QUESTION ONE

1. To what extent are the social determinants of health shaped by policies that reflect the
influence of prevailing political ideologies of the governing party in power?

Introduction

Over the past forty years, a new model has emerged in public health, indicating that social
factors such as housing, employment, education and the urban environment are the biggest
impact on the health of the population. One of the main challenges for public health is when
many important influencers affect the change in these social factors – As if government agencies
do not always appreciate the health consequences of their work and continue to adopt a slide
approach to identifying and solving problems. Creating a whole government response to break
these silos is seen as an essential thing to deal with health social determinants.

The need to involve the entire government in an effort to improve social determinants of health
has long been recognized. Canada's 1974 Lalunde report, credited as launching a health
promotion movement, recommends that all public sectors become responsible for health
promotion. Similarly, the Black Report of 1980, A landmark review of health inequalities in the
UK, recommended that cabinet office machinery be made responsible for reducing health
inequalities. The Black Report argues that the reduction in health inequalities will only be
achieved if each department cooperates properly and as a result, it is thought that there needs to
be a better degree of coordination than the coordination that exists at the moment. " This paper is
aimed at discussing the extent to which the social determinants of health shaped by policies
reflect and influence the prevailing political ideologies of the governing party in power.

Today, the pattern of government coordination called for by public health advocates has become
more sophisticated, but the central objective is the same: to include all relevant government
departments in all aspects of policy making and implementation on health inequalities. Thus,
regularly those who advocate policy, research or action - Because changes are being argued for
changes in the procedures of government processes to adopt social determinants of the health eye
as much as they are arguing for specific changes in government policies. For example, Marmot
and colleagues recently argued for greater integration into government: "Reducing health
inequalities is clearly a task for the entire government at the local and national level. However,
most of the action has been limited by organizational boundaries and silos" Marmote (2010) (p.
86).

Types of interventions or changes in government processes called for by public health advocates
can be called 'instrumental interventions' (IPI). We add the word 'instrument' because these
interventions are not naturally suggested as being able to improve health, but that their
implementation will play an important role in shaping a healthy policy. They are also action-
oriented, not only in focusing on government processes, but also because interventions are
usually built as introducing new decision-making processes and do not have clear target policy
results. Finally, we refer to these processes as interventions after the praise of Howe and Potven's
intervention that 'there is to come in between.’ Hawe P, Potvin L (2009). Some approaches to
JUG, such as the Fairness Agenda and HiAP are each designed to ‘disturb the natural order’ of
policy making by coming between traditional Lynton J, McCrea J (2013) methods and typical
outcomes (the NHS’s ‘Change Day’ provides an excellent illustrative example. IPIs, as we refer
to them in this paper, there are interventions based on networked methods for governance and
public management, which recognise the interdependence between different actors. (Kickert W,
Klijn E-H, Koppenjan J. 1997).

There are two IPIs in public health literature that have gained significant attention over the past
three years and which are capable of influencing health social determinants at the government
level: 'Justice at the heart of all policies' (or the Fairness Agenda, as we refer to it here); and
increasingly well-recognised ‘Health in All Policies’ (HIAP). These IPIs draw on broader
discourses of ‘joined up government’ (JUG), which are increasingly prevalent in the public
policy literature.

The paper aims to identify the benefits from the current body of evidence on JUG, which can
help strengthen health in all the policies currently implemented. Government approaches
involved on health show considerable potential and any lesson that can be learned from previous
experiences can improve effectiveness and avoid costly failure. For this purpose, we conducted a
meta-analysis of research on join-up government JUG) initiatives in public policy study
literature. We argue that the devices used in IPI need to be carefully aligned with their goals and
the context in which they are implemented. Highlighting the literature of public policy, we
recommend a number of strategies to increase the usefulness of existing interventions.
Conclusion

Drawing on the trend towards JUG, IPIs Governments have a significant ability to restructure the
way they do business, which will help facilitate integrated policy design, implementation and
delivery of services. However, examples of successful inclusion methods are extraordinary; in
many ways both attempts to create efforts JUG and the research that supports it is in its infancy.

It has been found that existing IPIs Health social determinants will be strengthened by robust
accountability and incentive mechanisms to support integration. Interestingly, public policy
literature shows that something JUG instruments, such as interdepartmental groups (which have
become a mainstay in the field) may actually limit collaboration.

This study has some notable limitations. We have chosen to review public policy literature to
offer a new perspective on public health research and as a result public health literature on
governance involved has not been included. This includes recent research on public health policy
and health impact assessments, which are similarly trying to bring conceptual clarity into the
interface between public health and public policy. Similarly limited on health action zones -
though important - research has not been considered here. Finally, the review is limited to peer
review sources. It has essentially excluded monographs and extensive grey literature on JUG.
We have accepted this threshold because it is not possible to verify the quality of the study
without peer review, although we recognize that more information can be obtained from this
literature.

Further collaboration with public policy researchers is needed to advance this sector, especially
to identify which aspects of 'supporting architecture' are likely to be effective in different
contexts. More broadly, some conceptual questions remain, such as how a targeted intervention
(reducing social disadvantage in education) can be achieved by the application of the
instrumental intervention (including Health Department officials in the making of education
policy decisions).
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2. Discuss the factors that are responsible for the persistence usage of traditional medicine
despite it being perceived to be inferior. Give practical examples

Introduction

The use of herbal medicinal products and supplements has increased tremendously over the past
decades, with less than 80 percent of people worldwide relying on them for part of basic health
care. While treatments involving these agents have shown promising potential with the
usefulness of a good number of clearly established herbal products, many of them remain
untested and their use is either poorly monitored or not monitored at all. The result is insufficient
knowledge of their procedures, possible negative reactions, contradictions and interactions with
existing orthodox pharmaceuticals and practical foods to promote both safe and rational use of
these agents. Since safety is a major problem with the use of herbal remedies It is therefore
necessary for the relevant regulatory authorities to take appropriate steps to protect public health
by ensuring that all herbal medicines are safe and of proper quality. This paper is aimed at
discussing the factors that are responsible for the persistence usage of traditional medicine
despite it being perceived to be inferior. This will be done using practical examples’

Basically, herbal remedies consist of plant parts or unpurified plant extracts containing several
ingredients that are generally believed to work together. The recent revival of public interest in
herbal treatment has been attributed to several factors, some of which include (i) Different claims
on the usefulness or effectiveness of plant medicines, (ii) Preference for consumers for natural
treatment and greater interest in alternative medicines, (iii) False belief that weed products are
better than finished products, (iv) Dissatisfaction with the results of orthodox pharmaceuticals
and the belief that herbal drugs can be effective in treating certain diseases where traditional
treatments and medications have proved ineffective or inadequate, (v) higher costs and side
effects of most modern medicines, (vi) Improvement in quality, usefulness and safety of herbal
medicines with the development of science and technology, (vii) Patients' belief that their
physicians have not properly identified the problem; therefore the feeling that herbal treatments
are another option, and (viii) a movement toward self-medication (Bandaranayake, 2006).
Increased use of weeds by patients or individuals for medication suo motu is also attributed to
several other reasons such as (i) Patients are anxious about discussing their medical issues and
fear a lack of privacy in dealing with their health information (ii) fear of possible misdiagnosis
and wrong treatment by patients with non-specific symptoms or general malaise, and (iii) lack of
time to see a physician; this is usually a reason where prior visit did not yield any positive
experience (Studdert et al., 1998). Moreover, the freedom of patients to choose practitioners is
also encouraging alternative treatments and the use of herbal remedies, although many choose
herbal medicines from a cutting point of view based on real information, meaning "it works for
my friend or relative." (Parle and Bansal, 2006). So, because of the influence of religion and the
high level of spiritual consciousness, many people are increasingly willing to accept the
therapeutic value of treatment based on faith or intuition rather than scientific reasoning. (Astin,
1998; Zeil, 1999). Herbal medicines, therefore, become particularly alluring when the body’s
natural capacity for self-repair, given appropriate conditions, is emphasized (Parle and Bansal,
2006).

Apart from all these factors mentioned above, marketing strategies and efforts of various
manufacturers of herbal medicines and their sales representatives have seriously highlighted
these products in greater light. Various advertisements in mass media, including television and
radio programs, have significantly increased consumer awareness and given unnecessary respect
and credibility to weed products (Brevort, 1998; Parle and Bansal, 2006). These advertisements
are carefully offered to attract groups of different ages of people in society. Children are
encouraged to use weeds for their nutritional values to facilitate normal or healthy growth and
growth; Young people provide the ingredients needed to help them cope with the effects of their
happiness, to cope with daily stress and prevent or slow the onset of old age; for the effects of
older people being anti-aging or young, and for the effects of slimming and beauty enhancement
to women (Parle and Bansal, 2006).

It has been observed that most of the problems associated with the use of traditional and herbal
medicines arise mainly from the classification of many of these products as foods or dietary
supplements in some countries. As such, evidence of quality, efficacy, and safety of these herbal
medicines is not required before marketing. In the same vein, quality tests and production
standards tend to be less rigorous or controlled and, in some cases, traditional health practitioners
may not be certified or licensed. The safety of traditional and herbal medicines has therefore
become a major concern to both national health authorities and the general public (Kasilo and
Trapsida, 2011).

By 2011, there were three possible regulatory routes through which a herb product could reach a
consumer in the UK. Unlicensed weed treatment is the most common route in which specific
safety and quality standards are not to be met, nor must be accompanied by safety information
for the consumer (Raynor et al., 2011). Recently, the European Union (EU) Implemented a
directive after a 7-year transition period to harmonize the regulation of traditional herbal
medicine products across the EU and to establish a simplified licensing system to help the public
make informed choices about the use of herbal products. It requires that all manufactured weed
products either obtain a license for the type of product required to produce "traditional" products
or become registered as "traditional herbal medicinal products" (Routledge, 2008; Raynor et al.,
2011).

Like traditional medicines, licensed herbal medicines also license products based on safety,
quality and usefulness. Therefore, it is imperative that they are accompanied by comprehensive
information such as indicators, precautions, how to use products, side effects, products and
regulatory information to store for safe use. This information is usually provided on a leaflet
inserted into the product package (Raynor et al., 2011). On the other hand, due to insufficient
evidence of renewable utility to meet regulatory standards, the sale of these products for some
herbal medicines cannot be licensed. This led to the creation of a new category of traditional
herbal registration (THR) with a transition period of seven years (European Union Herbal
Medicines Directive, 2004). Accordingly, a traditional Herbal Medicine registration scheme was
introduced in the UK, which is an "easy registration scheme". The scheme requires herbal
medicinal products to meet specific safety and quality standards, agree on the usage signals
based on their traditional use and provide information in a leaflet to promote safe use of products
by the buyer. (Raynor et al., 2011). However, this is not the case in many other parts of the
world, especially in developing countries where many unregistered and poorly regulated weed
products are sold freely in the market and there is no restriction on them. Moreover, the general
misconception that natural products are not toxic and devoid of negative effects often leads to
improper use and rampant use and has also resulted in severe poisoning and severe health
problems. This misunderstanding is not limited to developing countries. It is also present in
highly developed countries, where the general public often resort to "natural" products without
any proper awareness or knowledge of the relevant risks, especially in the event of excessive or
chronic use (UNESCO, 2013).

Conclusion

Global acceptance and use of herbal medicines and related products continues to increase
rapidly. Issues related to negative reactions have also become more pronounced in recent times,
with spreads increasing and no longer debatable because of previous misconceptions about
herbal medicinal products or categorized as "safe" because they are derived from a "natural"
source. The fact is that "safety" and "natural" are not synonymous. Therefore, regulatory policies
on herbal medicines need to be standardized and strengthened globally. The relevant regulatory
authorities in different countries of the world need to be active and continue to take appropriate
measures to protect public health by ensuring that all herbal medicines approved for sale are safe
and of proper quality.

Drug providers, such as physicians, nurses and pharmacists, often have little training and
understanding of how herbal drugs affect their patients' health. Many of them are also poorly
informed about these products and their use. Proper training is now very important as most
patients are almost often on other types of prescriptions or non-prescription medications. Despite
the fact that active involvement of orthodox healthcare professionals is constantly sought and
they have a huge responsibility in terms of their valuable contribution to the safety of medicinal
products, it is also very important that all those who provide herbal medicines have considerable
authority to play a role in monitoring the safety of herbal medicines. However, this should be
done in collaboration with orthodox healthcare professionals. For this to be effective, it will be
necessary to create an atmosphere of confidence to facilitate proper sharing of knowledge about
the use and safety of herbal medicines. Indeed, the education of health care professionals, herbal
medicine providers and patients/consumers is crucial to preventing potentially serious risks from
the misuse of herbal medicines.
There is also the basis for an appropriate knowledge on diagnostic and treatment decision
making of important importance. Moreover, the individual healthcare provider should also show
considerable commitment to understanding the use of herbal medicines. This can happen by
asking relevant questions about the use of these herbal remedies among others whenever faced
with patients who are taking these medications. Health professionals who work in poison centers
and health information services also need to be informed about herbal medicines. Finally, like
other drugs for human use, it has become mandatory for herbal medicines to be covered by drug
regulatory frameworks in every country in the world to ensure that they conform to the required
standards of safety, quality and usefulness.

References

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3. Discuss the leading causes of life and the extent to which they are valued in our society.

Introduction

All five leading causes of life enable each other. Together, they create a vital relationship that
allows us to adapt. They enable what Nathan Wolfe would call adaptive novelty. We’re able to
find new answers to new opportunities and challenges. Jonas Salk had an insight in survival of
the wisest: very few of our human capacities and responses are hard wired. Most of our ways of
adapting are in culture. So, the causes of life give us the capacity to go beyond the reactive hard
wiring that shape other animals. Our brains are built for complex social relationships. That’s how
we find food, water, and defend ourselves against large wooly mammoths. It’s been in only a
short period of human history that we’ve been able to develop technologies and social
innovations that allowed us to thrive. So, we are able to find our life through connections. This
paper is aimed at discussing the leading causes of life and the extent to which they are valued in
our society.

Connection

The relationship is the way we humans are connected. There is no such thing as a human being.
This is the way we find our lives in complex relationships, most of which do not have names, are
so complex. It is outside the simple nuclear family. Thus, We Share Live in Complex Ways, in-
complex relationship tracks. Our Burns Are Organs for the Social Complexity. V Can (2000)
Recognize Intently 25,000 differential fees. So, your most fundamental wiring is capable of
social complexity for statement wit we have language to disable. The age of Biochemical
Science is Finding More Ind More Aviation of The Fintech Ways We're Linked to An Other in a
way that is Impossible to find a Sanitary Autonomes Human.

This is every kind of connection: birth family; the intimate connections along lifes journey; the
connections of faith, culture, neighborhood; and the relationships of work and those we find
ourselves in times of radical crisis.

Coherence

Coherence is the deep-gut level feeling that life makes sense. The concept was the Voice fly to
work of Aaron Antonovsky, a socialist who studied relationship between stress, health and
wellbeing. Humans are able to survive and thrive if we think life makes any sense at all. The
boundary idols were pre-human and human begins v begin making images, like painting herds of
buffalo on cue walls. This is why religion, faith, art and most of our language go far beyond
simply functional communication of instrumental tasks. People are moved and find their lives
through narrative to understand how to live and what their life is for (Peterson. T 2014).

Agency

Agency is the human capacity to make a choice and pursue it. It is the capacity to move towards
life. In terms of medical methods, it can be identified as the method to identify a pathology and
defeat it. It helps us understand that what is actually going on in any human is more complex
than that which we see with our eyes. This cause of life is innate to humans before seeing any
actions outwardly. This is the essence of the human capacity to thrive.

Agency helps in giving expression and language to something that’s already there. That’s five
words more than medicine usually notices. Sometimes agency is the only cause of life you have
to work with. Life may be incoherent; you may be disconnected. But you can still get up in the
morning and move. Choosing to move on to life is a fundamental ability. It's not resisting death,
it's an expression of the quest for life. It's a positive choice.

Generativity

The fourth reason is creation. It is the quality to know our relationship with the people who have
come before us and who are after us who will benefit from our lives. It is a matter of concern for
people outside our family. It speaks to the multiracial web of life and the obvious biological
reality that someone created me. Awareness of this multiracial flow of life makes us make
different choices and gives us a sense of gratitude, speed, responsibility and accountability
(Gunderson. G 1980).

It is the largest of the five reasons. That is why older adults sacrifice their future on behalf of
their children or institutions they love or on behalf of the communities that have given them life.
Carl Jung said the first half of one's life is appropriately focused on basic family responsibilities.
The second half is for a larger social life (ibid).

In creation, grown-ups invest, give themselves more than their biological spons. It is common for
us to give our lives to something that is not just biologically necessary, for example, people who
give their lives in military service. The most vulnerable communities that struggle with a variety
of violence are often alive because of grandmothers and uncles who find their lives in making
themselves victims of this large neighborhood. Human species could not live only if we did not
find our lives in, and looked at the work of creating our lives. Dr Joyce Essin tells the story of
interviewing older women about what they feel are health priorities. His number one concern
was teenage pregnancy. Asked why this was a priority, one of the grandmothers replied, "You
help these young girls and I will sleep better. Don't worry about me." In practice, many of us
work for institutions that were not built in our lives, and we hope to stay ahead of us. Community
assets, such as churches, have longer lives than any of their members. Community life depends
on the social structures that leave any of us behind.

Hope

The easiest and best documented reason is hope. Among the main reasons for the terms of life, it
is expected. Not just any expectation, but risky expectation. expectation. These are the futures
and possibilities that you clearly see enough that you can take risks to carry it out. It is well
documented in medicine that mere optimism has a huge impact on the way to recovery from
illness or injury. It's so powerful that when we test drugs, we go to extreme lengths to hide tests
from people because hope and it's the opposite, fear, often more powerful than biology or
chemistry. Our research tools have to keep hope and fear out of equality so that they don't mess
up the results.
I don't mean mere optimism. These views are certainly not "pleasant," as the joint writing with
Larry ensured. This hope is based on the connections that give us life. It reflects deep
coordination; both of which inform our agency and are notified by the collective agency where
we find our lives. It's the hope of something I deeply value in life, so it's racial. My mother died
hopeful, because she knew that the things that mattered most to her would live. For other
mammals too, complex behavior reflects memory. Hope for humans works like a memory of the
future. The future is as powerful as we remember it; it shapes our actions like memory. For
example, the biggest predictor of age is how long you think you'll survive.

The more social the question, the more helpful the root causes of life. Within the health world,
the condition is just as chronic, you have to know the reasons for life to deal with this condition.
When the collective work of the health network with black churches in Memphis began, there
was a huge burden of pathology to deal with it, toxic substances in the soil, poor education,
violence, unemployment, race insults.

The language of the main causes of life resonated deeply in black churches because they wanted
to know what they had to work with. They could trust a colleague who knew that something
more was happening than death in a black church. Why would you relate to someone who
thought you were just on the way to death? What has been seen in Memphis is a complex social
system that is organized around important causes of life.

Think of Africa, with HIV/AIDS when 20 million AIDS were orphans. You don't see these
numbers anymore. It has been an unprecedented humanitarian disaster. In the early days,
UNICEF went to survey African villages to find out what programs they needed to develop to
work with these AIDS orphans. Almost everywhere, they discovered that a group of women
outside the village had created something to care for about 100 orphans. No one knew if these
orphans were infectious, so they were treated like lepers and not allowed into the village. They
were not the women’s blood children. It turned out these groups were actually doing a pretty
good job (Barilla. D 2014).

So, he turned the question around for UNICEF: What already exists in the village, where you
wouldn't expect it? In fact, there was a life in the village that was capable of recognizing the
extraordinary power of relationships. There was no word for the relationship between these
children and these women. But their brain had no difficulty detecting it. There is no harmony; no
one understood it. It was an indescribable religious event. And the women had a great sense of
agency. They bought food, water and the children had agency. He did not give up on the next
generation (ibid).

Where there was no hope, they created it. The reasons for life work in the same way: You start
with the goal you can find and you nurture it. And other reasons are made clear through this
attention. Sometimes it's just raw agency. Hope came out of it. Most of this generation of 20
million AIDS orphans turned out to be fine. Most children growing up in the toughest
neighborhoods of American cities are cured. The main reasons for the language of life help
explain it (op. cit.).

Conclusion

The main reasons for life work on every social scale. You can think about planet surface
contacts. We know that we are connected to people in parts of the world that we have never
heard of. These links may be toxic or associated with life. You can care about the whole world,
and many who do are filled with a fear. But as we think about the problems we can solve, it helps
to think about contacts, for example, millions of non-profit organizations. Connection is a
wonderfully important human reality right now.

References

Peterson. T (2014) Leading Causes of Life Available at https://stakeholderhealth.org/leading-

causes-of-life/ Stakeholder Health; Transforming Health Through Community Partnership
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Barilla. D (2014) COVID Exacerbates Loss of Hope, Solution in Leading Causes of Life – Cities
Speak - for Faith and Health at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center. Stakeholder Health