Name: Ma. Bhie Jia A. Torreon.

Date: 12/2/2021
Course/Year/Sec: BSN 1-3 Teacher: DR. Ma. Lucita Alonzo
Digestive System
GIO: I. To be able to study the gross, histological and functional characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract.

1. Enumerate the parts of the alimentary canal and give the functions of each organ.

• Mouth - The digestive process starts in your mouth when you chew. Your salivary
glands make saliva, a digestive juice, which moistens food, so it moves more easily
through your esophagus into your stomach. Saliva also has an enzyme that begins to
break down starches in your food.
• Pharynx - called the throat, the pharynx is the portion of the digestive tract that
receives the food from your mouth. Branching off the pharynx is the esophagus,
which carries food to the stomach, and the trachea or windpipe, which carries air to
the lungs
• Esophagus – lined with moist stratified squamous epithelium, extending from the
pharynx to the stomach. The esophagus transports food from the pharynx to the
stomach.
• Stomach - The stomach is a hollow organ, or "container," that holds food while it is
being mixed with stomach enzymes. These enzymes continue the process of breaking
down food into a usable form.
• Small intestine – this is the site of major absorption & final digestion and contains
enzymes to further to further breakdown food. It has 3 parts jejunum, duodenum,
and ileum.
• Large intestine – it consists of cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. And the main
function is absorbing water and changes the waste from liquid into stool. Peristalsis
helps move the stool into your rectum.
• Rectum - The lower end of your large intestine, the rectum, stores stool until it
pushes stool out of your anus during a bowel movement.

2. Enumerate the accessory organs of digestion and give the role of each organ in digestion.

• Tongue - helps, pushing the food around while you chew with your teeth
• Salivary glands - saliva helps moisten food so we can swallow it more easily. It also has an enzyme called amylase
that makes it easier for the stomach to break down starches in food.
• Teeth - teeth break the food into smaller pieces,
• Pancreas – secreting pancreatic juice with digestive enzyme amylase, lipase, and trypsin
• Liver – this is the largest gland in the body, the main function of liver are digestive & excretory function, stores, and
process nutrients, detoxifies harmful chemicals and secretes 700 ml of bile each day.
• Gall bladder – serve as the storage area for bile, where bile is concentrated and modified.
 3. Enumerate the four layers of the wall of the alimentary tract.

The 4 layers of alimentary canal wall:

1. Mucosa – this is the inner layer; the function is for absorption and secretes mucus.
2. Submucosa – this is the important layers of all layers because it contains blood vessels that provide nutrients for the
entire wall, nerves that controlling the other function of the parts and small glands that will secrete different
digestive enzyme. The function is absorption and nutrition.
3. Muscularis externa – if the muscles contract, they can propel food from proximal to distal portion of GI tract in a
process known as Peristalsis. But when they contract irregularly, they can actually breakdown food into small pieces
in a process known as mechanical digestion.
4. Serosa/Adventitia – outermost layer of the wall, this layer secretes small amount of lubricating fluid that reduces
friction among GI tract organs and body wall.

GIO: II. To be able to study the Oral cavity

SIO:

1. Enumerate the two compartments of the oral cavity.

• Oral vestibule
- The anterior wall is lips that comprised of skeletal muscles with fibroelastic called Orbicularis oris. The function
is to serve to protect the anterior opening.
- Posterior wall are gums and teeth
• Oral cavity
- Roof: palate hard and soft that comprise of bones and soft alate comprised of muscles covered by mucosa.
- Floor which the tongue is attached
- Walls comprise of cheeks
- Posterior opening is oropharyngeal isthmus

2. Draw and label the parts of the oral cavity.

 GIO: III. To be able to study the pharynx and esophagus

1. Enumerate the events that take place during swallowing.

• Oral phase – voluntary, movement of the bolus from the oral cavity into the oropharynx.
• Pharyngeal phase – involuntary, movement of the bolus from the oropharynx into the esophagus.
• Esophageal phase – involuntary, movement of the bolus through the esophagus and into the stomach.

2. Enumerate the three parts of the pharynx and describe important features.

• Nasopharynx (epipharynx) – not part of the digestive system, passageway for air
moving from the nose. This is a superior part of pharynx that works with the nasal
cavity.
• Oropharynx (mesopharynx) – posterior to oral cavity, passageway for food and air
and oropharynx are their roles in prehension, mastication, bolus formation, and
deglutition or swallowing.
• Laryngopharynx (hypopharynx) – is the most caudal portion of the pharynx and is a
crucial connection point through which food, water, and air pass. Specifically, it
refers to the point at which the pharynx divides anteriorly into the larynx and
posteriorly into the esophagus.

Both oropharynx & laryngopharynx are passageway for air and food.

3. Enumerate the three anatomic and physiologic constrictions of the esophagus.

1. Upper esophageal sphincter (CV6) cricopharyngeus muscle (anatomical sphincter)

2. At the level of the left main stem bronchus

3. Lower esophageal sphincter – serve as the physiologic sphincter. When the lower esophageal sphincter close, it
prevents acid and stomach contents from travelling backwards into the oesophagus, however the lower esophageal
sphincter are not under voluntary control.
 GIO: IV. To study the parts and function of the stomach SIO:

1. Draw and label the parts of the stomach.

2. Enumerate the cells found in the gastric mucosa and their secretions.

1. Mucous neck cells – secrete mucus that will be lining of mucosa to protect against acidic environment of the stomach,
found near gastric pits

2. Parietal cells – secretes HCI & intrinsic factor, necessary for Vitamin B12 absorption

3. Chief cells – secretes enzyme pepsin necessary for protein digestion

4. Endocrine cells – there are several endocrine cells in the stomach which inc.:

• Enterochromaffin-like cells – secrete Histamine

• G cells – secrete hormone gastrin

GIO: V. To study the small and large intestine

SIO:

1. Enumerate the subdivisions of the small intestines.

• Duodenum - connects to the stomach.

• Middle part is the jejunum.
• the ileum, attaches to the colon.
 2. Enumerate the major functions of the small intestines.

Small intestine is the major digestive organ that approximately 20 ft long

The major functions are:

- Use enzymes from liver & pancreas to break food particles into small molecules.
- Absorbs molecules into the bloodstream

3. Identify the parts of duodenum where the duodenal papilla is found.

1. Ist or superior or duodenal bulb or duodenal cap

2. 2nd or descending- this is the most important part of duodenum because it contains elevation known as
duodenum papillae, into which the common bile duct & pancreatic ducts will empty their secretions. Helps keep
the Duodenum in place are a band of fibrous muscular tissue known as the suspensory ligament of treitz. That
extends from the duodenum jejunum angle of the diaphragm.
3. 3rd or horizontal
4. 4th of ascending

4. Define the ligament of Treitz and give its anatomic significance?

The suspensory muscle of duodenum is a thin muscle connecting the junction between the duodenum, jejunum, and
duodenojejunal flexure to connective tissue surrounding the superior mesenteric artery and coeliac artery. It is also
known as the ligament of Treitz.

5. Enumerate the subdivisions of the large intestine.

Large intestine is divided into four subdivisions:

1. Cecum – where the appendix is attached

2. Colon - this is measured about 1.5 meters and there are parts in colon and these are;
Ascending, found on the right sides of abdomen will be ascending colon. Right colic
(hepatic) flexure, as it reaches the liver, it will make a bend as its curved toward the
left. Transverse, it will move from the right side of abdomen towards the left sides. Left
colic (splenic) flexure – when it reaches spleen, it will form a curved moving downwards
behind the spleen. Descending – it will move downwards as the descending colon,
found on the left sides of abdomen. Sigmoid – once it reaches the pelvic cavity, it will
now form S shaped called as sigmoid colon
3. Rectum - served as the temporary sight for storage of undigested food.
4. Anal canal (last 2-3) – then the undigested food will now be propelled out of the body
through another small Opening known as anal canal.
 6. Differentiate the small and large intestines.

Small intestine Large intestine

Mobile, except for the duodenum which is fixed & Fixed ascending & descending colon, non mobile
located retroperitoneally
Small lumen Large lumen
With peyer’s patch in the ileum With taenia coli, appendices Epiplocae & haustra or
sacculations
The mucosa of the SI is plicae circularis Mucosa of LI is plicae
semilunaris

7. Define what acute appendicitis is.

Acute appendicitis is the sudden and severe inflammation of the appendix. It can cause pain in the abdomen, and this
pain may occur quickly and worsen within hours.

GIO.VI. To study the parts and functions of the accessory organs of digestion SIO:

1. Enumerate the 3 salivary glands and differentiate in terms of the types of secretion and locations and the
names of ducts.

➢ Parotid Gland – lies on the posterior border of the ramus of the mandible, it produces
purely serous and releases its products through its excretory duct known as the Stensen’s
duct that opens into the vestibule of the mouth opposite the upper second molar tooth.
➢ Submandibular – this gland is located underneath the mandible; its secretion is a mixture
of serous and mucoid predominantly serous and releases its product through the
Wharton’s duct into the projection at the inferior end of the lingual frenulum known as
the sublingual papilla.
➢ Sublingual gland – this gland is smallest out of 3 glands; it produces a mixture of both
serous and mucoid secretion but predominantly mucus and the exocrine duct will
Bartholin’s duct that rains into the sublingual papilla at the floor of mouth.

2. Give the role of saliva in digestion?

The role of saliva in the digestion of food is to moistens the food for easy swallowing. And it contains digestive
enzymes called salivary Amylase/Ptyalin that breaks down carbohydrates and lysozyme that active against bacteria.
This will help the body to absorb its nutrients.
 3. Draw and label the parts of the pancreas (exocrine and endocrine).

4. Draw and label the parts of the liver and gallbladder.

5. Define the role of the gallbladder in digestion.

The main function of gallbladder is served as the storage area for bile which is needed for digestion
of food and where bile is concentrated and modified. Bile helps our digestion to breakdown fats. Bile
is a mixture of mainly cholesterol, bilirubin, and bile salts.
 GIO. VII. To study the various digestive enzymes in terms of source organs and role in the digestive process.

SIO:

1. Identify the enzyme found in the saliva for initial carbohydrate digestion in the mouth.

An enzyme called amylase breaks down starches (complex carbohydrates) into sugars, which your body can more
easily absorb. Saliva also contains an enzyme called lingual lipase, which breaks down fats. A condition known as dry
mouth (xerostomia) occurs when you don't have enough saliva in your mouth.

2. Identify the enzymes found in the pancreatic juice and give the substrate or type of nutrients being acted
upon by these enzymes.

Pancreatic juice consists of alkaline (chiefly bicarbonate) fluid and enzymes; 200–800 mL is produced each day. The
enzymes, trypsin, lipase, and amylase are essential for digestion of most of the protein, fat, and carbohydrate in the
meal