INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY STUDY GUIDE - WEEK 3 - Managing the Greenhouse -

Climate Policy - Carbon Market

1. What is Sustainable Development according to the Brundtland Report?

According to the Burtland Report (1987) which was released by WECD, Sustainable
Development is development which fulfills the current and the future needs at the
same time.

2. What do the abbreviations stand for? GHG, EGE, IPCC, GWP, and WECD
● GHG: Green House Gas
● EGE: Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
● IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change
● GWP: Global Warming Potential
● WCED: World Commission on Environmental and Development

3. Do you know the term “trans-boundary environmental problems”? Explain and

provide at least 2 examples.
An environmental issue that spans international borders is referred to as a
transboundary problem. In other words, it is an environmental issue that originates in
one nation and impacts (or impacts). The examples of transboundary environmental
problems are (i) several countries polluting a river, a lake, or an ocean, (ii) acid rain
caused by emissions of SO2 and NOx.

4. There are four reactions people can do in regard to the climate change. Explain
each of them:
● Prevention : Action to prevent possible climate change risks, such as through
energy savings and minimizing the use of private vehicles.
● Abatement : Minimizing degree or the intensity of greenhouse gases
production/emission.
● Mitigation : Action to reduce the probability of impact and risks.
● Precaution : Action to prevent the danger, inconvenience, and unsafety.
● Treatment : Effort to fo some treatment if risks are already happening such as
preventing the increase of severity if climate crisis has already happened.

5. What is the temperature rise if the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere becomes
double?
The double amount of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in air would increase the surface
temperature of the earth for 1,5 - 4,5 celsius degree in overall.

6. List the most significant of greenhouse gases?

The main greenhouse gases whose concentrations are rising are carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons
(HFCs) and ozone in the lower atmosphere.
7. List natural conditions that release GHGs.
The natural situations that are able to release GHGs are respiration process, plant
decomposition process, and the natural sea process. Other than that, greenhouse gases
which naturally happen are evaporated water, carbon dioxide, methane, and Dinitrate
Oxide.

8. What is the meaning of potent gases? Give an example!

Potent gases are gas shaped compounds which has a potential to cause global
warming by increasing greenhouse gases. The example of potent gas is Sulphur
Hexafluoride which is being used in electrical transmission.

9. Which layer of atmosphere has an ozone depletion problem?

The layer of the atmosphere experiencing ozone depletion problems is in the
stratosphere, when chlorine and bromine atoms come into contact with ozone in the
stratosphere, the ozone molecule will be destroyed. One chlorine atom can destroy
more than 100,000 ozone molecules. In this layer, ozone is destroyed more quickly,
resulting in ozone depletion.

10. What is GWP?

GWP (Global Warming Potential is a comparison between global warming impacts
and several kinds of gases. From the GWP index, we are able to identify the amount
of energy absorbed and the emission of 1 ton of gases in a specific period.

11. What is CO2-e? Why do we need it?

CO2 is commonly known as a carbon dioxide compound, which is useful for humans
in neutralizing acidic pH, and also helps plants in the continuity of the photosynthesis
process.

12. Explain the difference between global warming and ozone depletion!
The differences between global warming and ozone depletion can be described with
the following tableau.
Differentiation Ozone Depletion Global Warming

Definition The depletion of the Increasing the average

ozone layer. temperature of the earth's
surface.

Process The ozone layer is CO2 and Greenhouse

depleting so that UV Gases levels increase
radiation reaching and causing the greenhouse
penetrating the earth's effect
atmosphere has increased

Impacts The level of human health Climate change, water

has decreased because the crises, food crises, natural
 intake of vitamin D from disasters such as floods,
sunlight is reduced, droughts, hurricanes, and
causing skin cancer, increased rain rates
cataracts, and others.

13. What is carbon sequestration?

Carbon sequestration is CO2 from the atmosphere which have been penetrated into
the ground in a long period of time. It’s one of the methods to decrease the amount of
CO2 in the atmosphere to minimize global climate change.

14. What are carbon sinks? Is it important? Why?

Carbon sinks are the storage of chemical compounds containing CO2 from the air for
a certain period of time, useful for reducing the level of CO2 concentration in the
atmosphere, and helping to reduce potential damage caused by the greenhouse effect.

15. Why it is very important to estimate carbon sources and carbon sinks?
Estimates of carbon sources and carbon sinks are important to maintain temperature
stability, as an action to prevent global warming caused by excess carbon emissions.
Excess capacity of carbon sinks can cause an increase in the earth's temperature which
has an impact on global warming.

16. What are afforestation, reforestation, and deforestation?

● Afforestation: The activity of clearing forest land in new areas that are not forest
● Reforestation: Re-vegetation or reforestation activities in forest areas that have
been cut down
● Deforestation: Logging activities for forest/forest land acquisition and will be
used for other functions

17. What kind of modelling is done in the area of carbon accounting?

Carbon accounting is a model for calculating carbon by measuring greenhouse gas
emissions. Through these calculations, targets can be set to reduce emissions.

18. What are main arguments of skeptics in the greenhouse?

Greenhouses or greenhouses can make the earth's surface temperature in the range of
33 ° C warmer than conditions when there is no greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. In
other words, without the greenhouse effect, most of the Earth's surface would be
uninhabitable.

19. How are the skeptic's opinions discredited?

The longer the ability of the greenhouse effect to increase the earth's surface
temperature, it will cause the earth's temperature to continue to increase. This can
cause extreme weather. Total evaporation of water from soil, plants, and water bodies
 increases, the amount of water vapor retained by the atmosphere will increase,
changes in sea surface temperature can cause changes in air circulation and rainfall.

20. Explain the logic and the relationship between global warming and climate
change!
Climate change is a significant change in the Earth's weather patterns over a long
period of time. In the climate system of planet Earth, each component is
interdependent on each other. Thus, changes in one system can affect all components.
Climate change is generally caused by human activities such as the use of fossil fuels,
waste of electricity, and others. This will have an impact on increasing greenhouse
gases trapped in the earth's atmosphere and the earth's average temperature will also
increase, which will lead to global warming.

21. What is the first international agreement regulating the reduce of CO2 and
GHG?
The first international agreement that regulates the reduction or reduction of CO2 and
GHG (GreenHouse Gas) is "The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change"

22. What is the drawing line in regard to climate change?

Based on the statement of the President of Vanuatu, it was stated that the world's
leaders must "draw a line" or limit the increase in temperature below 1.5 degrees
Celsius.

23. What is anthropogenic greenhouse emission?

Anthropogenic greenhouse emissions are sources of greenhouse gas emissions. For
example, CO2 gas is produced by burning fuel oil in an engine.

24. Explain the mechanism of carbon trading & carbon taxes!

Carbon trading is an effort to reduce carbon emissions in the world, which is
realized through carbon emissions trading. The buying and selling activities are
carried out by countries that produce more carbon emissions as sellers, and countries
that produce less carbon emissions as buyers.
Carbon taxes are taxes that must be paid on pollution from the use of fuel mainly in
the fossil fuel-processed product industry, such as oil, coal, gas, and others. The
implementation of these carbon taxes is expected to reduce carbon emissions in
industry and a region.

25. Mention the traffic calming strategies!

Several examples of traffic calming strategies are Lane Narrowing, Corner Radii,
Building and Tree, Gateway Treatments, Pinch Point, Chicanes and Lane Shifts,
Medians and Refuge Islands, Mini Roundabouts, Speed Humps, Speed Customs,
Speed Tables, Pavement Materials and Appearance, Two-Way Streets, Signal
Progression, Diverters, and Shared Streets.
26. What is microclimate?
Microclimate is a series of climatic conditions in a narrow location, with
measurements based on the area closest to the earth's surface (Robert, J., 2005). In
other words, microclimate is the occurrence of climate replicas in small scales.
An example of a microclimate is the placement of a small indoor park, a city park in
the middle of a metropolitan city.

27. What is fenestration?

Fenestration is the addition of an access in and out of air, such as windows and doors,
at the top of the building, as a form of channeling sunlight from the outside to the
inside of the building with the aim of saving energy.

28. What kind of incentives can the government provide to enhance the use of
greener transport?
Solutions that can be applied by the government as the use of environmentally
friendly transportation include providing electric-fueled public transportation,
applying a subsidy tax for electric cars so that public enthusiasm and interest in
electric cars can increase, and reducing fuel subsidies for motorized vehicles.

29. Explain how nitrous oxide/trace gas produces photochemical smog!

In the production of photochemical smog, there are several main components,
including nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and sunlight. Nitrogen oxidants and
hydrocarbons are dissociated by sunlight and contaminate hydrocarbons to produce
pollutants. This process goes through the following stages:
● Sunlight causes the photodissociation of nitrogen and oxygen to produce ozone
and oxygen atoms.
● The oxygen atom will react with water to form a hydroxyl radical (OH).
● OH (hydroxyl radicals) oxidizes hydrocarbons to form hydrocarbon radicals.
● Hydrocarbon radicals are oxidized to form aldehydes.
● Aldehydes are oxidized to form aldehyde peroxides and aldehyde peroxy acids as
harmful pollutants, which can have a negative impact on human health.

30. Why do you think not many people like to walk or cycle to work?
In this dynamic era, humans need to adapt to be more agile in carrying out their
activities, to achieve time and energy efficiency. Walking or cycling requires more
energy and takes longer than using a vehicle.

31. How do you think government can do to encourage cycling to work?

The government can take systematic policies to increase public awareness through the
implementation of environmentally friendly public transportation facilities and
bicycle rentals by imposing strict rules on restrictions on private motorized vehicles.

32. Explain the differences between CNG and LPG!

 ● CNG or Compressed Natural Gas is gas consisting of methane gas and ethane gas
taken from natural gas and compressed but not liquid, therefore the cost of
producing and storing CNG is cheaper but CNG storage requires a larger storage
area or tank. with high pressure. CBG is used for busway fuel.
● While LPG or Liquefied Petroleum Gas is a type of gas fuel consisting of
liquefied butane and propane. LPG is used as fuel for cooking and is packaged in
tubes.

33. For users of fossil fuel, what includes in the full cost?
The cost of fossil fuels also includes the costs of the external impacts of their use,
such as the following:
● Government coal subsidies
● Increased illness and death from mining pollution
● Climate change from greenhouse gas emissions
● Particulate causes air pollution
● Loss of biodiversity
● Payment of environmental monitoring and cleaning services
● Decrease in property value
● Damage to infrastructure due to landslides caused by displacement of mountain
peaks
● Damage to infrastructure due to mine blasting
● Impact of acid rain resulting from coal combustion by-products
● Water pollution

34. What is the per capita greenhouse emission?

The total amount of carbon dioxide produced by a country as a result of human
activities includes production and consumption, divided by the population of the
country

35. How businesses and corporates sector contribute to EGE?

The principle of risk management states that companies can carry out advertising
change scenarios in anticipation of climate change that can cause business processes
and can be used as business forecasting processes. EGE allows companies to prepare
for operational threats, new opportunities that may arise when political and economic
systems change as a means of adaptation to changes in the physical environment.

36. What political and scientific obstacles would there be to the introduction of laws
limiting greenhouse gas emissions directly?
The challenge for politically existing laws and GHG emission restriction laws is the
enactment of regulations that are done only to achieve certain benefits for some
parties. These parties will only prioritize their own interests and will lead to a low
level of concern for the environment. Scientifically, with the development of the
world, of course, technological developments will be increasingly rapid which will
have an impact on increasing the waste produced and low awareness of processing or
 managing these production wastes. Scientific challenges that will be faced can occur
in the form of inadequate regulations in accordance with the development of
environmental conditions.

37. How can your community get information about EGE?

Information about the Economic Globalization and the Environment in Indonesia can
be found on search websites such as Google, and others.

38. Why did US government not rectify the agreement?

The United States did not agree to and became part of the Kyoto Protocol because the
draft protocol did not provide an opportunity for ratification of the United States
Senate.

39. Why the inclusion of carbon sinks in the Kyoto Protocol criticized?
The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is considered ineffective in reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and avoiding climate change. The standard for this protocol
is considered unrealistic, unprofitable, and does not have an efficient system
commensurate with the amount of greenhouse gas emissions that will be reduced. In
the economic aspect, some countries feel that they will suffer heavy losses due to this
protocol. This protocol is considered discriminatory and not universal because it has
an inverse effect between developed and developing countries.

40. Explain the mechanism of carbon trading and how the complexity behind that
mechanism.
Carbon trading is a mechanism designed to create economic incentives to limit
greenhouse gas emissions. In short, carbon trading is the buying and selling of things
to emit 1 tonne of CO2 or Co2e. The right to emit 1 tonne of CO2 is often referred to
as a carbon 'credit' or 'allowance'. Each country is assigned a certain value that
indicates the amount of CO2 gas it is allowed to emit. If the amount of CO2 produced
does not reach the specified limit, the remaining CO2 permits can be sold to other
countries that want to produce more CO2 gas than is allowed.
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