CENTRALISED HOT WATER SYSTEM DESIGN

& ENERGY OPTIMIZATION

BY TEE TONE VEI
tee.tv@intrixgroup.com

OPERATING COST

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 COMPARISON ON
CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION

Annual Carbon Dioxide Emission (Ton)

400

300

355 Ton

271 Ton
Ton/Year

200

231 Ton

194 Ton
100

81 Ton
69 Ton

0
Electric Heater Diesel LPG Natural Gas ASHP WSHP

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Heat Pump -
Working Principle

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 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Energy can be changed from one form to another, but it cannot
be created or destroyed.

1 Cubic Foot of Natural Gas can

be converted to 1,026 Btu of
heat energy

1 kW of Electricity can be
converted to 1 kW of heat
energy (3,412 Btu)

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SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Heat energy can only flow from high

temperature level to low temperature
level.
Work has to be done to transfer heat from
a lower temperature level to a higher
temperature level.

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 SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Heat energy can only flow from high temperature level to low temperature level. Work
has to be done to transfer heat from a lower temperature level to a higher level.

Hot Water

Heat Pump

Ambient Heat

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HOW DOES
A HEAT PUMP WORK?

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 HEAT PUMP

HEAT SINK CONDENSATION

HEAT TRANSFER
HEAT SOURCE EVAPORATION

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
REFRIGERANT R134A

10
 THE IDEAL VAPOR-COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION CYCLE

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BIG MYTH about COP

COP is never a fixed value ! (i.e 4.0)
Matrix of Heat Source oC vs Output Water oC

Higher Water oC, COP ↓

Lower Heat Source oC, COP ↓

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 COP VS OPERATING TEMP (ºC)
COPELAND SCROLL, MODEL # ZR144KCE-TFD
TC TE -15 -10 -5 0 5 7 10 12.5 15
21 5.565916 6.363924 7.146789 7.742857 8.048346 8.067308
25 5.032738 5.809384 6.617816 7.346154 7.868687 7.963855 8.028825
30 4.373333 5.094488 5.870466 6.656566 7.330935 7.519722 7.739606 7.851852
35 3.772512 4.402778 5.105505 5.875283 6.594714 6.853132 7.195426 7.394422 7.540643
40 3.262156 3.801636 4.421053 5.104628 5.811133 6.098425 6.480769 6.76779 7.003617
45 2.826996 3.290909 3.826476 4.42246 5.067496 5.336283 5.728546 6.043178 6.320946
50 2.870915 3.324841 3.832278 4.40729 4.645008 5.018987 5.323899 5.618974
55 2.520772 2.908178 3.340426 3.826705 4.048433 4.366619 4.651926 4.926031
60 2.555556 2.919127 3.336329 3.512853 3.803618 4.04799 4.302991
65 2.266586 2.570588 2.912281 3.06089 3.302709 3.52071 3.738095

9.0000

7.2500
AT=15
AT=22
AT=30
COP

5.5000

3.7500

2.0000
20 33 45 58 70
Condensing Temp (C)

13

MYTH!!!
TOTAL
= Compressor
ELECTRIC
INPUT + Fan

+ Others

(Testing Standard? Testing Body?

Performance Guarantee ?)

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 3

Coefficient o
2
1
0
30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Discharge Temperature (°C)
DESIGN CONDITION vs COP
System with Sub-cooling.

INTRIX EXTRACTOR COP TEST

Coefficient of Performance (COP) 8
7
y = 0.0031x2 - 0.4051x + 15.817
6
R² = 0.8315
5
4
3
2
1
0
30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Discharge Temperature (°C)
© All rights reserved

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1kW is not 1kW

CAPACITY is never a fixed value !
Matrix of Heat Source oC vs Output Water oC

Higher Water oC, KW ↓

Lower Heat Source oC, KW ↓

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 HEATING CAPACITY VS
OPERATING TEMP (TC)
COPELAND SCROLL, MODEL # ZR144KCE-TFD
TC TE -15 -10 -5 0 5 7 10 12.5 15
21 17.31 20.11 23.37 27.1 31.63 33.56
25 16.91 19.81 23.03 26.74 31.16 33.05 36.21
30 16.4 19.41 22.66 26.36 30.57 32.41 35.37 38.16
35 15.92 19.02 22.26 25.91 29.94 31.73 34.61 37.12 39.89
40 15.43 18.59 21.84 25.37 29.23 30.98 33.7 36.14 38.73
45 14.87 18.1 21.39 24.81 28.53 30.15 32.71 34.99 37.42
50 17.57 20.88 24.22 27.81 29.31 31.72 33.86 36.13
55 16.99 20.27 23.55 26.94 28.42 30.61 32.61 34.63
60 19.55 22.74 25.99 27.33 29.44 31.21 33.09
65 18.79 21.85 24.9 26.14 28.04 29.75 31.4

40.00
Heating Capacity (kW)

35.00
AT=15
AT=22
AT=30
30.00

25.00

20.00
20 33 45 58 70
Condensing Temp (C)

17

UNDERSTANDING
COMPRESSOR APPLICATION ENVELOPE

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SOME MANUFACTURERS MAKES COMPRESSORS
FOR DIFFERENT OPERATING RANGES

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SYSTEM DESIGN

Challenge the OPTIMISED

norm!
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CONVENTIONAL

20
 The ONLY REASON to use
heat pump is to SAVE ENERGY

21

Typical Heat Pump System

HWS
60℃

Heat Source

Free Cooling HW Return

50℃

CWS
28℃

65℃~70℃

Control

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 System Sizing

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2.1 Hot Water Consumption in 24

hours
TYPICAL HOTEL LOAD PROFILE
Non-peak average hot water Peak average hot water Peak average hot water
consumption (3m3/hr) from consumption (10m3/hr) from consumption (7m3/hr) from
1 am to 6 am 6 am to 9 am 9 pm to 12 am
Total hot w ater consum ption (guest + kitchen) m 3/hr
m 3/hr

12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0
:0

:0

:0

:0

:0

:0

:0

:0

:0

:0

:0

:0

:0

:0
0:

1:

2:

3:

4:

5:

6:

7:

8:

9:

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

tim e

Total (guest + kitchen) m3/hr

Non-peak average hot water

Figure 4: Daily hot water consumption profile consumption (5m3/hr) from 2
pm to 9pm
11

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 THREE MAIN SOURCES OF HEAT
FOR HEAT PUMP OPERATION
Useful
Heating

Ambient Air
5℃ - 35℃

Chilled Water Hot Water

7℃ - 12℃ 30℃ - 90℃

Cooling
Tower Water
30℃ - 35℃
Free 

Cooling

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Thermal Energy Storage

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 EFFICIENCY

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GOOD STRATIFICATION

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 POOR STRATIFICATION

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VS
VERTICAL HORIZONTAL?

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BACK UP / BOOSTER / CHEATER?

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Backup Heater

Primary 500kW Heat Pump 400 Amps COP ~4

Backup 250kW Heater 600Amps COP1

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 OPEX Optimisation

HOT WATER ENERGY COST (500 ROOMS)

600,000

450,000

300,000

520,644

150,000
260,322

130,161 121,080
0
COP1 COP2 COP3 COP4
COP 1 COP 2 COP 4 COP 4.3
Cost (RM)
(ie. Electric Heater) Optimised

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CONVENTIONAL OPTIMISED

Challenge the norm!

34

34
Conventional Heat Pump System
HWS
60℃

T 5℃

HW Return
Backup 50℃
Heater
CWS
28℃

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SITE IMPLEMENTATION

36
 Challenge the norm!
1. Do we need so many Heat Pumps? (Think of Chiller)
2. Do we need so many Tanks? (Think of Cold Water)
3. How do we replace the Tanks years later?
4. Why should we run the pump 7 times?
5. Is it necessary to have backup heater? (Think of Chiller)
6. How can we save space?
37
7. Can we simplify the whole design?

37

OPTIMISED System

One Pass HP Versa Tank

Return
Hot Water
50℃
60℃
CWS
27℃ HWS
60℃

Gravity

vs. Conventional System

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 EFFICIENCY

One
Pass

Recirculation

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SPACE Optimisation

Versa Tank 4 x 5,000L

1.67X
3.00X
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 AIR SOURCE [ ONE PASS]

CWS
15℃

Primary Supply
60℃

Return
50℃
HWS
60℃
Gravity

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SITE IMPLEMENTATION

42
 43

Heat Recovery from VRV

44
THE IDEAL VAPOR-COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION CYCLE

10% TO 15% OF
THE THR

45

DESUPERHEATER

DESUPERHEATER HOT WATER

INDOOR UNIT OUTDOOR UNIT

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 HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM

VRV
OUTDOOR THERMAL
STORAGE HWS
60℃

Return

T 5℃

CWS
55℃~60℃
30℃

HEAT PUMP

47
Sta idelin

Presentation Slides
s
ive
Gu
nda es

ct
re
rds

Di
&

INTRIX
Incoming Pressure Inlet Flow Rate Outlet Flow Rate
CONSULTATION
Types of Isolation Barrier
(Bar) (L/M) (L/M)
3.8 A
1 4.4 4.0 B
4.4 C
5.3 A
2 6.5 5.8 B
6.4 C
6.1 A
Technical Data

3 8.2 6.8 B
8.0 C
7.7 A
Tender Spec

4 10.3 8.3 B
10.1 C
Pape al

Flow Rate Chart

12.0
nic
rs

10.3
10.0 10.1

8.2 8.3
8.0 8.0
7.7
Out let Flow Rate (L/M)

Tech

6.8
6.5
6.4 Isolation A
6.0 6.1
5.8 Isolation B
5.3
Isolation C

4.4 Inlet Flow

4.0 4.0
3.8

2.0

0.0
1 2 3 4
Incoming Pressure (Bar)

48
Challenge the norm! 49

49