NETWORK MODELS

1
 1 LAYERED TASKS

We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an

example, let us consider two friends who communicate
through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a
friend would be complex if there were no services
available from the post office.

Topics discussed in this section:

Sender, Receiver, and Carrier
Hierarchy

2
 Tasks involved in sending a letter

3
 2 THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO
standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.

Topics discussed in this section:

Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes

4
 Note

ISO is the organization.

OSI is the model.

5
 Seven layers of the OSI model

6
 The interaction between layers in the OSI model

7
 An exchange using the OSI model

8
 3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each

layer in the OSI model.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer

9
 Physical layer

10
 Note

The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

11
 Data link layer

12
 Note

The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next.

13
 Hop-to-hop delivery

14
 Network layer

15
 Note

The network layer is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.

16
 Source-to-destination delivery

17
 Transport layer

18
 Note

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery

of a message from one process to another.

19
 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

20
 Session layer

21
 Note

The session layer is responsible for dialog

control and synchronization.

22
 Presentation layer

23
 Note

The presentation layer is responsible for translation,

compression, and encryption.

24
 Application layer

25
 Note

The application layer is responsible for

providing services to the user.

26
 Summary of layers

27
 4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly

match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP
protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-
network, internet, transport, and application. However,
when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the
TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical,
data link, network, transport, and application.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical Layer
Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
28
 TCP/IP and OSI model

29
 TCP/IP Network Layer (Internet)

IP – Internet Protocol
1.Defines the format of a packet < datagram >

2. Defines structure of the addresses

3. Responsible for routing a packet from the source to the

destination

4. IP is a connectionless protocol
no flow control, no error control, no congestion control

5. Responsible for unicast < one-to-one > and

multicast < one-to-many> routing protocols
30
 TCP/IP Network Layer (Internet) (Contd.)

IP consists with following auxiliary protocols

1. ICMP – Internet Control Message Protocol
helps IP to report some problem during routing

2. IGMP- Internet Group Management Protocol

helps IP in multi-tasking

3. DHCP – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

helps IP to get the network-layer address for the host

4. ARP – Address Resolution Protocol

helps IP to find the link-layer address of the host or a router,
when the network layer address is given.
31
 TCP/IP - Transport Layer

Deals with user datagram or segments

Get an message from an application program of the
Application layer (of source host) and deliver it into the
corresponding application program of the destination host
through a logical (imaginary) connection.
Protocols:
1. TCP – Transmission Control Protocol
A connection oriented protocol, establish a logical connection
between Transport Layers (source and destination )
*Flow Control: Matching the data rates (sending and receiving )
*Error Control : Guarantee that the segments arrive from source
to destination are error free; re-send the erroneous segments
*Congestion Control: Reduce the loss of segments due to
congestion in network

32
 TCP/IP - Transport Layer

2. UDP – User Datagram Protocol

* A connectionless protocol, sends user datagrams without
creating a logical connection.
* Each user datagram is an independent entity – no relation
with previous or next entities.
* Only sends sort messages

3. SCTP – Stream Control Transmission Protocol

*Handles Multimedia applications

33
 TCP/IP - Application Layer
Communication between process to process
Protocols:
1. HTTP/ DNS: Hypertext Transfer Protocol for accessing the
WWW (World Wide Web) / Domain Name System (Find the network
layer address of a computer)
2. SMTP/ FTP : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol used in
Electronic mail (e-mail) service / File Transfer Protocol for
transferring files from one host to another host
3. TELNET/SSH: The Terminal Network / Secure Shell
accessing the site remotely
4. SNMP / IGMP: Simple Network Management Protocol (Manage
the Internet in global level) / Internet Group Management Protocol
(Collected membership in a group)
34
 MULTIPLEXING AND DEMULTIPLEXING

FTP HTTP DNS SNMP

TCP UDP

IP

Multiplexing at Source
Encapsulate and deliver the packets from several higher
layer protocols (one at a time)

35
 MULTIPLEXING AND DEMULTIPLEXING

FTP HTTP DNS SNMP

TCP UDP

IP

Demultiplexing at Destination
Decapsulate and deliver the packets to several higher layer
protocols (one at a time)

36
 OSI (Open Systems Interconnections) versus TCP/IP
1. Session and Presentation layers are missing from TCP/IP protocol suite
2. TCP / IP has more than one Transport Layer Protocols
3. In TCP/IP, Application Layer consists with several application softwares

TCP / IP OSI
1. TCP/IP was fully in place when OSI was OSI was highly cost effective to replace TCP
ready to implement. / IP

2. Transport layer of TCP / IP consists with Actual protocols of presentation and session
several protocols (e.g., TCP, UDP), which was layers never fully defined, nor were they fully
already implemented to serve several tasks, described; corresponding software was not
when OSI model was invented. fully developed.

3. TCP/ IP remains highly stable; performs Since OSI model was proposed by ISO
well since invented. (International Organization for
Standardization) not show a high level of
performance to entice the Internet
community to switch from TCP/IP protocol
suite.
37