CHAPTER – 05 / LECTURE – 03 / OSI - TCP/IP

Here, are some important differences between the OSI & TCP/IP
model: OSI Model TCP/IP model

OSI model provides a clear TCP/IP doesn't offer any clear

distinction between interfaces, distinguishing points between
services, and protocols. services, interfaces, and
protocols.

OSI uses the network layer to TCP/IP uses only the Internet
define routing standards and layer.
protocols.
OSI model use two separate TCP/IP uses only one layer
layers physical and data link to (link).
define the functionality of the
bottom layers

OSI model, the transport layer A layer of the TCP/IP model is

is only connection-oriented. both connection-oriented and
connectionless.
In OSI model, data link layer In TCP data link layer and
and physical are separate layers. physical layer are combined as a
single host-to-network layer.
The minimum size of the OSI Minimum header size is 20
header is 5 bytes. bytes.
Advantages of the OSI Model

Here, are major benefits/pros of using the OSI model:

. It helps you to standardize router, switch,

motherboard, and other hardware
. Reduces complexity and standardizes interfaces .
Facilitates modular engineering . Helps you to ensure
interoperable technology . Helps you to accelerate the
evolution
. Protocols can be replaced by new protocols when
technology changes.
. Provide support for connection-oriented services as well as
connectionless service.
. It is a standard model in computer networking.
. Supports connectionless and connection-oriented services.
. Offers flexibility to adapt to various types of protocols
Disadvantages of the OSI Model
Here are some cons/ drawbacks of using OSI Model:

. Fitting of protocols is a tedious task.

. You can only use it as a reference model.
. Doesn't define any specific protocol.
. In the OSI network layer model, some services are duplicated in
many layers such as the transport and data link layers
. Layers can't work in parallel as each layer need to wait to obtain
data from the previous layer.
Summary

. The OSI Model is a logical and conceptual model that defines

network communication which is used by systems open to
interconnection and communication with other systems . In OSI
model, layer should only be created where the definite levels of
abstraction are needed.
. OSI layer helps you to understand communication over a
network . In 1984, the OSI architecture was formally adopted by
ISO as an international standard
Layer Name Function Protocols
Layer 7 Application To allow access to network SMTP, HTTP, FTP,
resources. POP3, SNMP
Layer 6 Presentation To translate, encrypt and MPEG, ASCH,
compress data. SSL, TLS
Layer 5 Session To establish, manage, and NetBIOS, SAP
terminate the session

Layer 4 Transport The transport layer builds on the TCP, UDP

network layer to provide data
transport from a process on a
source machine to a process on a
destination machine.

Layer 3 Network To provide internetworking To IPV5, IPV6, ICMP,

move packets from source to IPSEC, ARP,
destination MPLS.

Layer 2 Data Link To organize bits into frames To RAPA, PPP, Frame
provide hop-to-hop delivery Relay, ATM, Fiber
Cable, etc.
Layer 1 Physical To transmit bits over a medium RS232, 100BaseTX,
To provide mechanical and ISDN, 11.
electrical specifications
CHAPTER – 06 / LECTURE – 01 / Function of Physical Layer
 Functions of Physical Layer:
Following are the various functions performed by the Physical layer of
the OSI model.
1. Representation of Bits: Data in this layer consists of stream of bits.
The bits must be encoded into signals for transmission. It defines the
type of encoding i.e. how 0's and 1's are changed to signal.
2. Data Rate: This layer defines the rate of transmission which is the
number of bits per second.
3. Synchronization: It deals with the synchronization of the
transmitter and receiver. The sender and receiver are synchronized at
bit level.
4.Interface: The physical layer defines the transmission interface
between devices and transmission medium.
5. Line Configuration: This layer connects devices with the medium:
Point to Point configuration and Multipoint configuration.
6. Topologies: Devices must be connected using the following
topologies: Mesh, Star, Ring and Bus.
7. Transmission Modes: Physical Layer defines the direction of
transmission between two devices: Simplex, Half Duplex, Full
Duplex.
8. Deals with baseband and broadband transmission.
Design Issues with Physical Layer

. The Physical Layer is concerned with transmitting raw bits over a

communication channel.
. The design issue has to do with making sure that when one side
sends a 1 bit, it is received by the other side as a 1 bit and not as a
0 bit.