Open system interconnection reference (OSI Reference model or OSI Model) is an abstract

description for layered communications and computer network protocol design.

OSI is divided into 7 layers.

Data unit Layer Function

Host Layers Data

Segments
Media Layers Packet
Frame
Bit

Physical Layer= HUBS

The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits from one node to the next.

The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one node to the next

The network layer is responsible for delivery of individual packets from the source host to the
destination host

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to another.

The session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization

Presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression and encryption

Application layer is responsible for providing services to the user

Benefits of OSI model

1. Reduces complexity
2. Standardizes interfaces
3. Facilitates modular engineering
4. Ensures interoperable technology
5. Accelerates evolution
6. Simplifies teaching and learning

TCP/IP -model

Transmission control protocol/internet protocol is a set of communication protocols used for the
internet and other similar networks.

It is named from 2 of the most important protocols which are;

- The transmission control protocol (TCP)

- Internet protocol (IP)
TCP/IP

It has 4 layers

Application Handles issues of representation, FTP, HTTP, SMTP, DNS,

encoding and dialogue control. TFTP, RIP
Interface the user to the network
Transport Handles quality of services issues TCP, UDP
of reliability, flow control, and
error correction
Internet Routing of data is done; it is sent IP, AR, IGMP, ICMP
within the data
Network access Another name is host to network Internet, LAN, Ethernet,
layer, concerned with all of the token ring, frame relay,
components, both physical and ATM
logical. Component handling both
physical and logical

Common protocols in TCP/IP

Similarities

- Both have layers (TCP/IP have 4 layers while OSI has 2)

- Both have application layers, though have very different services
- Both have comparable, transport and network layers
- Packet-switched technology is assumed
- Networking professionals need to know both

Differences

- TCP/IP combines the presentation and session layer issues into its application layer
- TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical layers into one layer
- TCP/IP appears simpler because it has fewer layers
 TCP/IP OSI Model

The full form of TCP/IP The full form of OSI is

is Transmission Open Systems
Control Protocol/ Interconnection.
Internet Protocol.

It is a communication It is a structured model

protocol that is based which deals which the
on standard protocols functioning of a
and allows the network.
connection of hosts
over a network.

In 1982, the TCP/IP In 1984, the OSI model

model became the was introduced by the
standard language of International
ARPANET. Organisation of
Standardization (ISO).

It comprises of four It comprises seven

layers: layers:

 Network  Physical
Interface  Data Link
 Internet   Network
 Transport   Transport
 Application  Session
 Presentation
 Application

It follows a horizontal It follows a vertical

approach. approach.

The TCP/IP is the An OSI Model is a

implementation of the reference model, based
OSI Model. on which a network is
created.

It is protocol It is protocol
dependent. independent.