, do not rely on memory, but create the diagram by checking
the shape and compatible dimensions using the parts diagram and the required numbers using
the parts table, and strive to detect errors. When the assembly diagram is complete, check not
only the assembly of the configuration parts, but also that there are no problems with the product.
The responsibility of the person creating the assembly diagram is great.

5.1. Assembly Diagram Formats

Assembly diagrams are diagrams used in the assembly process, and parts diagrams are
diagrams used in the processing process.
Note: Table columns
Table columns are at the top right of the diagram, and are in a sense the face of the diagram.
Diagram numbers (tool numbers) are the diagram identity numbers.
The name of the item shown on the diagram is entered in the parts name (tool name).
Further, the dimensions and projection method are also shown to enable the diagram to be read
without error, such as when and where the diagram was made, and who was involved in its
creation.
Note: Parts column
The order in which to make entries in the parts column is from bottom to top.
a) If there is a separate manufacturing diagram for the parts shown in the assembly diagram,
those diagram numbers may be entered instead.
b) The parts numbers can use any of the following systems.
1) According to order of assembly.

9-4
 Chapter 9: Diagram Configuration

2) According to order of importance.

E.g.: Parts assembly products, main parts, small parts, etc.
3) Based on another ordering system.
c) The method for entering the parts numbers on the diagram is as follows:
1) Either write the parts number in characters that can be clearly discriminated, or draw a circle
around the characters.
2) Connect the parts number to the target form on the diagram by drawing lines.
3) Ideally, enter the numbers either in vertical or horizontal rows so they can be seen easily on the
screen.
The purpose of the assembly diagram is not merely to show the position of the configuration parts
in the assembled product. The assembly method should also be shown as a step forward.

Parts column

ＰＡＲＴＳ ＮＡＭＥ ＭＡＴＥＲＩＡＬ ＳＨＷ ＳＹＭ ＳＨＷ ＳＹＭ

ＭＡＳＳ
記号 名 称 材料 Ｑ’ＴＹ 数量 質量（Kg）
ＭＡＣＨＩＮＥ ＭＡＣＨＩＮＥ
ＮＯ。
機械
ＮＡＭＥ 10
番号 機械名称
ＯＰＥＲＡＴＩＯＮ ＮＯ。 ＰＡＲＴＳ ＮＯ。
工 具 番 号 部 品 番 号
ＰＡＲＴＳ ＮＡＭＥ
部 品 名 称
ＳＣＡＬＥ ＤＡＴＡ
尺 度 １／１ 日 付
ＴＲＡＣＥＤ ＢＹ ＤＲＡＷＮ ＢＹ ＤＥＳＩＧＮ ＢＹ ＣＨＣＫＥＤ ＢＹ ＯＫ。ＥＤ。ＢＹ
写 図 製 図 設 計 調 査 承 認

10

ＴＯＯＬ
ＮＡＭＥ
工 具名称

ＲＥＭＡＲＫＳ

備 考

ＴＯＯＬ №

工 具

番 号

ＣＡＤ-ＤＡＴＡ ＦＩＴ
登録日
ＤＥＷ-ＮＡＭＥ
ＳＥＣ-ＮＡＭＥ
ＷＯＲＫ ＯＲＤＥＲ № ＤＥＡＤ ＬＩＮＥ № OF
SHIEET
作 業命 令 番 号 枚 目
納 期

№OF ＷＯＲＫ
ＰＩＥＣＥＳ
TOTAL
MANUFACTURED ＢＹ SHIEET
製 作 数 枚 内

6. Parts Diagrams
When the planning diagram is complete, next create the parts diagram based on the planning
diagram. This work is called “Barashi”. This says that “The purpose of creating parts diagrams is
to create work instructions so the manufacturer can make the parts.”Consequently, diagrams
must be drawn so that the manufacturer does not misread them. Parts diagrams are diagrams for
manufacturing instruction. Basically, parts are drawn one part to a page, but at Nissan, unit parts

9-5
Chapter 9: Diagram Configuration

are basically drawn one part to a page while body equipment parts are drawn using partial
assembly diagrams (welding configurations) as the mechanical configuration is different for unit
equipment parts and body equipment parts. When creating the parts diagram, it is important to
consider the mechanical configuration.
Generally, showing numerous parts on one diagram makes arranging them difficult, and is also
inconvenient for manufacturing. Tooling machines and processes for processing are different for
each part. If parts processed using a lathe and other parts that are machine milled are shown
jumbled together on the same diagram, a large diagram must be given to two workers. Further,
processing is also difficult if a large diagram has been mounted in front of the tooling machines.
Even so, the diagram may not be torn in two.

The parts diagram must make the following items clear.

1) Parts dimensions (dimensions, tolerances, fitting, angle and corner processing, surface
processing, and geometric tolerances)
2) Materials
3) Processing methods and processing order
4) Production quantity or purchase quantity
5) For commercially-available products, the manufacturer’s name, basic specifications, and
required dimensions
6) Material dimensions and weight
7) Total weight
Create the table columns to make clear the items.

Parts Diagram Description Columns

No. of
No. Part Material Pieces Measurements

7. Changes to Diagrams
The parts tables and diagrams used in manufacturing are stored as records of the product made,
and if a request is later received regarding worn parts or repaired parts, the system enables
perfectly compatible parts to be made. Further, the created diagrams are not only common to the
initially intended product. Try to use, and to be able to use, obsolete diagrams for other products.
Here, the meaning of diagram changes concerns diagrams to which diagram numbers have been
assigned and registered as public diagrams after the diagram has left the hands of its creator. It
does not apply to incomplete diagrams still being made by the diagram creator. “Diagram
changes” describes changes to the items recorded on the diagram such as the shape,
dimensions, parts column, and quantity column, etc., shown on the diagram without changing the
diagram number. Changing the details of diagrams drawn on paper is not difficult if you use an
eraser and pencil. The problem is whether the changes are advisable, and how to handle the
circumstances arising from the changes.

9-6
 Chapter 9: Diagram Configuration

7.1. Conditions where making Changes to Diagrams Is Permissible

Diagrams have the role of instructing and making a record of newly-created products. Changes to
the diagram that impair that role are not permitted. For diagram changes (including the parts
tables), create in-house standards so that nothing is missed, and make sure the designer obeys
the standards so as not to invite unexpected problems.

A designer will have one of the following two motives for changing a diagram.
[1] There is a mistake in the diagram or parts table: Omitted dimension entries. The dimension
figures or tolerances are incorrect. There is an error in the details of the diagram itself, such as
omitted surface roughness, etc.
[2] There is an error in the common instructions for parts in the parts table, but no error in the
diagrams for the individual parts. Parts cannot be connected, or there is some other interference
with the assembly.
Next, the conditions under which changing diagrams is permitted, and the advantages and
disadvantages, are described in strict order.
1) The product made using the diagram does not exist anywhere inside or outside of the
company.
2) The product exists, but is incompatible with anything.
3) There are no compatibility issues between before and after the design changes.

7.2. Changing Diagrams

If the details in the diagram need to be changed after publication, enter the appropriate symbol in the
changed places, and store the shapes and dimensions, etc., before the change in a suitable location.
In such cases, clearly enter the date and reasons for the changes.
75
70 △
1
50
45 △
1 20
2
Φ15
Φ24

△
1 Error symbol (Date of change: dd/mm/yy)
Note: How to make changes to diagrams
If making changes to a diagram, make sure to record on the changed diagram the fact that the
changes have been made so they can be easily understood.
1) Enter the new figures for the changed dimensions, and cross out the original figures by ruling a
line through them.
2) Make sure the figures from before the change can still be read.
3) Enter the details in the revision column that is in one corner of the diagram.

ＮＯ．ＳＹＭＢＯＬ ＡＬＴＥＲＡＴＩＯＮＳ ＤＡＴＥ ＢＩＧＮＥＤ ＢＹ

Revision Column 変番 記 号 変 更 記 事 日 付 設 計
Example

9-7
Chapter 9: Diagram Configuration

If changing the shape on the diagram, draw a cross (“X”) through the lines describing the shape.
There are no standards for how to cross out lines. Diagrams are read according to the regulation
standards. Workers should be given clear and easy-to-read diagrams. If there is an error the first
time a diagram is used to arrange production, there is no need to leave the original shape before
the changes were made on the diagram. It is enough to log the fact of the change in the revisions
column on the diagram, and to describe on the diagram only the shape after the changes have
been made. Further, if products have already been made using the diagram and so a record must
be kept, stop making changes to the diagram, and instead create a new diagram with a new
diagram number, and enter the relationship between the new and obsolete diagrams in the
revision columns of both the new and obsolete diagrams. Further, stand beside the person who
will have to read the diagram to make the drawing.

9-8
 Chapter 10: Creating Mechanical Element Diagrams

Chapter 10: Creating Mechanical Element Diagrams

1. Creating Screw Diagrams

1-1. Describing Screw Diagrams

As a rule, screws are described in abridged form as shown in Fig. 10-1. The valley of an
incomplete screw is described using a slanted straight line (normally approx. 30˚), and the
incomplete screw dimensions are added as necessary.
In the abbreviated screw diagram, use thin solid lines (or medium-thick dotted lines if thin solid
lines cannot be seen) as lines to describe valley bottoms and incomplete screws, and use thick
solid lines (or medium-thick dotted lines if thick solid lines cannot be seen) as lines to describe the
boundaries of the complete and incomplete screws.

Fig. 10-1 Incomplete screw

Complete screw

Incomplete screw
Incomplete screw
Complete screw

Complete screw
Complete screw

(1) Complete screws: Screws with a complete cam at both the cam peak and the valley bottom.
(2) Incomplete screws: Screws with an incomplete screw cam shape mounted using bite, or
avoiding the use of screw tools.
(3) Effective screw parts: Screw parts that are used effectively as screws. Includes chasers with
complete cams due to the bevel at one end of the screw.

If it is particularly necessary to describe the screw connector, draw as shown in Fig. 10-2 and Fig.
10-3. Further, although not usually performed, if describing a cross-section in particular, enter lines
to describe the cam of male screws with screw hatching as the main part of the male screw.
Further, for the appearance of lines at the end of female screws, enter the bottom of female screw
valleys (see Fig. 10-3).

Fig. 10-2 Fig. 10-3

Screw Connector

Cross-section AA

10-1
Chapter 10: Creating Mechanical Element Diagrams

1-2. Describing Screws

(1) If expressing screw types, dimensions, class, etc., draw leader lines from the lines
describing the cam of male screws or the valley bottom of female screws, and mount a
parallel line at the tip, and then enter the following using the method described in JIS B
0123 (describing screws) on top of that line.

Direction of screw cam winding Number of screw cam striations Class --- Screw nominalization

With right screws, however, do not enter the cam winding direction, and with
single-striation screws, do not enter the number of screw cams. Further, do not enter the
screw class if unnecessary.
(2) When describing the surface roughness of screw surfaces, enter the surface symbol or
finish symbol at the end of the screw description (see Fig. 10-4 and Fig. 10-5).
(3) If describing the reeds of screws with multiple striations, enter in parentheses after the
screw nominalization (see Fig. 10-6).

Fig. 10-4 Fig. 10-5 Fig. 10-6

Grinding
2-striation

(4) If it is necessary to make clear that it is a screw, add the word “screw” after the screw
class (see Fig. 10-7).
(5) If describing the depth of the effective screw parts of female screws, and the depth and
longitude of the screw bottom hole, enter as shown in Fig. 10-8 to Fig. 10-10.

Fig. 10-7 Fig. 10-8 Fig. 10-9 Fig. 10-10

M16-3 screw M12 screw, depth 16 M12 screw, depth 16

Bottom hole 10.2, depth 20 Bottom hole 10.2, depth 20

10-2
 Chapter 10: Creating Mechanical Element Diagrams

(6) If it is necessary to describe the position of the base longitude of taper screws for tubes, enter
the nominalization in the base longitude position (see Fig. 10-11). If combining male taper screws
for tubes and parallel female screws for tubes, enter as shown in Fig. 10-12.
(7) If it is necessary at the same time to describe the way that female screws are described using
the screw connectors, follow the example shown in Fig. 10-13 (if the classes are different).

Fig. 10-11 Fig. 10-12 Fig. 10-13

Male screw PS3

Female screw PT3

1-3. Methods for Abbreviating Images of Screw Components

Fig. 10-11: Hexagonal Bolts Fig. 10-15: Square Bolts Fig. 10-16: Bolts with Hexagonal Holes

Fig. 10-17: Small Bisected Screws Fig. 10-18: Small Screws with Cross Holes Fig. 10-19: Stopper Screws and Wooden Screws

10-1
Chapter 10: Creating Mechanical Element Diagrams

2. Creating Gear Diagrams

2-1. Describing Gears
If describing gears in diagrams, use abbreviations as shown in Fig. 10-20.

Tooth tip arc

Fig. 10-20: Describing Gears Pitch arc

Tooth bottom arc

In this case, use lines as follows:

(1) Tooth tip arc: Thick solid line
(2) Pitch arc: Fine dot-and-dash line
(3) Tooth bottom arc: Thin sold line, but if drawing the diagram of the view from the direction at
right angles to the shaft (called the front elevation) using a cross-section, use a thick solid line.

Abridged Diagram for Gearwheel Assembly

(a) Spur gear (b) Helical gear (c) Double-helical gear (d) Bevel gear

(e) Bevel gear (f) Spiral bevel gear (g) Hypoid gear

(h) Worm gear (i) Screw gear

10-2
 Chapter 10: Creating Mechanical Element Diagrams

3. Good Diagrams and Poor Diagrams

3-1. Examples of Easily Incorrect Diagrams

In Fig. 10-21 (a), the key groove position is drawn at the top of the diagram. In such cases,
however, if drawn to describe the inner diameter dimensions of the boss as in (c), the dimension
line direction arrows impact the key groove angles, so this is a mistake.
Here, it is correct simply to omit the key groove direction arrows and draw the diagram as shown in
(b).
With the examples in Fig. 10-22 also, Fig. (a) is correct.

Fig. 10-21

Wrong
Wrong Correct

Fig. 10-22

Wrong Wrong Wrong

Fig. 10-23 is an extreme example of plans that are easy top read and difficult to read, depending
on the orientation of the plane view (side view). Make sure that the hidden lines in the diagram are
as few as possible.
In Fig. 10-24, the side view diagram is not necessary, and the diagram is a front elevation as much
as possible. Increase the descriptions to include plane and side views only if unavoidable. As this
is an example of unnecessary side view diagrams, in this example the reader ends up hopelessly
confused.

Fig. 10-23 Fig. 10-24

Unnecessary

Wrong

Correct

10-1
Chapter 10: Creating Mechanical Element Diagrams

Fig. 10-25 does not describe the R of the inside corners in plane view, so correct processing
cannot be performed.
In this case, plane view is unnecessary, but side view is necessary.
When describing shapes with rounded corners, refer to Fig. 10-26.

Fig. 10-25 Fig. 10-26

Wrong

Correct
Correct

Wrong
Front elevation

3-2. Precautions for Cross-Sectional Diagrams

Fig. 10-27 shows an incorrect example of failing to enter the outer dimension lines in the full
cross-section diagram. Further, Fig. 10-28 shows an incorrect example of a cross-section
diagram in which the rivets are not shown in cross-section.
Fig. 10-29 is a semi-cross-sectional diagram. In this case, the parts that have not been
cross-sectioned are shown using dotted lines, but this creates a mess and, contrary to the
intention, the diagram is more difficult to read.

If describing a semi-cross-sectional diagram using left/right diagrammatic symmetry,

describing only the appearance lines for the parts that have not been cross-sectioned is
correct.
Fig. 10-20 describes a type of intersecting solids. Fig. (b) shows accurate projection using a
projection diagram, but Fig. (a) describes the common diagrammatic method. If the
mechanical diagram for intersecting solids describes the intention without error, use
simplified expressions as far as possible.

Fig. 10-27 Fig. 10-28

Correct Wrong
Correct Wrong

Fig. 10-29 Fig. 10-30

Correct Wrong
Correct Wrong

10-2
 Chapter 10: Creating Mechanical Element Diagrams

Fig. 10-31 shows an example of describing the components in a cross-sectional diagram

mechanically which, contrary to intent, is difficult to understand, and in such cases, it is correct to
make the description as a compressed cross-sectional diagram. Further, compressed
cross-sectional diagrams are used in the following circumstances.
(1) When the parts that need to be expressed in cross-section are extremely narrow
(2) When parts that, as a rule, must not be described in cross-section need to be described in
cross-section particularly.
(3) When describing diagrams in cross-section mechanically is, contrary to intent, difficult to read.
Correct Wrong
Fig. 10-31

Cross-section
described mechanically
The guard with the screw hole in (b) forms a single unit with the shaft, and being on the plane that
includes the shaft core is intuitively difficult to read. If drawing break lines in compressed
cross-sectional diagrams such as this, make sure that the start and end points are on the
appearance line, which describes the contours of the component as shown in Fig. 10-32 (a), and
never use on the boundary lines of parts that are not in cross-section, or on parts that
cross-section appearance lines that are not contours.
Correct Wrong
Fig. 10-32

3-3. Precautions for Entering Dimensions

The upper diagram in Fig. 10-33 shows an example in which the dimension entries are
concentrated in the front elevation as far as possible. The lower diagram is poor as the diameter
dimensions are scattered across the plane view diagram. The correct method is to collate the
dimension lines in a single diagram, except when such concentration makes the diagram difficult
to read or too complicated.
Fig. 10-34 shows an example of several dimensions steps in a line. In this case, enter the
greater diameter along the outside, as shown in Fig. (a). If the gap between dimension entries is
small, then stagger the numbers for entry, as shown in Fig. (c). Entering the dimension support
lines and dimension lines interchangeably as shown in Fig. (b) is incorrect. When creating
diagrams, as a rule completely avoid drawing so that lines and lines, or lines and characters or
symbols, etc., intermingle.

Fig. 10-33 Fig. 10-34

Correct

Correct Wrong
Wrong

10-1
Chapter 10: Creating Mechanical Element Diagrams

Fig, 10-35 shows a diagram in which the locations at which the dimensions have been entered are
in parallel, and as shown in Fig. (a), linear alignment is correct. If the space for entering
dimensions is narrow, enter black circles instead of direction arrows.
Fig. 10-36 shows an example in which the manufacturer has to calculate the necessary
dimensions. In such cases, enter either the reference dimensions, or make the entries so that no
calculations are necessary. As far as possible, enter he extended or expanded dimensions for
curved products. Further, if describing as a reference unimportant dimensions within the major
dimensions such as these, enter the minor dimension figures in parentheses.

Fig. 10-35 Fig. 10-36

Wrong

Correct Wrong

Correct

Fig. 10-37 shows an example of a diagram with few dimension differences. In such cases, to
eliminate errors during production, consider how to describe the diagram by adding the differences
to the diagram above the dimension differences.

Fig. 10-37

Wrong Correct

10-2