Lecture 2:

Basic concept of computer

network & communication model

HEDSPI Project
Hanoi University of Technology
by
Ngo Hong Son

1
Today outline
  Layering architecture
  OSI reference model

  Internet identifiers

  Name resolution

2
Layering architecture
Examples
Why layering?

3
Functionality division: Hierarchical Model
Teller Listener
Information you
want to tell Receiving information

Convert from thought

to word

Japanese?
Language English? Language

Method to
communicate

Letter?
Telephone? There is no problem if the
E-Mail? same thing is used on both 4
side of each layer
Example of layering (1)
Layered Not layered

Cassette
AV Component
All functions are included in
Player
one cassette.
Speaker
Replace all when changing
Amplifier
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Example of layering (2)

ticket (purchase) ticket (complain) ticket

baggage (check) baggage (claim baggage

gates (load) gates (unload) gate

runway (takeoff) runway (land) takeoff/landing

airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing

departure intermediate air-traffic arrival

airport control centers airport

Layers: each layer implements a service

  via its own internal-layer actions

  relying on services provided by layer below

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Why layering?

  Dealing with complex systems: Divide and

conquer
  Explicit structure allows identification, relationship
of complex system’s pieces
  Modularization eases maintenance, updating of
system
  change of implementation of layer’s service
transparent to rest of system
  e.g., change in DVD player does not impact
sound speakers.

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Reference models

8
OSI - Open System Interconnection: 7
layers model

Application layer Application layer

Presentation layer Presentation layer

Session layer Session layer

Transport layer Transport layer

Network layer Network layer Network layer

Data link layer Data link layer Data link layer

Physical layer Physical layer Physical layer

End node Intermediate End node

node 9
OSI vs. TCP/IP model
On Internet, the upper 3 layer are “entrusted” to
all applications

Application layer
Application
Presentation layer HTTP, FTP, SMTP…

Session layer
Transport layer TCP UDP
Network layer IP
Datalink layer Network Interface
Physical layer Physical
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Layering Internet
Example of process from the sources, passing
intermediate node (router), and arriving the address

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 100M 100M/Ethernet

CAT5 CAT5 CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

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Encapsulation: wrapping analogy

Wrap paper

Decorate ribbon

Stick address

address address

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 TCP/IP protocol stack and
encapsulation
  Sender
  Each layer adds necessary information (header) and
transfers to the lower layer
  Receiver
  Each layer processes data based on information of
header, after removing that part of header, transfer to
the upper layer.
Ex：HTTP header
Application Application
Data Data
TCP header TCP TCP

IP header IP IP

Ethernet Frame Network Interface Network Interface

Physical Physical
Signal 13

Sender Receiver
 PDU: Protocol Data Unit

Protocol N+1
Layer (N+1) (N+1) PDU

Service interface
Protocol N
Layer (N) (N) PDU HN

Service interface

Protocol N-1
Layer (N-1) (N-1) PDU HN HN-1

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 SAP: Service Access Point
Protocol 1
Client 1 Server 1
Client 2 Protocol 1 Server 2
Server 3 Protocol 1 Client 3
Application

SAP SAP

Network TCP/UDP
TCP/UDP TCP/UDP
protocol

Internet

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 Protocol stack and
encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

Pay load
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 Protocol stack and
encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

TCP header Pay load

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 Protocol stack and
encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

IP header TCP header Payload

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 Protocol stack and
encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

Ethernet header IP header TCP header Payload

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 Protocol stack and
encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

IP header TCP header Payload

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 Protocol stack and
encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

Ethernet header IP header TCP header Payload

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 Protocol stack and
encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

IP header TCP header Payload

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 Protocol stack and
encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

Ethernet header IP header TCP header Payload

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 Protocol stack and
encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

IP header TCP header Payload

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 Protocol stack and
encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

TCP header Payload

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 Protocol stack and
encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

Payload
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Summary: Advantages of layering

  Divide to easily determine each layer functions

  Layers are independent
  Upper protocol know only how to use just below protocol
and doesn’t care further lower protocols.
  Define common interface within layers
  Scalability
  Flexibility to new technology
  Exchange layers of the same level
  Able to evolve by changing only the part technology is newly
developed: ISDN→ADSL→FTTH、IPv4→IPv6
  If not layering...
  When standard changes, it’s necessary to update all
system

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Internet Identifiers
MAC Address
IP Address
Port Number

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Identifier
  Identifier is used for specifying one object
  Name
  Nguyen Thuc Hai
  Address
  1 Dai Co Viet, Hai Ba Trung, Ha Noi
  Telephone number
  8680896
  Email
  hai--xxx@it.hut.edu.vn

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Identifier and Hierarchy
  Identifier expressing address has the hierarchy
  It’s possible to manage huge identifier space logically,
efficiently
  Scalable

  Example of identifier which has hierarchy

  Address Hanoi
  1 Dai Co Viet, Hai Ba Trung, Ha Noi
Hai Ba Trung
  Telephone number
  +84-(4) 868-08-96
Dai Co Viet

So 1
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Internet Identifiers and Layers

application Port Number, e.g. Port 80

TCP/UDP

IP IP address, e.g. 203.12.15.165

data link Physical address / MAC address

e.g. 00:11:24:79:8e:82
physical

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Identifier Data Link layer
  Physical address/MAC address
  Used on Data link layer
  Fixed on every NIC ( Network Interface card)
  Utilized for identifying computer inside a broadcast
domain

HEX

BIN
00:11:24:79:8e:82
00000000 00010001 00100100 01111001 10001110 10000010

OUI Assigned by vendor

OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier): Vendor Code

Fixed value is assigned in vendor
One vendor can get some OUIs 32
Identifier used in Internet
  IP address
  Used on Internet Protocol (network layer)
  Value which depends on the connecting network is
assigned on every NIC
  Utilized for the identification of computer inside an
IP network
  133.113.215.10 (ipv4)

  2001:200:0:8803::53 (ipv6)

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Identifier used in Transport layer
  Port number
  The auxiliary address which is assigned in IP
address
  Application is specified by an IP address and a
port number
  Address: Building C1, 1 Dai Co Viet, Ha Noi => IP
Address
  Room number：Room 325 => Port number

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Identifier translation
Domain name
Name resolution
nslookup
arp

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Domain Name

  Domain Name
(FQDN: Fully Qualified Domain Name)
  Domain name is identifier of computer,
network and the like, uses alphabet and
number to express
  www.keio.ac.jp
  www.hedspi.hut.edu.vn
  mail.hut.edu.vn

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Domain name space

pc24.cs.keio.ac.jp 37
Name and address
  Before communicating, host must be specified
  Host is identified by the unique IP address
  Host is identified by the unique name（For user’s convenience）
  Name
  Variable length
  Easy to remember for human
  Not relate with physical position of host
  Address
  Fixed length
  The computer is easy to process
  There is the restriction with the routing

203.162.7.194 www.hedspi.hut.edu.vn

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www.hut.edu.vn 202.47.142.40
 Example of name resolution
•  The computer understands
the number I want to see the website
•  On the other hand, human www.hedspi.hut.edu.vn
can remember name
User
easier than number

Please access to
Necessity of name the server 202.47.142.40
resolution
Name server

You can input the IP

WEB server
202.47.142.40
address instead of 39

domain name
Name resolution
  Mechanism of Name resolution
  The mechanism of finding the value (IP address) that
corresponds to Name (host name)
  Name server
  One realization method of name resolution
  Mostly used on Internet

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Simple example
User
(1)
www.hedspi.hut.edu.vn
(2)
Name www.hedspi.hut.edu.vn
Web browser
server
(3)
202.47.142.40 (4) 202.47.142.40

Web server

Providing the information

About corresponds between
name and value
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 nslookup
  Input www.hedspi.hut.edu.vn
  Conversion of “Name⇔Address” is done, inside
actually
  nslookup command

  nslookup  www.hedspi.hut.edu.vn!

C:\Documents and Settings\hongson>nslookup www.hedspi.hut.edu.vn

Server:
Address: 192.168.1.1

Non-authoritative answer:
Name: www.hedspi.hut.edu.vn
Address: 202.47.142.140

C:\Documents and Settings\hongson>

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ARP
  Address Resolution Protocol
  A protocol for finding physical address from IP
address

32bit IP address

ARP RARP

48bit MAC address

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Ex: ARP table
(Example of Windows)

C:\Documents and Settings\hongson>arp -a

IP address
Interface: 192.168.1.34 --- 0x2
Internet Address Physical Address Type
192.168.1.1 00-02-cf-75-a1-68 dynamic
192.168.1.33 08-00-1F-B2-A1-A3 dynamic

C:\Documents and Settings\hongson>

MAC address

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Summary
  Layering architecture
  Why layering
  TCP/IP model vs. OSI model
  SAP, PDU, Interface
  Internet Identifier
  IP address, MAC address, Domain Name, Port
number
  Name resolution

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