Lecture 2:

Basic concepts of computer

communication models

1
Last lecture
 Introduction of the course
 History of the Internet
 Concept of Computer Networks
 Some fundamental concepts: switching,
connection oriented, connection less.

2
Content of this lecture
 Layer architecture
 OSI & TCP/IP reference model
 Addressing
 Domain name and conversion/resolution of
domain name

3
Layer architecture

4
Example of different functionalities in human
communication
Sender Receiver
Information to
Received information
be sent

Present from idea to speak

Japanese?
Language Language
English?

Communication media

Mail? The communication will be

Telephone?
performed smoothly if
E-mail?
each layer use the same 5
communication mean
Example of layering (1)
Layered Not layered

Cassette
AV Component
All functions are included in
Player
one cassette.
Speaker
Replace all when changing
Amplifier
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Example of layering (2)

ticket (purchase) ticketing service ticket (complain)

baggage (check) baggage service baggage (claim)
gates (load) gate service gates (unload)
runway takeoff runway service runway landing
airplane routing routing service
airplane routing airplane routing

layers: each layer implements a service

 via its own internal-layer actions
 relying on services provided by layer below
Why layering?

 Dealing with complex systems: Divide and

conquer
 Explicit structure allows identification, relationship
of complex system’s pieces
 Modularization eases maintenance, updating of
system
 change of implementation of layer’s service
transparent to rest of system
 e.g., change in DVD player does not impact
sound speakers.

8
Data Encapsulation
Data encapsulation is similar to a packaging process for a gift.

Packaging

Decoration

Put address

address address

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Data transmission in layering
systems
 Sender: add the header containing information for processing data
at that layer and forward to the below layer (Đóng gói dữ liệu –
Encapsulation)
 Receiver: process data by reading the right header, remove the
header and forward to the upper layer
PDUN Layer N Layer N PDUN

HN-1 Layer (N-1) Layer (N-1) HN-1

...

...
H2 ... Layer 2 Layer 2 H2 ...

H1 ... Layer Layer 1 H1 ...

addr.
Sender Receive 10
Protocol stack
 Functions are splitted to layers
 Each layer has multiple ways to implement Protocols of
its functions  multiple protocols layer N
 Protocol stack: stack protocols based on Protocols of
layering systems layer N-1
 Protocols at each layer include:

...
• Call a service of the below layer
• Provide service(s) for the upper layer Protocols of
layer 2
Protocols of
layer 1

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Data transmission in layering systems
Protocol PN
Layer N Layer N
Protocol PN-1
Layer (N-1) Layer (N-1)
...

...
Protocol P2
Layer 2 Layer 2

Protocol P1
Layer 1 Layer 1

 Layers (same level) on each side use the same protocol

to exchange logical information
 Two way to communicate logical information at the same logical
level: connectionless or connected-oriented

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Connection oriented transmission
vs. connectionless
 Connection oriented transmission:
 Data are transmitted over a connection already
established
 3 working phases: Establishing a connection, data
transmission, teardown the connection.
 Reliable
 Connectionless transmision
 No connection establishing phase
 Only data transmission phase
 Not reliable - “Best effort”
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Reference models
OSI
TCP/IP

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OSI - Open System Interconnection: 7
layers

Application layer Tầng ứng dụng

Presentation layer Tầng trình diễn

Session layer Tầng phiên

Transport layer Tầng giao vận

Network layer Tầng mạng Tầng mạng

Data link layer Tầng liên kết dữ liệu

Physical layer Tầng vật lý

Intermediate nodes End system

End system
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The main functionality of each
layers
 Physical layer: Transfering bits “over medium”
 Datalink layer: Transfering data between direct
connected elements in the networks. application
 Network layer: Routing, forwarding data from presentation
the source to the distant destination
session
 Transport: Transmitting data between
applications transport
 Session : synchronization, check-point, recovery network
of transmission process data link
 Presentation: data encoding, compression, data physical
conversion…
 Application: Supporting communications
between distant parts of an application.
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Models OSI and TCP/IP
In the TCP/IP model of the Internet, the
functionalities of 3 first layers are combined in
a single layer.
Application layer
Application
Presentation layer HTTP, FTP, SMTP…

Session layer
Transport layer TCP UDP
Network layer IP
Datalink layer Network Interface
Physical layer Physical
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 ISO/OSI reference model
Two layers not found in Internet
protocol stack! application

 presentation: allow applications to interpret presentation

meaning of data, e.g., encryption, session
compression, machine-specific conventions
transport
 session: synchronization, checkpointing,
network
recovery of data exchange
link
 Internet stack “missing” these layers!
• these services, if needed, must be physical
implemented in application
The seven layer OSI/ISO
• needed? reference model
Implementing the layering system
Application Application

Transport Transport

Network Network Network

Datalink Datalink Datalink Datalink Datalink

Physical Physical Physical Physical Physical

End-system Intermediate node End-system

 End-systems: PC, server, smartphone...

 Intermediate node: Hub, Switch, Router

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Implementing the layering system
End systems (server, PC,
smartphone...)

Applications provide services

for users PC
Control data transmission
between applications
Routing, forwarding data

Control data transmission on

physical connections
Convert data to physical Server
signal and transfer

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Triển khai kiến trúc phân tầng
Intermediate router

Applications provide services

for users PC
Control data transmission
between applications
Routing, forwarding data

Control data transmission on

physical connections
Convert data to physical Server
signal and transfer

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Triển khai kiến trúc phân tầng
Intermediate switch

Applications provide services

for users PC
Control data transmission
between applications
Routing, forwarding data

Control data transmission on

physical connections
Convert data to physical Server
signal and transfer

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Protocol stack of TCP/IP ...

Aplication DNS DHCP SNMP HTTP SMTP FTP

Transport UDP TCP

ICMP RIP OSPF ...

Network IP

Ethernet FDDI PPP DSL ARP ...

Data link

Physical Copper Optical Radio PSTN ...

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Protocol stack of TCP/IP
 “Hourglass”: only use IP – Internet Protocol at the
network layer:
 Allow a network use a new technology and connect to an existing
one
 Separate developing applications from technologies of lower
layers
IP-based application: VoIP...
 Support parallel modifications/ upgrading on both upper and
lower layers

 However, it is extremely hard to upgrade to a new IP

version (converting IPv4 to IPv6)
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Install TCP/IP on networks

• End systems
• Different on different
applications

• Same as every nodes IP

• Same as every nodes

• Different at different
physical connections
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Layering model of the Internet

Example of data transmission from a source to a

destination through intermediate nodes (router)

HTTP HTTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 100M 100M/Ethernet

CAT5 CAT5 CAT5 CAT5

Source Intermediate nodes Destination

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 The protocols TCP/IP and encapsulation
process
 At sender
 Each layer add control information to the header of
packet and transfer to the lower layer.
 At receiver
 Each layer process packet according to the information
of the header, then remove the corresponding header
and deliver the remaining data to the upper layer.
Ex：HTTP header
Application Application
Data Data
TCP header TCP TCP

IP header IP IP

Ethernet Frame Network Interface Network Interface

Physical Physical
Signal 27

Sender Receiver
 source
Encapsulation:
message
segment Ht
M
M
application
transport
an end-end view
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical

switch

destination Hn Ht M network
M application Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical
 Protocol stack and
encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

Dữ liệu - payload
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 Protocol stack and
encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and
encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and
encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

Ethernet header IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and
encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and
encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

WDM header IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and
encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and
encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

Ethernet header IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

36
 Protocol stack and
encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

37
 Protocol stack and
encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

38
 Protocol stack and
encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

Dữ liệu - payload
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Summary: Advantage of layering
architecture
 Layering architecture allows to divide the
functionalities of networks into small components
 Layers are independent:
 An upper layer makes use of the functionality of its right
bellow layer but does not care about further layer.
 Extensibility/Scalability
 Flexible
 It is possble to upgrade the communication system by
upgrading the technology of some layers: Ex:
 ADSL→FTTH
 IPv4→IPv6
 Without layering:
 Any change in the system requires changing the whole
systems.
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Identification in the
Internet
MAC Address
IP Address
Port number

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Identification
 Identification allows identify a person or
an object
 Name
 Nguyen Thuc Hai
 Address
 1 Dai Co Viet, Hai Ba Trung, Ha Noi
 Telephone number
 8680896
 Email
 hai--xxx@it.hut.edu.vn

42
Identification
 Identification usually has hierarchical structure
 Allow to manage efficiently a large addressing space
 Scalability

 Example of hierarchy
 Address
Hanoi
 1 Dai Co Viet street, Hai Ba Trung district, Ha Noi
 Telephone number
Hai Ba Trung
 +84-(4) 868-08-96
Dai Co Viet

So 1
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Identification in the Internet and
the relationship between layers

application Domain name

TCP/UDP Port Number, e.g. Port 80

IP IP address, e.g. 203.12.15.165

data link Physical address / MAC address

e.g. 00:11:24:79:8e:82
physical

44
Addressing in the Datalink layer
 Physical address/ MAC address
 Using in Datalink layer
 Fixed on NIC (Network Interface Card)
 Used for identifying machine in broadcast network
segment.

HEX
BIN
00:11:24:79:8e:82
00000000 00010001 00100100 01111001 10001110 10000010

OUI Assigned by manufacture

OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier):

Each Manufacture have an some OUI unique
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Addressing in the Internet
 IP address
 Used in IP-Internet Protocol (network layer)
 Value depends on the networks. Each network
interface card should be assigned an IP address.
 Used for identifying a machine in an IP network,
example:
 133.113.215.10 (ipv4)

 2001:200:0:8803::53 (ipv6)

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Addressing in transport layer
 Port number
 On each machine, there may be several applications
running.
 Applications of the same machine are distinguished by
port number.
 An application instance in the internet is identified by the
IP address of the host and port number on which it runs
 Similar to the address of a room in a building
 Buiding address: B1 Building, 1 Dai Co Viet, Ha Noi =>
similar to IP address
 Room number 325 => Similar to port number
 E.g. HTTP runs on port 80, FTP runs on ports 20,
21 …
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Mapping to address
Domain name
Domain name resolution
nslookup
arp

48
Domain name
 Domain Name
(FQDN: Fully Qualified Domain Name)
 Domain name is the name of a computer or a
network using alphabet and numbers
 www.keio.ac.jp
 www.hedspi.hut.edu.vn
 .hut.edu.vn

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Domain name space

.keio.ac.jp
pc24.cs.keio.ac.jp 50
Domain name and IP address
 For sending data to a host/machine, the host must be
identified
 By an IP address
 By a domain name (easy to be memorized by human)
 name
 Variable length
 easy to be memorized by human
 Nothing to do with the location of the host
 IP address
 Fixed length (32 bits or 128 bits)
 Computer process address more easily
 Used for routing purpose
203.162.7.194 www.hedspi.hut.edu.vn

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www.hust.edu.vn 202.47.142.40
 Conversion/resolution of address
• Computer prefers numbers
• Human prefers names I want to see the webpage
www.hust.edu.vn

User

Need address conversion Need to access to

202.47.142.40

Domain name server

If user knows the IP address of

Webserver of
www.hust.edu.vn the webserver, he can access 52
202.47.142.40 via IP address from Browser
Address resolution/conversion
 Concept
 Mechanism finding address IP from a domain name and
vice versa.
 There is no mathematical formula for this conversion.
 Domain name server (DNS)
 Store the mapping of IP address and Domain name of
the same host in a database
 Answer requests of resolution of IP or domain name from
users.
 Widely used in the Internet

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Example
User
(1)
www.hedspi.hut.edu.vn
(2)
www.hust.edu.vn
DNS Web browser
(3)
202.47.142.40 (4) 202.47.142.40

Web server

Provide mapping IP-domain name

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Nslookup tool on Windows, Linux
 nslookup www.hedspi.hut.edu.vn
 Conversion “name IP address”

C:\Documents and Settings\hongson>nslookup www.hedspi.hut.edu.vn

Server:
Address: 192.168.1.1

Non-authoritative answer:
Name: www.hedspi.hut.edu.vn
Address: 202.47.142.140

C:\Documents and Settings\hongson>

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ARP Conversion of Mac address
and IP address
 Address Resolution Protocol
 MAC and IP are both used for identifying a NIC.
 ARP allows to find MAC address from IP address

32bit IP address

ARP RARP

48bit MAC address

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Example: ARP table
(on Windows)

C:\Documents and Settings\hongson>arp -a

IP address
Interface: 192.168.1.34 --- 0x2
Internet Address Physical Address Type
192.168.1.1 00-02-cf-75-a1-68 dynamic
192.168.1.33 08-00-1F-B2-A1-A3 dynamic

C:\Documents and Settings\hongson>

MAC address

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Summary
 Layer architecture
 Why layering
 Model TCP/IP vs. Model OSI
 Encapsulation, PDU. SAP
 Addressing on Internet
 Adress IP, MAC, domain name, port
 Address conversion

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Quizz

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