MODULE 10:

DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
Objectives:
Explain the anatomy and
physiology of the digestive
system.
Explain how the digestive
system works with the other
system of the body.
 Nutrition is the process
by which organisms obtain
and use food.
Humans exhibit holozoic
mode of nutrition.
 Ingestion Taking in food
Breakdown of
complex food
Digestion
substance to soluble
food substance Digested food
Absorption diffuses into
Transport and use of bloodstream
absorbed food by Assimilation
body cells
Egestion Removal of
undigested food
 What is
digestion?
 Digestion is a
catabolic process.
Mechanical Digestion
Chemical Digestion
 Phases of Digestion
Mechanical Digestion Chemical Digestion
• It involves the physical • It involves breakdown of
breakdown of large food complex food molecules into
molecules into small smaller molecules.
molecules.
• Itoccurs in mouth and
stomach.
 Enzymes

•A protein that speed up chemical

reactions that turn nutrients into
substances that our digestive
tract absorb.
 Mouth
• Take in the food which is broken
down by the chewing action of
the teeth.
• Italso contains salivary glands
that secrete saliva which contains
mucin to soften and moisten the
food.
 Mouth

• Thetongue then rolls the food into

small, slippery masses of boli
(bolus).
 Pharynx

• It
is a common passage for food
and air which pushes the food
into the esophagus.
• Epiglottisis a lid-like structure
that covers the trachea at the
time of swallowing of food.
 Esophagus

• Also known as food pipe that

carries the bolus to the stomach.
• Theprocess of movement of food
from the esophagus to stomach is
known as peristalsis.
 Stomach

• The J-shaped organ found at the end of

the esophagus.
• Cardiacsphincter is a valve that closes
and opens to allow the flow of food.
• Mechanical digestion happens here.
 Stomach
• Chemical digestion also takes place here
where stomach lining also bears gastric
glands that release gastric juice which is
the solution of hydrochloric acid, water,
mucus and enzymes.
• The partially digested bolus becomes
liquefied forming chyme.
 Small Intestine

• It is composed of 3 parts: Duodenum,

Jejunum, Ileum.
• Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are
digested.
• Finaldigestion and absorption of food take
place here.
Enzymes Produced by the Cell of
Intestinal Epithelium
Peptidases
Maltase
Sucrase
Lactase
Lipase
ACCESSORY ORGANS
OF THE DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
 Pancreas
• It
secretes hormones to regulate blood sugar
level in the body such as insulin and glucagon.
• It also secretes pancreatic juice that
neutralizes the acidic stomach content
(chyme).
• It produces digestive enzymes such as
pancreatic lipase, pancreatic amylase and
trypsin.
 Liver

• It aids digestion by producing bile.

• As the food moves into small intestine,
the bile will be released through the
bile duct into the small intestine.
Liver

• Bile
is not an enzymes and it acts as
an emulsifier by breaking down fat
molecules into smaller ones.
 Absorption of Food in the Small
Intestine
• After 3-5 hours, most of the food is digested in the small intestine.
• Before these nutrients can be used by the body for energy, they
must be absorbed in the bloodstream through the walls of small
intestine particularly by the villi.
 Large Intestine

• Absorbwater and mineral salts from

undigested food material.
• Feces is made up of dead bacteria,
undigested food roughage, dried out
digestive juices, mucus and discarded
intestinal cells.
 Rectum

• It is the concluding part of the large

intestine that terminates in the
anus.
• It
serves as the temporary storage
for the feces.
 Anus

• Itis made of the muscles that line your

pelvis (pelvic floor muscles) and two other
muscles called anal sphincters (internal and
external).
• When the rectum contracts, the feces will
be expelled through this opening.
• Egestion
 Assimilation
• The process of transport and use of the absorbed
nutrients.
• Simple Sugars
• Amino Acids
• Fats