DIGESTIVE SYSTEM permanent

• There are 20 temporary teeth (10 upper and 10

lower), to be replaced by:
• 32 permanent teeth (16 upper and 16 lower)
- also called the GASTROINTESTINAL (GI)
• The process of chewing is called
system
mastication
- consists of a digestive tube called the GI tract or
ALIMENTARY CANAL, and several accessory
organs (liver, gall bladder and pancreas)
- primary function is to break down food, prepare
it for absorption, and eliminate waste
- Food passing along the GI tract is mixed with
digestive enzymes and broken down into nutrient
molecules, which are absorbed in the bloodstream

Structure and Function

The Digestive System

- consists of the alimentary canal and several
accessory organs.

Parts of the Alimentary Canal:

anus MOUTH – Tongue
mouth • The tongue moves the food around to prepare it
pharynx esophagus for deglutition (swallowing)
rectum • Small raised areas called papillae are
large intestine Small intestine located on the tongue and they contain
stomach taste buds (sweet, sour, salty, bitter)
• The frenulum connects the tongue to
the floor of the mouth.
MOUTH
• is also called the oral cavity
• where the process of digestion begins
• formed by the cheeks (bucca), lips,
teeth, tongue, and hard and soft palates

MOUTH – Hard & Soft Palate

MOUTH – Cheeks, Lips
• Food is taken into the mouth and chewed with the
assistance of the cheek muscles
• The lips protect the mouth from receiving food
that is too hot or too rough on the surface
• The two structures forming the roof of the mouth
are the:
(1) hard palate (anterior portion) and
(2) soft palate (posterior portion)
(A downward cone shaped projection called the
uvula is located at the back of the soft palate)

Both the lingual tonsils and the palatine tonsils are

MOUTH – Teeth located in the oral cavity and these play an
• There are 2 sets of teeth: temporary and
important role in the immune system. that contracts rhythmically (peristalsis) to propel
food toward the stomach
•Contains a group of muscles called the lower
esophageal sphincter that closes off the entrance to
the stomach to prevent reflux of food, emesis or
regurgitation (vomiting).

MOUTH – Salivary Glands

• Parotid Gland
• Submandibular
• Sublingual

STOMACH
•Pouch-like organ located in the left
hypochondriac region of the abdominal cavity
•Receives food from the esophagus and mixes it
with gastric juices to form a semifluid mass called
chyme

PHARYNX
•Muscular tube about 5 inches long in adults
•Also known as the throat
• The lowest portion divides into two
tubes:
(1) trachea, leads to the lungs
(2) Esophagus, leads to the stomach
• A small flap of cartilage, called the epiglottis, SMALL INTESTINE
folds back to cover the trachea during swallowing, • 20 feet long consisting of three parts: -duodenum
forcing food to enter the esophagus -jejunum
-ileum

•First site of absorption and nutrients pass from the

intestinal walls and into
the bloodstream through the villi

ESOPHAGUS
•Muscular tube about 9 to10 inches long in the adult

LARGE INTESTINE
Consists of 3 parts:
-cecum (A wormlike pouch - appendix filled with
lymphatic tissue extends from this)
-colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid)
-rectum
•Undigested waste may remain in the
large intestine from 12 to 24 hours
•Process of turning waste material into a semisolid
waste (feces) begins in the cecum and released from
the body thru defecation
ACCESSORY ORGANS
LIVER
•Located in the RUQ of the abdominal cavity
(Divided into right and left lobes)
- produce bile, used in the small intestine to
emulsify and absorb fats
- maintain normal glucose levels in the blood
- Destroy old erythrocytes and releasing bilirubin
GALLBLADDER
• a saclike structure on the inferior surface of the
liver
• Stores bile from the liver
• Releases bile when it is needed for the
emulsification (breakdown) of fat
• Without bile, fat digestion is not possible
PANCREAS
 is an elongated, somewhat flattened organ that
lies posterior and slightly inferior to the stomach
 performs both endocrine and
exocrine functions
 As an endocrine gland, it secretes insulin
directly into the bloodstream to maintain normal
blood glucose levels
 As an exocrine gland, it produces digestive
enzymes: trypsin, which breaks down proteins;
amylase, which breaks down carbohydrates;
and lipase, which breaks down fat
Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Terms
Types of Endoscopes
•esophagoscopy
•gastroscopy
•colonoscopy
•sigmoidoscopy
X-rays and other Imaging Techniques Hematemesis- Vomiting of blood from the stomach
•MRI Hiatal hernia- Protrusion of the stomach through
•CAT scan an opening in the diaphragm
•Barium swallow
•Barium enema Liver Disorders:
•Cholecystography
•Upper GI Series Cirrhosis - Chronic liver disease caused by poor
•Liver scan nutrition and excessive alcohol
•Cholangiography Hyperbilirubinemia- Excessive bilirubin in the
•Ultrasound blood causing a yellow discoloration of the skin
consumption
Hepatomegaly- Enlarged liver
Pathological Terms Hepatitis- Term for several types of contagious
diseases of the liver
Eating Disorders

Anorexia Conditions of the Gallbladder:

•A morbid refusal to eat because the person wants
to be dangerously thin Cholelithiasis
Bulimia -another term for gall stones
•Eating, then purposefully purging Cholangitis
or vomiting to achieve weight loss -any inflammation of the bile ducts
Obesity Cholecystitis
• Excessive body weight that often results from -any inflammation of the gallbladder
overeating
Disorders of the Intestines:
Oral Conditions
Cheilitis- Lips inflammation Duodenal ulcers
Sialoadenitis- Salivary gland inflammation •A form of peptic ulcer thought to be bacterial in
aphagia origin
dysphagia Appendicitis
Glossitis - Tongue inflammation •Inflammation of the appendix, which lies on the
Halitosis- Bad breath side of the duodenum, and becomes inflamed if
parotitis gastric substances leak into it from the duodenum
Ileus
Diseases of the Pharynx •An intestinal blockage
Colitis
Esophageal varices General term for inflammation in the small intestine
•twisted veins in the esophagus that are prone to Ulcerative colitis
hemorrhage and ulcers •A chronic type of irritable bowel disease
Esophagitis
•any inflammation of the esophagus Other Intestinal Conditions:
Gastroesophageal reflux
•malfunctioning of the sphincter muscle at the Diverticulosis
bottom of the esophagus - Presence of small pouches in the intestinal wall
that trap food or bacteria
Dysentery
Disorders of the Stomach - General term for inflammation of the intestinal
tract with loose stools and other symptoms such as
Flatulence- Accumulation of gas in the stomach or abdominal pain and weakness
intestines Volvulus
Achlorhydria- Lack of hydrochloric acid in the - Twisting of the intestine that causes a blockage
stomach
Dyspepsia- Difficulty with digesting food Intestinal Conditions (cont’d)
Gastritis- stomach inflammation
Gastroenteritis- Inflammation of both the stomach Other Terms:
and small intestine
Eructation- Belching to release gas •hemorrhoids
•anal fistula PARTS
•steatorrhea
- 3 major parts:
•ascites 1. the airway: nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx,
•peritonitis trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
•proctitis 2. the lungs
•constipation 3. the muscles of respiration: diaphragm,
intercostal muscles
•diarrhea
•flatus
•melena
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

Surgical Terms PARTS: Airway

Abdominocentesis- Incision into the intestinal tract
to relieve fluid pressure as in ascites
Cholelithotripsy- Crushing of gallstones using
sound waves
Cheilotomy - Incision for the removal of stones
NOSE & NASAL CAVITY
- the main external opening for the respiratory
system and are the first section of the body’s airway
- Function: to warm, moisturize, and filter air
entering the body before it reaches the lungs

Surgical Repair Procedures: MOUTH

•Cheiloplasty - also known as the oral cavity, is the secondary
•Glossorrhaphy external opening for the respiratory tract
•Esophagoplasty - Function: supplement or replace the
•Proctoplasty nasal cavity’s functions when needed
(mouth is shorter than the pathway for air entering
from the nose, but it cannot warm and moisturize
Openings may be made in the gastrointestinal tract the air entering the lungs)
for temporary or permanent alternatives to waste
elimination. PHARYNX
- Also known as the throat
•ileostomy - Passageway for both air and food - is divided into
-opening made in the 3 regions:
ileum to allow fecal material to discharge into a bag 1. nasopharynx
outside the body 2. oropharynx
•colostomy 3. laryngopharynx
-opening in the colon to create a place for waste to
exit the body other than through the anus PHARYNX
1. Nasopharynx - located in the posterior of the
nasal cavity where inhaled air from the nasal cavity
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM passes
- contains the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
2. Oropharynx - located in the posterior of the oral
DEFINITION cavity where air inhaled through the oral cavity
- (or ventilatory system) enters
- is a biological system consisting of specific organs - contains the palatine tonsils (tonsils)
and structures used for the process of respiration 3. Laryngopharynx - bottom section of the pharynx
(breathing) in an organism where the respiratory tract divides into the
- is responsible for the exchange of oxygen (O2) esophagus and the larynx
and carbon dioxide (CO2) EPIGLOTTIS - a movable flap of cartilage that
• The cardiovascular system helps in this vital covers the opening to the larynx (voice box)
function by providing blood vessels for carrying - prevents food from entering the larynx during
these gases swallowing.
 ALVEOLI - tiny air sacs which connect to lung
capillaries
• CO2 diffuses from the blood within the
pulmonary capillaries and enters the alveoli, while
O2 from the alveoli diffuses into the blood

LARYNX
- also known as the voice box
- is a short section of the airway that connects the
laryngopharynx and the trachea
- contains special structures known as vocal folds,
which allow the body to produce the sounds of
speech and singing
PARTS: Lungs

LUNGS
- are a pair of large, spongy organs found in the
thorax lateral to
the heart and superior to the diaphragm
- are divided into lobes: three lobes in the right lung
and two lobes in the left lung.

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

PARTS: Airway

TRACHEA
- Or windpipe
- is composed of smooth muscle embedded with C-
shaped rings of cartilage, which provide rigidity to
keep the air passage open

BRONCHI
- At the inferior end of the trachea, the airway splits
into left and right branches known as the primary
bronchi running into each lung
- split into many smaller bronchioles that spread
throughout the lungs

BRONCHIOLES
- tiny terminal bronchioles conduct air to the alveoli
of the lungs
PARTS: Muscles of Respiration EXTERNAL Respiration
- Gas exchange - Between lungs
(alveoli) and blood
DIAPHRAGM
- At the level of the LUNGS (alveoli)
- principal muscle of respiration in the human body
- When it contracts: it moves inferiorly a few
inches into the abdominal cavity
expanding the space within the thoracic cavity and
pulling air into the lungs (inhalation)
- When it relaxes: allows air to flow back out the
lungs during exhalation.

INTERNAL Respiration
- Gas transport
- Between blood
and tissues
- At the level of the rest of the BODY
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
- assist the diaphragm with expanding and
compressing the lungs

2 groups:
1. internal = deeper set of muscles and depress the
ribs to compress the thoracic cavity and force air to
be exhaled from the lungs
2. external = found superficial to the internal
intercostals and function to elevate the ribs,
expanding the volume of the thoracic cavity and
causing air to be inhaled into the lungs

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE RESPIRATORY

SYSTEM HOMEOSTASIS
- refers to the ability of an organism or environment
PULMONARY Ventilation to maintain stability in spite of changes
- is the process of moving air into and out of the - inability to maintain it leads to disease and often
lungs to facilitate gas exchange death
- The respiratory system helps maintain homeostasis
by bringing in necessary levels of oxygen while the respiratory tract.
removing harmful carbon dioxide
Other Conditions:
•Croup
DIAGNOSTIC, PROCEDURAL, AND
•Diptheria
LABORATORY TESTS
•Rhinorrhea
•Epistaxis
Methods Used to Diagnose Respiratory Disorders: •Pertussis
•Auscultation
•Assessing respiratory rate Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
•Percussion - (COPD) is a term for any disease with chronic
•Sputum analysis obstruction of the bronchial tubes and lungs such as:
•Emphysema
Normal Adult respiratory rate is 15 to 20 •Chronic Bronchitis
respirations per minute.
Asthma causes narrowing of the bronchi leading to
Abnormalities such as masses and restricted blood dyspnea, wheezing and coughing.
flow within the lungs can be detected via:

•Chest x-rays
•MRI
•Lung scans

Structures of the respiratory system can be observed

via:

•Endoscopy
•Bronchoscopy

PATHOLOGY

Inflammatory Conditions:
- adenoiditis
- bronchitis
- epiglottitis
- laryngitis
- pharyngitis
Hemoptysis
- rhinitis
- Lung or bronchial hemorrhage that results in the
- pneumonitis
spitting of blood.
- sinusitis
Cystic Fibrosis
- tonsillitis
- Disease of the exocrine glands that causes
- laryngotracheobronchitis
secretion of abnormally thick mucus which leads to
chronic obstruction.
Breathing Patterns:
Atelectasis
- eupnea
- Collapsed alveoli leading to collapse of a lung or
- bradypnea
part of a lung.
- tachypnea
Pneumonia
- hypopnea
- Acute infection of the alveoli.
- hyperpnea
- dyspnea
Environmental Conditions
- apnea
- caused by environmental agents
- orthopnea
Pneumoconiosis
Upper Respiratory Infection
•Caused by dust in the lungs
- is a term that covers an infection of some or all of
Anthracosis
•Caused by coal dust Endotracheal intubation is the insertion of a tube
Asbestosis through the nose or mouth, pharynx, larynx and into
•Caused by asbestos particles released during the trachea to establish an airway.
construction of ships and buildings
Silicosis
•Caused by the silica dust from grinding rocks or
glass

Disorders of the Pleura

Pneumothorax
•Accumulation of air or •gas in the pleural cavity.
Empyema
•Pus in the pleural cavity.
Hemothorax
•Blood in the pleural cavity.
Pleural Effusion
•Escape of fluid into the pleural cavity. PHARMACOLOGY

Mechanical Devices
- aid in Respiration

Ventilators
•Actually serve as a breathing substitute for patients
who cannot breathe on their own.
Nebulizers
•Deliver medication through the mouth or nose to
ease breathing problems

SURGICAL TERMS

Otorhinolaryngologists
- are physicians that specialize in disorders of the
upper respiratory tract.

Surgical Removal Conditions:

•Tonsillectomy
•Adenoidectomy
•Laryngectomy
•Pneumonectomy
•Lobectomy

Surgical Repair
- bronchoplasty
- laryngoplasty
- rhinoplasty
- septoplasty
- tracheoplasty

Surgical Incisions
•Laryngotracheotomy
•Sinusotomy
•Thoracotomy
•Tracheotomy