Medical Terminology

Musculoskeletal System and 17-02-2022 5th L

digestive system

Lecturer
Medical Molecular Microbiologist
Dr. Beriwan A. Ali
Erbil Medical Institute
Erbil Polytechnic University
PhD. MSc. BSc.
Kirkuk Road

-
Erbil-Iraq

irl
Lecturer
toa
Tishk In. University
100 Meters Road
Erbil-Iraq
near roman
GBD Collaborator fines
Institute of Health Metrics and
Evaluation
not less 10 page
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington not more 25 page
USA
Functions
• support and protect internal organs
• bones
• body movements
• joints and muscles
• blood forming function (hematopoiesis)

⑥
• bone marrow
• mineral storage
Long Bones
• diaphysis, epiphysis
• compact bone, medullary cavity
• spongy bone, erythropoiesis and leukopoiesis

Sorenton.b.c
-

of
Skeleton 206 bones

• Axial Skeleton
• 80 bones
• skull, spinal column, ribs,
sternum
• protects major organs
of nervous, respiratory,
and circulatory systems
Ribs and Sternum
2uribs
->
• 12 pairs of ribs,
costals (cost/o)
• sternum, breast bone
• xiphoid process
• thoracic cavity
 Joints (articulations)
• Diarthroses ( immobile joint),
im P
• Amphiarthroses(slightly moveable joint),
=
• Synarthroses (freely moveable joint).
• ligaments bones to bones
• tendons muscles to bones
• synovial membrane and fluid
-
of
movement

• Flexion—the bending of a limb.

• Extension—the straightening of a limb.
• Rotation—the circular movement of a part, such as the neck.
• Abduction—movement away from the body.
• Adduction—movement toward the body.
• Supination—a turning up, as of the hand.
• Pronation—a turning down, as of the hand.
• Dorsiflexion—a bending up, as of the ankle.
• Plantar flexion—a bending down, as of the ankle.
im?
>

I 1
An x-ray of the hand CT scans are valuable
showing arthritis in most of the joints diagnostic tools.
Functions of Muscles
• hold the body erect
• make movements possible
• move food, fluids and other body structures through ducts
• contraction of bladder
• muscle movement produces about 85% of heat generation
Attachments
• fleshy attachments
• muscle fibers arise from bone
• fibrous attachments
• connective tissue
• aponeurosis - large area of fibrous attachment
Types of Muscles
Three types of muscle tissue - described according
to their function.
• striated, voluntary
• smooth, unstriated, involuntary, visceral
• cardiac, involuntary
• Striated in appearance, smooth in action
Pathology - Bones

o
• osteomyelitis
• bone infection

in • hematoma, ankylosis, necrosis

1- [
• Paget’s disease (osteitis deformans)
• chronic inflammation of bones
nax kno.
Fractures jut - egracture
• closed or simple
• open or compound
• complicated
• comminuted
• impacted
• incomplete
• greenstick
Osteoporosis
• Decrease on bone density
• bone pain, commonly in
the back

i
 Joints
imp
• arthritis ④
• rheumatoid
• osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease)
• gouty arthritis (deposition of crystals of uric acid in a joint)
 Muscles imp
• Myasthenia gravis:(MG) is a chronic autoimmune disorder
in which antibodies destroy the communication between nerves
and muscle, resulting in weakness of the skeletal muscles.
– acetylcholine (neurotransmitter)
• Muscular dystrophy
– genetic, atrophy
Oncology
• Osteomas
• sarcoma
in
• fibrosarcoma only on connective tissue

• lymphosarcoma
• chondrosarcoma
• Ewing’s sarcoma

recognize
 Digestive System
Digestion: Food is broken down mechanically and
chemically.

↑ Absorption:
Digested food passes into the
bloodstream and nutrients travel to all
cells of the body.

Elimination: Solid waste materials are removed from the

body.
MedicalStudent.com
 PATHWAY OF FOOD
oral cavity pharynx esophagus
food enters
mouth throat

stomach duodenum jejunum ileum

ascending transverse descending

cecum
colon colon colon

sigmoid feces leave

rectum anus
colon the body
the oral cavity: the mouth
aaim1)
- importan

using
• teeth
SALIVARY GLANDS

)
• soft palate of
saliva
• tonsil

6.
• tongue
• lip
• gums
parotid
• hard palate
• uvula sublingual
submandibular
 COMBINING FORMS
➢bil/ ➢gall, bile
➢pertaining to bile and the organs
➢biliary
making, storing, and releasing it.

.
➢bilirubin ➢bile pigment
➢hyperbilirubinemia ➢excess bilirubin in the blood
➢chol/e ➢gall/bile
➢Stone
➢/lith/
➢cholelithiasis ➢gallstones
➢glu/co, gly/co ➢sugar
➢glucosuria ➢sugar in the urine
➢too much sugar in the blood
➢hyperglycemia
i
➢-ase
SUFFIXES
• enzyme (a chemical that starts and regulates a process)

➢lipase • an enzyme that aids in breaking down fats

➢abnormal condition
➢-iasis
• pertaining to a meal
➢-prandial • after a meal
➢postprandial • post cibum (after eating)
*
➢anorexia
➢ascites
PATHOLOGY: SYMPTOMS
➢lack of appetite
➢abnormal fluid in the abdomen
➢difficultly in passing stools (feces) before
➢constipation eating
➢frequent, loose, watery stools
➢diarrhea ➢difficultly in swallowing
➢dysphagia
- ➢belching,⑩ burping (gas is passed through
➢eructation the mouth)

➢flatulence ➢excessive gas in the stomach and

intestines
➢jaundice ➢yellowish skin due to hyperbilirubinemia
 PATHOLOGY: SYMPTOMS
➢melena ➢black, tarry stools containing blood
➢nausea ➢feeling that one wants to vomit
➢steatorrhea
➢fat in the feces
⑦
PATHOLOGY: CONDITIONS
↑ ➢canker sores
- ➢small, painful sores in the mouth
➢dental caries ➢tooth decay
➢inflammation of the mouth with
➢herpetic stomatitis
the herpes virus
➢oral leukoplakia ➢white plaques or patches in the
-
mouth
➢inflammation and degeneration
➢periodontal disease, of gums and teeth
pyorrhea

➢esophageal varices ➢swollen varicose veins in the

esophagus or stomach
-

➢gastric carcinoma ➢malignant tumor of the stomach

-

· ➢ PATHOLOGY: CONDITIONS
➢hernia ➢protrusion of an organ or part through muscle

➢peptic ulcer ➢open sore of the lining of the stomach or

duodenum
➢anal fistula
➢abnormal opening in the lining of the anus
➢Diverticulosis
-> ➢abnormal side pockets in the intestinal wall
➢Dysentery ➢painful, inflamed intestines
➢Hemorrhoids ➢swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectum
➢irritable bowel ➢GI (gastrointestinal) symptoms related to stress
Fix
*
syndrome (IBS)