Professional Documents
Culture Documents
in Humans
Chapter 6
Learning
Objectives
Questions to answer!
1. What is nutrition?
2. Which parts of the body are involved in digestion?
3. What is digestion?
4. What happens to the food after digestion?
What is Nutrition?
Objective 1:
Objective 2:
oesophagus
liver stomach
Process of
The Digestive System - Pharynx
• Connects the buccal
cavity to the oesophagus
and larynx (voice box).
• Leads to the trachea.
pharynx
• Both food and air must air
pass through the pharynx
larynx
then they enter the (voice-
box)
body. oesophagus
glottis
• Air will pass to the
trachea
trachea, while food will (windpipe)
go into the oesophagus.
The Digestive System - Pharynx
• The epiglottis is above the
larynx, and it prevents food
from going the wrong way.
• During swallowing, the
larynx moves up and the pharynx
epiglottis moves food
downwards so that the particles
oesophagus
The Digestive System -
Oesophagus
PERISTALSIS
• When circular muscles contract, longitudinal muscles relax.
The gut wall constricts (becomes narrower and longer). Food
is squeezed or pushed forward.
• When longitudinal muscles contract, circular muscles relax.
The gut wall dilates (becomes wider and shorter). This widens
the lumen for food to enter. wall dilates to allow
food to enter
circular muscles
longitudinal
muscles
food mass
Process of
Which parts of the body are involved in
digestion?
Objective 2:
What is one
enzyme found
in gastric
juice?
pits
Where else
The Digestive
can we find
System - Stomach
circularstores food for
• The stomach
a fewmuscles?
hours. It digests food
to become chyme.
• Food stays in the stomach
because of the pyloric
sphincter – a ring of circular
muscle located between the
stomach and duodenum.
– Contracts: stomach exit closes
– Relaxes: stomach exit opens,
food leaves the stomach.
Process of
The Digestive System – Small Intestine
• Consists of 3 parts:
– Duodenum progressive
– Jejunum ly more
– Ileum
coiled
The Digestive System – Small Intestine
• Wall of small intestine
has 2 functions:
– Contains glands which
secrete intestinal juice. It
contains digestive
enzymes.
– Wall is adapted to
absorb digested food
products and water.
Process of
The Digestive System – Large Intestine
large
• The large intestine is intestine
rectum
The Digestive System – Large Intestine
• Between the small and
large intestines lie the
caecum and appendix.
• The caecum has no function
in humans.
• The appendix contains
bacteria that are useful to
the body.
caecum
appendix
Process of
Which parts of the body The Digestive
are involved in digestion?
System
Which parts of the body are involved in
digestion?
Objective 3:
oesophagus
liver stomach
Process of
The Digestive System -
Pancreas
• Connected to the
duodenum via the
pancreatic duct
• Secretes pancreatic juice
which contains digestive
enzymes.
• Also secretes hormones
which control blood
glucose level.
Process of
What is Digestion?
Objective 4:
hydrochloric acid
pepsinogen pepsin
pepsin
proteins polypeptides
What is Digestion? Chemical Digestion
In the stomach... Action of Rennin
Prorennin is activated to rennin by hydrochloric acid.
Rennin curdles milk proteins by converting soluble protein
caseinogen into insoluble casein.
– Soluble caseinogen would pass through the stomach as
easily as water and not be digested.
– Insoluble casein can remain in the stomach to be digested.
hydrochloric acid
prorennin rennin
rennin
caseinogen casein
pepsin
casein polypeptides
What is Digestion? Chemical Digestion
In the stomach... Purpose of Hydrochloric Acid
Stops the activity of salivary amylase by denaturing it
Activates pepsinogen and prorennin to form pepsin and
rennin respectively
Provides acidic medium for the action of pepsin and
rennin
Kills harmful microorganisms in food
What is Digestion? Chemical Digestion
In the small intestine...
When chyme enters the small intestine, it stimulates 3
glands:
– Intestinal glands secrete intestinal juice, which
contains enzymes sucrase, maltase, intestinal lipase,
lactase, enterokinase, and erepsin. SMILEE!
– Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice, which contains
pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, and ALT
trypsinogen.
– Gall bladder releases bile. It does not contain enzyme
What is Digestion? Chemical Digestion
In the small intestine...
All 3 fluids are alkaline:
– Neutralize acidic chyme
– Provide suitable pH for the action of pancreatic and
intestinal enzymes
What is Digestion? Chemical Digestion
In the small intestine... Carbohydrate digestion
pancreatic
amylase maltase
starch maltose glucose
lactase
lactose glucose + galactose
sucrase
sucrose glucose + fructose
What is Digestion? Chemical Digestion
In the small intestine... Protein digestion
enterokinase
trypsinogen trypsin
trypsin
proteins polypeptides
erepsin
polypeptides amino acids
What is Digestion? Chemical Digestion
In the small intestine... Fat digestion
lipase
fats fatty acids + glycerol
Recall: What
process speeds up
fat digestion in the
small intestine?
What is Digestion? Digestive Enzymes
Carbohydrate digestion
salivary
mouth
pancreatic
starch amylase maltose maltase glucose
small intestine
sucrose sucrase
glucose + fructose
What is Digestion? Digestive Enzymes
Protein digestion
hydrochloric acid
prorennin rennin
stomach
rennin
caseinogen casein
pepsin
casein polypeptides
small intestine
enterokinase
trypsinogen trypsin
trypsin
proteins polypeptides
erepsin
polypeptides amino acids
What happens to the food after
digestion?
Objective 6:
3. Concentration Gradient
• In each villus is a lacteal (lymphatic capillary)
surrounded by blood capillaries.
• The lacteal continually transports fats away from the
villus, while the blood capillaries transports sugars
and amino acids away.
• This maintains the concentration gradient needed for
the absorption of food substances.
What happens to food
after digestion? Egestion
Objective 7:
Objective 8:
2. Production of Bile
• The liver produces bile which is stored in the gall
bladder before use.
• Bile is used in the emulsification of fats.
3. Protein Synthesis
• Blood plasma contains amino acids from the diet.
• The liver synthesizes these amino acids to form
proteins, e.g.:
– Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen (for blood clotting)
What happens to food
after digestion? Functions of the Liver
4. Iron Storage
• Red blood cells contain a iron, which is involved in the
transportation of oxygen around the body.
• These cells become worn out after some time.
• They are destroyed in the spleen, a gland near the
liver.
• Haemoglobin from red blood cells is brought to the
liver.
• Haemoglobin is broken down, forming iron and bile.
• Iron is stored in the liver.
What happens to food
after digestion? Functions of the Liver
6. Detoxification
• This is the process of converting harmful substances
into harmless ones.
• Breaks down alcohol to acetaldehyde by the action of
alcohol dehydrogenase
• Acetaldehyde can be broken down to compounds
which can be used in respiration.
• Excessive alcohol consumption stimulates acid
secretion in the stomach, increasing the risk of gastric
ulcers.
What happens to food
after digestion? Functions of the Liver
6. Detoxification
• Prolonged alcohol use can lead to cirrhosis of the liver.
– Liver cells are being destroyed and replaced with fibrous
tissue
– Cells are less able to function
– Can lead to liver failure and death
What happens to food
after digestion? Functions of the Liver
7. Heat Production
• There are many chemical reactions taking place in the
liver.
• Heat is produced from these reactions.
• The heat is distributed by the blood to other parts
other body.
• Helps to maintain body temperature.
Pure Biology Chapter 6
Tongue
Liver Pancreas
Pharynx
Salivary contains
glands secretes
leads to
Gall bladder
Oesophagus stores
Pancreatic Hormones
Digestion Bile amylase
secreted into
consist
Stomach
of
Duodenum
Insulin
Tongue
Pharynx
Salivary contains
glands secretes
leads to
Gall bladder
stores
Pancreatic Hormones
amylase
secreted into
consist
of
Hepatic
portal vein Glucagon
Colon walls
have
unite to form
Folds
Rectum
Simple
Anus sugars
via
Amino
Microvilli
acids
via
Fats
absorbs