TOPIC 3(B)

BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR (BJT)

Q POINT (QUIESCENT POINT)

❑ Q Point is a point on the d.c load line which represents values

of IC and VCE that exists in a transistor when no a.c input
signal is applied.

❑ It is also known as d.c operating point or working point.

❑ The best position for Q point is midpoint between cut-off and

saturation points.

❑ Q-Point above midway point will cause cut-off clipping, while

Q-point below midpoint will cause saturation clipping.
Cut-off Clipping Saturation Clipping
DC LOAD LINE

❑ Used for d.c analysis.

❑ Saturation point is the point on the load line where it intersects
the collector current axis. At this point, the transistor current is
maximum and voltage across collector is minimum
❑ Cutoff point is the point where the load line intersects with the
collector voltage axis. Here the transistor current is minimum
(approximately zero) and emitter is grounded.
Diagram of dc load line :

Formulas of dc load line for common emitter circuit :

dc loadline :
dc loadline :
BJT with AC Input Signal
Operation of Common Emitter Amplifier
with AC input Signal

 When a small AC signal(Vin) is applied at the base, that is, at the input of
an amplifier, a large AC voltage(Vout) will appear at the collector.
 Vin is capacitively connected to the base terminal, while Vout is
capacitively coupled from collector terminal to the load as shown in figure
above.
AC Equivalent Circuit :
 AC Equivalent circuits are used to analyse AC operation of amplifier.
 The circuit becomes the AC equivalent circuits when the steps below are applied:
a) Ground all DC sources
b) Short all the capacitors

DC Equivalent Circuit :
 To carry out DC analysis, the circuit is converted to a DC equivalent circuit by
carrying the following two steps:

a) Reduce all AC source to zero

b) open all the capacitors
Voltage gain:

 Referring to the figure above, when AC input signal applied to the circuit is
20 mVpp,
a) Calculate the voltage gain
b) Calculate the signal output voltage
c) Sketch the input voltage waveform
d) sketch the output voltage waveform
AC LOADLINE
➢ The ac load line is used to tell the maximum possible output voltage swing
(Vpp) for a given common-emitter amplifier.
➢ This maximum Vpp is referred to as the compliance of the amplifier.
➢ The compliance of an amplifier is found by determine the maximum possible of
IC and VCE from their respective values of ICQ and VCEQ.
➢ Capacitor C1 and C2 are used to allow an a.c signal. We need to use the a.c
equivalent cicuit to build the a.c loadline.
➢ To build an a.c equivalent circuit :
i). Ground the d.c voltage
ii). Short the capacitor.
Exercise:

The figure above shows an amplifier which uses a silicon transistor. Assuming
that β=193, VCC=30V, RB=1.5M, RC= 5K dan RL=1K, determine:

a) The Q point
b) Ic sat dc
c) Vce(cut-off) dc

Draw the DC load line.

MAXIMUM INPUT SIGNAL, Vi(max)
- When a very high signal given to the amplifier, amplitude
distortion will occur at the output waveforms.
- We need to determine the maximum input signal which produces
undistorted signal amplitude, known as the maximum input
voltage , Vi(max).