Annotated Bibliography

Human cloning

1. Pete Shanks, (2013) Time for the US to Ban Human Reproductive Cloning.
More than a dozen states as well as almost 60 different countries have laws against human
reproductive cloning. Every group that has a policy on the subject in the fields of science and
medicine is opposed to it. Paul Knoepfler, a stem cell researcher at UC Davis, has demanded that
reproductive cloning be declared officially forbidden in response to recent findings.

2. CGS Staff, (2022) CGS Summary of Public Opinion Polls.

This article presents the findings of more than 60 significant public opinion polls on four areas of
new human biotechnologies: embryonic stem cell research and research cloning, human
reproductive cloning, and human genetic alteration. The Center for Genetics and Society has
collated and analyzed these findings, which are based on surveys carried out between 1987 and
2021 (polls on animal technologies are summarized here).

3. Marcy Darnovsky, (2009) Transgenic Mice: Human, All Too Human?

The National Academies of Sciences recommended against combining human stem cells with
monkey and other primate embryos in their 2005 stem cell research guidelines. They agreed that
the "idea that human neuronal cells might participate in 'higher order' brain functions in a
nonhuman animal, however unlikely that may be, raises concerns that need to be considered."

4. JLI admin, (2012) Human Cloning & Its Types

According to the article, there are two different types of human cloning: therapeutic and
reproductive. Reproductive cloning is used to replicate a human so that the child resembles the
parent in every way. Stem cells from the embryonic clone are grown during therapeutic cloning.

5. Francisco J. Ayala, (2015) Cloning humans? Biological, ethical, and social considerations
According to the essay, cultural evolution—the primary method of human adaptation—is then
influenced by cultural inheritance. Humans have been adjusting their environments to their genes
more frequently during the last few millennia than their genes to their environments. Even
though natural selection may become less intense in the future, it still exists in contemporary
humans as differential fertility and mortality. A genetic cause can be found for more than 2,000
human diseases and anomalies. The prevalence of inherited diseases will rise in the future, albeit
slowly, due to improvements in healthcare and the viability of genetic therapy.
 6. Jhoe pelan, (2022) Why haven't we cloned a human yet? Is it for ethical reasons or are
there technological barriers?
He stated that the idea of generating "super kids," for instance, has many people interested in
human germline genome editing, making it a more fascinating topic in the public's view.
Germline editing, also known as germline engineering, is a procedure, or set of operations, that
modifies a person's genome permanently. When these changes are successfully implemented,
they become heritable, which means that they are passed from parent to child.

7. Jesicca Cussins, (2013) Cloning-Derived Stem Cells Raise Policy Questions

With a public announcement, Oregon Health and Science University's (OHSU) Shoukhrat
Mitalipov and his research team are back in the news: they are the first researchers to
successfully produce human embryonic stem cells by a cloning process known as somatic cell
nuclear transfer, or SCNT. Over a decade has passed since scientists last succeeded in
accomplishing this feat; in fact, many had given up in favor of work with induced pluripotent
stem (iPS) cells. The achievement raises concerns about human reproductive cloning and the use
of women's eggs that cloning necessitates, as well as questions about the type of stem cells that
will drive research on regenerative medicine.

8. Pete shanks, (2013) Cloning, De-extinction, and Possibly Human Applications

It implies that for them, the "de-extinction" discussion is really a sideshow, or as Church put it,
"a goodwill thing." A more realistic objective for making significant money in the medium term
is the commercial cloning of cows and pigs, an idea that has been floated for more than ten years.
But it's not illogical to suppose that human applications could be on the horizon.

9. Nick Collins, (2012) Human Cloning 'Within 50 Years'

Dolly the sheep was created in 1996 because to Sir John Gurdon's work cloning frogs in the
1950s and 1960s. Sir John Gurdon predicted that within 50 years, human cloning will be
possible. The successful cloning of a mammal will occur within 50 years, Sir John prophesied at
the time of his frog studies, and he said that "maybe the same answer is appropriate" for the step
toward human cloning on BBC Radio Four's The Life Scientific.

10. Alexander Morgan Capron, (2006) Placing a Moratorium on Research Cloning to Ensure
Effective Control over Reproductive Cloning
It claims that at present moment, the only option to achieve the prohibition of reproductive
cloning is through the generation of human embryos through somatic cell nuclear transfer
(SCNT), for a number of reasons. Practically, cloned children or, at the very least, real attempts
to clone them will result if any laboratory is allowed to generate human embryos by SCNT.
Politically, it seems quite likely that a moratorium on scientific cloning will also be required in
order to implement a ban on reproductive cloning at the federal level. By the end of the
moratorium period, methods could be created—methods that are not currently provided for in
state or federal law—to restrain some of the more entrepreneurial and rogue aspects of the
"fertility business" in the United States and to exert the proper control over the process and
environment of creating cloned human embryos for therapeutic use.

11. Bibek pokharel, (2021) Pros and Cons of Human Cloning

It claims that due to its immoral or unethical uses, human cloning has become a contentious issue
in today's society. Critics draw attention to the possibility that it poses a risk to each person's
uniqueness, psychological, and physical welfare, as well as the possibility of causing harm to
society.

12. Henry Greely, (2020) Human reproductive cloning: The curious incident of the dog in the
night-time
The reasoning behind this was that if cells could be used to create cells, tissues, or organs from
an embryo that was cloned from a potential patient, then transplanting those cells or their
byproducts into the patient shouldn't result in an immune reaction. These organs, tissues, and
cells may become extremely valuable as treatments as a result. However, despite the fact that
scientists were able to take the nuclei out of primate (human and nonhuman) eggs and fuse them
with other cells that already had nuclei, the resulting cells only divided a few times. About five
or six days was the longest these fused cells ever lasted, but not long enough for scientists to use
them to clone human or nonhuman primate embryonic stem cell lines.

13. NIH, (2020) Cloning Fact Sheet

The term "cloning" refers to a variety of procedures that can be used to create genetically
identical duplicates of a biological organism. The replicated substance is referred to as a clone
since it shares the same genetic make-up as the original. Genes, cells, organs, and even whole
biological entities, like sheeps, have all been cloned by researchers.

14. Vincent, (2022) Why is it illegal to clone human

According to the study, cloning people is probably not a good idea. According to the study,
cloning results in the creation of exotic creatures.

15. Healthguidance, (2020) Potential Dangers of Human Cloning

Human cloning is viewed as a complete nightmare by some people and as the greatest scientific
achievement of the century by others. Thus, using modern technology and the donor's genes to
create an identical human being is known as human cloning. The cloned person's appearance will
be an exact replica of the donor's, but the two people's personalities may not even remotely
resemble one another.
 16. Marcy Darnovsky, (2003) The Misstep of Human Cloning
The prospect of cloned and "redesigned" people living among us raises some of the most
important concerns about what it means to coexist on this planet. Environmentalists, feminists,
and proponents of social justice, civil rights, and human rights around the world are stating that
human cloning is wrong.

17. Marcy Darnovsky, (2001) Human Germline Manipuation and Cloning as Women's Issues
Germline engineering and human cloning would shift control over reproduction away from
women and more toward medical professionals and technicians as well as marketers selling the
"enhancements" created by biotech businesses. Women may find that they are simultaneously
losing more and more control over their individual birthing circumstances.

18. Mary Leonard, (2002) Coalition Urges a Ban on All Human Cloning
A large group of individuals, including biologists, ethicists, public health supporters, proponents
of abortion, and human rights activists, signed a letter to US Senate leaders this week calling for
a complete ban on human reproduction through cloning and an indefinite moratorium on the
production of cloned embryos for use in medical research.

19. BBC news, (2004) Legal challenge to human cloning

The first UK license allowing the practice is being challenged in court by those opposed to
human therapeutic cloning. It was given to researchers at Newcastle University who are working
on novel treatments for diseases like diabetes.

20. Gallup, (2003) America: Human and Animal Cloning

Frequency of people who stands for Human cloning and the people who does not support it.