11C week 27-30.04.

2020 Vocabulary
Word Formation: Prefixes and Suffixes; Word families
*Rezolvaţi exerciţiile în continuarea documentului; redenumiţi doc. adăugând numele elevului.
** Sunt sute de exemple de cuvinte derivate şi 20 de pagini de citit…nu vă speriaţi, citiţi-le, doar aşa veţi
reţine cât mai multe exemple si regulile de alcătuire şi veţi putea identifica derivatele pe părţi de vorbire
(subst., adj., verbe şi adverbe)

 Prefixes
A prefix is defined as a letter or group of letters that we add to the beginning of a word to form new
words. We usually use prefixes to guess the meaning of words.

Look at the words tie, retie and untie.  What do they have in common?

They all include the word tie. So the word tie is the root. Adding a prefix changes the meaning of the root.
Adding a prefix changes the meaning of the root.

The prefixes in-, im-, il-, ir-,un-, dis- have the same meaning. They mean ‘opposite of’ or ‘not’. When we
add these prefixes to a word, they give its opposite.
 Tips: 
 We can also use the prefixes un– and dis– with verbs to form their opposites.
(e.g. untie, unfasten, unpack, undo, unlock, undress, disagree, disappear, dislike, disqualify, disobey
, disconnect etc.)
The list below shows more prefixes with their meanings along with examples.
 Suffixes
Suffixes refer to the letters or syllables that we add to the end of a word to create new words.

Knowing the different suffixes can enable you to guess the

meaning of new words and recognize whether the word is a
verb, a noun, an adjective, an adverb, etc.

The suffix can change the spelling of the original word. For
example, the -e ending of the verb ‘create’ and the
adjective ‘wise’ is omitted when the suffix is added.
 Create → creation
 wise→ wisdom

The suffix changes the spelling of the original word.

Here is a list of suffixes with meanings and examples.

The table below displays more suffixes with meaning and examples
Lists of prefixes and suffixes (with meanings)
Common Prefixes
Prefix Meaning Examples
a-, an- without, lack of, not amoral, acellular, abyss, achromatic, anhydrous
ante- before, earlier, in front of antecedent, antedate, antemeridian, anterior
anti- against, opposite of anticlimax. antiaircraft, antiseptic, antibody
auto- self, same autopilot, autobiography, automobile, autofocus
circum- around, about circumvent, circumnavigate, circumscribe
co- with, together co-pilot, co-worker, co-exist, co-author
com-, con- together, with companion, commingle, contact, concentrate
contra-, against, opposite contradict, contrast, contrary, controversy
contro-
de- down, off, away from devalue, deactivate, debug, degrade, deduce
dis- not, apart, away disappear, disagreeable, disbar, dissect
en- put into, cover with enclose, entangle, enslave, encase
ex- out of, from, former extract, exhale, excavate, ex-president
extra- beyond, outside, more than extracurricular, extramarital, extravagant
hetero- different, other heterosexual, heterodox, heterogeneous
homo-, same, alike homonym, homophone, homeostasis, homosexual
homeo-
hyper- over, more, beyond hyperactive, hypersensitive, hypercritical
il-, im-, in-, ir- not, without illegal, immoral, inconsiderate, irresponsible
in- in, into insert, inspection, infiltrate
inter- between, among intersect, interstellar, intervene, interpenetrate
intra-, intro- within, inside intravenous, intragalactic, introvert
macro- large, prominent macroeconomics, macrostructure, macrocosm
micro- very small microscope, microcosm, microbe
mono- one, single, alone monocle, monologue, monogamy, monotony
non- not, without nonentity, nonaggressive, nonessential, nonfiction
omni- all, every omniscient, omnivorous, omniscient, omnidirectional
post- after, behind postmortem, posterior, postscript, postoperative
pre-, pro- before, forward precede, predict, project, prologue
sub- under, lower submarine, subsidiary, substandard
sym-, syn- same time, together symmetry, symposium, synchronize, synapse
tele- from or over a distance telecommunications, telemedicine, television, telephone
trans- across, beyond, through transmit, transaction, translation, transfer
tri- three, every third tricycle, trimester, triangle, triathlon
un- not, lacking, opposite of unfinished, unskilled, ungraceful, unfriendly
uni- one, single unicorn, unicellular, unicycle, unilateral
up- to the top or north, upbeat, updo, upgrade, upload, uphill, upstage, upscale, up-
higher/better tempo

Common Suffixes in English

Noun Suffixes:

Suffix Meaning Example

-acy state or quality privacy, fallacy, delicacy
-al act or process of refusal, recital, rebuttal
-ance, -encestate or quality of maintenance, eminence, assurance
-dom place or state of beingfreedom, kingdom, boredom
-er, -or one who trainer, protector, narrator
-ism doctrine, belief communism, narcissism, skepticism
-ist one who chemist, narcissist, plagiarist
-ity, -ty quality of inactivity, veracity, parity, serenity
-ment condition of argument, endorsement, punishment
-ness state of being heaviness, sadness, rudeness, testiness
-ship position held fellowship, ownership, kinship, internship
-sion, -tion state of being concession, transition, abbreviation

Verb Suffixes:

Suffix Meaning Example

-ate become regulate, eradicate, enunciate, repudiate
-en become enlighten, awaken, strengthen
-ify, -fy make or becometerrify, satisfy, rectify, exemplify
-ize, -ise*become civilize, humanize, socialize, valorize

Adjective Suffixes:

Suffix Meaning Example

-able, - capable of being edible, presentable, abominable, credible
ible
-al pertaining to regional, grammatical, emotional, coastal
-esque reminiscent of picturesque, statuesque, burlesque
-ful notable for fanciful, resentful, woeful, doubtful
-ic, -ical pertaining to musical, mythic, domestic, chiastic
-ious, -ous characterized by nutritious, portentous, studious
-ish having the quality offiendish, childish, snobbish
-ive having the nature of creative, punitive, divisive, decisive
-less without endless, ageless, lawless, effortless
-y characterized by sleazy, hasty, greasy, nerdy, smelly

In American English, verbs end with -ize, versus British English, in which the spelling changes to -ise.

 American English: finalize, realize, emphasize, standardize

 British English: finalise, realise, emphasise, standardize

Examples of Suffixes
Some of the most common suffixes and their meanings are as follows:

Noun Suffixes
 -eer
Meaning: engaged in something, associated with something
Examples: auctioneer, volunteer, engineer, profiteer
 -er
Meaning: someone who performs an action
Examples: helper, teacher, preacher, dancer
 -ion
Meaning: the action or process of
Examples: celebration, opinion, decision, revision
 -ity
Meaning: the state or condition of
Examples: probability, equality, abnormality, civility
 -ment
Meaning: the action or result of
Examples: movement, retirement, abandonment, establishment
 -ness
Meaning: a state or quality
Examples: fondness, awareness, kindness, darkness
 -or
Meaning: a person who is something
Examples: distributor, investigator, translator, conductor
 -sion
Meaning: state or being
Examples: depression, confusion, tension, compulsion
 -ship
Meaning: position held
Examples: worship, ownership, courtship, internship
 -th
Meaning: state or quality
Examples: strength, labyrinth, depth, warmth
Adjective Suffixes
 -able, -ible
Meaning: capable of being
Examples: preventable, adaptable, predictable, credible
 -al
Meaning: pertaining to
Examples: theatrical, natural, criminal, seasonal
 -ant
Meaning: inclined to or tending to
Examples: vigilant, defiant, brilliant, reliant
 -ary
Meaning: of or relating to
Examples: budgetary, planetary, military, honorary
 -ful
Meaning: full of or notable of
Examples: grateful, beautiful, wonderful, fanciful
 -ic
Meaning: relating to
Examples: iconic, organic, heroic, poetic
 -ious, -ous
Meaning: having qualities of
Examples: gracious, cautious, humorous, fabulous
 -ive
Meaning: quality or nature of
Examples: creative, expensive, expressive, pensive
 -less
Meaning: without something
Examples: hopeless, faultless, fearless, restless
 -y
Meaning: made up of or characterized by
Examples: brainy, fruity, tasty, grouchy

Verb Suffixes
 -ed
Meaning: past-tense version of a verb
Examples: laughed, climbed, called, missed
 -en
Meaning: become
Examples: soften, fasten, lengthen, strengthen
 -er
Meaning: action or process, making an adjective comparative
Examples: faster, bigger, fuller, longer
 -ing
Meaning: verb form/present participle of an action
Examples: laughing, swimming, driving, writing
 -ize, -ise
Meaning: to cause or to become
Examples: memorialize, authorize, commercialize, advertise
Adverb Suffixes
 -ly
Meaning: in what manner something is being done
Examples: bravely, simply, honestly, gladly
 -ward
Meaning: in a certain direction
Examples: backward, wayward, awkward, afterward
 -wise
Meaning: in relation to
Examples: clockwise, edgewise, lengthwise, otherwise

Word families (Familii de cuvinte/Familii lexicale)

În limba română - familia lexicală reprezintă totalitatea CUVINTELOR ÎNRUDITE ca sens, formate
de la acelaşi cuvânt de bază şi având acelaşi radical. Ea este formată din CUVÂNTUL DE BAZĂ,
CUVINTELE DERIVATE, CUVINTELE REALIZATE PRIN COMPUNERE şi PRIN
SCHIMBAREA VALORII GRAMATICALE.
Ex.
grădină - cuvânt de bază
grădinar - grădin + suf. -ar
grădinăreasa - grădin + suf.-ar + suf.-easă
grădinăresc - grădin + suf. -ar + suf. -esc
grădinărit - grădin + suf. -ar + suf. -it
grădiniţă - grădin + suf. Iţă

sau

pădure - pădurar - pădurice - păduros - (a) împăduri - (a) reîmpăduri

Examples in English
convoy, convoys, convoying, convoyed,
voyage, voyages, voyaging, voyaged, voyager,
voyagers
envoy, envoys

retake, retakes, retaken, retaking,

untaken,
mistake, mistakes, mistakable, mistakably, mistaken,
mistakenly, mistaking,
intake, intakes,
overtake, overtakes, overtaken, overtaking,
undertake, undertakes, undertaker, undertaken,
undertaking, undertakings,
uptake, uptakes,
breathtaking,
caretaker, caretaking,
takes, taker, taken, taking,
takeaway,
takeover
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
Practice

Pentru cele 4 exerciţii, pornind de la cuvântul rădăcină/radicalul din paranteză, alcătuiţi cuvântul
derivat corect folosind sufixe şi/sau prefixe)

I. Use the word at the end of each sentence to form a new word that fits into the sentence.

1. The   in this place is absolutely terrible. I want my money back. (SERVE)

2. Could you help me make a  . I don't know which phone to buy. (DECIDE)

3. Even very good clothes are quite   in this shop (AFFORD).

4. There are no further   for applying for this job. (REQUIRE)

5. My mother had no idea that this vase was so   (VALUE).

6. Companies should always tell the   in their advertisements. (TRUE)

7. Credit cards are really  , but you have to be careful with them (USE)

8. I read a   of all the new mountain bikes. This one is the best. (COMPARE)

9. Before you get money from the bank you have to make a   about whether you can pay it back or
not. (JUDGE)

10. He has been an   banker for ages (INVEST).

II. Use the word in brackets to form a new word that fits into the blank !

1. What's the name of that   you were singing earlier (SING).

2. I started playing the piano , but I don't think I have much   talent (MUSIC)

3. My dad used to be really fit and he was in his college   team (ATHLETE)

4. When you were young did you ever play with other   in your neighbourhood (CHILD)

5. Alan wants to be an   but I don't think he's got much talent (ACT)

6. They have a wonderful   of stamps. (COLLECT)

 7. You have to practice a lot if you want to work as a   (MUSIC)

8. My friend wants to become a   football player (PROFESSION)

9. Why are cats such   animals ? (PLAY)

10. Lots of people get   just from watching someone perform. (PLEASE)

11. There are many forms of  . You just have to find the right kind . (ENTERTAIN)

12. In his youth my dad was a  . He worked on a big ship for two years (SAIL).

III. Use the words in brackets to form a new word that fits into each blank.

1. My mum is the chairman's assistant. She has a lot of   . (RESPONSIBLE)

2. I have an important   to make (ANNOUNCE)

3. Jamie's early   came as a shock to all of us. (DIE)

4. When the comedian told the joke, the whole auditorium was filled with   (LAUGH)

5. I reported the   of my passport to the authorities. (LOSE)

6. The boys'   was reported to their parents. (BEHAVE)

7. When she got home she immediately filed a   . (COMPLAIN)

8. The   of flight OS2895 will be announced soon. (ARRIVE)

9. The   of the airplane was a mystery to the investigators. (APPEAR)

10. When I opened the door everyone looked at me in  . (ASTONISH)

11. There have been a great number of   in many fields of research. (DEVELOP)

12. When they got to the top of the mountain they made a remarkable   (DISCOVER)

13. The headmaster gave us   to leave lessons earlier. (PERMIT)

14. It's been a   meeting your parents (PLEASE)

15. The   of the bank depends on how many customers it can get. (SUCCEED)

IV. Use the word in brackets at the end of each line to form a new word that fits into the blank.

1. She has a job in which she takes on great   . (RESPONSIBLE)

2. When I walked in, she looked at me in   (ASTONISH).

3. His   came as a great shock to all of us (DIE).

4. There have been a lot of   in the world of medicine in the last two decades. (DEVELOP)

5. The sudden   of the ship was a complete mystery . (DISAPPEAR)

6. I made a remarkable   when I opened the box (DISCOVER).

7. We reported the   of our car to the local police. (LOSE)

8. The boy didn't get   to leave the school playground (PERMIT).

9. If your   doesn't improve , we will have to expel you from this school (BEHAVE).

10. When he lost his trousers , the whole room shook with   . (LAUGH)

11. She turned red with   . (EMBARRASS)

12. It’s been a   meeting you . (PLEASE)

13. Both company managers put their   at the bottom of the document (SIGN)

14. On the second evening we made a   about the service in this restaurant (COMPLAIN)

15. After dinner, she had an important   to make. (ANNOUNCE)

16. British Airways announced the   of flight BA671 from Frankfurt. (ARRIVE)

17. My boyfriend and I had a terrible   the other day (ARGUE)

18. As far as I’m concerned ,   is more important than money. (HAPPY)

19. If you can’t stand the   , get out of the kitchen (HOT) .

20. I’m afraid I am very   with lazy people (PATIENT)

21. Do French, Spanish and Italian have any   ? (SIMILAR)

22. He always seems to have a lot of   (CONFIDENT). He thinks he can achieve anything

23. In all   , he'll pass the exam (PROBABLE)

24. The mountain reaches a   of almost 6,000 metres. (HIGH)