Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Anomalies
Fetal Abnormalities Detectable
by Ultrasound
• Brain • Renal
– Anencephaly – Hydronephrosis
– Hydrocephalus – Renal agenesis
– Chiari deformities • Cardiac
– Encephalocele – Chambers
• Spine – Orientation
– Spina bifida • General
cystica – Abdominal wall
– Myelomeningocel defects
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Hydrocephalus
• Dilated ventricles
• Large sausage like
hypoechoic area
represents dilated
lateral ventricle
Intestinal Tract Abnormalities
Detectable by Ultrasound
• Omphalocele
• Abdominal wall defects and
gastroschisis
• Midgut malrotation
• Focal intestinal atresia
Normal Development of Intestinal Tract
• At 9 weeks there is physiologic herniation
of the small bowel into the umbilical cord
• The small bowel rotates 90 degrees
counterclockwise around the superior
mesenteric artery
• At 12 weeks the small bowel returns into
the abdominal cavity while rotating an
additional 180 degrees counterclockwise
around the superior mesenteric artery
• Total rotation of 270 degrees
Omphalocele
• Midline
defect
• Covering
membrane
• Contains
organs or
bowel
• Cord from
apex of
mass
Omphalocele
• Axial view mid-
abdomen
• Soft tissue
mass extending
to right
• Abdominal
contents outside
the fetal
abdomen Fetal
Abdomen
• Note: enclosed
by a membrane
(arrows)
Gastroschisis
• Defect of
anterior wall
• Lateral to
umbilicus
• Bowel loops
float in
amniotic
fluid
• Cord
separate
Gastroschisis
• Lobulated
echogenic Abdominal
Contents
mass
• Free
Fetal
floating Abdomen
loops of
bowel in
the
Umbilical
amniotic Cord
fluid
Normal UGI,
Small Bowel
• Small bowel
distributed
throughout the
abdomen primarily
to the left
Mid-gut
Malrotation
• Barium UGI
• Stomach
normal
position
• Small bowel
completely
on right side
of abdomen
Normal Barium
Enema
• Normal colon
frames the
margins of the
abdomen
Mid-gut
Malrotation
• Barium enema
• Colon located
entirely on the
left side of the
abdomen
• Same case as
earlier mal-
rotation case
Duodenal Atresia
• AP
tomogram
• Both
kidneys in
the pelvis
Polycystic Kidneys
• Axial scan
with contrast
• Enlarged
lobulated
kidneys
• Multiple cysts
• Varying size
CT Multiple Cysts
Multiple
Renal
Cysts
CT Renal Cysts
Ultrasound Renal Cyst
Renal Abnormalities
• Hydronephrosis
– Hypoechoic
(Dark areas)
• Thinning of
renal cortex
indicates long
standing
process
Hydronephrosis
Massive Hydronephrosis