SEMINAR REPORT

ON
CLUTCH SYSTEM

REPORT

SUBMITTED IN

PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF

DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TO

JAIPUR NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, JAIPUR (RAJ.)

SUBMITTED BY:
KESHAV JANGID

(DIPLOMA SEMESTER V)

JNU-jrp-2020-01378

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

MR. ASHOK SINGH GOUR

DISCIPLINE OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

JAIPUR NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, JAIPUR(RAJ)

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DECEMBER,2022
 DECLARATION

This is to certify that the project work entitled “CLUTCH SYSTEM” submitted
by KESHAV JANGID in the partial fulfillment for the award of DIPLOMA IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING of the JAIPUR NATIONAL UNIVERSITY,
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY is a record of his work
under my supervision and guidance. The matter embodied in the dissertation has
not been submitted elsewhere.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my sincere gratitude, regards and thanks to my

respected project guide MR. ASHOK SINGH GOUR for his excellent
guidance and unstained support. It is my achievement to be guided by
him. He is a constant source of encouragement and momentum that any
intricacy becomes simple. I gained a lot of invaluable guidance and
prompt suggestion from him during my assignment work. I remained of
him forever and I take a pride to work under him.

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 Table of Contents

 INTRODUCTION

 Clutch Construction or Main Parts:

 Types of Clutch:

 Clutch Working Principle in Detail:

 Clutch Function:

 Clutch Application or Uses:

 Clutch Advantages:

 Clutch Disadvantages:

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 INTODUCTION

A clutch is a mechanical device that engages and disengages the

power transmission means shaft, especially from the driving shaft to
the driven shaft. When we have to change the gear in the
transmission system then for that time we have to use the clutch.

When the clutch is engaged the power will flow from the engine to
the wheels through the transmission system and the vehicle will
move. When it is disengaged, the power is not transmitted to the
wheels and the vehicles stop while the engine is still running. It is
kept engaged when the vehicle is moving.

It also helps to take the gradual load so that there will be no impact.
When it is properly operated it will prevent jerky motion or jerks on
the vehicle. It is disengaged when we want to start the engine.

Clutches are useful in devices with two rotating shafts one will act as
a driver and the other is a driven shaft. One of the shafts is typically
driven by a motor or pulley and the other shaft is driving another
device.

For example, In drill one shaft is driven by a motor, and the other
drives a drill chuck. It connects the two shafts so that they can either

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be locked together and rotate at the same speed and also at different
speeds according to our needs.

In a car, you need a clutch because the engine rotates all the time and
the car wheels/tires don’t. If we want to stop the car without affecting
the engine the wheel needs to be disconnected from the engine for that
the clutch allows us to smoothly engage a rotating engine to a
nonspinning of the engine by controlling the slipping between them.
there should not be any slipping otherwise there will be power loss.
Friction plays an important role in the principle of the clutch.

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 Clutch Construction or Main Parts:
 Flywheel

 Friction Disc

 Pressure Plate

 Spring

 Release levers

 Clutch release bearing 

 Linkage

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\

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1. Flywheel : 
The flywheel is used to store energy when there is excess energy and give
it back to the system when we required it. It is mounted on
the crankshaft keeps on running as long as the engine keeps running. The
Flywheel contains a friction surface also known as a friction disc which is
bolted to the outer side of the Flywheel.

2. Friction discs:
Single or multiple discs lined with friction material having a high coefficient
of friction are mounted on the driven shaft. Friction provides the necessary
ability to change the direction of the driving and driven shaft. They also
consist of metal plates bonded.

3. Pressure Plate:
The purpose that it will act as a link between the engine
and gearbox mainly it will transmit the torque obtained from the engine to
the gearbox. Another friction disc is bolted to pressure plates. The pressure
plate is mounted on the spline hub.

4. Spring and Release levers :

The spring used are diaphragm springs. The operation of spring is obtained
with the help of levers. The release lever will light the force which is held on
the spring when the clutch is disengaged.

5. Clutch Release bearing:

Transmits the movement of the clutch linkage to the pressure plate is
usually a ball or roller type bearing and Self–centering to compensate for
variations in alignment.

6. Clutch Linkage:
A clutch linkage mechanism uses levers and rods to transfer motion from
the pedal to the fork when the pedal is pressed, the pushrod will push the

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bell crank and it reverses the forward movement of the pedal. The bell
crank is connected to the release rod.

Types of Clutch:

Here are the following different types of Clutch:

 Positive and Spline Clutch

 Friction clutch
 Single Plate Clutch
 Multi-plate Clutch
 Cone Clutch
 Centrifugal Clutch
 Hydraulic clutch
 Electromagnetic Clutch
 Hysteresis-powered Clutch
 Semi-Centrifugal Clutch
 Diaphragm Clutch
 Vacuum Clutch and
 Freewheel Clutch

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1. Positive or Spline or Dog clutch :

In this, the grooves are cut either into the driving member or into the driven
member, and specially designed parts are situated into both driving and the
driven member. 

The driver releases the clutch pedal then these special parts will insert into
grooves and the driving and driven shaft start revolving together when he
pushes the clutch pedal these parts come out from the grooves and the
engine shaft revolve without the driven shaft.

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2. Friction Clutches :

The friction clutch is another most important type. It is used to transmit the
rotary motion of one shaft to another when desired. The axes of the two
shafts are coincident.

The surfaces can be pressed firmly against one against when engaged and
the clutch tends to rotate as a single unit.

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3. Single Plate clutch:

A disc clutch consists of a clutch plate attached to a  hub that has splines
cut on it and which is free to slide on splines cut on the driven shaft in the
axial direction means parallel to the shaft.

The plate is made of metal generally of steel and has a ring of friction lining
on each side which has large coefficient friction. The engine shaft supports
a Flywheel.

A spring-loaded pressure plate presses the clutch plate firmly against the
Flywheel when the clutch is Engaged. the disengaged position, the springs
press the cover attached to the Flywheel.

Thus both the Flywheel and the pressure plate rotate with the driving shaft.
The movement of the clutch pedal is the movement of the pressure plate
through a thrust bearing.

The pressure plate pulled by the release levers and the friction linings on
the clutch plate is in no contact with the pressure plate or the Flywheel. The
Flywheel rotates without driving the plate and thus, the driven shaft.

When we pressed off the foot from the pedal, the pressure on the thrust
bearing is released. As a result, the springs become free to move the
pressure plate to bring in contact with the clutch plate.

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The plate slides on the splined hub and is gripped between the pressure
plate and the Flywheel. The friction between the linings on the plate and
the Flywheel on one side and the pressure plate on the other cause the
clutch and hence the driven shaft to rotate.

In case the resisting torque on the driver shaft is more than the torque at
the clutch, a clutch slip will occur.

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4. Multi-Plate clutch:

In the multi-plate, the number of frictional linings and the metal plates is
increased which increases the capacity of the clutch to transmit torque.

Friction rings have splined on the outer boundary and Engage with
corresponding splines on the Flywheel. They are free to slide axially. The
friction material thus rotates with the Flywheel and the engine shaft. The
number of friction rings depends upon the torque to be transmitted

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The driven shaft also supports the disc on the splines and them which
rotate with the driven shaft and can slide in the axial direction If the adding
force on the pedal is removed.

If n is the total number of plates both on the driving and the driven
members, the number of active surfaces will be n-1 because 1 surface will
be common.

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5. Cone Clutch:

The contact surfaces are in the form of cones. In the Engaged position, the
friction surfaces of the two cones are in complete contact due to spring
pressure which will make in touch all the time. When the clutch is engaged.

If F is the axial Force, Fn is the normal force and £ is the semi–cone angle
of the clutch then for a conical collar with uniform wear theory.

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The main disadvantage of the Cone clutch is If the angle of the cone is
made smaller than 200 the male cone tends to adhere to the female cone
and it becomes difficult to disengage the clutch.

Cone clutch is used in low-speed applications and also used in ix engines

and automobiles.

It is also used in very specialist transmissions in racing, rallying, or in

extreme off-road vehicles. Cone clutches are used in powerboats.

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.

6. Centrifugal Clutch :

Centrifugal Clutches are being increasingly used in automobiles and

machines. It has a driving member consisting of four slipping blocks and
blocks kept by position means of flat springs for this purpose.

As the speed of the shaft increases, the Centrifugal force on the shoe
increases.
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The condition when centrifugal force more than the resisting force of
springs, then the shoes will move forward and press against the inside of
the rim and thus the torque is transmitted to the rim.

The only clutch is engaged when the motor gets sufficient speed to take up
the load inefficient manner. The outer surfaces of the shoes are lined with
some friction material.

On the input shaft, there are large extension springs, which connect to a
clutch shoe. When driving spins fast enough, the springs extend causing
the shoes to engage the friction face.

When the engine shaft reaches a certain RPM (Revolutions Per Minute),
the clutch activates, working almost as it will gradually increase As the load
increases the R.P.M. drops thereby disengaging the clutch and letting the
RPM rise again, and reengaging the clutch.

This results in a fair bit of waste heat, but over a broad range of speeds, it
is much more useful than a direct drive in many applications like mopeds
and go-karts, etc. Weaker spring or heavier shoes will cause the clutch to
engage at a lower R.P.M. while a stronger spring or lighter shoes will cause
the clutch to engage at a higher R.P.M.

Advantages:

 Centrifugal has less maintenance.

 Not expensive.
 It does not need clutch pedal because it’s automatic.

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 It helps to prevent the engine from stop running.
Disadvantages:

 Due to slipping and friction, there is a loss of power.

 It will transfer a high amount of power.
 It causes overheating problems.
 Its engagement and disengagements depend upon the speed of the
driving shaft.

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7. Hydraulic Clutch:

This type of clutch use fluid means the use of hydraulics to transmit the
torque. According to their design, this clutch is subdivided into two types:-

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Fluid coupling:
It is a hydraulic unit that can be clutched in a semi or fully automatic mode.
In this type of clutch, there is no mechanical connection between the
driving member and the driven member.

A pump impeller is blotted on a driving member and engine a turbine

runner is bolted on the driven member (Gearbox). Both the above unit is
enclosed into single housing filled with liquid. This liquid will act as the
torque transmitted from the impeller to the turbine. The driving member will
start rotating then the impeller rotates and then by the liquid by centrifugal
action in the outward direction.

This liquid then enters the turbine runner and exerts a force on the runner
then flows back into the pump impeller, thus completing the circuit.

So the fluid coupling is not suitable for normal gearboxes which are used
nowadays and it will be used with automatic and semi-automatic
gearboxes.

Hydraulic torque converter:

A hydraulic torque converter has the same principle as that of the electric
transformer.

The main purpose of the torque converter is to engage the driving member
to driven members and increase the torque of the driven members. These
all parts are enclosed into single housing filled with hydraulic liquid the
impeller rotates with the driven member and it through the liquid outward by
centrifugal action.

The difference of torque between impeller and turbine depends upon these
stationary guide vanes. the hydraulic torque converter serves the function
of the clutch as well as the automatic gearbox.

8. Electro-magnetic clutch:

In the electromagnetic clutch, electromagnetism is used to exert a pressure

force on one pressure plate to make the clutch engage. In this type, the
driving plate is attached to the electric coils.

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When the electricity is provided into these coils then the plate work as the
magnet and it attracts another plate. So both plates join when the electricity
provides and the clutch is in an engaged position. When the driver cuts the
electricity, this attraction force disappears, and the clutch is in the
disengaged position.

They should not be used for high speeds that have speeds over 50 rpm
otherwise damage to the clutch teeth occurs when trying to engage the
clutch.

How it works: When current flows through the clutch coil, the coil becomes
an electromagnet and produces a magnetic line of flux. This flux is then
transferred through the small gap between the field and the rotor.

The rotor portion of the clutch becomes magnetized and sets up a

magnetic loop, which attracts the armature teeth to the rotor teeth.

When current is removed from the clutch field, the armature is free to turn
with the shaft spring holding the armature away from the rotor surface
when power is released creating a small air gap and providing complete
disengagement from input to output.

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9. Hysteresis-Powered Clutch:

Electrical hysteresis units have an extremely high torque range. Since

these units can be controlled, they are ideal for testing applications where
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varying torque is required. Torque which is a drag one is minimal that offers
an available torque range for any Electromagnetic applications.

Since all torque is transmitted magnetically there is no contact so no wear

occurs to any of the torque transfer components providing for extremely
long life.

When the current is applied it creates magnetic flux this passes into the
rotor portion of the field.

The hysteresis disk physically passes through the rotor without touching it.
These disks have the ability to become magnetized depending upon the
strength of the flux this means as the rotor rotates, magnetic drag between
the rotor and the hysteresis disk takes place causing rotation.

When current is removed from the clutch, the armature is free to turn and
no relative force is transmitted between either member. Therefore the only
torque sees the input and the output is bearing drag.

Here is how the clutch works, when a DC voltage is applied to the

Electromagnet coil a magnetic field is created.

The magnetic circuit passes through the clutch rotor and armature. The
force is large enough to deflect the flat spring and the armature is pulled
across a small air gap into the rotor face.

The friction between the rotor. When electrical power is removed from the
coil the flat spring returns.

10. Semi-Centrifugal Clutch:

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It is used in racing car engines, high powered engines where clutch
disengagements require appreciable and tiresome driver’s effort.

The power is transmitted partly by clutch springs and remains by the

centrifugal action of an extra weight provided in the system.

11. Diaphragm Clutch:

In this type, springs are used instead of coil / helical springs. This type of
clutch does not require any release levers as the spring itself acts as a
series of levers.

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12. Vacuum Clutch:

Vacuum clutch linkage operated by engine Vacuum created during suction

stroke. This is consists of a vacuum reservoir tank that is connected to the
engine inlet manifold through a non-return valve.

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The reservoir is connected to a solenoid valve which is operated by a
battery and switch in the gear lever and the control valve attached to the
vacuum cylinder consists of a piston and plunger which are further
connected to the release fork and release bearing.

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Clutch Working Principle in Detail:

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Clutch is used to attach two moving shafts that are moving at different
speeds. This enables us to disengage the power of the engine and drive off
smoothly with the engine.

When we press the pedal the friction disc which is movable slides on the
shaft. This is the disengaged condition in which the friction doesn’t touch
the Flywheel which means that the Axial load applied by the pressure plate
is 0 and hence power/torque transmission is 0.

The engine is still running but the vehicle will not move.

When it is being pressed, the pressure plate moves back against the force
of the springs, and the plate becomes free between the Flywheel and the
pressure plate.

Thus the Flywheel remains rotating as long as an engine is running and the
shaft speed reduces slowly and finally, it stops Rotating. As soon as the
pedal is pressed the clutch is said to be disengaged. When we completely
release the pedal the movable friction disc slides forward on that shaft.

This is an Engaged condition in which the disc has completely touched the
Flywheel which means that the Axial load applied by the pressure plate is
maximum and the spring force and hence power transmitted is max.

The plate is gripped between the pressure plate. Due to the friction
between the Flywheel plate and pressure plate, the clutch plate revolves
with the Flywheel.

As the plate revolves, the shaft also revolves. The shaft is connected to the
transmission. Thus the engine power is transmitted from the crankshaft to
the clutch shaft.

 One friction plate is bolted to Flywheel & the other is movable over the
crankshaft.
 The amount of torque delivery depends on how much the Axial load is
applied to the friction.
 The movable disc is splined on a crankshaft & is able to move back and
forth with help of a pedal.
 More the Axial load more the power transmission less the Axial load
lesser power transmission which also means If the load is zero, power
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 transmitted will be zero and when the load will be max spring force power
transmitted will be maximum.

 The load is applied by the pressure plate since the pressure plates are
connected to springs which can multiple disc springs or a diaphragm
spring.
 The main reason why we need a clutch is that it permits the engine to run
even when the vehicle is not moving.
 Clutches have the ability to enable the driver and to change gears. This
is important since changing gears without disengaging the clutch would
apply sudden loads & shocks on gears which may ultimately result in
failure of gears & transmission systems.
 To obtain smoothness white gaining or losing speed & to avoid engine
shutdown.
 It plays a very important role to allow you to shift gears while moving in
cars
Now while changing gears it is very necessary to break the transmission
from the Flywheel to the gearbox for the proper shift of the gears to the
gears to take place.

If this isn’t done the gears will be damaged and will need to be replaced by
a new set of gearboxes. The role of the clutch takes place. 

When we press the clutch it will get Engaged then it means the clutch
breaks the contact with the Flywheel and hence, no drive is obtained from
the engine. The gearbox can easily change gears with the help of
synchronizers. Once the shift of gears is complete, we release the lever.

At this point, the clutch gets disengaged I.e, the clutch plate gets in contact
with the Flywheel again. The drive is transmitted again to the gearbox.

When we pressed the padel then the pressure plate is pressed which is
bolted with a Flywheel we applied force to the clutch cover inward then the
disc will move upward and then the disc is separated from between
flywheels and clutch disc.

A clutch as a verb is to hold or grasp something firmly it is a device that

grasps one shaft to another shaft.

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Internal combustion engines do not start from 0 rpm with some value of
torque they need to run at least at an idle speed and will create more
torque as the speed increases from idling when the load is at rest, and the
engine is idling or faster, the clutch enables the spinning shaft to gradually
transfer speed to the stationary shaft.

It transmits power from one element to another and it is a mechanical

device. In an automobile, the engine is the prime mover.

A Flywheel is connected to the engine the clutch is connected to the

transmission. driver press the clutch pedal, then the clutch plate is pressing
the Flywheel.

Flywheel motion is transmitted to the transmission system. When the driver

presses the clutch pedal the clutch is disengaged from the Flywheel so
even if the engine gives rotation to Flywheel and it will not be transmitted to
the transmission system that is why the driver presses the clutch pedal and
changes the gear. 

Clutch Function:

The following function includes:

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 It transmits power from the engine to the driving mechanism.
 Smooth transmission.
 Silent operation by reducing vibration due to driver operation.
 Protect drive train from engine jerks and vibrations
 The speed difference between an engine and a driven shaft by slip action
will be removed
 The factor which must be taken into consideration in deciding what type
of clutch is to be used are:
 Torque (normal force, type of friction, surface, and a number of the
surface), Rotation speed (light, compact, fast, slow, etc), Available space
(diameter, height), Frequency of operation (small travel, large travel, type
of load, a simple engaging mechanism, large cooling area).

Clutch Application or Uses:

The simple application is to connect and disconnect two rotating

shafts, one shaft is typically attached to a motor while the other shaft

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provides Output power. For example automobiles work while typically
the motions involved are rotary but there can be linear clutches are
also possible.

A Clutch is used to engage or disengage the engine in the gearbox. When

the clutch is in an Engaged position, the engine power or rotary motion of
the engine crankshaft is transmitted to the gearbox and then to the wheels.

When it is disengaged the engine power doesn’t reach to gearbox although

the engine is running. It is also used to allow shifting or changing of gears
when the vehicle is running for shifting gears clutch is first disengaged then
gears are shifted and then the clutch is Engaged and It has to be
disengaged to stop the vehicle and also at the time when we want to idle
the engine or in an easy language neutral.

Clutch Advantages:

The following advantages of clutches are:

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 The Engagement is smooth, with No heat generation unless the
operation requires frequent starts and stops.
 Once engaged there is no slip.
 In some cases, it works as a safety device because it gets disengage
when torque crosses the safety limits.
 Easy to operate.
 They are capable of transmitting partial power.
 Frequent engagement and disengagement are possible.

Clutch Disadvantages:

The following disadvantages of clutches are:

 The slip of the clutch can cause wear and tear.

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