2021 Level LS Physics Basic Questions Chap 1-5 (BTG)

Physics Course
Basic Questions
Level LS
Physics Basic Questions: Level LS
Physics Course
Basic Questions
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Optics
Chapter 2: Linear Motion
Chapter 3: Forces
Chapter 4: Moments
Chapter 5: Pressure
Chapter 6: Kinetic Theory
Chapter 7: Atomic Physics
Chapter 8: Energy(Qualitative)
Chapter 9:Energy(Quantitative)
SABIS® Proprietary 1
Chapter 1: Optics
Section 1.9 (Pg-21)
BG 1. Define the following:
G (a) Angle of incidence. (e) Incident ray

G (b) Normal. G (c) Point of incidence.
(d) Angle of reflection. (f) Reflected ray.
Solution: - in Book – pg. 21.
Section 1.10 (Pg-22)
BGT 2.
B State the laws of reflection.
Solution: B
Solution:
(a) (i) See the diagram below.

(ii)
(iii) Angle of incidence = 47o

Angle of refraction = 30o
B 3. Describe an experiment to verify the laws of reflection using a ray box. List the equipment
needed.
B 4. Describe an experiment to verify the laws of reflection using pins.
B 5. Construct a ray diagram to illustrate the formation of the image of a real point object in a plane
mirror.
Section 1.12.1 (Pg-29)
B 6. Construct a ray diagram to illustrate the formation of the image of a virtual point object in a
plane mirror.
B 7. Construct a ray diagram to illustrate the formation of the image of an extended object in a plane
mirror.
BG 8. Discuss the properties of images formed in a plane mirror
Solution: - in Book – pg. 30 (in the table).
B 9. A point source is placed 5 cm from a vertically stood plane mirror.
a) How far is the image from i) the mirror, ii) the source?
Solution:
i) dIM = 5 cm; ii) dIS = 10 cm
b) If the source is moved 2 cm closer to the mirror, what distance does the image move and
in what direction?
Solution:
2cm, towards the mirror.
c) Does it make any difference if we move the mirror closer to the source instead?
Solution:
Yes. As the mirror moves 2cm closer to (towards) the source, the image moves 4 cm
towards the source.
d) The source moves 4 cm parallel to the mirror. How does the image’s position change,
relative i) to the point source, and ii) to the mirror?
Solution:
i) The position of the image doesn’t change with respect to the source.
ii) As the mirror moves 4cm upwards (for example), relative to the image (and to the
source), the image (and the source) will move 4cm downwards with respect to the
mirror.
Something similar happens if the mirror moves downwards - the source and the image
will move upwards, with respect to the mirror.
e) If you keep the source fixed and move the mirror in its own plane, how would the
position of the image change?
Solution:
The position of the image doesn’t change with respect to the source;
it changes only relative to the mirror - the image moves the same distance as the mirror,
but in the opposite direction (like in any case of two objects which move relative to
each other).
B 10. Design an experiment to illustrate the formation of the image of a pin in a plane mirror.
B 11. Practical applications of plane mirrors:
(a) The periscope. (c) The laser.

(b) Instruments scales. (d) The Kaleidoscope.
Solution: - in Book – pg. 37 – 39.
BG 12.
i) The index of refraction of diamond is 2.42 and that of water is 1.33.
a) Specify which of these two media is more refractive. Justify.
Solution: - diamond is more refractive, because its index of refraction is greater.
b) Find the velocity of light in each of these media.
c 3 108
Solution: vd =  = 1.24  108 m/s
nd 2.42
c 3 108
vw =  = 2.26  108 m/s
nw 1.33
G ii) Calculate the index of refraction of a substance in which the speed of light is
2.25 108 m/s.
c 3 108
Solution: n=  = 1.33
v 2.25  108
B 13. Definitions of refraction, refracted ray, point/ medium of incidence, angle of refraction.
Solution: - in Book – pg. 45 & 21.
BG 14. State the laws of refraction.
BGT 15.
G a) A ray of light passing through air strikes the plane face of a water vessel (n = 1.33)
at an angle of incidence of 60°. Find the angle of refraction and draw a labelled
diagram.
sin i nwater sin 60o 1.33 sin 60 o

Solution:     sin r = = 0.65 
sin r nair sin r 1 1.33
 r = 40.63o 41o
60o air
41o
water
T b)
Solution: B
B 16. A ray of light passing through water, strikes the plane face separating water from air at an
angle of incidence of 30°. Find the angle of refraction and draw a labelled diagram.
sin i n sin 30o 1

Solution:  air    sin r = 1.33 sin 30o = 0.67 
sin r nwater sin r 1.33
 r = 41.68o 42o 42o

air
30o
water
BT 17.
B I) Describe an experiment to investigate the refraction of light using a rectangular Perspex

block.
T II)
Solution:
(a) (i) See the diagram below.

(ii) See the diagram below:
(b) (i) Angle of incidence at E = 88o  90o

(ii) Critical angle = 43o
(iii) Using Snell ‘s Law
(n1)(sin i) = (n2)(sin r)
n2 = 1.46
B 18. Describe an experiment to investigate the refraction of light using a semi-circular block.

BG 19.
i) Define “critical angle”.
Solution: - the angle of incidence in a medium, which corresponds to an angle of

refraction of 90o, in the medium of refraction.
(Its value depends on the indexes of refraction of the two media.)
G ii) What is the maximum value the angle of refraction can have, which corresponds to an angle
of incidence called the “critical angle”? ( measure the value to the nearest degree)
Solution: 90o
BT 20.
B I) Under what conditions does total internal reflection occur?
Solution: 1) the medium of incidence must be optically denser than the medium
beyond the boundary;
2) the angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle
corresponding to the two media – the medium of incidence and the
medium beyond the boundary
1) & 2) must be simultaneously fulfilled.
T II)
Solution:
(a)
(b) At Y, the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle and light is going from a
denser medium to a less dense medium; therefore it undergoes total internal reflection
and it is trapped inside the optical fiber.
B 21. Describe an experiment to determine the critical angle using a semi-circular block.

B 22. A 1.5 m boy, standing 2.0 m from the edge of a 3.0 m deep empty swimming pool, cannot
see a coin at the bottom. He can see the coin only when the pool is completely filled with
water. How far is the coin from the wall of the swimming pool?
Solution:
h i
i
D
r
H
D
sin i = (from the diagram) (1)
D 2  h2
d
sin r = (from the diagram) (2)
d2  H2
sin i nwater
 (2nd law of refraction) (3)
sin r nair
(The unknown is “d”.)
Substitute sin i and sin r from (1) and (2), in (3):
D d2  H2 nwater
 
d D h2 2 nair
Raise the above relation to the 2nd power:

(The unknown is “d”.)
D2  d 2  H 2 
2
n 
   water 
d 2  D2  h2   nair 
Rearrange the terms in the left-side fraction:

D2  d 2  H 2    nwater  2
 
 D 2  h2  d 2  nair 
Write the second fraction on the left side, as a sum of two fractions
(for d 2 to occur only once):
2
D2  H 2   nwater 
 1  
 D2  h2   d 2   nair 

 H2   nwater 
2
D 2
 h2 

1  2  =  
 d   nair  D2
 H2   nwater   h2 
2
 1  2  =    1   
 d   nair   D2 
H 2  nwater   h2 
2
 =    1  2 
-1 
d2  air 
n  D 
H2
 d2 = 2

 nwater   h2 
   1  2 
-1
 nair   D 
H
 d = 2
 nwater   h2 
   1  2 
-1
 nair   D 
3.0
 d =
 1.33 
2
  1.5  2 
  1     - 1
 1    2.0  
 d  2.3 m
BT 23.
B a) Define the following (for a spherical converging lens):

principal axis, optical centre, principle focus and focal length.
T b) 3)
Solution: D
B 24. Suggest a way to measure the focal length of a converging lens.
BT 25.
B I) Draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of images by a converging lens (you should
consider six different cases).
Solution:
Case 1: Object at a distance shorter than the focal length
The image is virtual, erect and magnified (the case of a magnifying

glass).
Case 2: Object at a distance equal to the focal length
The image is at an infinite distance from the lens, it cannot be

determined if it is real or/and virtual, erect or/and inverted, it is
infinite in size (so it is magnified) and “extinguished” (it has zero light
intensity). In other words, there is no image.
Case 3: Object at a distance between the focal length and twice the focal
length
The image is real, inverted, magnified, at d > 2f.

Case 4: Object at a distance equal to twice the focal length
The image is real, inverted, equal in size to the object, at d = 2f.
Case 5: Object at a finite distance, greater than twice the focal length
The image is real, inverted, diminished, at f < d < 2f.
Observation: Case 3 and Case 5 are equivalent (the image plays the
role of the object & the direction of propagation of light
is reversed)
Case 6: Object at an infinite distance
The image is real, at d = f, diminished to a point , and it is

meaningless to speak about it being erect or inverted, as a point has no
orientation.
T II)
Solution:
(a) (i) m = v/u = 35.0 / 72.3 = 0.484

BT 26.
B i) What is the principle of each of the following?
(a) A simple projector.
(b) The simple magnifying glass.
(c) The astronomical telescope
(d) The prisms binoculars
Solution: - in Book – pg. 74 – 75
T ii)
4)
Solution: B
T 27. 5)
Solution: D
T 28.
Solution:
(a) (i)
(ii) Image is virtual, same size as object, and symmetric to the object with respect to
the mirror (NOT laterally inverted).
(b) (i)
(ii) Image is virtual, magnified, vertically erect and at same side of the object.
Eye should be placed at opposite side of the object.
Chapter 2: Linear Motion
Section 2.2 (Pg-92)
B 1. Define distance.
Solution: Distance between P and Q = the length of path travelled between P and Q.
BG 2. Define displacement.
Solution: Displacement = a vector that shows the change in position of an object (= the
change in position in a specified direction).
B 3. Taking the Earth’s orbit to be a circle of radius 1.5× 108 km, determine the displacement
magnitude of the Earth and the distance it covers in a) half a year, b) one year.
Solution:
a) In half year: Displacement = Diameter = 2r = 3108 km
Distance = ½ circle perimeter = ½  2r = 4.7108 km
b) In one year: Displacement = 0 km (initial position = final position)

Distance = circle perimeter = 2r = 9.4108 km
Section 2.3 (Pg-96)
B 4. Define average speed.
Solution: Average speed = ratio between the distance covered and the time taken to cover
it.
Section 2.4 (Pg-97)
BG 5.
G i) Define average velocity.
Solution: Average velocity = the ratio between the displacement and the time taken.
ii) A and B are 30 cm apart. Using a tortuous path of length 50 cm, a turtle starting from B
needs 20 s to reach A.
a) Find the average speed of the turtle.
b) Determine the average velocity of the turtle and represent this velocity by a
vector where an appropriate scale is chosen.
Solution: - in Book – pg. 98 (Example 2.3)
BG 6.
G i) Define Instantaneous speed.
Solution: Instantaneous speed is a quantity which describes how fast an object is moving
at a specific instant.
B ii) A jet airplane may fly at about 1000 km/h. What does this value represent?
Compare this value to the one obtained in Exercise 2.3 and gives a reason for this
difference.
Solution: The given value may be the maximum speed that the jet plane may attain.
The reason for the difference would be that the jet plane in Exercise 2.3 doesn’t
fly at its maximum speed throughout its whole journey or even at all.
 One cause for this may be a wind blowing in opposite direction or even in a
direction different than the one followed by the airplane;
 Another cause may be that the plane has to travel some distances with
smaller average speeds while it is accelerating from zero to the maximum
speed and, respectively, decelerating from the maximum speed to zero.
G iii) (Exercise 2.3)

In a flight from airport ‘Departure’ to airport ‘Arrival’, a jet airplane flies a distance of
4800 km. The flight is scheduled to be a 12 hour long flight. What is the average speed of
such a trip?)
4800
Solution: s  400 km / h
12
BG 7.
G 0) Define Instantaneous velocity
Solution: Instantaneous velocity is a vector quantity having the same direction as the
motion and the magnitude equal to the instantaneous speed.
i) a) Why is the speedometer of a car not called a velocity-meter?
Solution: A “velocity – meter” would display also the direction of motion, along with the
speed, as velocity is a vector quantity; and it is characterised by its magnitude =
the speed, and direction = the direction of motion.
ii) b) Why, when describing the velocity of the wind, is it not enough to give a number,
expressing its magnitude?
Solution: As velocity (of the wind) is a vector quantity, its “description” has to be done
the same way as in any other case of a vector quantity – by specifying both, its
magnitude and direction.
BG 8. Define average acceleration.
Solution: AVERAGE ACCELERATION over a time interval = the change in velocity over
that time interval, divided by the time interval:
v
aav 
t
BG 9. Define instantaneous acceleration.
Solution: INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION at a specific instant = the rate at which

velocity is changing at that instant.
BG 10. . The graph below illustrates the motion of a hockey puck in 8s.
G a) Using the x-t graph, complete the following table.
t(s) 0 0.5 1 2 3 6.5 8
x(m) 0
Solution:
t(s) 0 0.5 1 2 3 4.5 6.5 8

x(m) 2 2 2 2.5 3 0 -4 0
b) Determine the time interval during which the puck’s position does not change.
Solution: [0s, 1s]
c) What can we say about the speed of the puck in that time interval?
Solution: Equal to zero.
d) What is the farthest point from the origin? What is the corresponding time?
Solution: x = -4 m; t = 6.5 s
e) At what instant(s) is the puck at the origin?
Solution: at 4.5 and 8 seconds
f) In which interval(s) is the puck

1- moving away from the origin?
2- moving towards the origin?
Solution: 1- [1s, 3s]; [4.5s, 6.5s]

2- [3s, 4.5s]; [6.5s, 8s]
g) Use a number line to locate the different positions of the puck.
Solution:
x
-4 0 2 3
h) Find the displacement in each of the intervals:

[0s, 0.5s], [0s, 1s], [0.5s, 1.5s], [1s, 3s], [3s, 6.5s], [6.5s, 8s], and [3s, 8s].
Solution: - see it at point i), below.
i) Find the distance in each of the above intervals.
Solution:
Time Interval Displacement (m) Distance (m)
[0s, 0.5s] 0 0
[0s, 1s] 0 0
[0.5s, 1.5s] 0.25 0.25
[1s, 3s] 1 1
[3s, 6.5s] -7 7
[6.5s, 8s] 4 4
[3s, 8s] -3 11
j) Determine the net displacement and the total distance covered by the puck.
Solution: Net displacement:
Total Distance: 12m
BG 11. The table below shows the displacements x of an object for different instants t.
Plot the following data of displacement x vs. time t on an x-t graph (x being on the vertical
axis).
t/s 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
x/m 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
Solution:
G a) From the numerical data find V between 0 s and 3.0 s:
Solution:
G b) Find the slope of the graph between 0 s and 3.0 s:
Solution:
c) From the numerical data find V between 3.0 s and 6.0 s:
Solution:
d) Find the slope of the graph between 3.0 s and 6.0 s:
Solution:
e) From the numerical data find V between 6.0 s and 10.0 s
Solution:
f) Find the slope of the graph between 6.0 s and 10.0 s
Solution:
G g) In your own words, describe the motion during the 10 s interval.
Solution: The object moves with constant velocity in the interval [0s, 3s], then rests in the
interval [3s, 6s], and moves with constant velocity again, in the interval [6s, 9s].
B 12. Refer to Activity 3 on text book page 111.
Solution:
[0s,1s]
[1s,3s]
[3s,6.5s]
B 13. Under which conditions the formula ∆x = v∆t should be used?
Solution: - if the velocity is constant during the Δt interval.
BG 14.
i) Under which conditions the formula x = vt + xₒ should be used?
Solution: - if the motion starts at to = 0 and the velocity is constant since then.
G ii) Give the equation that applies to a body moving with constant velocity.
Solution: - the equation is: x = v (t-to) + xₒ
B 15. Under which conditions the formula v = at + vₒ should be used?
Solution: - if the motion starts at to = 0 and the acceleration is constant since then.
B 16. At 11:35 AM, a yacht cruising at a constant velocity of 15 m/s towards the shore is spotted at
4,500 m from the latter.
a) Determine the equation of motion of the yacht taking the shore as reference.
b) Deduce its position at 11:36 AM.
c) Find the time it takes to reach the shore. What will be the clock reading at that instant?
Solution: - in manual – pg. 121 – (Example 2.7)
BG 17.
1 2
i) Under which conditions the formula x = at should be used?
2
Solution: - if the motion starts from rest (vo = 0), at to = 0, from the origin (xo = 0), and
the acceleration is constant since then.
G ii) A motorcycle accelerates from rest at a rate of 3 m/s2 for 6 seconds.

Find the displacement to the nearest m.
at 2
Solution: x= = 54 m
2
B 18. A car starting from rest accelerates for 5 seconds at the rate of 4.0 m/s2, then moves at a
constant speed for 4 seconds.
a) From the above word description plot the graph of this motion.
Solution:
1 2
b) At which interval does the formula x = at apply?
2
Solution: [0s, 5s]
c) At which interval does the formula x = vt apply?
Solution: [5s, 9s]
d) Calculate the total distance covered by the car during the 9.0 s interval.
Solution:
e) Calculate the velocity of the car at times t = 3.0 s, and t = 7.0 s
Solution: At t=3.0 s  v = a.t = 43 = 12 m/s

At t=7.0 s  v = 20 m/s
f) Determine the highest velocity of the car in km/h.
Solution:
B 19. A car accelerating uniformly from rest reaches a maximum speed U in 10 s. It then moves
with that speed for an additional 20 s. The distance covered by the car in the 30 s interval is
750 m. Find U and the acceleration of the car in the first 10 s.
Solution: Total distance = distance covered when the motion was accelerating (t1=10s) +
+ distance covered with constant speed (t2=20s)
BG 20.
1 2
i) Under which conditions the formula x = at + ut + xₒ should be used?
2
Solution: - if the motion starts at time to = 0 and the acceleration is constant since then.
G ii) A body moves for 4 s with constant acceleration of 3 m/s2 starting with velocity 2 m/s from a
point 1 m to the right of the origin. The position of the body at the end of the 4 s, to the
nearest m, is
3  42
Solution: x = 1 + (2 × 4) + = 33 m
2
BG 21. A train moving along a straight track accelerates from rest at 2.0 m/s2 for 20.0 s. It then
moves at constant speed for 2.0 min. It then decelerates uniformly to a stop in 10.0 s.
Find its net displacement and draw the v-t graph.
Solution: X
a = 2.0 m/s2 v = 40 m/s v = 40 m/s

t = 20 s t = 2 min = 120 s t = 10 s
X1 = ½ at2 = 4.0102 m X2 = vt = 4.8103 m X3 = ½ vt = 2.0102 m
v = at = 40 m/s
The net displacement: 400 m + 4800 m + 200 m = 5.4 km.
Chapter 3: Forces
BG 1. (a) Two forces of 8 N and 6 N act in same directions at the same point on a ball. Find the
resultant force giving its magnitude and direction.
Solution:
14 N
8 + 6 = 14 N to the right
(b) Two forces of 8 N and 6 N act in the opposite direction at the same point on the ball.
Find the resultant force giving its magnitude and direction.
Solution:
2N
8 – 6 = 2 N to the right
G (c) In the diagram below, find and draw the R of the given forces, showing its direction and
magnitude.
One ball, acted upon by three forces

(Two forces, of 5 N and 6 N, act in the same direction and a force of 8N acts in the
opposite direction, at the same point on the ball. Find the resultant force, giving its
magnitude and direction.)
Solution:
3N
6 + 5 – 8 = 3 N to the left

BG 2. a) A tree is acted upon by one 6 N force acting North, and another, 8 N force, acting
East.
Determine the resultant force and find the tangent of the angle between the resultant
and East.
Solution:
R
6N
α
8N
side opposite 6
tan     0.75
side adjacent 8
b) Find the resultant of the forces shown in the figure below.
10 N
Let R1 be the resultant of F1 and F3:
Let R be the resultant of R1 and F2:
R F2 (24 N)
α
R1 (10 N)
R 2  R12  F2 2  102  242  676  R  26 N

24
tan    2.4
10
BG 3. A man pulls a rope attached to a box with a force of 80 N making an angle of 60 with the
upward vertical. Find the horizontal component and vertical component of the force.
Solution:
F = 80 N
Fy
60°
Fx
3
Fx  F sin 60  80   40 3  69 N
2
1
Fy  F cos 60  80   40 N
2
B 4. Example 3.6 / pg.165 - in the manual
Solution: - in manual – pg. 165.
BG 5. State Newton’s third law and give examples.
Solution:
Newton’s third law: Whenever a body A exerts a force F on a body B, B
simultaneously exerts on A a force F’, equal to F in
magnitude, but opposite in direction.
Example 1: A boy kicking a ball;

action: force exerted by foot on ball;
reaction: force exerted by ball on foot.
Example 2: A man sitting on a chair;

action: downward force exerted by man
on chair;
reaction: upward force exerted by chair on
man.
BG 6.
a) In each of the following, list the forces acting on the body and draw the corresponding free-
body diagram.
G (i) A suitcase that you hold up.
Solution:
• Upward force by hand on suitcase FHS
• Weight of the suitcase, W, acting vertically downwards
FHS
(ii) A bicycle moving at a steady speed.
Solution:
• Normal push by surface on bicycle n
• Weight of bicycle w
• Force of friction by surface on bicycle f acting to the right if motion is
to the right
• Air resistance exerted by air on bicycle acting to the left if motion is to
the right
Motion
R • f
w
(iii) A sky-diver falling through the air with a parachute.
Solution:
• Weight of sky-diver-parachute system w
• Upward air resistance R exerted by air on sky-diver-parachute system
R
(iv) An object resting on a slope inclined at an angle  to the horizontal.
Solution:
• Weight of the object w
• Force of friction of inclined plane on object f
• Normal push of inclined plane on object n
b) Describe the reactions to each of the above forces.
Solution: (i)
• Downward force by suitcase on hand FSH
• Upward pull by suitcase on earth
(ii)
• Downward push by bicycle on surface
• Upward pull by bicycle on earth
• Force of friction by bicycle on earth acting to the left if motion is to the
right
• Force exerted by bicycle on air acting to the right if motion is to the right
(iii)
• Upward pull by sky-diver-parachute system on earth
• Downward force exerted by sky-diver-parachute system on air
(iv)
• Upward pull exerted by object on earth
• Force of friction of object on inclined plane
• Normal push of object on inclined plane
B 7. Describe an experiment to prove that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the
force acting on it.
B 8. Describe an experiment to prove that the acceleration of an object is inversely proportional to its
mass.
B 9. (a) Define the standard units of mass and force.
Solution: 1kg = the mass of a certain cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy, kept in France.
1N = the unbalanced force that accelerates 1 kg at the rate of 1 m/s2.

1 N = 1 kg.m/s2
(b) Which of the following is true:

(i) 1 N = 1kg.m/s.
(ii) 1 N = 1kg.m.s2.
(iii) 1 N = 1kg.m/s2.
Solution: (iii)
B 10. a) A trolley T1 runs at constant speed, down a friction-compensated slope. When a force F =
12 N acts on the trolley, parallel to the slope (down the slope), the trolley has a constant
acceleration of 6.0 m/s2. Using the equation “net F = m.a”, find its mass M1
net F 12
Solution: net F  M1a  M1    2.0 kg
a 6
b) A trolley T2 runs at constant speed down the same friction-compensated slope. When the
same force F = 12 N acts on the trolley parallel to the slope (down the slope), the trolley
has a constant acceleration of 3.0 m/s2. Find its mass M2.
net F 12
Solution: net F  M 2 a  M 2    4.0 kg
a 3
c) The trolleys T1 and T2 are placed one on top of the other, and are adjusted to run at
constant speed down a friction-compensated slope.When the same force F = 12 N acts on
the combined trolley parallel to the slope (down the slope), the combined trolley has a
constant acceleration of 2.0 m/s2. From this information only, find the mass M3 of the
combined trolley.
net F 12
Solution: net F  M 3a  M 3    6.0 kg
a 2
d) Does the experimental result of part (c) agree with the generalization that mass is additive?
(i.e. if you add the two masses, do you get the same result as the value of mass obtained in
the experiment)
Solution: Yes, it can be noticed that 6.0  4.0  2.0 M 3  M1  M 2
BG 11.
G (a) A car of mass 800 kg travelling at 40 m/s stops in a time of 7 seconds. Calculate the
average force applied by the brakes.
Motion
Solution:
n
Fbrakes
•
w
v  u 0  42
a   6 m/s 2
t 7
net F  ma   Fbrakes  Fbrakes  ma  800  6  4800 N opposite the direction of motion
(b) A car of mass 800 kg moving at 40 m/s stops after travelling a distance of 40 metres.
Calculate the average force applied by the brakes.
Solution:
v 2  u 2 0  402
a   20 m/s 2
2x 2  40
net F  ma   Fbrakes  Fbrakes  ma  800  20  1.6 104 N opposite the direction of motion
B 12. A car of mass 500 kg is moving along a horizontal road at 36 km/hr (i.e. 10 m/s).
The driver stops the car in 2.00 s by applying the brakes. Assume that the braking force is
constant so the motion is UVRM.
a) Draw a Free-Body Force Diagram of the car.
Solution: N
Fbrakes
b) In what distance does the car stop?
Solution: a= = = - 5m/s2
v2 = vo2 + 2aΔx
Δx = = 10m
c) What is the acceleration of the car?
Solution: a = -5m/s2 (found at “b)”)
d) What is the magnitude of the force of friction f between the car and the road?
Solution: f = m*a = 500 * (-5) = -2500N
So: The magnitude of f is 2500N
e) Using the same value for f found in part (d), determine the distance of stopping if the car is
initially travelling at 20.0 m/s (rather than 10).
Solution: If f is the same as at “d)” , than a is the same as at “d)”: a = -5 m/s2
a= = = - 5m/s2
Δt’ = 4s
v2 = vo2 + 2aΔx
0 = 202 + 2 * (-5) * Δx
Δx = 40m
f) If you double your speed on the road you are told to keep four times the safety distance
between your car and the one in front. Why is that?
Solution: From “e)” and “b)” results that doubling the speed leads to a four times greater
distance needed to stop the car.
B 13. Describe an experiment to measure g using a ticker timer.
B 14. Describe an experiment to measure g using an electronic stop clock.
B 15. Describe an experiment to measure g using strobe photography.
B 16. (a) Define terminal velocity.
Solution: Terminal velocity is the constant velocity that a falling body reaches, when the
increasing upward drag force exerted by the air on this body, becomes equal in
magnitude to the weight of the body.
(b) Explain why the terminal speed of a parachutist is lower when the parachute opens
than when it does not open.
Solution: Due to its concave shape and its large surface area, the air resistance exerted on
a parachuter landing with his parachute opened, is larger than the air resistance
exerted on a parachuter whose parachute does not open. Therefore the
parachute that opens reaches its terminal speed first and this speed is, therefore,
lower.
B 17. A parachuter is falling down with a constant velocity. If his combined weight is 700 N,
what is the magnitude and direction of the force of air resistance on the parachute-man
system? Draw a Free Body Diagram for the system in different stages.
Solution: R = 700N
R
Case I : v < vterminal, than R < W

W
R
Case II: v = vterminal, than R = W
B 18.
(a) Design experiments to describe, in graphical form, the behaviour of a steel spring.
(b) Sketch an extension-force graph for a rubber band.
BG 19.
(a) State Hooke’s law. When does it apply?
Solution: (Provided the stretching force does not extend a spring beyond its elastic limit)
the extension of the spring is directly proportional to the stretching force.
The law applies as long as the elastic limit has not been reached.
G (b) A spring has an original length of 20 cm. When a load of 300 g is applied to the
spring it produces an extension of 50 mm without exceeding the elastic limit of the
spring. What will be its length when a load of 240 g is applied?
Solution:
300 240
  x  40 mm  4 cm
50 x
l  l0  x  20  4  24 cm
BG 19.
(a) State Hooke’s law. When does it apply?
Solution: Hook’s Law: The extension is directly proportional to the stretching force.
The law applies as long as the force does NOT extend the object BEYOND its
ELASTIC LIMIT.
G (b) A spring has an original length of 20 cm. When a load of 300 g is applied to the
spring it produces an extension of 50 mm without exceeding the elastic limit of the
spring. What will be its length when a load of 240 g is applied?
Solution:
300 240
  x  40 mm  4 cm
50 x
l  l0  x  20  4  24 cm
B 20. State the law of conservation of momentum.
Solution: When two or more bodies interact, the total momentum of the bodies
remains constant (total momentum before interaction = total momentum after
interaction), provided no external resultant force is acting on them.
More general,
The total momentum of a system remains constant, as long as no net

external force is acting on the system.
(This form can be applied also to explosions, where initially there is only one single body – not two or
more bodies, interacting.)
B 21. Describe an experiment to illustrate the conservation of momentum.
BG 22.
i) A glider (A) of mass 0.20 kg moving at a speed of 0.60 m/s collides with a stationary
glider (B) of mass 0.40 kg.
a) If the two gliders stick together, what would their common velocity be?
Solution: mAvA + mBvB = (mA + mB)v
0.20 * 0.60 + 0.40 * 0 = 0.60 * v
v = 0.20 m/s`
G b) If after collision, glider (A) imparts to glider (B) a velocity of 0.10 m/s, what
would be the velocity of (A) after collision?
Solution: If vB’ = 0.10 m/s

mAvA + mBvB = mAvA’ + mBvB’
vA’ = vA +
0.40(0  0.10)
vA’ = 0.60 + = 0.40
0.20
vA’ = 0.40 m/s
G c) If after collision, the velocity of (A) is half that of (B), find its value.
Solution: If vA’ = vB’ / 2
mAvA + mBvB = mAvA’ + mBvB’
mAvA + 0 = mAvA’ + mB(2vA’)
mAvA = (mA + 2mB)vA’
vA’ = mAvA / (mA + 2mB)
vA’ = 0.20 * 0.60 / (0.20 + 2 * 0.40)
vA’ = 0.12 m/s
G ii) A car of mass 800 kg moving at 5 m/s collides with a small truck of mass 1200 kg moving
in the same direction at 2 m/s. After collision, the two vehicles combine and move with the
same velocity. Find this velocity.
Solution: mAvA + mBvB = (mA + mB)v
mAvA  mB vB
v=
mA  mB
800  5  1200  2
v=
800  1200
v = 3.2 m/s
B 23. A marble moving to the left with a speed of 0.30 m/s, collides with another marble, having
half its mass and moving to the right with a speed of 0.80 m/s. The speed of one of the
marbles is halved; determine the speed of the other marble.
Solution: 0.80 m/s 0.30 m/s

(1) (2)
m/2 m
Two cases have to be considered: I.) v1’ = v1/2

II.) v2’ = v2/2
I.) v1’ = v1/2
1) Consider the case when the marble (1) keeps its sense of motion
after collision, so v1’ > 0.
* 0.8 – m * 0.3 = *0.4 + m * v2’
v2’ = - 0.10 m/s v2’ < 0, which means that the marble (2)
also keeps its sense of motion
after collision, thing which is
impossible unless the two marbles
pass through each other.
2) Consider the case when the marble (1) changes its sense of motion
after collision, so v1’ < 0.
* 0.8 – m * 0.3 = - *0.4 + m * v2’
v2’ = 0.30 m/s v2’ > 0, which means that the sense of
motion of the marble (2) after
collision is to the right.
II.) v2’ = v2/2
1) Consider the case when the marble (2) changes its sense of motion
after collision, so v2’ > 0.
* 0.8 – m * 0.3 = * v1’ + m * 0.15
v1’ = - 0.10 m/s v1’ > 0, which means that the marble (1)
moves to the left after collision,
which is consistent with the
hypothesis of marble (2) moving
to the right after collision.
2) Consider the case when the marble (2) keeps its sense of motion
after collision, so v2’ < 0.
* 0.8 – m * 0.3 = * v1’ - m * 0.15
v1’ = 0.50 m/s v1’ > 0, which means that the marble (1)
also keeps its sense of motion
after collision, which is
impossible, unless the two
marbles pass through each other.
Conclusion:
Two cases are possible:
A) v1’ = - 0.40 m/s; v2’ = 0.30 m/s
That is: v1’ = 0.40 m/s to the left

v2’ = 0.30 m/s to the right
B) v1’ = - 0.10 m/s; v2’ = 0.15 m/s
That is: v1’ = 0.10 m/s to the left

V2’ = 0.15 m/s to the right.
In both cases, the marbles change their senses of motion after

collision.
B 24. A ball of mass 0.10 kg hits a wall horizontally with a velocity of 20 m/s and rebounds at
15 m/s.
a) Determine the initial momentum of the ball (just before it hits the wall).
Solution: pi = m * vi = 0.10 * 20 = 2 kg*m/s
b) Determine the final momentum of the ball (just after it rebounds off the wall).
Solution: pf = m * vf = 0.10 * (- 15) = - 1.5 kg*m/s
c) Find the change in the ball’s momentum.
Solution: Δp = pf – pi = - 1.5 – 2 = - 3 kg*m/s
d) Using F× t = Δp , find the average force exerted by the wall on the ball, knowing that the
wall-ball interaction lasted for 1 ms.
Solution: Fav * Δt = Δp Fav = =- = - 3000 N
e) Deduce the average acceleration of the ball in that time interval.
Solution: Fav = m * aav aav = = = - 30,000 m/s2
B 25. A bullet of mass 10.0 g is fired horizontally with a muzzle velocity of 400 m/s into a target
of mass 4.00 kg, initially at rest in an open field.
a) If the bullet becomes embedded in the target, calculate the velocity of the target-bullet
system after the collision.
Solution: m vo + M * 0 = (M + m) v’ v’ = = = 99.75 * 10-2 m/s
v’ ≈ 1 m/s
b) Suppose that the bullet passes through the target. Knowing the velocity of the target after
collision is 0.800 m/s, calculate the velocity with which the bullet leaves the target.
Solution: m v o + M * 0 = m v 1 ’ + M v2 ’
v1’ = vo - v2’ = 400 - 0.8
v1’ = 80 m/s
Chapter 4: Moments
B 1. Example 4.2 in text book, page 231
B 2. Given the meter stick is of negligible mass shown below, find (a) the single force that will
balance the stick, and (b) the resultant of the two downward pulls on the stick (masses are 2.0 kg
and 3.0 kg). Refer to page 236 for fig. F
Solution:
O
W1
W2
R
a) F = R = W1 + W2
F – the force that will balance the stick

R – the resultant of the two Weight - forces
W1 = m1g = 2.0 * 9.8 = 19.6 N

W2 = m2g = 3.0 * 9.8 = 29.4 N
F = 49 N
b) R = 49 N (found as above)
Finding the point of application of R :
Law of moments with respect to “O” – the point of application of R :
W1 * x1 = W2 * (L – x1)
L – length of the meter-stick, = 1m

x1 – distance from “O” to the point of suspension of m1
L - x1 – distance from “O” to the point of suspension of m2
x1 = = = 0.6 m
R has a magnitude of 49 N and the point of application at 0.6 m

away from the end of the meter-stick where the mass of 2.0 kg is
suspended.
B 3. The centers of gravity A, B and C of three bodies constituting a system S, form an equilateral
triangle of side 8.0 cm. Find the center of gravity of the system S knowing that mA = 0.3 kg,
mB = 0.1 kg and mC = 0.4 kg.
Solution: y / cm
mA
4 3
mB mC
0 4 8 x / cm
xG =
yG =
xA = 4; yA = 4 3 ; mA = 0.3 kg;
xB = 0; yB = 0; mB = 0.1 kg;
xC = 8; yC = 0; mC = 0.3 kg;
xG = = = 5.1;
yG = = .
The center of gravity of S has coordinates (xG = 5.1cm, yG = 3.0cm)

with respect to a system of coordinates which has “B” as origin, the x-
axis along “ BC ”and the point “A” above the x-axis.
B 4. (a) Define the centre of gravity of an object.
Solution: The center of gravity of an object is, by definition:
• The point of the object where its weight force acts (the point of application of
the weight force of the object).
Being the point of application of the Weight, the gravity center has the
following properties:
• The line of action of the Weight passes through it, for any orientation of the
object.
• The moment of the Weight about it is null, regardless of how the object is
oriented.
The center of gravity of an object also has the following properties:
• It is not necessarily at the geometrical center of the object,

• It is at the geometrical center of the object if the object is uniform,
• It is not necessarily inside the object.
(b) Describe an experiment used to find the centre of gravity of an object with an irregular
shape.
B 5. The adjacent figure shows a man of mass 90kg walking on a uniform beam of mass 80 kg.
The beam is hinged at A and hung at B by means of a cable that can withstand a maximum
load of 1,000 N. How far from the hinge can this man move before the cable breaks?
Refer to the text book, page-243, for the figure.
B 6. (a) Define the moment of a force (magnitude and direction).
Solution: • The moment of a force (or the torque) is a quantitative measure of the
turning effect of the force, defined by its magnitude and direction, as follows:
• The magnitude of the moment of a force about an axis of rotation is the

product of the magnitude of the force by the perpendicular distance
between the line of action of the force and the axis of rotation:
M = F. d 
• The direction of the moment of a force vector is perpendicular to the
plane of rotation, as given by the right hand rule (see pg.229).
(If the sense of rotation is clockwise, the direction of the moment is into the plane of rotation;
If the sense of rotation is anti-clockwise, the direction of the moment is out of the plane of rotation.)
(b) Describe an experiment to investigate the law of moments.
Solution: - in Book – pg. 240 - 242. Experiment 3 is not required (but the Summary at
pg.242, is).
BG 7. A girl of mass 50 kg sits on the right-hand side of a seesaw a distance of 3.4 m from its pivot.
Another girl of weight 450 N sits on the left-hand side. At what distance from the pivot must
she sits to balance the seesaw?
Solution:
d2 d1
O
m2g m1g
m1 = 50 kg, d1 = 3.4 m, m2g = 450 N, g = 10 N/kg, d2?
Sum of the clockwise moments around O = Sum of the anticlockwise moments

around O.
m gd 50 10  3.4
m1 gd1  m2 gd 2  d 2  1 1   3.7 3.8 m
m2 g 450
B 8. A uniform meter rule AB of weight 0.95 N is supported on a knife edge placed at 45 cm from A.
The metre rule balances horizontally when a mass of 48 g is suspended at a distance x from A.
Find the value of x.
Solution: n
100 cm
50 cm
x
C O G
A • B
w1 5 cm
45 cm
w2
m1  48 g  0.048 kg  w1  m1 g  0.048 10  0.48 N, w2  0.95 N

around O.
w1  OC  w2  OG  0.48  45  x   0.95  5  21.6  0.48 x  4.75

21.6  4.75
x  35.1 cm 35 cm
0.48
BG 9. A meter rule AB of weight 0.95 N is supported on a knife edge placed at 45 cm from A. The
metre rule balances horizontally when a mass of 48 g is suspended at a distance of
15 cm from A. Calculate the position of the centre of gravity of the meter rule.
Solution: 100 cm
n
x
15 cm x – 45
C O G
A • B
30 cm
w1
45 cm
w2
m1  48 g  0.048 kg  w1  m1 g  0.048 10  0.48 N, w2  0.95 N

around O.
w1  OC  w2  OG  0.48  30  0.95   x  45   14.4  0.95 x  42.75

42.75  14.4
x  60.158 cm 60 cm
0.95

B 10. Refer to the Example 4.5, on page 245.
B 11. A man of mass 70 kg is standing on a plank of mass 100 kg, resting on two trestles as shown
in the diagram.
Knowing that the plank is homogenous and uniform, find the magnitude of the vertical forces
acting by the two trestles, when the man is 2 m from A.
Solution: M = 100 kg;

W – weight of the man
Wo – weight of the beam
P – position of the man on the beam
________________________________
AP = 2 m NB = ?
NC = ?
The Law of Moments with respect to “B”:
W * BP + Wo * BO = NC * BC
NC = = * 9.8
NC = 718.7 N
Translational equilibrium condition:
W + Wo = NB + NC
NB = W + Wo - NC
NB = 170 * 9.8 – 718.7
NB = 943.3 N
When the man is 2m from A, NB = 718.7 N and Nc = 943.3 N
Find these forces when the man is standing i) straight at B, ii) at D.
Solution: (i) – man at B
“P” = “B” NB = ?
NC = ?

Wo * BO = NC * BC
NC = = * 9.8
NC = 50 * 9.8
NC = 490 N
W + Wo = NB + NC
NB = W + Wo - NC
NB = 170 * 9.8 – 490
NB = 1176 N
When the man is at B, NB = 1176 N and Nc = 490 N
(ii) – man at D
“P” = “D” NB = ?
NC = ?
W * BD + Wo * BO = NC * BC
NC = = * 9.8
NC = 1404.7 N
W + Wo = NB + NC
NB = W + Wo - NC
NB = 170 * 9.8 – 1404.7
NB = 261.3 N
When the man is at D, NB = 261.3 N and Nc = 1404.7 N
If the trestle at C can be moved towards B, what is the position beyond which the plank will
topple when the man is at D?
(Hint: Think what should be the force by the trestle at B in this case).
Solution: “P” = “D”;

Limit – case when equilibrium is broken by trestle at “C” moving towards “B”,
at “C’”_____________
BC’ = ?
Equilibrium is broken when the beam topples about C’ which means that NB
becomes zero.
W + Wo = NB + NC’
NC’ = W + Wo - NB
NC’ = 170 * 9.8 - 0
NC’ = 1666 N
W * BD + Wo * BO = NC’ * BC’
BC’ = = * 9.8
BC’ = 2.53 m
If the man is at D, the beam starts to topple when the trestle at C

comes as far as 2.53 m away from the trestle at B.
Chapter 5: Pressure
Section 5.2 (Pg-3)
BG 1.
(a) Define and give the unit of pressure.
Solution: Pressure is the magnitude of the normal force per unit area; it is a scalar
quantity. Unit of pressure: N/m2 or Pa.
G (b) A car rests on four wheels, and each tyre is in contact with the ground over an area of 65
cm2. If the pressure exerted by each tyre is 150 kPa calculate the mass of the car.
Solution:
Load supported by each tire: F1  pA  150  103  65 104  975 N
Assuming the weight of the car is evenly distributed over the 4 tires,
total weight of the car w  4  975  3900 N
3900
If g  10 N/kg, m   390 kg
10
BT 2.
(i) A block of stone has a mass of 700 kg and measures 3 m  3 m  1 m. When it is standing
on a bench what is the maximum pressure it can exert on the bench?
Solution:
The maximum pressure corresponds to the smallest area.
F 700 10
pmax    2333 Pa
Amin 3 1
T (ii)
Solution: A
B 3. A tube is filled with water to a height of 0.2 m. Calculate the water pressure at a point 0.13
m below the surface of water. (The density of water is 1000 kg/m3.)
Solution:
p   gh  103 10  0.13  1.3 103 Pa
Section 5.3 (Pg-13)
BG 4. A submarine can be modelled as a

cylinder of length C and radius R, capped
by two hemispherical shells of radius R. A
sketch of this model is shown in the
adjacent figure. Let L = 50 m and R = 10
m.
Calculate the pressure acting on the submarine when it is cruising at a depth of 200 m. (You
may assume that the pressure inside the cabin is equal to the atmospheric pressure and that
water density is equal to 103 kg/m3).
Solution:
p   gh  103 10  200  2.0 106 Pa
B 5. What is the pressure 100 m below the surface of the sea water of density 1150 kg/m3?
Solution:
p  patm   gh  1105  1150 10 100  1.25 106 Pa
B 6. The pressure in a water pipe in the ground floor of a building is 4.0 x 105 Pa but three floors up
it is only 2 x 105 Pa. What is the height between the ground floor and the third floor? (The water
in the pipe may be assumed to be stationary; density of water = 1.0 x 103 kg/m3;
g = 10 m/s2).
2 105
Solution:  gh  4 105  2 105  2 105  h   20 m
103 10

BG 7. In a hydraulic press a force of 20 N is applied to a piston of area of 0.20 m2. The area of the
other piston is 2.0 m2. Find:
(a) the pressure transmitted through the liquid.
F 20
Solution: p   100 Pa
A 0.2
(b) the force on the other piston.
Solution: F  pA  100  2  200 N
BG 8. A
i) The adjacent diagram shows a simple barometer. (2 cm)
(a) What is the region A?
Solution: Barometric chamber.
(b) What keeps the mercury in the tube? 74 cm
Solution: The atmospheric pressure acting on the mercury

outside the tube.
(1 cm)
(c) What is the value of the atmospheric pressure being (1 cm)
shown by the barometer?
Solution: 74 cm of mercury.
(d) What would happen to this reading if the barometer were taken up a high mountain.
Give a reason.
Solution: Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude, therefore the height of mercury
in the tube will decrease, and the barometer will read a smaller pressure.
G ii) The diagram below shows a simple barometer.

Consider two points at the same level in the liquid mercury, one ( B ) just under the
surface of the mercury, and the other ( A ) inside the tube.
Knowing that pB  patm , pA  pressure due to the mercury of
height h  pressure of the vacuum, and pA  pB .
Find the value of the atmospheric pressure.
Solution: patm = pB = pA = ρHg g h
B 9. What would be the height of a water barometer if atmospheric pressure is 1.0 x 105 Pa and the
density of water is 1.0 x 103 kg/m3? (g = 10 N/kg).
p 1105
Solution: p   gh  h    10 m
g 104
BG 10.
i) a) Draw and label a sketch of an open-end manometer.
Solution:
G i) b) Define open-end manometer.
Solution: An open-end manometer is an instrument used to measure the pressure

difference between a gas and the atmosphere. It is made of an “U” – tube which
is opened at both ends and is partially filled with mercury.
ii) a) Draw and label a sketch of a closed-end manometer.
Solution:
G ii) b) Define close-end manometer.
Solution: A closed-end manometer is an instrument used to measure the absolute pressure

of a gas. It is made of an “U” – tube which is closed at one end and opened at
the other and is partially filled with mercury.
G iii) In the diagram below the liquid used in the closed-end manometer is mercury; h1 = 20
cm, h2 = 70 cm. Atmospheric pressure is 76 cm of Hg. The pressure of the gas, to the
nearest cm of Hg, is
Solution: p = 70 – 20 = 50 cm Hg
B 11. For each of the above manometers explain how the pressure of the gas under test is found.
Solution:
a) • The formula used to find the pressure of the gas in the bulb by an open-end
manometer, is pgas  patm   gh, where h  h2  h1 .
• Usually the work substance is mercury.
b) • The formula used to find the pressure of the gas in the bulb by a closed-end
manometer, is pgas   gh , where h  h2  h1 .
• Usually the work substance is mercury.
• At the closed end, the pressure above the mercury is zero.
B 12. A thin-walled metal can contains air at atmospheric pressure, kept by an air-tight lid.
Experiments show that air outside the can exerts a considerable pressure on the outside of
the can.
(a) Explain in terms of the motion of the air molecules inside the can why the can does not
collapse.
Solution: The can does not collapse because the air molecules moving inside the can
exert on the walls of the can the same pressure as the outside molecules.
(b) When the can is heated strongly with a Bunsen burner, the lid is blown off. Explain in terms
of the air molecules inside the can why this happens.
Solution: When the gas from the inside is heated, the molecules are moving faster so they
exert a bigger pressure on the walls; if this pressure is greater than a certain
value, the lid blows off.
B 13. Describe three experiments, one for each of the following cases, to show that the pressure
exerted by a liquid:
a) varies with the depth of the liquid.
Solution: The funnel of a U-tube manometer is lowered at different depths, inside a

liquid. It is noticed that the pressure read on the scale of the manometer
increases with increasing depth.
b) varies with the density of the liquid.
Solution: The funnel of a U-tube manometer is lowered inside liquids of different

densities, at the same depths. It is noticed that the pressure read on the scale of
the manometer varies from liquid to liquid, which means it depends of the
liquid density.
c) is the same in all directions at a given depth
Solution: The funnel of a U-tube manometer is lowered inside a liquid, at a fixed depth. It
is noticed that while the funnel is rotated around its center, such as its
membrane to have different directions, the pressure read on the scale of the
manometer doesn’t change. This means that at a given depth, the pressure is the
same in all directions.
BT 14.
(i) A tank with a base area of 4 m2 is connected at the bottom to a vertical tube of cross
Sectional area 0.01 m2 by a horizontal tube. A liquid of density 1000 kg/m3 is poured into
the tank until the depth of liquid in the tank is 0.5 m.
Sketch the arrangement of the tank and tubes (not to scale) showing clearly the depth
of liquid in the tank and in the vertical tube. Calculate:
Solution:
0.5 m 0.5 m
4 m2 0.01 m2
a) the pressure due to the liquid on the base of the tank.
Solution: ptank = ρ g h = 1000 × 10 × 0.5 = 5000 Pa
b) the pressure due to the liquid at the base of the vertical tube.
Solution: ptube = ρ g h = 1000 × 10 × 0.5 = 5000 Pa
If the atmospheric pressure at the time was 120,000 Pa, what would be the total pressure on
the base of the tank? (Use g = 10 N/kg)
Solution: ptotal = ptank + po = 5,000 + 120,000 = 125,000 Pa
T (ii)
Solution: (a) P = hg = 1000 x 2.0 x 10 = 2.0 x 104 Pa.

(b) A = F / P = 50 / (2.0 x 104) = 2.5 x 10-3 m2.
(c) Gravitational potential energy stored in water changes to kinetic energy,
due to flow of water through the valve.

2021 Level LS Physics Basic Questions Chap 1-5 (BTG)

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2021 Level LS Physics Basic Questions Chap 1-5 (BTG)

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Physics Course

Chapter 2: Linear Motion

Chapter 6: Kinetic Theory

Chapter 7: Atomic Physics

Section 1.9 (Pg-21)

BG 1. Define the following:

G (a) Angle of incidence. (e) Incident ray

Solution: - in Book – pg. 21.

Section 1.10 (Pg-22)

B State the laws of reflection.

Solution: - in Book – pg. 22.

(a) (i) See the diagram below.

(iii) Angle of incidence = 47o

Section 1.11 (Pg-25)

Solution: - in Book – pg. 25.

B 4. Describe an experiment to verify the laws of reflection using pins.

Solution: - in Book – pg. 26.

Section 1.12 (Pg-28)

Solution: - in Book – pg. 28.

Section 1.12.1 (Pg-29)

Solution: - in Book – pg. 29.

Section 1.12.2 (Pg-29)

Solution: - in Book – pg. 29.

BG 8. Discuss the properties of images formed in a plane mirror

Solution: - in Book – pg. 30 (in the table).

B 9. A point source is placed 5 cm from a vertically stood plane mirror.

i) dIM = 5 cm; ii) dIS = 10 cm

2cm, towards the mirror.

Section 1.13 (Pg-36)

Solution: - in Book – pg. 36.

Section 1.14 (Pg-37)

B 11. Practical applications of plane mirrors:

(a) The periscope. (c) The laser.

Solution: - in Book – pg. 37 – 39.

Section 1.16 (Pg-41)

a) Specify which of these two media is more refractive. Justify.

Solution: - diamond is more refractive, because its index of refraction is greater.

b) Find the velocity of light in each of these media.

Section 1.17 (Pg-45)

Solution: - in Book – pg. 45 & 21.

BG 14. State the laws of refraction.

Solution: - in Book – pg. 45.

sin i nwater sin 60o 1.33 sin 60 o

sin i n sin 30o 1

 r = 41.68o 42o 42o

Section 1.18 (Pg-49)

B I) Describe an experiment to investigate the refraction of light using a rectangular Perspex

Solution: - in Book – pg. 49 – 50.

(a) (i) See the diagram below.

(b) (i) Angle of incidence at E = 88o  90o

Solution: - in Book – pg. 50.

Section 1.19 (Pg-52)

i) Define “critical angle”.

Solution: - the angle of incidence in a medium, which corresponds to an angle of

B I) Under what conditions does total internal reflection occur?

1) & 2) must be simultaneously fulfilled.

Section 1.19.1 (Pg-55)

Solution: - in Book – pg. 55.

Section 1.20 (Pg-59)

Substitute sin i and sin r from (1) and (2), in (3):

Raise the above relation to the 2nd power:

Section 1.22 (Pg-66)

B a) Define the following (for a spherical converging lens):

Solution: - in Book – pg. 67.