Grade 10-12 NSC IT

Cram Notes
Key
Grade 10 – Blue
Grade 11 – Green
Grade 12 – Red
 INPUTBOX MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS & PROCEDURES
Allows user to enter data StringResult := InputBox StrToInt
DELPHI BASICS CONCEPTS AND TOOLS (‘Windows caption’, ‘Prompt’, Default value’); Converts string value to integer
iN := StrToInt(sNumber);
Procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject);
DELPHI FILES Var IntToStr
Eight files when you save and run the program, main files;
sName : string; Converts integer value to string
begin sNumber := IntToStr(iN);
Project file (.dpr / .dproj)
sName := InputBox (‘Name’, ‘Enter your name’, ‘’);
Form file (.dfm)
lblName.Caption := sName; StrToFloat
Unit file (.pas)
end; Converts string value to real
rN := StrToFloat(sNumber);
BASIC RULES
Assignment operator := FloatToStr
left side gets, right side gives CALCULATIONS USING VARIABLES
Converts real value to string
A := B sNumber := FloatToStr(rN);
VARIABLES
Text must be place between single quotes ‘ ‘ String
FloatToStrF
sText := ‘Hello World’ Values that are text (Numbers and letters)
Converts real value to string with formatting (1 number
Abbreviation: s (sName)
after the decimal for example)
Strings are joined by a + sign sN := FloatToStrF(rN, ffFixed, 15, 1);
sText := 'Hello' + 'World' Integer
Whole numbers (Numbers with no digits after the decimal
Trunc
Input, Processing, Output (IPO) point
Truncates (cuts) the decimal point
Abbreviation: i (iNumber)
Trunc(4.5);
Real Val
Whole and fractions (Numbers with digits after the decimal Converts string value to integer or real. Also checks for
point) errors.
Abbreviation: r (rAmount) Val(sOriginal, iNum, iError);
ERRORS Val(sOriginal, rNum, iError);
Syntax Errors: Common mistakes: no semi-colon at the end Char
of a line; : = instead of := (no space between : and =) spelling Any single characters (Text, Symbol or Number) Round
errors Abbreviation: c (cInitial) Rounds real number to the nearest integer
Round(4.8);
Logical Errors: Errors created by the programmer in Boolean
specifying the wrong steps in the program. These errors True or False Roundto
cause the program to produce incorrect output. Abbreviation: b (bValid) Rounds to a set power of 10
iH := Roundto(2745,3);
Run-Time Errors: Errors that cause the program to abort or Take note;
crash prior to its normal expected termination. These - Variables is a place keeper used to store values in Inc
include the program not finding a data file it expected or - Variables are declared after the abbreviation “var” Increases value of variable
dividing by zero. - Global Variables are declared above implementation at the (You can also do this as:
top of the programming code. These variables are valid iNumber := iNumber + 1;)
throughout the program. Inc(iNumber)
NAMING CONVENTIONS
- Local Variables are declared inside the event handler (the
Components must be renamed with an abbreviation
procedure you create yourself by double clicking on a button Dec
indicating the type of component, followed by a descriptive
in design mode). You must type in the var as well as the Decreases value of variable
name.
variables themselves. These variables are only valid within (You can also do this as:
Form (frm) this specific event handler or procedure. iNumber := iNumber - 1;)
Shape (shp) - Variables with the same data types can be listed after each Dec(iNumber);
Button (btn) other separated by a comma:
Panel (pnl) Frac
Label (lbl) var Provides decimal part of real number
Edit (edt) sName, sSurname : String; rK := Frac(3.54);
RichEdit (red) iAge, iNumb1, iNumb2 : Integer;
Image (img) rAmount : Real; Sqr
Groupbox (gbx) Gives square of number typed in
Bitmap button (bmb) MATHEMATICAL OPERATORS rK := Sqr(16);
Memo (mem) Addition +
Radiogroup (rgp) Integer / Real Sqrt
Radiobutton (rad) iX := iA + iB; Gives square root of a number
Timer (tmr) rK := Sqrt(16);
Checkbox (cbx) Subtraction -
MaskEdit (med) Integer / Real Power
SpinEdit (sed) rX := rA – RB Raises first number to the power of the second number
Progress Bar (prb) (134)
Page Control (pgc) Multiplication x Power(13,4)
StatusBar (stb) Integer / Real
ListBox (lst) iX := iA * iB; Pi
Provides the value of pi (π)
Examples Division ÷ rW := rK * Pi;
Editbox receiving name – edtName Integer / Real
Label displaying a final mark – lblFinal iX := iD / iS; Random
Provides a random number within a range of 0 and limit-1.
DIV Randomize;
RICHEDIT COMPONENT
Integer Division iX := Random(100);
The RichEdit component can be used for both input as well
iX := iA DIV iB; (iX = any number between 0 and 99)
as output.
MOD Remember to add the Math unit to the uses section of your
Add text to RicheEdit, #9 refers to a Tab (ASCII)
Remainder after division / Integer program when using the RoundTo and Power functions.
RichEdit1.Lines.Add (‘Text’ + #9 + ‘Text’);
iX := iA MOD iB;
Clear RichEdit
RichEdit.Clear

Files can also be opened using the LoadFromFile procedure

RichEdit1.Lines.LoadFromFile (‘test.rtf’);

RichEdit text can be saved directly into a RTF (RichText

Format) using the SaveToFile procedure.
RichEdit1.Lines.SaveToFile (‘test.rtf’);

SHOWMESSAGE COMPONENT
Small popup window with text
ShowMessage (‘This is a showMessage!’);
 REPEAT LOOP
- Conditional Loop
MAKING DECISIONS - Post-test Loop – condition will be tested after the loop! HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION
- Will loop at least once!
IF & CASE STATEMENTS - Repeats depending on a certain condition(s).
- No begin.. end needed
DETERMINING THE FOCUS
Basic Structure of an if Statements edtName.Setfocus;
- The condition(s) indicate when to stop; not when to go on
if <conditions(s)> then
as with the WHILE.
begin DEFENSIVE PROGRAMMING MESSAGE DIALOG BOX
- ITC
<statements> Provide the user with certain options or warnings and let the
- Variables to be tested must be initialised before
end; user then accept the message or decision.
Execution.
- Variable must be changed at the end of loop to avoid an
Basic Structure of an if..then..Else statement: Message types:
infinite loop (loop will never stop repeating
if <condition(s)> then - mtWarning
- Variable is tested at the end of the loop. If the statement
begin - mtError
Is FALSE then the loop will be repeated again.
<statements> - mtInformation
end - mtConfirmation
Basic structure of the Repeat loop:
else {If the top condition is not met then…} - mtCustom
repeat
begin
<statement(s)>
<statements> Button types:
<change condition to stop loop>
end; - mbYes
until <Conditions to stop>;
- mbNo
Basic Structure of a Nested If statement: - mbCancel
If <condition(s)> then - mbHelp
begin - mbAbort
<statements> SIMPLE STRING HANDLING - mbRetry
end - mbIgnore
else STRING HANDLING - mbAll
if <condition(s)> then
begin sSourceText := ‘The man walks’ There are also groupings such as
<statements> - mbYesNoCancel
end Text variables are usually declared as Strings. A Number of - mbOKCancel
else {If the top conditions are not met then…} component properties are also string (text) values. For - mbAbortRetryIgnore
begin example Button1.Caption or Edit1.Text
<statements>
end; Examples
For example sSourceText can be declared as String under var
MessageDlg (‘Invalid Input!’, mtWarning, [mbOK], 0);
Additional logical operators can also be added: AND, OR, Take note that each character in a String variable can be
NOT (use brackets around conditions) if MessageDlg (‘This is an error’, mtError, [mbOK, mbAbort],
referred to by using an index. The character sSourceText[2]
0) = mrOK then
would for instance be ‘h’.
Example lblOutput.Caption := ‘User pressed OK’
else
if (inumber >= 5) and (inumb2 >= 5) then lblOutput.Caption := User pressed Abort;
lbloutput.caption := ‘Both numbers are greater than five’
else if MessageDlg (‘Do you want to exit’, mtConfirmation,
Lbloutput.caption := ‘None of the numbers are greater than [mbYes, mbNo], 0) = mrYes then Application.Terminate;
five’; Even the spaces therefore has index values (see characters 4 {Close form with Form1.Close}
and 8 above).
Basic Structure of the case statement:
- Determine the position of a piece of a text within a string
case <selection statement> of IntegerVariable := Pos(StrToBeFound, SourceText);
<value1> := <statement(s)>; For example: iX := Pos (‘m’, sSourceText);
<value2> := <statement(s)>; {The value of iX is now: 5}
<value3> := <statement(s)>;
else - Display a certain character within a string using square
<statement(s)> brackets at the end of a variable.
end; StringVariable := SourceText[CharacterPosition];
For example: sNewText := sSourceText[2];
{The value of sNewText is now: ‘h’}

- Display a certain section of text within a string.

LOOPS (ITERATION)
FOR LOOP
- Unconditional Loop – no condition that must be met
- Repeat instructions for a set number of times.
- Uses a counter (must be ordinal: integer or char)
- Users a start and ending value that determines repetitions
- Can count/move up (e.g. 1 TO 10) or down (10 DOWNTO 1)
Basic Structure of a for loop:
for <counter> := <start value> to <ending value> do
begin
<statements;>
end;
For example: StringVariable := Copy(SourceText,
BeginPosition, Length);
sNewText := Copy(sSourceText, 5, 3);
{The value of sNewText is now: ‘man’}
- Insert a certain section of text within a string.
For example: Insert(InsertText, SourceText, Position);
Insert(‘big ’, sSourceText, 5);
{The value of sSourceText is now: ‘The big man walks’}
- Remove a certain section of text within a string.
For example: Delete(SourceText, Position, Length);
Delete(sSourceText, 5, 4);
{The value of sSourceText is now: ‘The walks’}

WHILE LOOP - Determine the length of a string.

- Conditional Loop
- Pre-test Loop – condition will be tested before it loops!
- Might not loop at all if condition is FALSE
- Repeats depending on a certain condition(s).
- Repeats while the condition is TRUE
- No semi-colon after do
- ITC (Initialise, Test, Change):
- Variable tested at beginning of loop must have an initial
value
- Variable is tested at the beginning of loop
- Variable must change in order for loop to stop
Basic structure of the While loop:
while <condition(s)> do
Begin
<statement(s)>
<change condition to stop loop>
end;
For example: IntegerVariable := Length(SourceText);
iX := Length(sSourceText);
{The value of iX is now: 13}
- Change the whole string to lowercase.
For example: LowerCase(SourceText);
LowerCase(sSourceText);
{The value of sSourceText is now: ‘the man walks’}
- Change the whole string to uppercase.
For example: UpperCase(SourceText);
UpperCase(sSourceText);
{The value of sSourceText is now: ‘THE MAN WALKS’}
Take note: Use UpCase for Char type.
 BINARY SEARCH IN AN ARRAY

TEXT FILES ARRAYS & STRINGGRID procedure TfrmArrays.btnBinarySearchClick (Sender:

TObject);
ARRAYS (ONE DIMENSIONAL) var
iForCount : Integer;
a File is a data structure that can be stored permanently on a var
iSearch, iLowBound, iUpBound, iMiddle,
secondary storage medium. frmArrays: TfrmArrays;
iPosition : Integer;
arrNumbers : Array[1..100] of Integer;
bFound : Boolean;
A data structure… iCount : Integer;
begin
- is a set of related data items;
bFound := false;
- saved with one name; LOAD NUMBERS FROM A TEXT FILE INTO AN ARRAY iLowBound := 1;
- and organised in such a way that the individual data items procedure TfrmArrays.btnLoadClick(Sender: TObject);
iUpBound := iCount;
can be accessed. var
iPosition := 0;
fTFile : TextFile;
iSearch := StrToInt(edtFind.Text);
A text file contains only ASCII (American Standard Code of sTemp : String;
While (iLowBound <= iUpBound) AND (bFound = False) do
Information Interchange) characters and therefore no begin
begin
formatting or graphics. iCount := 0;
iMiddle := (iLowBound + iUpBound) DIV 2;
AssignFile(fTFile, 'numbers.txt');
if iSearch = arrNumbers[iMiddle] then
Created text files to be used in Delphi can be created in Reset(fTFile);
begin
Delphi (File > New > Text), in Notepad or in MS Word While not eof(fTFile) do
iPosition := iMiddle;
(remember to select ‘Plan text (*.txt)’ when saving). Most begin
bFound := True;
often, the extension TXT is used to indicate that it is a text iCount := iCount + 1;
end
file but you could use an extension DAT or any other Readln(fTFile,sTemp);
else
available one for your programs. arrNumbers[iCount] := StrToInt(sTemp);
if iSearch > arrNumbers[iMiddle] then
end;
iLowBound := iMiddle + 1
Example CloseFile(fTFile);
else
end;
iUpBound := iMiddle - 1;
Use a RichEdit and two buttons (one to save and one to
end;
open with); REMOVE NUMBERS THAT REPEAT IN AN ARRAY if bFound = True then
procedure TfrmArrays.btnRemoveRepeatsClick (Sender: begin
Procedures used; TObject); ShowMessage('Number found at: ' + IntToStr(iPosition));
- AssignFile – assigns file name to file variable var end
- Reset – Set focus to start of file; file read to be read iOutBound, iInBound, iReplace : Integer; else
- ReadIn – Reads line of file and stored it in a string variable begin begin
- CloseFile – closes file for reading or writing for iOutBound := 1 to iCount-1 do ShowMessage('Number not found');
- Append – opens up already created file and places focus at begin end
The end of the file to add new text for iInBound := iOutBound+1 to iCount do end;
- Rewrite – creates new file and sets focus to start of file begin
if arrNumbers[iOutBound] = ARRAYS – SELECTION SORT
The RESET, APPEND, REWRITE and CLOSEFILE procedures are arrNumbers[iInBound] then
essential because files need to be OPENED before use and begin
CLOSED after use Procedure TfrmArrays.btnSelectionSortClick (Sender:
for iReplace := iOutBound to iCount do
TObject);
begin
procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject); var
arrNumbers[iReplace] :=
var iCountOut, iCountComp, iTemp : integer;
arrNumbers[iReplace+1];
myfile : TextFile; begin
end;
soneline : String; for iCountOut := 1 to iCount DO
arrNumbers[iCount] := 0;
iCount : integer; begin
iCount := iCount - 1;
for iCountComp := iCountOut to iCount DO
end;
begin begin
end;
AssignFile(myfile, 'c:\test.txt'); if arrNumbers[iCountOut] >
end;
if FileExists('c:\test.txt') <> true then arrNumbers[iCountComp] then
end;
Rewrite(myfile) begin
else iTemp := arrNumbers[iCountOut];
SHOW NUMBERS FROM AN ARRAY IN A LISTBOX arrNumbers[iCountOut] :=
Append(myfile);
procedure TfrmArrays.btnShowArrayClick(Sender: TObject); arrNumbers[iCountComp];
for iCount := - to RichEdit1.Lines.Count-1 do
var arrNumbers[iCountComp] := iTemp;
begin
iForCount : Integer; end;
soneline := RichEdit1.Lines[iCount];
begin end;
WriteIn(myfile, soneline);
ListBox1.Clear; end;
end;
for iForCount := 1 to iCount do end;
CloseFile(myfile);
begin
end;
ListBox1.Items.Add(IntToStr (arrNumbers[iForCount]))
ARRAYS – BUBBLE SORT
end;
procedure TForm1.Button2Click(Sender: TObject);
end;
var procedure TfrmArrays.btnBubbleSortClick(Sender:
myfile : TextFile; TObject);
soneline : String;
FIND NUMBER (ITEM) IN AN ARRAY var
procedure TfrmArrays.btnFindClick(Sender: TObject); iTemp, iCounter : Integer;
var bSwap : boolean;
begin
iForCount : Integer; begin
if FileExists('c:\text.txt') <> true then
iSearch : Integer; Repeat
begin
begin bSwap := true;
Showmessage('File does not exist');
iSearch := StrToInt(edtFind.Text); For iCounter := 1 to iCount - 1 do
Exit;
FOR iForCount := 1 to iCount do begin
end;
begin if arrNumbers[iCounter] >
AssignFile(myfile, 'c:\test.txt');
if iSearch = arrNumbers[iForCount] then arrNumbers[iCounter+1] then
Reset(myfile);
begin begin
While not eof(myfile) do
ShowMessage('Number found at: ' + iTemp := arrNumbers[iCounter];
begin
IntToStr(iForCount)); arrNumbers[iCounter] := arrNumbers[iCounter+1];
ReadIn(myfile, soneline);
Exit; arrNumbers[iCounter+1] := iTemp;
RichEdit1.Lines.Add(soneline);
end; bSwap := false;
end;
end; end;
CloseFile(myfile);
end; end;
end;
until bSwap = true;
end;
 procedure TForm1.Button1Click
var
METHOD AND SUBROUTINES (SUBPROGRAMS) inumb1, inum2, ians : integer; DYNAMIC OBJECTS
begin
ADVANTAGES inum1 := strtoint(edit1.text);
- Allows us to break the program into smaller units > easier inum2 := strtoint(edit2.text); When a component is created during run-time of an
To understand and work with Add(inum1, inum2, ians); application, it is called dynamic instantiation of an object.
- Avoids repetition Label1.Caption := inttostr(ians);
- Splits the program into a number of smaller independent end; Example
modules
- Reusable Code procedure TForm1.Add(inum1, inum2 : integer; ians : type
- Facilitates easier and less time-consuming debugging integer); TFrmPicture = class(TForm)
begin btnShow: TButton;
ians := inum1 + inum2; btnDestroy: TButton;
PROCEDURES procedure btnShowClick(Sender: TObject);
end;
Four main concepts: procedure btnDestroyClick(Sender: TObject);
- Input private
TAKE NOTE:
- Call { Private declerations }
- Reference Parameter
- Process MyPanel: TPanel;
- Button Procedure > Input, Call and Output
- Output MyImage: TImage;
- Add Procedure > Process ONLY
- Value of ians is sent back to the button procedure and the MyLabel: TLabel;
These tasks take place in different sections depending on the public
Answer is then displayed
type of parameter and procedure used. { Public declerations }
procedure TForm1.Button1Click end;
Procedures make use of parameters (variables that are in
begin
brackets behind the procedure heading) which sends values var
Add;
from one procedure to another. frmPicture: TformPicture;
end;
There are two types of parameters: value and reference implementation
Procedure TForm1.Add
var {$R*.dfm}
Value parameter: are used to supply an input to the
inum1, inum2, ians : integer;
procedure and NO value is returned to the calling procedure procedure TFrmPicture.btnShowClick(Sender: TObject);
Begin
Reference parameter: returns a value back to the calling begin
inum1 := strtoint(edit1.text);
procedure MyPanel := TPanel.Create(frmPicture);
inum2 := strtoint(edit2.text);
ians := inum1 + inum2; MyLabel := TLabel.Create(MyPanel);
Example of procedure headings: MyImage := TImage.Create(MyPanel);
Label1.Caption := inttostr(ians);
end;
procedure TForm1.add; > In procedure Add Input, Process with MyPanel do
and Output will take place begin
TAKE NOTE:
- No Parameters Parent := frmPicture;
procedure TForm1.Add(inum1, inum2 : integer); > In left := 20; // Left of parent (frmPicture)
- Button Procedure > Call
procedure Add Process and Output will take place Top := 100; // Top of parent (frmPicture)
- Add Procedure > Input, Process and Output
- Usually use a procedure like this when you are sorting an Width := 350;
Procedure TForm1.Add(inum1, inum2; var ians : integer); > Height := 350;
Array because the array is normally declared globally
In procedure Add Process will take place Caption := '';
TabOrder := 0;
HOW TO WRITE YOUR OWN PROCEDURE FUNCTIONS Color := clBlack;
1. Type the procedure heading and if it is using any - a Function returns a single value end;
parameters include them. - CALL STATEMENTS: with MyImage do
2. Copy the procedure heading and paste it under public 1. If statement begin
3. Add the TForm1 > if you are making use of components - If Add (inum1, inum2) >= 10 then Parent := MyPanel;
on Form1 then you have to add in the class TForm1 so 2. Assignment statement Left := 50; // Left of parent MyPanel
that Delphi can locate the components eg label1, edit1 - ians := Add(inum1, inum2); Top := 50; // Top of parent MyPanel
ect. - The answer of the processing must be assigned to either Width := 250;
4. Add the necessary code to the procedure. (You have to The function name or to the RESULT Height := 260;
type the begin and end;) Picture.LoadFromFile('Flower.jpg');
5. Remember to add in a call statement in the procedure function TForm1.Add(inum1, inum2 :integer) : integer; Stretch := True;
that is going to call your procedure begin end;
6. Parameters must be of the same data type to avoid data add := inum1 + inum2; PROCESS with MyLabel do
type mismatch end; begin
Parent := MyPanel;
Examples Procedure TForm1.Button1Click Left := 120; // Left of parent MyPanel
var Top := 10; // Top of parent MyPanel
procedure TForm1.Button1Click inum1, inum2, ians : integer; DATATYPE OF ADD Width := 30;
var begin Height := 20;
inum1, inum2 : integer; inum1 := strtoint(edit1.text); INPUT Caption := 'The flower';
inum2 := strtoint(edit2.text); Font.Style := [fsBold, fsUnderline];
begin Label1.Caption := inttostr(add(inum1, inum2)); Font.Color := clWhite;
inum1 := strtoint(edit1.text); CALL+OUTPUT end;
inum2 := strtoint(edit2.text); end; end;
Add(inum1, inum2);
end; TAKE NOTE: procedure TFrmPicture.btnDestroyClick(Sender: TObject);
- Function must be typed above the calling procedure begin
Procedure TForm1.Add(inum1, inum2 : integer); - No need to type function header under public MyPanel.Free
var - Last line in function must be assigning answer either to MyPanel := nil;
ians : integer; function name or to result (do not need to declare result) end;
begin
ians := inum1 + inum2; end.
Label1.Caption := inttostr(ians);
end;

TAKE NOTE:
- Value Parameters
- Button Procedure > Input and Call
- Add Procedure > Process and Output
 3.4 Add a record from a ComboBox: DELETE RECORD MEETING SEARCH CRITERIA
procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject);
DATABASES – ADO TABLES procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject); begin
begin ADOTable1.First;
ADOTable1.Append; while not ADOTable1.Eof do
SET UP ADO TABLE ADOTable1['Team'] := begin
1.1 Create database file in MS Access ComboBox1.Items[ComboBox1.ItemIndex]; if ADOTable1['Name'] = Edit1.Text then
1.2 In Delphi: choose ADOTable under the ADO menu ADOTable1.Post; begin
on the component palette end; ADOTable1.Delete;
1.3 Change settings in the Object Inspector: set the
Exit;
Connection String settings by clicking on the ellipse OR (if the contents of the ComboBox should not end
1.4 Click on Build… be transferred as it is to the database) else
1.5 Choose: Microsoft Jet 4.0 OLE DB Provider
ADOTable1.Next;
1.6 Click Next >> procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject); end;
1.7 Select database file (mdb file) begin end;
1.8 Erase user name (‘Admin’) ADOTable1.Append;
1.9 Make sure 'Blank Password' is selected Case ComboBox1.ItemIndex of
1.10 Click OK (on 'Data Link Properties' window)
DELETE RECORD CURRENTLY IN FOCUS
0 : ADOTable1['Grade'] := '10'; Click on record then click on Button1:
1.11 Click OK (on 'ConnectionString' window) 1 : ADOTable1['Grade'] := '11';
1.12 Click on ADOTable component: choose Table 2 : ADOTable1['Grade'] := '12'; procedure TForm1.Button3Click(Sender: TObject);
name for ADOTable end; begin
1.13 Set ADOTable Active to TRUE ADOTable1.Post; ADOTable1.Delete;
1.14 Add DataSource (link to table) end; end;
1.15 Add DBGrid and DBNavigator (found under ‘Data
Controls’; link to table) 3.5 Add a record from a DBLookupComboBox
FILTER RESULTS
3.5.1 Set up DBLookupComboBox by choosing the
9.1 Filter according to exact search criteria (e.g. Name =
Datasource to be used in ListSource
SET UP ADO CONNECTION 'John'):
3.5.2 Choose the field to be listed in ListField
(To be used with Tables or Queries)
3.5.3 Choose a field as keyfield in KeyField
2.1. Create database file in MS Access procedure TForm1.Button3Click(Sender: TObject);
3.5.4 When choosing a value the focus is placed on that
2.2. In Delphi: choose ADOConnection under the ADO begin
particular record in the table used and any field can
menu on the component palette ADOTable1.Filter := 'Name = ' + '''' +
be used from that record, for example:
2.3. Change settings in the Object Inspector: set the Edit1.Text + '''';
Connection String settings by clicking on the ellipse ADOTable1.Filtered := True;
procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject);
2.4. Click on Build… end;
begin
2.5. Choose: Microsoft Jet 4.0 OLE DB Provider
ADOTable1.Append;
2.6. Click Next >> 9.2 Filter according to similar search criteria (e.g. Name
ADOTable1['Name'] := ADOTable2['Name'];
2.7. Select database file (mdb file) LIKE 'Jo%'):
ADOTable1.Post;
2.8. Erase user name (‘Admin’)
end;
2.9. Make sure 'Blank Password' is selected procedure TForm1.Button3Click(Sender: TObject);
2.10. Click OK (on 'Data Link Properties' window) begin
2.11. Click OK (on 'ConnectionString' window) SEARCH FOR A RECORD IN A TABLE ADOTable1.Filter := 'Name LIKE ' + ''''+ Edit1.Text +'%''';
2.12. Click on the ADOConnection and go to the Object procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject); ADOTable1.Filtered := True;
Inspector begin end;
2.13. Set Login Prompt to false ADOTable1.First;
while not ADOTable1.Eof do 9.3 Filter according to number value:
2.14. Set Connected to true
2.15. On ADOTable or ADOQuery choose this begin
if ADOTable1['Name'] = Edit1.Text then procedure TForm1.Button3Click(Sender: TObject);
ADOconnection in the Connection property in the
begin begin
Object Inspector
ShowMessage('This record is present'); ADOTable1.Filter := 'Amount > ' + Edit1.Text;
Exit; ADOTable1.Filtered := True;
ADD RECORD TO TABLE USING CODING end end;
3.1 A new record can be added using set data: else
procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject); ADOTable1.Next; DELETE ALL RECORDS
begin end; procedure TForm1.Button3Click(Sender: TObject);
ADOTable1.Append; end; begin
ADOTable1['Name'] := 'John'; ADOTable1.First;
ADOTable1['Surname'] := 'Doe'; SEARCH AND REPLACE FIELDS WITH SET DATA while not ADOTable1.Eof do
ADOTable1.Post; procedure TForm1.Button2Click(Sender: TObject); begin
end; begin if ADOTable1['Name'] <> '' then
ADOTable1.First; ADOTable1.Delete
3.2 A new record can be added from an EditBox: while not ADOTable1.Eof do else
procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject); begin ADOTable1.Next;
begin if ADOTable1['Name'] = Edit1.Text then end;
ADOTable1.Append; begin end;
ADOTable1['Name'] := Edit1.Text; ADOTable1.Edit;
ADOTable1['Surname'] := Edit2.Text; ADOTable1['Name'] := Edit2.Text; COUNT RECORDS
ADOTable1.Post; end; procedure TForm1.Button3Click(Sender:TObject);
Edit1.Clear; ADOTable1.Next; var
Edit2.Clear; end; iCount : Integer;
end; end; begin
3.3 Add a record from from SpinEdit: iCount := 0;
DO A CALCULATION IN A FIELD USING DATA FROM ADOTable1.First;
procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject); EXISTING FIELDS while not ADOTable1.Eof do
begin procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject); begin
ADOTable1.Append; begin if ADOTable1['Name'] <> '' then
ADOTable1['Grade'] := SpinEdit1.Value; ADOTable1.First; iCount := iCount + 1;
ADOTable1.Post; while not ADOTable1.Eof do ADOTable1.Next;
end; begin end;
3.4 Add a record from RadioGroup: ADOTable1.Edit; Label1.Caption := IntToStr(iCount);
ADOTable1['Total'] := end;
procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject); ADOTable1['Unit'] *
begin ADOTable1['Amount'];
ADOTable1.Append; ADOTable1.Next;
ADOTable1['Class'] := end;
RadioGroup1.Items[RadioGroup1.ItemIndex]; end;
ADOTable1.Post;
end;

When using the RadioGroup, take note:

- Add the entries using the Items property
- The first item’s index is 0
- RadioGroup1.ItemIndex refers to the selected item
 CLASS UNIT var
unit SingU; Form1: TForm1;
OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP) interface arrClasses : array[1..10] of TSingClass; {Array of objects}
iCount : Integer; {Count number of objects}
uses SysUtils; {Add when using IntToStr for example}
implementation
Object Oriented Programming uses objects (self-contained type
modules) to solve problems. A class can be created in a TSingClass = class(TObject) {$R *.dfm}
separate unit. private
TYPICAL COURSE OF ACTION fClass : String; procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject);
1.1 Open Delphi; save main program fJudge1 : Integer; var
1.2 Create a new unit (class unit) fJudge2 : Integer; fFile : TextFile;
1.3 Save the unit (use this name as reference in main fJudge3 : Integer; sTemp, sClassI : String;
program) fAverage : Integer; iJudge1I, iJudge2I, iJudge3I : Integer;
1.4 Do the following in the class unit: public begin
1.5 Type in the word ‘Interface’ constructor Create(sClass : String; AssignFile(fFile,'oopdata.dat'); {Open text file}
1.6 Add a uses statement – depends on what is needed, iJudge1,iJudge2,iJudge3 : Integer); Reset(fFile);
but to be safe use: uses SysUtils, Dialogs, Math; procedure setJudge(iChoice, iMark : Integer); While not eof(fFile) do
1.7 Add type section: type TClassName = class (TObject) function getClass : String; begin
1.8 Add properties (declare them in the same way as function getOutput : String; Readln(fFile,sTemp);
variables) – possibly under private procedure calculateAverage; inc(iCount);
1.9 Add a constructor (to create object) – possibly under end; sClassI := copy(sTemp,1,pos(',',sTemp)-1);
public {Separate data fields; commas out}
1.10 Add methods (functions and procedures) – possibly implementation Delete(sTemp,1,pos(',',sTemp));
under public iJudge1I := StrToInt(copy(sTemp,1,pos(',',sTemp)-1));
1.11 Add the word end; { TSingClass } Delete(sTemp,1,pos(',',sTemp));
1.12 Standing between the type and end (mentioned iJudge2I := StrToInt (copy(sTemp,1,pos(',',sTemp)-1));
above) press Ctrl+Shift+C procedure TSingClass.calculateAverage; Delete(sTemp,1,pos(',',sTemp));iJudge3I :=
1.13 Add coding for the methods begin StrToInt(sTemp);
1.14 Add class unit name in uses section of main program fAverage := (fJudge1+fJudge2+fJudge3) DIV 3; arrClasses[iCount] := TSingClass.Create
1.15 Add declaration of array of objects in the var section {Calculate integer average} (sClassI,iJudge1I,iJudge2I,iJudge3I);
above implementation end; end;
1.16 Add a counter in the var section above Closefile(fFile);
implementation constructor TSingClass.Create(sClass: String; end;
1.17 Add button (or use FormActivate) to retrieve data iJudge1, iJudge2, iJudge3: Integer);
from a text file and create the objects begin procedure TForm1.FormCreate(Sender: TObject);
1.18 Invoke methods to add/edit (set) objects fClass := sClass; {Assign values from text files} begin
1.19 Invoke methods to get information and display it in a fJudge1 := iJudge1; iCount := 0; {Number of objects to zero}
RichEdit for example fJudge2 := iJudge2; end;
fJudge3 := iJudge3;
OOP EXAMPLE end; procedure TForm1.Button2Click(Sender: TObject);
Create a program that uses OOP to simulate a var
competition between school class sections function TSingClass.getClass: String; iForCount : Integer;
begin begin
getClass := fClass; {Return class name} for iForCount := 1 to iCount do {Calculate averages for all
end; objects}
begin
function TSingClass.getOutput: String; {Output with tabs} arrClasses[iForCount].calculateAverage;
begin end;
getOutput := fClass + #9 + IntToStr(fJudge1) + #9 + end;
- Create a program that uses OOP techniques. Use the IntToStr(fJudge2) + #9 + IntToStr(fJudge3) + #9 +
datafile (oopdata.dat) to populate an array of objects. IntToStr(fAverage); procedure TForm1.Button4Click(Sender: TObject);
The object must be constructed with a parameterized end; var
constructor. Add SysUtils to allow calculations and iForCount : Integer;
conversions in your program. procedure TSingClass.setJudge(iChoice, iMark: Integer); sTemp : String;
begin begin
- Create the object unit that includes the following private if iChoice = 1 then {Change values} RichEdit1.Clear;
fields: fJudge1 := iMark; RichEdit1.Paragraph.TabCount := 4; {For TABS used}
if iChoice = 2 then RichEdit1.Paragraph.Tab[0] := 70;
fClass : String; fJudge2 := iMark; {First tab in points from left margin}
fJudge1 : Integer; if iChoice = 3 then RichEdit1.Paragraph.Tab[1] := 110;
fJudge2 : Integer; fJudge3 := iMark; RichEdit1.Paragraph.Tab[2] := 160;
fJudge3 : Integer; end; RichEdit1.Paragraph.Tab[3] := 210;
fAverage : Integer; end. RichEdit1.Lines.Add('Class' + #9 + 'J1' + #9 + 'J2' + #9 + 'J3'
+ #9 + 'Average');
- Add the following methods: MAIN UNIT for iForCount := 1 to iCount do
constructor Create(sClass : String; iJudge1,iJudge2,iJudge3 unit Unit1; begin
: Integer); sTemp := arrClasses[iForCount].getOutput;
Get values from text file interface RichEdit1.Lines.Add(sTemp)
procedure setJudge(iChoice, iMark : Integer); end;
Change value of certain class per Judge uses end;
function getClass : String; Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Variants, Classes, Graphics,
Return class name (e.g. 8A2) Controls, Forms, Dialogs, StdCtrls, ComCtrls, SingU, Spin, procedure TForm1.Button3Click(Sender: TObject);
function getOutput : String; ExtCtrls; {Add object unit name} var
Return the output as shown in the RichEdit above iForCount,iJudge,iNewMark : Integer;
procedure calculateAverage; type sClassName : String;
Calculate the average (fAverage) from fJudge1, fJudge2, TForm1 = class(TForm) begin
fJudge3 – remember they are all whole numbers. Button1: TButton; sClassName := Edit1.Text; {Class name}
RichEdit1: TRichEdit; iJudge := RadioGroup1.ItemIndex+1; {Add one because
- Design a user interface (main unit) that allows to load Button2: TButton; index start at 0}
the data from the textfile (oopdata.dat) into an array of Button3: TButton; iNewMark := SpinEdit1.Value; {New mark allocated by
objects (arrClasses). Use the [Load data] button for this Button4: TButton; judge}
purpose. RadioGroup1: TRadioGroup; for iForCount := 1 to iCount do
Edit1: TEdit; begin
- Use the [Get Average] button to invoke the SpinEdit1: TSpinEdit; if arrClasses[iForCount].getClass = sClassName then
‘calculateAverage’ method for all the objects in the array. procedure Button1Click(Sender: TObject); arrClasses[iForCount].setJudge(iJudge,iNewMark);
procedure FormCreate(Sender: TObject); end;
- Use the [Show All] button and use the getOutput method procedure Button2Click(Sender: TObject); end;
to display all the objects in the RichEdit. Set adequate procedure Button4Click(Sender: TObject); end.
tabs. procedure Button3Click(Sender: TObject);
private
- Use the [Set] button to change the score of the class { Private declarations }
specified in the Edit box for the Judge specified in the public
Radiogroup. Use the getClass method to find the class { Public declarations }
and invoke setJudge to change the value. end;
 SET ALL VALUES IN A STRINGGRID TO 0 LOOK FOR VALUE IN STRINGGRID
procedure TfrmStringGrid.btnSetAllOClick (Sender: TObject); procedure TfrmStringGrid.btnFindClick(Sender:
TWO DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS / STRINGGRID var TObject);
iRow, iCol : Integer; var
begin sFind : String;
var For iCol := 0 to 9 do iCol, iRow : Integer;
frmStringGrid: TfrmStringGrid; begin begin
arrSeats : array[0..9,0..9] of String; for iRow := 0 to 9 do sFind := edtFind.Text;
begin For iCol := 1 to 3 do
sgdNames.Cells[iCol,iRow] := 'O'; begin
LOAD TEXT FILE INTO 2D ARRAY end; for iRow := 1 to 5 do
procedure TfrmStringGrid.btnLoadSeatsClick (Sender: end; begin
TObject); end; if sgdSales.Cells[iCol,iRow] = sFind then
var SAVE DATA FROM A STRINGGRID IN A TEXT FILE begin
fFile : TextFile; procedure TfrmStringGrid.btnSaveNamesClick (Sender: Showmessage('Found at coordinates:
sLine : String; TObject); Column ' + IntToStr(iCol) + '; Row ' +
iRow, iCol : Integer; var IntToStr(iRow));
begin fFile : TextFile; end;
iRow := 0; sLine : String; end;
AssignFile(fFile, 'data.txt'); iRow, iCol : Integer; end;
Reset(fFile); begin end;
While NOT eof(fFile) DO iRow := 0;
begin AssignFile(fFile, 'data.txt'); MOVING ITEMS AROUND IN A STRINGGRID - RESET
Readln(fFile, sLine); Rewrite(fFile); procedure TfrmStringGrid.btnResetClick(Sender:
For iCol := 0 to 9 do For iRow := 0 to 9 do TObject);
begin begin begin
arrSeats[iCol, iRow] := sLine[iCol+1]; sLine := ''; For iPosCol := 0 to 9 do
end; For iCol := 0 to 9 do begin
iRow := iRow + 1; begin For iPosRow := 0 to 9 do
end; sLine := sLine + sgdNames.Cells[iCol, iRow]; begin
CloseFile(fFile); end; sgdMoveArea.Cells[iPosCol,iPosRow] := '';
end; Writeln(fFile, sLine); end;
end; end;
LOAD 2D ARRAY INTO STRINGGRID CloseFile(fFile); iPosCol := 0;
procedure TfrmStringGrid.btnDisplayArrayClick (Sender: end; iPosRow := 0;
TObject); COUNT Xs AND Os IN A STRINGGRID sgdMoveArea.Cells[iPosCol,iPosRow] := 'X';
var procedure TfrmStringGrid.btnCountClick(Sender: TObject); end;
iRow, iCol : Integer; var
begin iRow, iCol, iCountX, iCountO : Integer; MOVE UP
For iCol := 0 to 9 do begin procedure TfrmStringGrid.btnUpClick(Sender: TObject);
begin iCountX := 0; begin
for iRow := 0 to 9 do iCountO := 0; sgdMoveArea.Cells[iPosCol,iPosRow] := '';
begin For iCol := 0 to 9 do iPosRow := iPosRow - 1;
sgdNames.Cells[iCol,iRow] := arrSeats[iCol,iRow]; begin sgdMoveArea.Cells[iPosCol,iPosRow] := 'X';
end; for iRow := 0 to 9 do end;
end; begin
end; if sgdNames.Cells[iCol,iRow] = 'X' then MOVE DOWN
iCountX := iCountX + 1 procedure TfrmStringGrid.btnDownClick(Sender: TObject);
LOAD TEXT FILE (COMMA DELIMITED) INTO A else begin
STRINGGRID if sgdNames.Cells[iCol,iRow] = 'O' then sgdMoveArea.Cells[iPosCol,iPosRow] := '';
procedure TfrmStringGrid.btnLoadSalesClick(Sender: iCountO := iCountO + 1 iPosRow := iPosRow + 1;
TObject); end; sgdMoveArea.Cells[iPosCol,iPosRow] := 'X';
var end; end;
fFile : TextFile; lblTotalX.Caption := 'Total Xs: ' +
sLine, sTemp : String; IntToStr(iCountX); MOVE LEFT
iRow : Integer; lblTotalO.Caption := 'Total Os: ' + procedure TfrmStringGrid.btnLeftClick(Sender: TObject);
begin IntToStr(iCountO); begin
iRow := 0; end; sgdMoveArea.Cells[iPosCol,iPosRow] := '';
AssignFile(fFile, 'comma.txt'); iPosCol := iPosCol - 1;
Reset(fFile); CHANGE VALUES OF STRINGGRID ACCORDING TO sgdMoveArea.Cells[iPosCol,iPosRow] := 'X';
While NOT eof(fFile) DO COORDINATES FROM SPINEDITS end;
begin procedure TfrmStringGrid.bntChangeClick(Sender: TObject);
Readln(fFile, sLine); var
sTemp := copy(sLine, 1, Pos(',',sLine)-1);
MOVE RIGHT
iCol, iRow : Integer;
procedure TfrmStringGrid.btnRightClick(Sender:
Delete(sLine,1,Pos(',',sLine)); begin
TObject);
sgdSales.Cells[0, iRow] := sTemp; iCol := sedColumn.Value;
begin
iRow := sedRow.Value;
sgdMoveArea.Cells[iPosCol,iPosRow] := '';
sTemp := copy(sLine, 1, Pos(',',sLine)-1); if sgdNames.Cells[iCol, iRow] = 'X' then
iPosCol := iPosCol + 1;
Delete(sLine,1,Pos(',',sLine)); begin
sgdMoveArea.Cells[iPosCol,iPosRow] := 'X';
sgdSales.Cells[1, iRow] := sTemp; sgdNames.Cells[iCol, iRow] := 'O';
end;
end
sTemp := copy(sLine, 1, Pos(',',sLine)-1); else
Delete(sLine,1,Pos(',',sLine)); sgdNames.Cells[iCol, iRow] := 'X';
sgdSales.Cells[2, iRow] := sTemp; end;

sgdSales.Cells[3, iRow] := sLine; GET TOTALS OF COLUMNS IN A STRINGGRID

procedure TfrmStringGrid.btnGetTotalClick (Sender:
iRow := iRow + 1; TObject);
end; var
CloseFile(fFile); rTotal : Real;
end; iRow, iCol : Integer;
begin
CLEAR A STRINGGRID sgdSales.Cells[0,5] := 'TOTAL';
procedure TfrmStringGrid.btnClearGridClick(Sender:
For iCol := 1 to 3 do
TObject);
begin
var
rTotal := 0;
iRow, iCol : Integer;
for iRow := 1 to 4 do
begin
begin
For iCol := 0 to 9 do
rTotal := rTotal +
begin
StrToFloat(sgdSales.Cells[iCol,iRow]);
for iRow := 0 to 9 do
end;
begin
sgdSales.Cells[iCol,5] := FloatToStr(rTotal);
sgdNames.Cells[iCol,iRow] := '';
end;
end;
end;
end;
end;
 FILTER ACCORDING TO INPUT FROM AN EDIT BOX DATE
procedure TForm1.Button3Click(Sender: TObject); Year returns year from a date field, Month returns year
DATABASES – SQL QUERIES begin from a date field, Day returns year from a date field
with ADOQuery1 do
begin Example:
SETUP A QUERY SQL.Clear; Select Name, Day(DateBorn) AS DayBorn
1.1 Create database file in MS Access
SQL.Add('SELECT *'); FROM tblResults;
1.2 In Delphi: choose ADOQuery under the
SQL.Add('FROM tblTableName');
ADO menu on the component palette
SQL.Add('WHERE NAME = ''' + Edit1.Text + ''''); Date() returns current date
1.3 Change settings in Object Inspector: set
Open; Select Name, Date() AS CurrentDate
Connection String settings by clicking on the
end; FROM tblResults;
ellipse
end;
1.4 Click on Build…
DateValue converts a String value to a date
1.5 Choose: Microsoft Jet 4.0 OLE DB
DELETE A RECORD Select * FROM tblResults
Provider
procedure TForm1.Button3Click(Sender: TObject); WHERE DateBorn > DateValue(''' +
1.6 Click Next >>
begin Edit1.Text + ''');
1.7 Select database file (mdb file)
with ADOQuery1 do
1.8 Erase user name (‘Admin’)
begin Returns records where the date of birth is later than
1.9 Make sure 'Blank Password' is selected
Active := False; the value typed into Edit1.
1.10 Click OK (on 'Data Link Properties' window)
SQL.Clear;
1.11 Click OK (on 'ConnectionString' window)
1.12 Set Query in Object Inspector
SQL.Add('DELETE FROM tblTableName WHERE Name = LINKING TABLES
'''+ Edit1.Text+''''); Show all (or selected) fields from two different
- Click on ellipse next to (TStrings) for SQL
ExecSQL; tables with a common field
property of the ADOQuery
end;
- Type in SQL code (see below)
end; Using WHERE
- Set Active property to True
procedure TForm1.Button3Click(Sender: TObject);
Remove ‘WHERE’ statement to delete all records begin
SHOW ALL FIELDS AND ALL RECORDS with ADOQuery1 do
INSERT A RECORD begin
SELECT * FROM tblTableName; procedure TForm1.Button3Click(Sender: TObject); Active := false;
begin SQL.Clear;
SHOW CERTAIN FIELDS AND ALL RECORDS with ADOQuery1 do SQL.Add('SELECT *');
begin SQL.Add('FROM tblTable1, tblTable2
SELECT Name, Surname FROM tblTableName; Active := False; WHERE tblTable1.UserID =
SQL.Clear; tblTable2.UserID;');
SHOW ALL FIELDS FOR RECORDS MEETING CERTAIN SQL.Add('INSERT INTO tblTableName(Name,Surname) Active := true;
EXACT CRITERIA VALUES (''' + Edit1.Text + ''',''' + Edit2.Text + ''')'); end;
ExecSQL; end;
SELECT * FROM tblTableName WHERE Name = "John"; end;
end; Using INNER JOIN
SHOW ALL FIELDS FOR RECORDS MEETING SIMILAR procedure TForm1.Button3Click(Sender: TObject);
CRITERIA CREATE NEW FIELD FROM CALCULATION begin
Creates a new field ‘AmountTax’ created by adding 15% to with ADOQuery1 do
the value in the Amount field begin
SELECT * FROM tblTableName WHERE Name LIKE "Jo%" Active := false;
SQL.Clear;
SHOW ALL FIELDS AND ALL RECORDS SORTED procedure TForm1.Button3Click(Sender: TObject);
SQL.Add('SELECT *');
ACCORDING TO A FIELD (ASCENDING) begin
SQL.Add('FROM tblTable1 INNER JOIN
with ADOQuery1 do
tblTable2 ON tblTable1.UserID =
begin
SELECT * FROM tblTableName ORDER BY Name; tblTable2.UserID; ');
Active := false;
Active := true;
SQL.Clear;
end;
SHOW ALL FIELDS AND ALL RECORDS SORTED SQL.Add('SELECT Name, Amount, [Amount]*1.15 AS
end;
AmountTax FROM tblTableName;');
ACCORDING TO A FIELD (DESCENDING) Active := true;
end;
SELECT * FROM tblTableName ORDER BY Name DESC; end;

SHOW ALL FIELDS AND ALL RECORDS WITHIN A SET COUNT NUMBERS OF RECORDS
RANGE (UNIT IS AN INTEGER FIELD) SELECT Count(*)
FROM tblResults
WHERE Num2 > 50;
SELECT * FROM tblTableName WHERE Unit BETWEEN 1 AND 6

SET A QUERY WITH CODING FIND MINIMUM VALUE

procedure TForm1.Button3Click(Sender: TObject); SELECT MIN(Num2) AS Lowest
begin FROM tblResults
with ADOQuery1 do
begin
Active := false; FIND MAXIUM VALUE
SQL.Clear; SELECT MAX(Num2) AS Highest
SQL.Add('SELECT * FROM tblTableName;'); FROM tblResults
Active := true; WHERE Num1 < 30
end;
end; GET TOTAL OF A PARTICULAR FIELD
SELECT SUM(Num2) AS Total
CHANGE DATA (AMOUNT FIELD BECOMES 10) FROM tblResults
ACCORDING TO A CONDITION (UNIT EQUALS TO 4) WHERE Date > #2009/05/01#
procedure TForm1.Button3Click(Sender: TObject);
begin GET AVERAGE OF A PARTICULAR FIELD
with ADOQuery1 do SELECT AVG(Num2) AS [Num2''s Average]
begin FROM tblResults
Active := false; WHERE UserID = 11
SQL.Clear;
SQL.Add('UPDATE tblTableName');
SQL.Add('SET Amount=10 WHERE Unit=4');
ExecSQL
end;
ADOTable1.Refresh;
end;
 ASCII TABLE
# SYMBOL ASCII CODE 86 V (Capital V) 176 ░
0 NULL (Null character) 87 W (Capital W) 177 ▒
1 SOH (Start of Header) 88 X (Capital X) 178 ▓
2 STX (Start of Text) 89 Y (Capital Y) 179 │ (Box drawing character)
3 ETX (End of Text) 90 Z (Capital Z) 180 ┤ (Box drawing character)
4 EOT (End of Transmission) 91 [ (square brackets or box brackets) (Capital letter "A" with acute accent or
5 ENQ (Enquiry) 92 \ (Backslash) 181 Á "A-acute")
(letter "A" with circumflex accent or "A-
6 ACK (Acknowledgement) 93 ] (square brackets or box brackets)
182 Â circumflex")
7 BEL (Bell) 94 ^ (Caret or circumflex accent)
183 À (letter "A" with grave accent)
8 BS (Backspace) 95 _ (underscore , understrike , underbar or low line)
184 © (Copyright symbol)
9 HT (Horizontal Tab) 96 ` (Grave accent)
185 ╣ (Box drawing character)
10 LF (Line feed) 97 a (Lowercase a )
186 ║ (Box drawing character)
11 VT (Vertical Tab) 98 b (Lowercase b )
187 ╗ (Box drawing character)
12 FF (Form feed) 99 c (Lowercase c )
188 ╝ (Box drawing character)
13 CR (Carriage return) 100 d (Lowercase d )
189 ¢ (Cent symbol)
14 SO (Shift Out) 101 e (Lowercase e )
190 ¥ (YEN and YUAN sign)
15 SI (Shift In) 102 f (Lowercase f )
191 ┐ (Box drawing character)
16 DLE (Data link escape) 103 g (Lowercase g )
192 └ (Box drawing character)
17 DC1 (Device control 1) 104 h (Lowercase h )
193 ┴ (Box drawing character)
18 DC2 (Device control 2) 105 i (Lowercase i )
194 ┬ (Box drawing character)
19 DC3 (Device control 3) 106 j (Lowercase j )
195 ├ (Box drawing character)
20 DC4 (Device control 4) 107 k (Lowercase k )
196 ─ (Box drawing character)
21 NAK (Negative acknowledgement) 108 l (Lowercase l )
197 ┼ (Box drawing character)
22 SYN (Synchronous idle) 109 m (Lowercase m ) (Lowercase letter "a" with tilde or "a-
23 ETB (End of transmission block) 110 n (Lowercase n ) 198 ã tilde")
24 CAN (Cancel) 111 o (Lowercase o ) 199 Ã (Capital letter "A" with tilde or "A-tilde")
25 EM (End of medium) 112 p (Lowercase p ) 200 ╚ (Box drawing character)
26 SUB (Substitute) 113 q (Lowercase q ) 201 ╔ (Box drawing character)
27 ESC (Escape) 114 r (Lowercase r ) 202 ╩ (Box drawing character)
28 FS (File separator) 115 s (Lowercase s ) 203 ╦ (Box drawing character)
29 GS (Group separator) 116 t (Lowercase t ) 204 ╠ (Box drawing character)
30 RS (Record separator) 117 u (Lowercase u ) 205 ═ (Box drawing character)
31 US (Unit separator) 118 v (Lowercase v ) 206 ╬ (Box drawing character)
32 (Space) 119 w (Lowercase w ) 207 ¤ (generic currency sign)
33 ! (Exclamation mark) 120 x (Lowercase x ) 208 ð (Lowercase letter "eth")
34 " (Quotation mark ; quotes) 121 y (Lowercase y ) 209 Ð (Capital letter "Eth")
35 # (Number sign) 122 z (Lowercase z ) (letter "E" with circumflex accent or "E-
36 $ (Dollar sign) 123 { (curly brackets or braces) 210 Ê circumflex")
(letter "E" with umlaut or diaeresis ; "E-
37 % (Percent sign) 124 | (vertical-bar, vbar, vertical line or vertical slash)
211 Ë umlaut")
38 & (Ampersand) 125 } (curly brackets or braces)
212 È (letter "E" with grave accent)
39 ' (Apostrophe) 126 ~ (Tilde ; swung dash)
213 ı (lowercase dot less i)
(round brackets or 127 DEL (Delete) (Capital letter "I" with acute accent or "I-
40 ( parentheses) 128 Ç (Majuscule C-cedilla) 214 Í acute")
(round brackets or
129 ü (letter "u" with umlaut or diaeresis ; "u-umlaut") (letter "I" with circumflex accent or "I-
41 ) parentheses)
130 é (letter "e" with acute accent or "e-acute") 215 Î circumflex")
42 * (Asterisk) (letter "I" with umlaut or diaeresis ; "I-
131 â (letter "a" with circumflex accent or "a-circumflex")
43 + (Plus sign) 216 Ï umlaut")
132 ä (letter "a" with umlaut or diaeresis ; "a-umlaut")
44 , (Comma) 217 ┘ (Box drawing character)
133 à (letter "a" with grave accent)
45 - (Hyphen) 218 ┌ (Box drawing character)
134 å (letter "a" with a ring)
46 . (Dot , full stop) 219 █ (Block)
135 ç (Minuscule c-cedilla)
47 / (Slash) 220 ▄ (Bottom half block)
136 ê (letter "e" with circumflex accent or "e-circumflex")
48 0 (number zero) 221 ¦ (vertical broken bar)
137 ë (letter "e" with umlaut or diaeresis ; "e-umlaut")
49 1 (number one) 222 Ì (letter "I" with grave accent)
138 è (letter "e" with grave accent)
50 2 (number two) 223 ▀ (Top half block)
139 ï (letter "i" with umlaut or diaeresis ; "i-umlaut")
51 3 (number three) (Capital letter "O" with acute accent or
140 î (letter "i" with circumflex accent or "i-circumflex") 224 Ó "O-acute")
52 4 (number four)
141 ì (letter "i" with grave accent) 225 ß (letter "Eszett" ; "scharfes S" or "sharp S")
53 5 (number five)
142 Ä (letter "A" with umlaut or diaeresis ; "A-umlaut") (letter "O" with circumflex accent or "O-
54 6 (number six)
143 Å (Capital letter "A" with a ring) 226 Ô circumflex")
55 7 (number seven)
144 É (Capital letter "E" with acute accent or "E-acute") 227 Ò (letter "O" with grave accent)
56 8 (number eight)
145 æ (Latin diphthong "ae" in lowercase) 228 õ (letter "o" with tilde or "o-tilde")
57 9 (number nine)
146 Æ (Latin diphthong "AE" in uppercase) 229 Õ (letter "O" with tilde or "O-tilde")
58 : (Colon)
147 ô (letter "o" with circumflex accent or "o-circumflex") (Lowercase letter "Mu" ; micro sign or
59 ; (Semicolon) 230 µ micron)
148 ö (letter "o" with umlaut or diaeresis ; "o-umlaut")
60 < (Less-than sign) 231 þ (Lowercase letter "Thorn")
149 ò (letter "o" with grave accent)
61 = (Equals sign) 232 Þ (Capital letter "thorn")
150 û (letter "u" with circumflex accent or "u-circumflex")
62 > (Greater-than sign ; Inequality) (Capital letter "U" with acute accent or
151 ù (letter "u" with grave accent) 233 Ú "U-acute")
63 ? (Question mark)
152 ÿ (Lowercase letter "y" with diaeresis) (letter "U" with circumflex accent or "U-
64 @ (At sign)
153 Ö (letter "O" with umlaut or diaeresis ; "O-umlaut") 234 Û circumflex")
65 A (Capital A)
154 Ü (letter "U" with umlaut or diaeresis ; "U-umlaut") 235 Ù (letter "U" with grave accent)
66 B (Capital B)
155 ø (slashed zero or empty set) 236 ý (Lowercase letter "y" with acute accent)
67 C (Capital C)
156 £ (Pound sign ; symbol for the pound sterling) 237 Ý (Capital letter "Y" with acute accent)
68 D (Capital D)
157 Ø (slashed zero or empty set) 238 ¯ (macron symbol)
69 E (Capital E)
158 × (multiplication sign) 239 ´ (Acute accent)
70 F (Capital F)
159 ƒ (function sign ; f with hook sign ; florin sign ) 240 (Hyphen)
71 G (Capital G)
160 á (letter "a" with acute accent or "a-acute") 241 ± (Plus-minus sign)
72 H (Capital H)
161 í (letter "i" with acute accent or "i-acute") 242 ‗ (underline or underscore)
73 I (Capital I)
162 ó (letter "o" with acute accent or "o-acute") 243 ¾ (three quarters)
74 J (Capital J)
163 ú (letter "u" with acute accent or "u-acute") 244 ¶ (paragraph sign or pilcrow)
75 K (Capital K)
164 ñ (letter "n" with tilde ; enye) 245 § (Section sign)
76 L (Capital L)
165 Ñ (letter "N" with tilde ; enye) 246 ÷ (The division sign ; Obelus)
77 M (Capital M)
166 ª (feminine ordinal indicator) 247 ¸ (cedilla)
78 N (Capital N)
167 º (masculine ordinal indicator) 248 ° (degree symbol )
79 O (Capital O)
168 ¿ (Inverted question marks) 249 ¨ (Diaeresis)
80 P (Capital P)
169 ® (Registered trademark symbol) 250 · (Interpunct or space dot)
81 Q (Capital Q)
170 ¬ (Logical negation symbol) 251 ¹ (superscript one)
82 R (Capital R)
171 ½ (One half) 252 ³ (cube or superscript three)
83 S (Capital S)
172 ¼ (Quarter or one fourth) 253 ² (Square or superscript two)
84 T (Capital T)
173 ¡ (Inverted exclamation marks) 254 ■ (black square)
85 U (Capital U)
174 « (Angle quotes or guillemets) 255 nbsp (non-breaking space or no-break space)
86 V (Capital V)
175 » (Guillemets or angle quotes)
 GRADE 10 THEORY Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is a term
that expands IT to include the transmission of data using
SECTION 1 - ALGORITHM DESIGN AND communications technology. It includes technologies such as
computers, cell phones, the Internet and other networks as
PROGRAMMING well as broadcasting technologies (radio and television).
OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE (OSS)
Software made available with a license that allows you to
MODULE 1.1 – THINKING FOR COMPUTERS access and modify the source code, but not sell the
software.
ABSTRACT SOLUTION
A solution which makes use of general concepts and OUTPUT
variables in solving a problem. A way of allowing the computer to show the results of
processing it has done.
ALGORITHM
A sequence of steps that can be followed in order to solve a POS SYSTEM (POINT OF SALE SYSTEM)
specific problem. Specialized software and hardware designed to be used at
the till point. It manages stock and creates reports (such as a
COMPUTER PROGRAM till slip) when stock is sold to customers)
A solution which makes use of fixed, specific values and
steps in solving a problem. PROPRIETARY SOFTWARE
Software developed by a certain software house. Users have
CONCRETE SOLUTION to pay a license fee to be allowed to use the software. No
A solution which makes use of fixed, specific values and access to the source code is provided.
steps in solving a problem.
SHAREWARE
FLOWCHART Software which is distributed freely, but either it can only be
A diagrammatic visual representation of the sequence of used for a limited time, or limited capabilities are available.
steps require to solve a problem. Also you do not receive the source code.
MODULAR DESIGN OF COMPUTERS
Means that computers consist of a variety of separate
components for ease of upgrading and maintenance.
MOTHERBOARD
A Large piece of circuitry with slots and connectors for
different components and peripherals to connect to it.
OPTICAL STORAGE
Stores data by means of laser, for example CD, DVD, Blu-ray/
PERIPHERALS
Devices connected to the computer.
RAM
RAM or Random Access Memory is where any program that
is run is loaded and temporarily stored, and where files that
are open are temporarily stored.
ROM ***EXTRA LEARNING***
ROM or Read-Only Memory. It refers to computer memory
chips containing permanent or semi-permanent data. Unlike
RAM, ROM is non-volatile; even after you turn off your
computer, the contents of ROM will remain.
ROUTER
Device that makes communication between networks over
the internet possible by helping to direct data to its correct
destination.

PROBLEM SOLVING SOFTWARE SSD (SOLID STATE DRIVE)

Working out the steps required to reach a desired state
based on a given set of starting values.
PSEUDO CODE
Pseudo code is a structures, language-based way of
presenting an algorithm, similar to the methods of recipes in
a cookbook – short and clear step-by-step instructions.
SECTION 2 – SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES
MODULE 2.1 – BASIC CONCEPTS OF COMPUTING
APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE
Software that is used to do productive work and accomplish
specific tasks.
COMPUTER
A multi-purpose electronic tool that can receive data (input),
can process the data, produce results and output the results.
DATA
Raw, unprocessed facts.
FREEWARE
Software which is distributed freely. You do not receive the
source code. There is no limitation on the time or
functionality included.
HARDWARE
Physical components and device, the parts of a computer
that you can physically touch.
ICT SYSTEM
An ICT system is a combination of hardware, software, data,
processes and people with the purpose to collect,
manipulate, convey, store and retrieve data and
information.
INFORMATION
The results of processing data and it should be useful and
meaningful.
The programs – sets of instructions – that tells the
device/computer what to do.
SOURCE CODE
The programming code used to develop a specific
application.
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
Software that is used to control and maintain your
computer.
MODULE 2.2 – BASIC CONCEPTS OF HARDWARE
BIOMETRIC SCANNERS
Biometric scanners (usually optical) are specifically designed
for security, and read and identify unique identifying
characteristics of people, like fingerprints or the pattern of
an iris.
CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT)
The part of the computer that does all the processing.
DATA PROJECTOR
A data projector connects to your computer and projects
what is on your monitor on a screen or wall so that everyone
can see a larger version of what would be on your monitor.
DIMM (DUAL INLINE MEMORY MODULES)
Electronic circuit boards with RAM on.
DOT MATRIX PRINTERS
A very old technology using pins hitting ink ribbons to create
images on paper.
FIREWIRE
Devices can be connected to this port for fast data transfer.
Mainly used for transferring video but is being used less and
less.
INKJET PRINTER
Sprays drops of ink on paper.
LASER PRINTER
Works by melting toner into the paper
A type of disk that stores data electronically.
SYNCHRONISE
The process of getting two sets of the same data files on two
different devices updated with the latest copy of the file(s)
TOUCH PAD
Touch pads are rectangular pressure sensitive areas built
into the laptop. They are input devices that can be used
instead of a mouse.
USB (UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS)
Port that a variety of devices can be connected to.
USB HUB
Connects to a USB port and expands it to 4 or more ports
that devices can be connect to.
MODULE 2.3 – BASIC CONCEPTS OF SYSTEM
SOFTWARE
DEVICE DRIVERS
Programs that allow operating systems to communicate with
and control hardware devices.
DISK MANAGEMENT
A function of an operating system whereby it manages
storage – both how the data is organised on the storage
device and how or when a program can access the storage
device.
DISK MANAGEMENT
A function of an operating system whereby it manages
torage – both how the data is organised on the storage
device and how or when a program can access the storage
device.
EMBEDDED OPERATING SYSTEM
Embedded operating systems differ from those installed and
used on a general-purpose computer such as a PC in that
they are stored on internal memory chips. They are not
loaded from disk as is the case of a computer with a hard
drive.

INPUT GUI (PRONOUNCED GOO-EY)

MAGNETIC STORAGE A graphical user interface makes use of visual controls to
The way of getting both data and instructions into the
Stores data by means of magnetic fields, for example hard allow the user to interact with the computer and with
computer.
disks. programs on the computer.
IPO MODEL MODEM
Input, Processing, Output model.
INPUT/OUTPUT MANAGEMENT
Device that converts the signal from a computer to a format
that can be transmitted over a communication channel. A function of an operating system whereby it manages input
IT AND ICT and output of the computer and how programs use the
Information Technology (IT) is a term that refers to all 3G Modem: To transfer data over a cellular phone network. input and output devices – i.e. which programs receive input
technology involved with the collecting, processing and
from input devices and which programs can use an output
storing of data/information. ADSL Modem: For high-speed data transfer over digital devices.
telephone networks.
MEMORY MANAGEMENT
A function of an operating system whereby it manages the
memory (RAM) to control how programs use it – i.e. make
sure that programs don’t try to use the same area of
memory at the same time and so corrupt each other’s
data/instructions.
NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM
An operating system which has extra features that give it
additional ability to control and manage shared resources
(e.g. files, printers) and users on a network.
OPERATING SYSTEM
An operating system is system software which controls all
activities that take place in a computer.
PROCESS AND TASK MANAGEMENT
A function of an operating system whereby it manages the
CPU and how it runs programs – i.e. which programs and
tasks can use the CPU and for how long.
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
System software is software that is intended to control,
support or operate the computer.
UTILITES
Programs that are part of system software and do
maintenance and administrative tasks.
MODULE 2.4 – COMPUTER MANAGEMENT
ADMINISTRATOR ACCOUNT
A special account which allows that account holder (user) to
make any changes they wish to the system, including to
other accounts.
ARCHIVING
To store files that are static (not going to be changed),
usually onto a secondary system or onto a DVD for example.
DISK CLEANUP
A utility that removes:
 Temporary files downloaded from the internet.
 Deleted files and folders permanently by emptying
the Recycle Bin
 Temporary files created by Windows
 Components of Windows that you are not using
 Installed programs that you no longer or seldom use.
DISK DEFRAGMENTATION
To reorganise the parts of files and speed your computer up
again.
DISK FRAGMENTATION
Files and parts of files are scattered on disk.
DRIVERS
Software that enables the operating system to communicate
with a hardware device.
FIREWALL
Software that allows you to control which programs can
access the internet – and tries to hide your computer from
the others ‘out there’ (or at least prevent them from
contacting and taking over your computer).
INSTALLATION WIZARD
A program that presents you with options and performs an
installation based on your choices and preferences.
PLUG-AND-PLAY
The technology whereby devices that are added or
connected to a PC are automatically ‘detected’, and
whereby the PC is configured for their use, provided drivers
are available for the devices.
WinZip
Probably the most widely-used utility program used to
compress files.
MODULE 2.5 – IMPROVE YOUR BROWSER
ADOBE READER PLUG-IN
This plug-in allows you to view and print contents of PDF
documents directly from within your browser.
FLASH PLAYERS
Examples include Adobe Flash Player, Silverlight and Adobe
Shockwave Player. These multimedia plug-ins enable users
to experience a very wide range of applications and
multimedia web content in any browser, irrespective of the
operating system.
JAVA
Generally used to write plug-in programs for other
applications.
MEDIA PLAYER PLUG-INS
A plug-in such as QuickTime, which allows you to play
embedded audio and video on web pages without needing
to have or open the Windows Media Player application on
your computer.
PDF
Portable Document Format (PDF). A popular format to
distribute documents electronically.
PLUG-IN
Software which adds functionality to a bigger program, often
used when browsing the Web.
SECTION 3 – COMMUNICATION AND INTERNET
TECHNOLOGIES
MODULE 3.1 - NETWORKS
CLIENTS
Clients are computers that use but do not provide network
resources.
E-MAIL SERVERS
E-mail servers are used to handle all the e-mail needs of the
organisation.
EXTRANET
An extranet is a network where access is provided to the
organisations private network to use from outside the
organisation.
FAT CLIENTS
Fat clients run most of their applications from their local
hard drives and make little use of network services.
FAT CLIENTS
Fat clients run most of their applications from their local
hard-drives and make little use of network services.
INTERNET OR PROXY SERVER
Users connect to the Internet via this server so security
control for viruses ect. Can be implemented at once central
point. Access to the Internet can also be speeded up by
storing (caching) recently accessed web pages on disk.
INTRANET
An intranet is an organisation’s private network and is an
internet-like environment consisting of web pages relating
to the organisation’s business.
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
A local area network is a privately owned network
connecting computers in a small area such as a school,
university campus or company offices in one building.
NETWORK
A network is a collection of computers or other computing
devices such as smartphones that are connected by some
sort of communication media (either via calbe or wirelessly)
to allow users to share software, hardware, data and
information.
NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM
Network operating system is software that controls all the
communication in a network as well as security on a
network.
NETWORK SECURITY
Network security refers to policies put into place to ensure
the security of a network by preventing unauthorised access
and misuse of the computer network.
PEERS
Peers are those computers that both use and provide
network resources.
PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK
A peer-to-peer network is a local area network in which
network resources are shared among workstations, without
a dedicated server.
PRINT SERVERS
Print servers are used to handle all the printing
requirements of a network with a large number of
computers.
SERVER
A server is a computer that provides shares resources, such
as files, e-mail and Internet facilities or printing to the
network users.
SWITCH
A switch is a hardware device used to connect computers on
a network so that communication can occur.
THIN CLIENTS
Thin clients have no hard-drives, but depend almost
completely on a server to run applications and store data
files.
WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
A WAN is a network that is spread over a wide geographical
area, such as a city, across provinces or countries and even
continents.
WIRELESS LAN (WLAN)
A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a LAN which communicates using
high-frequency radio waves rather cables to communicate.
MODULE 3.2 - ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION
CAP
Cap is the amount of data an ISP allows a person to upload
and download in a month.
ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION (E-
COMMUNICATION)
E-communication refers to all forms of communication via
electronic means. In other words, it is the process in which
computers and other devices such as cellphones are used to
exchange messages and/or digital data.
ELECTRONIC MAIL (E-MAIL)
E-mail is composing, sending and receiving messages
electronically over a network including the internet.
INSTANT MESSAGING (IM)
IM is an online, text-based communication usually between
two people using computers or other devices such as
cellphones.
INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER (ISP)
An ISP is a company that has permanent, fast connection to
the Internet and sells Internet access to individuals or
organisations for a monthly fee.
ISP-BASED E-MAIL
When using ISP-based e-mail, you will be able to access your
e-mail by using software such as Microsoft Outlook, and
Outlook Express on the PC or Laptop where your account
settings have been entered.
MESSAGING
Messaging refers to the exchange of brief typed messages
between cellphones. These can be in the form of text using
SMS (Short Message Service) and can also contain images,
video and sound content using MMS (Multimedia Message
Service).
ONLINE CHAT
Online chat is an application that gives two or more people
the ability to have a ‘conversation’ by typing on a computer
using the Internet or cellphone.
SOCIAL NETWORKING SITE
A social networking site is where individuals (or
organisations) can post their likes, dislikes, interests,
photographs and activities for their friends (and virtually
everyone else unless access is blocked) to see and read.
VIDEO CONFERENCING
Video conferencing is the ability to hold an on-line
conference between two or more people at different
locations using a computer network to transmit audio and
video data s if they were all in the same room.
VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL (VOIP)
VoIP is a technology that allows telephone calls to be made
over LANs, WANs and the internet.
WEB-BASED E-MAIL (WEBMAIL)
Web-based e-mail or webmail is a service that allows you to
access an e-mail account through a web browser from any
location that has Internet access.
MODULE 3.3 – INTERNET AND WWW
3G
3G is currently the newest generation of mobile (cellular)
phone technologies.
ASYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (ADSL)
ADSL is a permanent digital connection to the Internet using
a telephone line.
BANDWIDTH
Bandwidth or data transfer rate, refers to the total amount
of data that can be carried from one point to another in a
given time period.
BROADBAND
Broadband refers to any permanent, high speed, high
bandwidth connection to the Internet.
CAP
Cap means that you are limited to a certain amount of
gigabytes of data downloaded and uploaded on a month.
DATA TERMINATING DEVICE (‘MODEM’)
The function of a ‘modem’ is to convert signals from your
computer to those transmitted over the telephone line and
vice versa so that communication can occur.
FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP)
File Transfer Protocol (ftp) is the protocol used for the fast,
easy transfer of files between remote computers that have
an Internet connection.
FTP SERVER
A computer allowing people to use FTP to upload or
download files.
HOME PAGE
A home page is the first page of a website and contains
information about the website’s purpose and content. It also
provides links to other web pages, websites and documents.
HYPERLINK
A hyperlink is a built-in connection to another related web
page, and is indicated as text underlined in blue, or by a
graphic with blue outline.
HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL (HTTP)
HyperText Transfer Protocol (http) is the protocol that
defines how pages are transferred on the web.
INTERNET
The internet, also called the Net, is a worldwide computer
network, consisting of computers and networks that are
linked using telephone lines, undersea cables, satellite or
microwave for the purpose of sharing resources and
communication.
INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP)
IP (Internet Protocol) is the protocol used for
communication over a network or the internet
INTERNET PROTOCOL ADDRESS (IP ADDRESS)
Every computer that connects to the Internet or in a
network must have its own unique Internet Protocol (IP)
address.
INTERNET SERVIE PROVIDER (ISP)
An ISP is a company that has a permanent, fast connection
to the Internet. They sell Internet access and services to
individuals or organisations for a monthly fee.
SEARCH ENGINE
A search engine is a program that is used to search for
documents located on the Internet by using keywords or
phrases entered by the user when looking for information.
UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR (URL)
A URL is the unique address of a web page.
WEB BROWSER
A web browser is a software application that allows one to
view and explore web pages on the Web either via
hyperlinks or in cases where the URL is already known, by
typing the address in the address in the address bar of the
web browser.
WEB PAGE
A web page is any electronic document on the Web. Web
pages can include text graphics, sound video and links to
other Web pages.
WEB SERVER
A web server is a computer that hosts websites and is
connected to the web.
WEBSITE
A website consists of related web pages.
WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)
The World Wide Web is a service that runs on the Internet
and is a vast collection of interlinked, interactive documents
stored on computers all over the world, accessed via the
Internet.
WORLD WIDE WEB CONSORTIUM
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is an organisation
founded and headed by Time Berners-Lee. Its function is to
develop standards so that the WWW reaches its full
potential and to ensure the long-term growth of the Web.
MODULE 3.4 – WEB PAGE TECHNOLOGY
HTML (HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE)
A set of formatting codes, placed in a text file to change the
way a browser displays text.
TAGS
Formatting codes placed between ‘<’ and ‘>’ in a text file.
TEXT FILE
A file that contains ASCII text only and no formatting.
TYPOGRAPHY
Typography involves the placing and formatting of text. The
choice and use of fonts is an important aspect of
typography.
SECTION 4 – DATA AND INFORMATION
MANAGEMENT
MODULE 4.1 – DATA AS THE COMPUTER SEES IT
ASCII
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
is a coding system which is limited to 256 different
characters.
BINARY
The base 2 number system that consists of just two digits,
namely a 0 and a 1.
BIT
A binary digit i.e. a 0 or a 1
BYTE
A collection of 8bits – the smallest unit of storage in a
computer system.
CODING SCHEME
Schemes used to represent or store text or characters by
giving each character a unique numerical code.
DECIMAL
The base 10 number system that consists of the digits 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
HEXADECIMAL
The base 16 number system that consists of the digits 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E and F.
OCTAL
The base 8 number system that consists of the digits 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.
OVERFLOW
An error condition that occurs when there are not enough
bits available to represent an integer value accurately.
PRIMITIVE DATA TYPE
The core types of a programming language. Variables are
declared and used to store a particular type of data.
TRUNCATION
The misrepresentation of a string variable because there are
not enough bytes available to store all the characters in the
string.
MODULE 4.2 – FILE MANAGEMENT
AUDIO FILES
Files that contain sound or music. Common audio file
formats include MP3, MP4, WAV, CDA, WMA.
COMPILER
A program that checks to see that the code adheres to all
the rules of the programming language and creates an
executable file which can be ‘run’ or executed.
COMPRESSED FILES
A file format used for files that contain files or folders in
compressed format to save space. Typical file extensions
include rar and zip.
DATA HIERARCHY
Refers to the two levels of data storage – the lower bits and
bytes level and the higher levels of files, databases and data
warehouses.
DATA WAREHOUSE
A data warehouse is a vast collection of data fathered from a
variety of databases and other data sources. It is specifically
designed to determine trends and patters within the data
and it is designed for reporting and querying.
DLL FILES
DLL or Dynamic Link Libraries are files that contain code or
routines that can be called and used by programs.
FILE
A file is a collection of data or information that is stored on a
computer under a single name. They are represented as
icons on the computer.
FILE EXTENSION
This set of characters (usually 3-5) is added to the end of a
file name and it identifies the type of file e.g. docx is the file
extension of a Microsoft Word file.
FILE FORMAT
How data is structured or organised within a file. Each
program has its own file structure for its files. Some
programs can interpret or read files that have a different file
structure to the one they use.
FILE MANAGER
A utility program like Windows Explorer that comes as part
of the operating system. It allows the user to manage their
files and folders.
FILE NAME
Name given to a file followed by a full stop and the file
extension e.g. MyFile. docx
FILE –NAMING CONVENTIONS
Rules and restrictions that the operating system places on
how a file can be named. Organisations or individuals might
also choose to name their files according to a fixed format
that they choose.
FOLDER
A folder is a storage place or container in which you can
store files or more folders on disk.
FONT FILES
Files containing fonts that can be used by programs on the
computer where the fonts are installed. They typically have
a file extension of TTF or OTF.
GRAPHICS FILES
Files that contain images or graphics. Common graphics
formats include JPEG, BMP, GIF, WMF, TIF, PNG.
HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE (HTML) FILES
Hypertext Markup Language files are used to define the
structure and layout of web page.
PATH
The ‘sequence’ of folders that lead to the location of a
specific file. The backslash character is used to separate the
‘list’ of folders in the path e.g. D:\Documents\Invoices\
PDF FILES
Portable Document Format files are used to distribute
document files, as they do not require the program in which
the document was created to be installed to read. You just
need a free utility program called Adobe Reader to read it.
PLAIN TEXT FILES
A text file that contains lines of plain text. The file extension
.txt is associated with text files. Text files can be opened by
any word processing application or simple text editing
utilities such as WordPad and Notepad.
PROGRAM FILES
These are actual programs, not data files, that run (execute)
when opened. They normally have a .COM or .EXE file
extension.
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Programs such as Delphi, Java and C# that allow one to
construct and specify a set of programming instructions or
source code.
RICH TEXT FILES
Rich Text format files support ‘rich text’, which includes text
formatting, such as bold and italics, fonts and font sizes,
page setup and tab settings and even images.
WILDCARDS
Characters that represent one or more characters. For
example Windows allows us to use an asterisk (*) to
represent any number of characters or a question mark (?)
to represent one single character when searching for files or
folders.
SECTION 5 – SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS
MODULE 5.1 – SOCIAL, ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES
SURROUNDING ICTs
COPYLEFT
A type of Copyright law which allows people to use and
distribute work whilst still allowing the creator some control
over where and how it can be used.
COPYRIGHT
A law designed to protect intellectual property by creating
legal limits on who can copy, sell and use types of work such
as photos, documents, books or poems. Copyright is
normally indicated by the word Copyright or the © symbol
followed by the name of the copyright owner and the year
that the copyright was first applied.
CREATIVE COMMONS
A copyright license that allows you to use parts of, copy and
distribute work for non-profit purposes. Creative commons
is a Copyleft-style license.
DIGITAL DIVIDE
The gap between people that have access to computers and
technology and people that do not.
EULA (END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT)
A license agreement (which is a legally binding contract) in
which you agree to use software only according to the
software company’s terms. Most software won’t finish
installing until you have indicated that you are aware of the
terms and conditions of this license agreement, and that you
accept them. These terms and conditions differ from license
to license, but they mostly involve things such as the
number of computers you may install the software on, and
whether you may distribute the software or not.
GNU / GPL
Is a license specifically for software that allows people to
distribute the software for free or even charge for it so long
as the source code is made available. GNU is Copyleft and is
the license most freeware is distributed under.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
The idea behind any original creation is the property of its
creator, and not only the physical objects which express that
idea. If, for example, you were to write a poem or a book, or
take a photo, and someone were to make a copy of it
without asking your permission or compensating you, that
person would have stolen your intellectual property, even if
he didn’t steal your physical exemplar of the work.
PIRACY
The act of stealing intellectual property. i.e. using or making
a copy of the kind of work protected by copyright law.
MODULE 5.2– GREEN, HEALTH AND GLOBAL E-
COMMUNICATION ISSUES
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
This is caused by inflammation of the tendons in the wrist,
causing pressure on the nerves in the wrist, resulting in pain
and sometimes weakness in parts of the hand.
E-WASTE
The broken, old, outdated and discarded hardware that we
don’t want and don’t need.
ERGONOMICS
Studies of the human body to try to design products so they
better fit the way that we actually function.
GREEN COMPUTING
Green computing refers to initiatives to design, use and
disposal of technology in an environmentally or eco-friendly
way.
RSI (REPETITIVE STRAIN INJURY)
A class of injuries (to tendons, ect) caused by repetitive
actions.
MODULE 5.3 – SAFE INTERNET AND E-MAIL USE
ADWARE
Adware is software that downloads and bombards your
computer with adverts that pop-up whenever you are
connected to the Internet. It is more of a nuisance than a
threat.
ANTI-VIRUS SOFTWARE
Anti-virus software is a computer program that scans
computer files for viruses and eliminates them.
COMPUTER VIRUS
A computer virus is a program that is written to disrupt the
normal functioning of a person’s computer without their
knowledge or consent.
COMPUTER WORM
A computer worm is malware that is able to distribute itself
over a network, normally via e-mail, without a person having
run an infected program.
E-MAIL SPOOFING
E-mail spoofing is the changing of an e-mail header so that
the origin of the e-mail appears to be from a different
source.
IDENTITY THEFT
Identity theft is when someone steals your personal details
such as your ID number, credit card details or driver’s license
to commit fraud or another crime.
INTERNET HOAX
An internet hoax is an e-mail message or article intended to
deceive or defraud others.
NETIQUETTE
Netiquette (Internet + Etiquette), is the name given to the
use of good manners and showing respect for other user
when using the Internet.
PHARMING
Pharming is an identity theft scam, where the user’s
computer is infiltrated so that they are automatically
redirected to another (fake) website, even if they type in the
correct URL for that website.
PHISING
Phishing refers to attempts from people to con the user into
giving out personal, confidential details such as PIN numbers
and passwords, by posing as a legitimate organisation,
usually via e-mail.
SECURE URL
A secure URL begins with https:// or has a small closed lock
displayed somewhere on the page, often next to the URL.
SPAM
Spam is the electronic equivalent of ‘junk mail’. It is an e-
mail being sent to you in the form of advertising of products
that you did not request.
SPYWARE
Spyware is software that tries to monitor and track the way
you use your computer. It is installed on user’s computers
without their knowledge.
TROJAN
A Trojan is a destructive program disguised as an useful
application.
VIRUS SIGNATURE (DEFINITION)
A virus signature or definition is the pattern that uniquely
identifies a virus.
GRADE 11 THEORY
SECTION 1 – SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES
MODULE 1.1 – HARDWARE
BIOS
Basic Input Output System – the essential start-up
instructions of a computer, in ROM chips on the
motherboard, and representing the lowest level of
programming firmware.
BUS
A set of electrical paths etched on a motherboard, used to
transfer data between different parts, e.g. between an
expansion card and RAM.
CACHING
A method used to compensate for the loss of efficient, or
‘bottleneck’, that becomes inevitable when a faster medium
tries to communicate with a slower medium.
CMOS
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor – the type of
memory that stores the BIOS settings that can be updated or
changed. This memory is kept ‘alive’ by a small battery on
the motherboard.
CPU
Central Processing Unit – a chip that can contain more than
on ‘core’ (complete processor) and which connects to the
motherboard using the ZIF socket. Responsible for all the
processing.
CPU CACHE
Special type of high-speed memory built into the CPU, used
to maximise CPU productivity.
DIMM
Dual Inline Memory Module – thin rectangular electronic
boards, which contain banks of RAM chips; inserted into
DIMM slots on the motherboard, and the means whereby
the memory of a computer is upgraded.
DISK CACHE
A certain amount of high-speed memory built into every
hard drive. Used to cache data from the (slower) disk, and
thereby speed up subsequent calls for the same ‘chunk’ of
code or data.
EEPROM
Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory –
a type of ROM that can be erased electronically, after which
a new ‘image’ of upgraded contents can be written back.
EXPANSION SLOTS
Slots on the motherboard for attaching additional circuit
boards in order to ‘expand’ the capabilities of the computer
– mostly dedicated video and sound cards for high-end
gaming and design work.
EXTERNAL CONNECTORS
Situated both ad the bac and the front of the casing, e.g USB
ports, VGA port for monitor, RJ45 port for Ethernet network
cabling, speaker and microphone jacks, ect.
FIREWIRE
A type of port that can transfer data faster that USB. It
usually used where high speed data transfer is desirable,
such as videos from a video camera, and data to or from an
external hard drive.
FIRMWARE
Software that is permanently installed, or ‘hard-coded’ on a
ROM chip, and used to control the basic operation of a
device, e.g a printer.
FLASHING THE ROM
The process whereby the existing contents of firmware is
wiped and replaced with an updated version – always to be
performed with great care.
GPU
Graphics Processing Unit – dedicated graphics processor on
a graphics card, used to provide extra processing power.
HARDWARE INTERRUPT (IQR)
A dedicated communication channel, or means, whereby a
device can request the immediate attention of the CPU, in
order to process a given function, e.g a mouse click or a
keystroke.
MACHINE CYCLE
Steps taken by the CPU in carrying out instructions:
 Fetching instructions and data from the
memory (RAM)
 Decoding the instructions
 Executing the instructions
 Transferring data back to the memory
MODULAR DESIGN
A computer design philosophy, which incorporates a variety
of separate ‘modular’ components, thereby facilitating
upgrades and maintenance.
MOTHERBOARD
A large electronic circuit board with slots and connectors for
attaching different components and peripherals.
PLUG-AND-PLAY (PNP)
A technology that automates the configuration process of a
device before it can be used.
POINT-TO-POINT CONNECTIONS
Dedicated connection between two components (e.g
between RAM and CPU that is not shared with other
components.
POST
Power On Selft Test – start-up test performed by the Bios to
ensure that all essential hardware (RAM, keyboard ect) is
present and in working order.
RAM
Random Access Memory – temporary, volatile storage area
for all running programs and data being processed.
ROM
Read Only Memory – permanent, non-volatile memory
associated with Firmware, typically found in the ROM chip,
which holds the start-up instructions (BIOS) of the computer.
SATA CONNECTORS
Connectors on the motherboard for attaching cables for
storage devices, such as hard drives and optical drives.
STORAGE
Storage provides a place where a computer can keep data
instructions permanently.
SYSTEM CLOCK
A small quartz crystal that pulses at a regular frequency
measured in GHz; used to coordinate activates on a
motherboard.
THUNDERBOLT
A new superfast connection technology, which can support
multiple simultaneous connections.
USB
Universal Serial Bus – the most widely used connection
option for attaching devices to a computer, via a USB port.
VIDEO CARD / GRAPHICS CARD
Hardware component that generates the images – both
graphic and text – displayed on the monitor. Either
integrated on the motherboard or supplied as a separate
card plugged into a PCIe expansion slot.
WEB CACHING
The process of storing recently accessed web pages locally
on the relatively much faster hard drive so that they are
quicker to retrieve the next time they are needed. Retrievals
from local storage are much faster than Internet downloads.
ZIF SOCKET
Zero Insertion Force – a type of socket on the motherboard
for connecting a CPU.
MODULE 1.2 – SOFTWARE
API
Application Programming Interface – an interface between
the operating system and the programming language / end
user.
ASSEMBLER
A program that translates assembler code to machine code.
COMPILERS
Software that translates programming instructions written in
a high-level language into standalone ‘executable files’ (with
an .exe extension) that can be run independently of the
programming language or compiler.
HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Programming languages that are easier for humans to write
and understand, that rely on extensive pre-written libraries
to execute complex instructions with just a few lines of code.
INTERPRETERS
Software that translates programming instructions into
machine code one line at a time. Does not generate
executable files. Programs written for interpreters can only
run if the interpreter (or a special ‘runtime’ module of the
interpreter) is installed on the computer.
LOW-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Assembler type languages that typically use fewer
commands, but correspondingly more simple instructions, to
produce very fast and efficient code.
MACHINE CODE
Instructions in binary format (0’s and 1’s) that the CPU can
directly execute.
MULTIPROCESSING
The type of processing that takes place when the operating
system divides the programs/threads/processes between
multiple CPUs (Physical chips or cores).
MULTITASKING
The operating system splits the CPU time between multiple
programs, and so the computer seems to be doing more
than one task at a time.
MULTITHREADING
The ability of an operating system to allow programs to split
themselves into multiple tasks (or threads) that can be run
at the same time.
OPERATING SYSTEM
System software, which controls all the activities that take
place in a computer.
OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR COMPUTERS
Windows, OS X, Linux
OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR MOBILE DEVICES
iOS, Android, Windows RT, Windows Phone 8, Blackberry OS
10
PROCESS
Any sequence of instructions that can be executed by a CPU.
PROCESS MANAGEMENT
The task of making sure that each process gets enough CPU
time and access to hardware resources so that it can work
without interfering with or being interfered with by other
processes.
PROGRAM
A set of instructions mean to accomplish a single task.
THREAD
A part of a larger program that runs independently by
simultaneously with other parts of the same program.
VIRTUAL MEMORY
An area of storage or disk space that the operating system
keeps for its own use.
VIRTUALISATION
Creating an entity (memory, storage, machine ect) that only
exists in software.
MODULE 1.3 – COMPUTER MANAGEMENT – SAFE-
GUARDING OUR DATA
BIOMETRIC SECURITY
Security based on measurement and identification of unique
physical characteristics of a person, e.g fingerprints.
DATA VALIDATION
Checking for the correctness of data from a computer
perspective, i.e with reference to a defined set of criteria, or
allowable values, which the computer program will either
accept or reject.
DATA VERIFICATION
Checking for the accuracy of data from a human perspective.
DEFENSIVE PROGRAMMING
A technique whereby the programmer makes pro-active
provision for possible errors made by the user, in the
interest of correct data entry.
DISK IMAGING
Creating a backup ‘image’ of the entire hard drive, including
all data and programs, to be used for re-installation in the
case of complete hard drive failure.
ENCRYPTION
The ‘scrambling’ of text or data according to a specified set
of rules to ensure the privacy of data during communication,
or for security purposes.
FIREWALL
Hardware or software that monitors the traffic between a
computer and the internet, to safeguard against breaches in
security.
GIGO
‘Garbage In, Garbage Out’ the quality of the output for any
computer system is directly related to the quality of the
input.
INCREMENTAL BACKUP
Backup schedule whereby backups are made only on new
files and files that have changed since the last backup,
resulting in greater backup efficient (saving in disk space and
backup time), and allowing selective data recovery from an
earlier date.
MALWARE
Malware (malicious software) is a general term used to
describe malicious software that is specifically designed to
install itself without the user’s knowledge to negatively
affect or ‘harm’ a computer system.
ONLINE BACKUP
The backing up of data on a server on the Internet (‘the
cloud’), with the advantages of data synchronisation, sharing
and portability.
PHISHING
Attempts from people, generally employing e-mail, to direct
other people to fake websites, where they are tricked into
releasing personal information (e.g passwords); then using
these details to commit identify theft and fraud.
RAID
Redundant Array of Inexpensive/Independent Disks – the
configuration of two or more hard drives, designed to
minimise the possibility of data loss.
ROOTKIT
Collection of programs designed to use administrator rights
to gain and control of a computer for dangerous purposes.
SOCIAL ENGINEERING
Any attempt to manipulate or ‘con’ someone into installing
malware or giving out sensitive or personal information.
SOFTWARE BUG
A logical programming error that can cause unexpected
program behaviour, incorrect output or invalid data
processing.
SPOOFING
General term for conning techniques, such as phishing, used
to make electronic communication appear to originate from
another (legitimate) persons or institution.
SPYWARE
A form of malware that tries to monitor and track the way
you use your computer to discover confidential information,
and then relay this to a third party.
TROJAN
A form of malware disguised as a useful program, but in
reality designed to do harm.
UPS
Uninterruptible Power Supply – a hardware device used to
protect against power supply problems, consisting
essentially of a constantly charged battery between the
computer and the wall plug.
VIRUS
A form of malware that attaches itself to a file or executable
program, thereby enabling it to spread between computers.
WORM
Malware that is able to distribute itself over a network,
normally via e-mail, without a person having run an infected
program.
SECTOIN 2 – COMMUNICATION AND INTERNET
TECHNOLOGIES
MODULE 2.1 - NETWORKS
3G
The third generation of cellular communications technology.
4G(LTE)
The latest generation of cellular communications
technology.
ACCESS POINT
Also called a base station, consists of a server/transceiver
and an antenna, which transmits and receives radio waves
so that the devices that are wireless enabled are able to
communicate with one another and the network.
BANDWIDTH
The total amount of data that can be transferred from one
point to another in a given period of time.
HOME AREA NETWORK (HAN)
A small network within a home environment.
HOTSPOT
An area, usually in a public space such as an airport,
restaurant or hotel lobby, where people may receive and be
granted WiFi access from an access point to connect
wirelessly to the Internet via a wired network.
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
A network that connects the computers in a small area such
as a school, university campus or company offices in one
building to one another.
LOCATION-BASED COMPUTING
Computing where the physical location of objects and
people are determined and used.
MODEM
A device that converts the data or signal from a computer to
a format that can be transmitted over a communication
channel such as an ADSL line.
NETWORK INTERFANCE CONTROLLER(NIC)
A device that allows a computer to communicate with a
network either wirelessly or via a cable connecting the
network to the NIC in the computer.
PERSONAL AREA NETWORK(PAN)
A computer network with a range of a few metres that is
organised around an individual.
ROUTER
A device that makes it possible for networks to
communicate over the internet, by directing data to its
correct destination.
SWITCH
A device used to connect computers in a network to a
central location so that communication can occur – it directs
the traffic between devices connected to the network.
TOPOLOGY
The layout of the physical connection of the computers in a
network.
VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK (VPN)
A network implemented via a public network such as the
Internet. This enables the user to log onto a network from a
remote location with the same benefits of privacy and
security as a LAN.
VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL (VoIP)
A protocol or special set of rules for communication
between devices that allows telephone calls to be made
over LANs, WANs and the Internet.
WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
A method of connecting to an existing network wirelessly, by
using radio waves to send and receive data.
WiMAX
An upgrade of WiFi technology, allowing for more secure
communication over a wider area.
WIRELESS LAN (WLAN)
A LAN which uses wireless technology (radio waves) rather
than cables to communicate.
MODULE 2.2 – E-COMMUNICATIONS
ANDROID OS
Operating system created by Google and used on most non-
Apple mobile devices.
BLOGS/WEBLOGS
Websites updated regularly with news and events in
chronological order. A blog reads like a journal with the most
recent entry at the top.
BLUETOOTH
A wireless technology that allows devices such as mice,
printers and cell phones to communicate over a relatively
short distance, typically less than 10m.
E-MAIL
The composing, sending and receiving of messages
electronically over a network, including the Internet.
FTP (FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL)
The protocol used for the fast, easy transfer of large files
between remote computers that have an Internet
connection.
GPS (GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM)
A navigation system that uses signals received from geo-
stationary satellites to determine accurately within 5m) the
position of a receiving device.
HTTP (HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL)
The protocol that defines how web pages and their content
are transferred across the Web.
HTTPS (HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL SECURE)
The protocol used for secure, encrypted communications
over the internet. It is used on websites, which require a
user to enter confidential or personal information such as
passwords or banking details.
IM (INSTANT MESSAGING)
Internet based alternative to text messaging, in which
multimedia content can be exchanged in real time via
applications such as WhatsApp, BBM and Mxit.
iOS
Operating system found only on Apple devices such as the
iPhone and iPad.
MICROBLOGGING
The posting of short text entries usually via a cellphone or a
smartphone, on a platform like Twitter.
MOBILE BROWSER
Browser designed for the use on mobile devices,
incorporating innovations to accommodate the smaller
screen sizes, also the lower power profiles and processing
abilities of these devices. Mobile-specific versions of a
website often have an ‘m’ prefix and end with ‘mobi’.
PODCAST
An audio file (often in MP3 format) made available for
download from the Internet; more often pre-recorded radio
chat shows and talks, rather than music.
POP3 (POST OFFICE PROTOCOL 3)
The most common protocol used for downloading e-mail via
the Internet from POP3 servers.
PROTOCOL
A set of rules for encoding and decoding data for
transmissions across a network.
SMARTPHONES
Cellphones with a mobile operating system and the ability to
run third-party software or ‘apps’. They generally include a
touch screen interface and multiple sensors for advanced
functions such as GPS, accelerometer, ect.
SMS (SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE)
SMS-ing (or texting) is sending short text messages from one
cell phone to another, popular and convenient because it
allows one to communicate directly without making a phone
call.
SMTP (SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL)
The most common protocol used for sending e-mail via
SMTP servers on the Internet.
VLOG (VIDEO BLOG)
A form of blog, which uses video as the medium. Entries
normally combine video supported by text and images.
VODCAST (VIDEO PODCAST)
A form of podcast which includes video clips or photos and is
downloaded and played as a movie.
MODULE 2.3 – THE INTERNET AND THE WWW
AUDIO AND VIDEO ON DEMAND (AVOD)
Video on Demand (VOD) and Audio and Video on Demand
(AVOD) are systems which allow users to watch video
content and listen to audio content on demand.
DOWNLOADING
Transferring and saving an audio or video file from the
Internet onto a computer, smartphone or tablet. You can
then play the file at a later stage, or more than once,
without being connected to the Internet.
FIXED LOCATION INTERNET ACCESS
High speed data transmission to homes and businesses using
cabled technologies such as ADSL. This is often referred to as
a fixed broadband access.
INTERNET
A worldwide computer network, consisting of devices,
computers and networks connected to one another.
INTERNET PROTOCOL TELEVISION (IPTV)
The delivery of television services over the Internet instead
of through traditional satellite systems such as South Africa’s
DSTV.
JPEG
The most common file format used for digital photos or
graphics, also widely used for graphics on websites. (JPEG
files are also known as JPG files.)
LIVE BROADCASTS
The broadcasting (Streaming) of different types of media in
real-time without any significant delay, allowing users to
witness events as they are happening.
LOSSLESS COMPRESSION
Compressing data without losing any portion of the data. It
allows the exact original data to be reconstructed.
LOSSY COMPRESSION
Compressing data by sacrificing some insignificant or
virtually indetectable portion of the data.
MOBILE INTERNET ACCESS
The ability to connect to the Internet using wireless
networks such as the cellular phone network. This is often
referred to as mobile broadband Internet Access.
MP3 (MPEG-1 AUDIO LAYER-3)
The most common digital music file format, combing
efficient compression with excellent sound quality. The
current standard for storing digital music.
MPEG (MOVING PICTURE EXPERTS GROUP)
A reference to the digital compression standards and file
formats developed by the group.
MPEG-2
A standard used for the compression of video files and their
associated audio tracks, and widely used to broadcast digital
television.
MPEG-4
The latest and still developing standard used for the
compression of audio and visual digital data through the use
of lossy compression.
STREAMING
The immediate and real-time delivery of media content to a
receiving device, starting from the time at which the media
file is opened. The file is not saved to your device.
WEB 1.0
Earliest stage in the evolution of the WWW, characterised by
mostly static content and a ‘read-only’ role on the part of
the consumer public.
WEB 2.0
The next, and current stage in the evolution of the WWW,
characterised by more dynamic content and an interactive
‘read-write’ role on the part of the consumer public. Content
consumers can become content creators as well, for
example, on social networking sites.
WEB 3.0
The future of the WWW, in which exact directions are still
uncertain, but which will certainly contain elements of
artificial intelligence and a greater emphasis on personalised
content; in other words less ‘reaction’ and more customised
‘prediction’ in favour of users. Web 3.0 will also be
accompanied by enhancements in web-enabled devices,
elimination of incompatibility issues, extensions in mobile
capacity and increases in bandwidth and speed.
WEBINARS
Online seminars, which users in remote locations can
participate in, using online conference technologies. These
occur in real-time and allow ‘delegates’ access to interactive
conferences and workshops.
WWW (WORLD WIDE WEB)
A service on the Internet. The WWW consists of a vast global
collection of interlinked, Interactive multimedia documents.
MODULE 2.4 – INTERNET SERVICES TECHNOLOGIES
DNS (DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM)
An Internet service that translates domain names to IP
addresses. Domain names consisting of words are easier to
remember than IP addresses. The Internet is based on IP
addresses. When you use a domain name, a DNS service
must translate the name into the corresponding IP address.
DYNAMIC WEBSITE
A website consisting of web pages designed to be generated
‘on the go’ and which may differ each time, based on who
the user is and what their recorded preferences and options
are.
EXTRANET
An organisation’s intranet (or part thereof) which is available
to other users outside the organisations.
INTRANET
An organisation’s private network which is an Internet-like
environment consisting of documents and resources relating
to the organisation’s business.
RIA (RICH INTERNET APPLICATIONS)
A web application that is designed to deliver the functions
and features of a traditional desktop application. Web
browsers are required for access. Unlike traditional
applications, the installation of software is not needed.
RSS (REALLY SIMPLE SYNDICATION)
A web or news feed that automatically provides users with
updated content or notifications of new content. This
content can then be accessed from a central application
without having to check each and every website.
SEO (SEARCH ENGINE OPTIMISATION)
A strategy or technology used to obtain a high-raning
placement in the search reults page of a search engine such
as Google.
STATIC WEBSITE
A website consisting of multiple pages – each a single file
that displays exactly the same information every time to the
user just as when it was created.
SECTION 3 – SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS
MODULE 3.1 – ICT AND SOCIETY
AUP
Acceptable Usage Policy – a document drawn up by the
stakeholders concerned, e.g The Governing Body of a school
that outlines the rights and responsibilities of users within a
network environment including the consequences violating
these stipulations.
NETWORK USE POLICIES
Software settings defined by the network administrator in
server operating systems, e.g Windows Server 2012, to
control what users can and cannot do with the network.
MODULE 3.2 - IT AND THE WORKPLACE
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Simulation of human decision-making processes by a
computer system that is programmed to react based on
input gained from sensors.
DECENTRALISATION OF LABOUR
Concept whereby ICT has made it possible for people to
work from remote locations, instead of being tied to a
specific central location.
GRAPHIC DESIGNER
Someone who designs the ‘look’ of a product or solution,
such as the physical packaging, or the visual/spatial aspects
of a program or website.
MOBILE OFFICE
A concept whereby the tools of your business, e.g your
tablet and smartphone, are carried around with you,
allowing you to perform common office functions while ‘on
the move’.
NETWORK ADMINISTRATOR
Someone who manages a network from the software
perspective, typically working on a server and using the
management tools provided by a network operating system,
e.g Windows Server 2012
OFFICE AUTOMATION
Process whereby certain routine office processes are carried
out without human intervention.
OUTSOURCING
Contracting specialist businesses to run aspects of your own
business that are essential for proper functioning, but that
do not fall within your own area of expertise.
PC TECHNICIAN
Someone who assembles, upgrades and repairs computer
hardware.
PROGRAMMER
Someone who writes code to create or maintain software,
often as part of a team with other programmers and IT
specialists.
ROBOTICS
Performance of physical tasks, commonly repetitive or
dangerous ones, by computer-controlled machines rather
than by human beings.
SECURITY CONSULTANT
Someone who critically evaluates the security aspects of a
business, then designs or recommends appropriate
solutions.
SYSTEMS ANALYST
Someone who performs the ‘Interface’ function between
client and programmer, analysing the requirements of the
client as a list of specifications for the programmer, who will
ultimately create the software solution.
TELECOMMUTING
Working in decentralised locations, e.g from home, but using
modern communication occasionally to ‘check in’ at the
physical office.
VIRTUAL OFFICE
A fixed physical address, containing minimal office setup
such as a reception desk and meeting room, which is used as
a shared space by people who otherwise work from a mobile
office.
WEB AUTHOR
Someone who uses a variety of tools to plan, structure,
create and maintain a website.
SECTION 4 – DATA AND INFORMATION
MANAGEMENT
MODULE 4.1 – INTRODUCTION TO DATABASES
ACCURACY
This refers to the fact that the data is ‘right’.
ALTERNATE KEY
A field that identifies each record with a unique value but is
not used as the primary key.
COMPLETENESS
This refers to how comprehensive the data is.
CORRECTNESS
This refers to data being ‘logically correct’ or ‘reasonable’.
CURRENCY
This relates to how ‘recent’ or up to date the data is.
DATA VALIDATION
Any technique used to reduce the number of errors that can
be made during the input of data.
DATABASE
A collection of data or facts regarding a specific topic, e.g
details of a CD collection or details concerning clients.
FIELD
A single fact or the smallest unit of data.
PRIMARY KEY
A field that identifies each record with a unique value.
QUERY
Extracting information according to specified criteria.
RECORD
A collection of fields that contains details on a specific entity.
RELEVANCE
This relates to how closely the data matches your needs.
TABLE (IN DATABASE)
Grouping related records in a table where each row
represents a record, and each column a field.
MODULE 4.2 – DATABASE MANAGEMENT
DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR (DBA)
A person who is responsible for managing and maintaining
databases (usually via DBMs). This involves the allocation
and supervision of users of the database and their access
rights, as well as performing routine maintenance on the
database.
DATABASE ANALYST
A person who is concerned with issues such as the need to
make changes to the underlying database structure,
analysing the efficiency of the system and analysis and
design activities in terms of the new developments and
maintenance of the database.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)
Software that allows you to work with electronic databases.
Examples are Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Microsoft
Access, Blackfish and MySQL.
DATABASE PROGRAMMER
A person who is responsible for coding the custom-made
software that is the user interface to the database.
DESKTOP DATABASE
Database software where the tools that you need to work
with the data are included in a single application and you
need to start that application to be able to work with the
database.
DISTRIBUTED DATABASE
A system where parts of a database (the data and the DBMS)
are spread (distributed) across servers in separate locations.
PROJECT MANAGER
A person who plans and sets out goals on a timeline to
oversee the progress of a project from beginning to end.
SERVER DBMS SOFTWARE
Database software that is installed on a server and is never
directly accessed by the user but accessed by custom
written client software or applications.
UNIX ADMINISTRATOR
A person who is responsible for installing, configuring and
troubleshooting the DBMS that runs on a Unix operating
system.
MODULE 4.3 – INTRODUCTION TO MULTI-TABLES
ANOMALIES
Problems or errors that occur when you try to insert data,
delete data or update data.
COMPOSITE KEYS
The combination of more than one field to uniquely identify
a record.
DATA INDEPENDENCE
The same application can be used for data stored on
different media (physical independence), and the application
will not be affected when you add a table to a database or
create extra fields in existing tables (logical independence).
DATA INTEGRITY
The overall completeness, accuracy and consistency of data.
Data integrity is ensured when each record has its own
unique primary key and when a foreign key refers to an
existing record in another table.
DATA MAINTENANCE
Adding or deleting records, or updating data.
DATA REDUNDANCY
The unnecessary repetition of data.
DATA SECURITY
The protection of databases against unauthorised access by
users.
ER (ENTITY RELATIONSHIP) DIAGRAMS
Diagrams used to illustrate relationships between entities.
FOREIGN KEYS
A field (not a primary key) that is used as a ‘link’ to a field in
another table (usually the primary key).
RELATIONAL DATABASE
A database containing many tables linked together in
relationships.
GRADE 12 THEORY
SECTION 1 – SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES
MODULE 1.1 – HARDWARE
CONVERGENCE
Trend whereby separate technologies and functions from
multiple devices are combined into a single multi-purpose
device.
CORE
A single complete working CPU circuit – relevant because
modern chips are ‘multi-core’ and contain more than one
‘core’ in a single physical CPU ‘chip’.
E-BOOK
Eletronic version of a book, read by using an e-reader or
other e-book software.
E-READER
Single-purpose device designed to allow you to read e-books
(and have a portable library of e-books).
LAPTOP
A complete computer in a case that includes a screen,
keyboard, pointing device, WiFi and a battery to power the
device when away from a fixed power source.
NETBOOK
A low-power, low-spec version of a laptop (i.e with a small
screen, and less RAM, storage and processing power)
designed for very basic computer tasks such as web
browsing and e-mail (hence the name netbook). Largely
discontinued, replaced by tablets.
POWER USERS
Users who need high end computer specifications for their
job or special interest. They may also need specific hardware
related to the task, and will typically use most of the
advanced functions of the software they use.
SMARTPHONE
Basically a mobile phone/computer with an operating
system, but only as large an ‘ordinary’ cellphone. It can run
apps (programs) and has sensors built into the hardware
(e.g. GPS, accelerometers, camera) to extend its usefulness
as a multi-purpose device.
SMARTWATCH
A watch that offers additional computing power/sensors as
well and can interface with your
smartphone/tablet/computer.
SOHO
An acronym for Small Office Home Office, used to describe
smaller business organisations and to differentiate them
from large corporations.
TABLET
A larger (7” and up) version of a smartphone, runs the same
OS and has all the same technologies (except the ability to
be used as a phone); with the added advantage of a larger
screen area for greater productivity.
MODULE 1.2 – CLOUD COMPUTING
CLOUD APPLICATIONS
Software where most of the processing is done ‘in the cloud’
– i.e by one or more servers on the Internet.
CLOUD COMPUTING
The use of resources offered as services over the Internet
and shared between many users. Including online file
storage services and the running of programs.
SAAS (SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE)
The concept of ‘renting’ software instead of buying a license
to use it forever. You have the right to use the latest version
of a program for as long as you are paying a monthly
subscription fee.
VIRTUAL MEMORY
An area of storage or disk space that the operating system
keeps for its own use.
VIRTUALISATION
Either splitting resources of very powerful machines
between multiple users, or combining the resources of many
machines to create a super powerful service – in each case
the illusion is created of a single computer, but which is in
reality a ‘virtual machine’. A technology heavily relied upon
in cloud computing.
SECTION 2 – COMMUNICATION AND INTERNET
TECHNOLOGIES
MODULE 2.1 – NETWORK CONFIGURATION
BITTORRENT
A peer-to-peer protocol used to transfer and share large files
across a network such as the internet.
USER RIGHTS
Set of rights and permissions defining what a user is allowed
to do with files (e.g. read, write, modify). Set up by an
administrator using a network operating system.
MODULE 2.2 – SECURITY CONCEPTS
DIGITAL CERTIFICATE
A certificate issued by a trusted third party to verify the
identity of a person or organization, so that the person or
organisation may be trusted for communication of sensitive
information. An essential part of the SSL encryption
protocol.
DIGITAL SIGNATURE
An electronic ‘signature’ used to identify and validate the
sender of an electronic message (e-mail) or the ‘signer’ of an
electronic document.
DRM (DIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT)
A way of protecting digital books, movies, games etc. by
using some form of encryption to control access to the
content (copying, viewing, printing, changing ect).
ENCRYPTION
The ‘scrambling’ of text or data using a specified set of rules
to ensure the privacy of data during communication, or for
security purposes.
PUBLIC KEY ENCRYPTION
A type of encryption where a generally available public key is
used to encrypt data, but a different private key is needed to
decrypt and read the data.
SSL (SECURE SOCKETS LAYER)
An encryption protocol, which encrypts data, sent over the
Internet. Used by websites for communicating sensitive
information (e.g banking details).
MODULE 2.3 – THE EVOLVING WEB
APPLICATIONS OF THE WEB
The trend for information that was previously accessed
through conventional web pages and a browser, to be
accessed via dedicated apps on mobile devices. Driven by
increasing reliance on mobile devices for interaction with
web services, with benefits of the speed, ease of use,
singleness of purpose, ect.
CONTEXT-AWARE SEARCH
A search in which context (e.g one’s immediate physical
location) is used as criteria to make search results more
relevant. Inevitable downside is loss of privacy – the higher
the relevance of the search, the greater the sacrifice of the
personal privacy.
MEDIATED SEARCH
A search that is mediated, or ‘managed’, by humans rather
than by reliance on algorithms. The search engine acts more
like an online directory, returning results fewer in number,
but more relevant and useful.
PROFILED SEARCH
A search in which the results are customised by search
engines (like Google) to match one’s profile of interests and
activities. The force behind it is commercial – exposure to
advertisements and markets that one is more likely to
respond to.
SEMANTIC SEARCH
A search built on the idea of the (yet unrealised) ‘semantic
web’, in which computers will have the ability to interpret
metadata on web pages that will allow them to navigate and
filter the Web intelligently, without human intervention, by
autiomatically applying the necessary search criteria.
THE ‘INTERNET OF THINGS’
The concept that more and more devices and objects are
being connected to the Internet, with the ability to
communicate with other devices and objects, and to take
‘intelligent’ decisions based on the input received.
MODULE 2.4 – INTERNET SERVICES TECHNOLOGIES
AJAX
AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) combines
JavaScript with a browser command to allow the browser to
download data without requiring the whole page to refresh.
COOKIE
A text file (max 4 Kb) used to store customised settings for a
website on your local computer.
CSS
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) allow you to define and name
styles and then specify the formatting for those styles and
save it all into .css file – this makes it easy to apply
consistent formatting to the elements of your website.
JAVASCRIPT
A language designed specifically for execution within web
browsers.
ONLINE STORAGE
Storage of data in a database by a web server, which
manages resource files such as pictures and videos needed
to generate web pages. (Distinguish carefully from online file
storage, which refers to services offered by sites such as
Dropbox, OneDrive, ect.)
SERVER-SIDE INSTRUCTIONS / SCRIPTING
Server-side instructions make dynamic creation of a web
page possible and are written in languages such as Perl,
Ruby, ASP.NET, Python and PHP. These instructions are
carried out on the server before the .html (page page) file is
sent to the browser.
SQL-STORED PROCEDURES
A whole lot of SQL instructions, grouped together and given
a unique name, and then stored inside the database for easy
reuse later.
WEB STORAGE SPECIFICATION
A newer alternative to cookies that allows more continuous
and flexible local data storage, and larger amounts of it,
using JavaScript.
XML
XML or Extensible Markup Language is a set of rules that you
follow when creating your own codes, to allow you to
structure data in a text document in any way that you need
to.
SECTION 3 – SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS
MODULE 3.1 – KEEPING UP WITH TECHNOLOGY
PATCH
An update that can be downloaded to fix a specific bug in
software. Most patches are used to fix security
vulnerabilities in the software.
SERVICE PACK
A collection of fixes, updates and new features since the
release of the original software or previous service pack.
MODULE 3.2 – COMPUTER CRIMES AND CRIMINALS
BOTNET
A remotely controlled network of ‘zombie’ PCs (computers
infected with malware that enables criminals to use them
for launching DDOS attacks, sending out spam, ect.)
CRACKER
Term no longer in general use, but which refers to a ‘bad’
hacker (‘black hat hacker’) who does illegal things such as
stealing or making unauthorised changes to data.
CYBERBULLYING
The use of ICT tools and devices (cellphones, e-mail, social
media ect) to malign, mock, embarrass, threaten or
intimidate a person.
CYBER-EXTORTION
The use of IT-based blackmail, whereby threads are issues
ranging from the personal (e.g. release of unflattering
images) to the corporate (e.g DDOS attacks on websites) –
unless specified amounts of money are paid over to the
extortionist.
CYBERGANG
A group of people who help each other to commit
cybercrimes. Each member often specialises in a different
task.
DDOS
Distributed Denial of Service: an ‘attack’ that makes a
website unavailable by the use of thousands or millions of
computers to request data from the site at the same time.
The servers become overloaded, unresponsive, and
effectively unavailable for everyone.
HACKER
General term used for any person who uses ICT skills to
access computer systems, networks and information
illegally. Sometimes differentiated into two subcategories,
‘good’ hackers (‘white hat hackers’) and ‘bad’ hackers (‘black
hat hackers’)
IDENTITY THEFT
When someone steals your details (e.g ID document, driver’s
license, PIN code) in order to pretend to be you, and then
buys expensive goods in your name, or draws money from
your account, ect.
PIGGYBACKING
Gaining access to and using someone else’s Internet
connection without paying for it, most often through use of
an unsecured WiFi network.
SCRIPT KIDDIES
Derogative term used for people who do not know how to
create a virus from scratch, but who obtain virus ‘templates’,
or pre-created ‘scripts’, which they modify and release.
SPAMMER
Someone who sends out unsolicited (unasked-for /
unwanted e-mail – usually in the form of advertisements.
VIRUS AUTHOR
Someone who writes the code for a computer virus (or other
form of malware).
MODULE 3.3 – CRITICAL COMPUTING
DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
Sharing and using the resources of many different
computers at the same time in order to solve a single
problem.
DSS (DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM)
A computer system designed to gather information from a
wide range of sources, analyse it, and present it in
summarised or graphical formats that aid in decision-
making.
EXPERT SYSTEM/KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEM
A rule-based form of Artificial Intelligence where human
expertise is coded into a computer system that can take
input and arrive at a decision far more quickly than most
humans can.
FUZZY LOGIC
A type of reasoning that works with probabilities in order to
arrive at a decision.
SECTION 4 – DATA AND INFORMATION
MANAGEMENT
MODULE 4.1 – DATABASE DESIGN AND CONCEPTS
ACCESS CONTROL
The use of software settings and various technologies (e.g
passwords, encryption codes, biometric security measures)
to control user’s access to data and resources. It also
involves control over physical access to equipment.
LOGICAL DATA INTEGRITY
The correctness of data, or data ‘making sense’ in a
particular context.
NORMALISATION
A series of steps followed to ensure that a database is an
optimal state, with no chance of anomalies (irregularities) –
that data is not being repeated and that queries and reports
can be created with ease.
NORMALISATION
A series of steps followed to ensure that a database is in an
optimal state, with no chance of anomalies (irregularities) –
that data is not being repeated and that queries and reports
can be created with ease.
RFID READER FLOW CHART EXAMPLE
The component of the RFID System designed to read
information in RFID tags when ‘swiped’ past it or brought
within suitable reading distance, and then to initiate
processing of the data received.
RFID TAG
The component of the RFID system designed to be ‘read’
and therefore placed on items that need to be tracked or
interacted with.
SQL
Structured Query Language – a standard language used for
querying and manipulating data in a database.

PHYSICAL DATA INTEGRITY

Overcoming practical issues such as power failures,
mechanical failures, natural disasters, ect. And dealing with PSEUDO CODE EXAMPLE
the physical storage and retrieval of data.

PURGE
Actually, remove deleted records from a database to
compact and streamline the file.

ROLLBACK
When the DBMS gets the instruction to reverse a transaction
(or series of transactions) and restores the data to its
previous state.

TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM

A software system that captures and processes data from
everyday business activities.

MODULE 4.2 – DATABASE MANAGEMENT TRACE TABLE EXAMPLE

Trace tables are used to allow programmers to trace the
AUDIT TRAIL value of variables as each line of code is executed. The
A record or ‘trail’ that is made to keep track of who made values of the variables are displayed in a table and assist the
changes to a database when those changes were made. programmer in identifying any potential errors.

PARALLES DATA SETS/MIRRORING LINE CODE

Technique whereby multiple identical copies of data are
kept (hence the term mirroring). 1 total := 0
2 for count := 1 to 3 do
SQL INJECTION begin
A hacking technique where SQL statements are entered into 3 number := strtoint(inputbox(‘’,’Enter number ‘,’’));
data input fields query parameters instead of data. 4 total := total + number;
end;

LINE TOTAL COUNT NUMBER

1 0
MODULE 4.3 – DATA COLLECTION, WAREHOUSING,
2 1
MINING
3 5
4 5
‘INVISIBLE’ DATA CAPTURE
2 2
A type of data capture that usually happens when 3 7
you allow data to be captures for a specific purpose, 4 12
and other data not strictly required for this purpose 2 3
is also captured, often without your awareness. 3 9
4 21
DATA COLLECTION
Any method of obtaining data to be processed.
(Distinguish carefully from the process of ‘collecting
data’ for academic/research purposes.)

DATA MINING
The use of complex algorithms to group and arrange
‘big data’ so that interesting and previously unknown
patterns emerge – and new information is
discovered.

DATA WAREHOUSE
A huge collection of data, often accumulated from a
range of sources such as separate databases within a
company.

LOCATION-BASED DATA
Data that is linked to a specific location – usually
using co-ordinates captured by a GPS device.

RFID
Radio Frequency Identification – a data capture
technology designed to store more data and work
more interactively than conventional barcode
systems.