READING IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY

FINAL EXAMINATION
BUSTAMANTE, DANIELLA MARIE B.
BS BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 1-3

1. What are the influences on our culture of the following:

a. Spaniards
Spain colonized the Philippines for almost 333 years, so it is evident that there are visible proofs of the Spanish influence in
our beliefs or religion, political systems, language, culture, and society. We say that done are the days when we were
captured but we fail to realize the Spaniard’s influences that we practice up until now. It is evident that we still practice the
Spanish influences as a way of life of Filipinos. To start off the best example of this is the influence in our religion. They
were the first who introduced Christianity to our country and converted the early Filipino inhabitants from primal religion to
Roman Catholicism. This is not just an influence in religion but also a permanent influence in culture and society. An
influence in the culture and society, in the sense that they developed systems for Christianizing Filipinos, one is the
encomienda, charity organization wherein Spaniards are rewarded for their charitable works or for the collection of tributes
for the church from the natives living within the boundaries and in return for their given tributes the encomienderos will look
after their spiritual welfare and the solemnity of the community. While other one is the reduction system, wherein natives
that lived on the outskirts of town undergo resettlement in order to gather them into communities and villages so that they
can be near the premises of the church in that way the church can play a central role in the citizen’s lives. This type of
structural organization of buildings and houses is still found today everywhere across the country, this symbolizes the
Spaniards’ cultural influences in the Filipino lives.
b. Americans
The American influences that continue to permeate our culture today may be seen in the way people dress, play sports, eat,
and live. Nowadays, people dress similarly to how most Americans do, and many Filipinos like playing basketball and other
American sports. Due to the significant influence of our invaders from long ago, our food has also undergone significant
alteration throughout time as our lifestyle has altered.
c. Japanese
The Filipinos returned to their way of life pretty much exactly as it had been before the Japanese had even arrived. Years
would pass before the Japanese began to have an impact on Filipino culture. Their influence is still very strong in the
Philippines today. But back then, it was different. Today, technology, like karaoke, videoke, cameras, etc., has had a
particularly noticeable impact on Filipino society.
2. What is the significance of the Magellan’s expedition?
a. SPAIN
Spain colonized the Philippines because of European knowledge of their existence. These might be regarded as a
component that opened the door for the "hispanization" of a few elements of Filipino culture, including our religion.
Additionally, the mission's goal—to discover a superior spice route—was not only accomplished. As a result, Magellan's
exploration significantly increased European geographic knowledge. Additionally, Europe was able to construct sizable
trading firms that routinely accessed regional trade networks and built a worldwide commodities network. With the help of
conquest and colonialism, Europe was able to establish itself as the world's dominant force. Europe become richer than it
had ever been as a result. Even part of the trade in plants and animals turned out to be very profitable for Europe.
b. PHILIPPINES
His expedition's discovery of the Philippines introduced the archipelago to European culture. Lapu-Lapu became famous for
this expedition because he resisted Spanish occupation. Christianity is a further importance that I thought was the best thing
this voyage had to offer.
c. WORLD
Magellan bears the distinction of becoming the first person to circle the globe. The Age of Exploration gave communities
and cultures a chance to connect; it brought people from all over the world together, setting the path for the globalized
economies we have today; and it made it possible for a knowledge network to span the whole planet. In a way, the changes
brought about by the European Age of Exploration are the foundation of our modern world.
3. Briefly explain the following:
a. Filipino First Policy
The Filipino First (Tagalog: Pilipino Muna) refers to a policy first introduced and implemented by the administration of then
Philippine President Carlos P. Garcia. Under the policy, Filipino-owned business is prioritized over its foreign counterparts,
and the patronizing of Filipino-made products by Filipinos was also promoted.
b. The Agricultural Land Reform Code
The Agricultural Land Reform Code, officially designated as Republic Act No. 3844, was an advancement of land reform in
the Philippines that was enacted in 1963 under President Diosdado Macapagal. It abolished tenancy and established a
leasehold system in which farmers paid fixed rentals to landlords, rather than a percentage of harvest.

c. Tyding – Mc Duffie Law

The Tydings–McDuffie Act, officially the Philippine Independence Act (Pub.L. 73–127, 48 Stat. 456, enacted March 24,
1934), is an Act of Congress that established the process for the Philippines, then an American territory, to become an
independent country after a ten-year transition period.

4. Describe the Philippine situation at the advent of the declaration of Martial Law? What were the factors leading to the
declaration of Martial Law.
In September 1972 Marcos declared martial law, claiming that it was the last defense against the rising disorder caused by
increasingly violent student demonstrations, the alleged threats of communist insurgency by the new Communist Party of
the Philippines (CPP), and the Muslim separatist movement of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF).  A state of
martial law may be declared in response to a crisis or imposed during a coup. In times of disaster or civil unrest,
a declaration of emergency is more common than a declaration of martial law because it is easier to reverse. An
emergency declaration allows the government to expand its powers temporarily to deal with a crisis, suspending some civil
liberties but avoiding military control.
5. Briefly explain the Achievements and controversies of past administration from Former Pres. Manuel Quezon to Former
Pres. Diosdado Macapagal.
MANUEL L. QUEZON
After 34 years of Insular Government under American rule, Philippine voters elected Manuel Luis Quezon first president of
the Commonwealth of the Philippines. He is known as the “Father of National Language” ( Ama ng Wikang Pambansa). He
died of tuberculosis in Saranac Lake, New York.
Contributions and Achievements:
 first Senate president elected as President of the Philippines
  first president elected through a national election
 first president under the Commonwealth
 created National Council of Education
 initiated women’s suffrage in the Philippines during the Commonwealth
 approved Tagalog/Filipino as the national language of the Philippines
 appears on the twenty-peso bill
 a province, a city, a bridge, and a university in Manila are named after him
 his body lies within the special monument on Quezon Memorial Circle

JOSE P. LAUREL
José P. Laurel's presidency is controversial. He was officially the government's caretaker during the Japanese occupation of
World War II. Criticized as a traitor by some, his indictment for treason was superseded later by an amnesty proclamation in
1948.

Contributions and Achievements:

 since the early 1960s, Laurel considered a legitimate president of the Philippines
 organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas, or Association for Service to the New
Philippines),  a provisional government during Japanese occupation
 declared Martial Law and war between the Philippines and the U.S./United Kingdom in 1944
 with his family, established the Lyceum of the Philippines

SERGIO OSMENA
Sergio Osmeña was the second president of the Commonwealth. During his presidency, the Philippines joined the
International Monetary Fund.

Contributions and Achievements:

 became president at 65, making him the oldest person to hold office
 first Visayan to become president
 joined with U.S. Gen. Douglas McArthur in Leyte on October 20, 1944, to begin restoration of Philippine freedom
after Japanese occupation
 Philippine National Bank was rehabilitated, and the country joined the International Monetary Fund during his
presidency
 Bell Trade Act was approved by the U.S. Congress during his presidency
 appears on the 50-peso bill

MANUEL L. ROXAS

Manuel Roxas was the fifth president of the Philippines: the third (and last) president under the Commonwealth, and the first
president of the Third Republic of the Philippines. He held office for only one year, 10 months, and 18 days.

Contributions and Achievements:

 inaugurated as the first president of the new Republic after World War II
 reconstruction from war damage and life without foreign rule began during his presidency
 under his term, the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and Philippine Trade Act laws were accepted by Congress
 appears on the 100-peso bill

ELPIDIO QUIRINO

Elpidio Quirino served as vice president under Manuel Roxas. When Roxas died in 1948, Quirino became president.
Contributions and Achievements:
 Hukbalahap guerrilla movement active during his presidency
 created Social Security Commission
 created Integrity Board to monitor graft and corruption
 Quezon City became capital of the Philippines in 1948

RAMON MAGSAYSAY

Ramon Magsaysay was born in Iba, Zambales. He was a military governor and an engineer. He died in an aircraft disaster
while boarding the presidential plane.

Contributions and Achievements:

 Hukbalahap movement quelled during his presidency
 chairman of the Committee on Guerrilla Affairs
 first president sworn into office wearing Barong Tagalog  during inauguration
 presidency referred to as the Philippines' "Golden Years" for its lack of corruption
 Philippines was ranked second in Asia’s clean and well-governed countries during his presidency
 established National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) among other agrarian reforms

CARLOS P. GARCIA
A lawyer, poet, and teacher, Carlos P. Garcia also served as a guerrilla leader during the Pacific War. Born in Bohol, Garcia
serviced as vice president under Ramon Magsaysay and as secretary of Foreign Affairs for four years. He became
president when Magsaysay died in 1957.

Contributions and Achievements:

 known for “Filipino First Policy,” which favored Filipino businesses over foreign investors
 established the Austerity Program focusing on Filipino trade and commerce
 known as the “Prince of Visayan Poets” and the “Bard from Bohol”
 cultural arts were revived during his term
 was the first president to have his remains buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani

DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL

Born in Lubao, Pampanga, Diosdado Macapagal was a lawyer and professor. His daughter Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was
the 14th, and second female, president of the Philippines.

Contributions and Achievements:

 established the first Land Reform Law, allowing for the purchase of private farmland to be distributed in
inexpensive, small lots to the landless
 placed the Philippine peso on the currency exchange market
 declared June 12, 1898, to be Philippines’ Independence Day
 signed the Minimum Wage Law
 created the Philippine Veteran’s Bank

6. Define and compare1935 Constitution with 1987 Constitution

The 1973 and the 1987 Constitutions maintained the Presidential form. It also got its Congress (but 1987 added the Party
List, a small percentage in practice about 10 pct, make the arithmetic). There is also maintained the Provincial set-up but
1987 added the Autonomous Regions or Autonomy thanks to Nene Pimentel the father of CoCo.
7. Your professor will pass and give you a higher grade in Philippine History
subject because
I put all my best to his subject and I do what he activities that he gave to us so I think I/we deserve the grade that equal to
our effort.