DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF IOT POWER CONTROL

SYSTEM WITH METERING FOR HOMES

BY

NYINGI ANDREW AIYEBATONYE F/HD/20/3410034

NZUBE STANLEY KANAYOCHUKWU F/HD/20/3410040

A PROJECT PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER

ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL AND

MANUFACTURING, YABA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, YABA

LAGOS, NIGERIA.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE

AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) IN COMPUTER

ENGINEERING

FEBRUARY, 2023.

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 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this project was designed and implemented by Nyingi Andrew Aiyebatonye
(F/HD/20/3410034) and Nzube Stanley Kanayochukwu (F/HD/20/3410040), in partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the award of Higher National Diploma in Computer Engineering.

……………………………………….. …..…………………………........

Engr. Adebari F. A. Date

Project Supervisor

…………………………………………. …………………………………..

Engr. N. A. Yekini Date

HOD Computer Engineering

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 DEDICATION

We dedicate this project to the Almighty God, in whom we give thanks for making this a reality and
to our amazing parents for their unwavering support and encouragement throughout this project. We
are delighted to dedicate this project to our lecturers, especially our supervisor Engr. Adebari F. A.
We also dedicate this project to all our friends, especially our departmental mates who were always
ready to give their full support whenever it is needed.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This is to sincerely express our profound appreciation to God Almighty for his grace, strength and
guidance needed in achieving success in our academic pursuit and project execution. We greatly
appreciate the effort and co-operation of our supervisor Engr. Adebari F. A. for dedicating his time to
discuss useful information throughout the entire project execution. He also not only guided and
encouraged us but also stood by us in making the project a success. Finally, we are thankful to our
parents for their financial support, encouragement and prayers upon us. We really appreciate their
support and cooperation.

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 ABSTRACT

This project focuses on the design and construction of an Internet of Things (IoT) based
power control system with metering for homes. The system is designed to monitor and
control the energy consumption of home appliances, as well as provide real-time information
on the energy consumption of each appliance. The hardware components of the system
include an ESP32 development board, a Wi-Fi module, an energy meter, and an LCD display.
The software components of the system include the Arduino Integrated Development
Environment (IDE), Blynk application, and Python programming language. The Blynk
application is used to remotely control and monitor the energy consumption of home
appliances, while Python is used for data analysis and visualization. The system is tested by
connecting various home appliances to the system and measuring their energy consumption.
The proposed system offers an affordable and efficient solution to reduce energy wastage in
homes, providing users with information on their energy consumption and helping them to
make informed decisions on energy management.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………...5

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE................................................................................................................... 9

INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................9

1.1. BACKGROUND OF STUDY ............................................................................... 9

1.2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM ………………………………………………… 10

1.3. AIM OF THE PROJECT ……………………………………………………….. 10

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT ......................................................................... 11

1.5. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT...................................................................................... 11

1.6. LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT …………........................................................ 11

CHAPTER TWO............................................................................................................... 12

LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................12

2.1. HISTORY OF THE PROJECT …………………………………………………12

2.2. IMPORTANCE OF THE PROJECT ……………………………………………12

2.3. FEATURES OF THE PROJECT ………………………………………………..13

2.4. HOME AUTOMATION …………………………………….……………..……14

2.5. METER CONTROL …………………………………………………………..…15

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2.6 STUDY OF RELATED WORKS ……………………………………………… 20

CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................. 22

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN ............................................................ 22

3.1 ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM…………………………………… 22

3.2 ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM .........................................................24

3.3 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM........................... 24

3.4 METHODOLOGY............................................................................................... 25

3.5. HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM......................... 28

3.6 SOFTWARE COMPONENTS…………………………...................................... 36

CHAPTER FOUR.............................................................................................................42

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING.........................................................42

4.1. HARDWARE COMPONENT IMPLEMENTATION ………………………… 42

4.2. SOFTWARE COMPONENT IMPLEMENTATION.............................................42

4.3 SOFTWARE INSTALLATION USING MOBILE APPLICATION.................... 43

4.4. SYSTEM TESTING ……………………………………………………………...44

BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION (BEME) ...............45

CHAPTER FIVE ................................................................................................................46

RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION ..............................................................46

5.1. RECOMMENDATION......................................................................................... 46

5.2. CONCLUSION...................................................................................................... 46

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5.3. LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT ………………………………………………..47

5.5. DELIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT …………………………………………….47

REFERENCES....................................................................................................................48

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

A significant amount of technological development has taken place in this field of home
automation. Initial mobile-based home automation systems utilized Java-based boards,
central computers, and servers. Later, Bluetooth, RFID, cellular network, and Wi-Fi
technologies were utilized in home automation systems, along with Arduino and Raspberry
Pi integrated into Android phones. In recent times voice control over the internet, cloud
networking, and wireless communication have been utilized for home automation systems.
Latest trends include Machine Learning algorithms and Block-Chain technologies for
enhancing communication, reliability, and security, and the setting up of an intelligent home
automation system employing integrity of the network. A Raspberry Pi with a Python
interface, on the other hand, is an economical, efficient, and scalable method with excellent
user experience.

The term Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the collective network of linked devices and the
technology that facilitates communication between them. Home automation is one of the best
examples of IoT as it seamlessly integrates consumer electronic gadgets, such as cameras,
kitchen appliances, lights, fans, air-conditioners, etc., to each other via the internet. The
wireless network approach towards IoT-based smart homes - employing a Raspberry device
and Python coding offers cost-effective and scalable solutions which can be easily maintained
and preserved. It results in numerous benefits such as security and continuous monitoring of
our homes, energy conservation, and addresses entertainment, comfort, and lifestyle aspects
also. This project on designing and constructing an IoT Power control system with metering
for our homes examines the practical trials and effectiveness of an economical home
automation system. Through a Raspberry Pi and Python web-based interface home
automation system, the users operate their home devices and manage their energy
consumption. Using an electricity usage monitor, we can measure and display the kWh
consumed by each appliance. And in return, you can switch off a device that may be
consuming too much power through the application on your device programmed by the
Raspberry Pi 4. This is in tandem with the development of technology and the continuous

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improvement of people's living standards, and people are pursuing automated, intelligent, and
convenient home control systems.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Home electronics can open up a new dimension in home automation, mainly when used with
Raspberry Pi. However, there are a few dangers and concerns when manually operating your
electricity from the main distribution box. This includes the risk of electrocution and the
danger of electrical fires if the components are not rated correctly. Another concern is the
wastage of electrical energy when the appliances connected to the mains are left on. The
deplorable economic situation of the country today has left homeowners looking for viable
means to save on electricity bills. This project dramatically tackles that aspect. With an
electricity usage monitor connected to the Raspberry Pi 4, a homeowner may be able to check
the kWh consumed and switch off said devices. It is true that every electrical appliance, even
when on standby, still consumes power, but this consumption cannot be compared to when
the appliance is turned on. So, therefore, the homeowner can save on energy bills and reduce
any financial constraints concerning his home’s electricity.

This design significantly reduces any health risk or wastage of energy by using commercially
available devices like smartphones and laptops for remote control. The power consumption is
monitored and controlled on your device, which enables you to have freedom of operation
and helps monitor and manage the energy consumption in your home.

1.3 AIM
The main objective of this project is to design and construct a control system that allows the
remote manipulation of the controls of home appliances. Additionally, we aim to enable the
homeowner to save and monitor the electrical energy consumption of home appliances. With
the state of the financial situation of the country and the world we live in today, we believe
our project will be a viable option for saving precious finances.

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1.4 OBJECTIVES
i. To design and construct a system to control electrical appliances remotely based on
the Internet of Things technology.
ii. To use an electricity usage monitor to view your energy consumption rate via your
device
iii. To construct a control system that will be of financial aid to homeowners in Nigeria
and beyond.
iv. To construct a control system that will be able to minimize and, in return, save energy
consumption.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The users can monitor and control home appliances anytime, anywhere, making our houses
more automated and intelligent. Currently, the PC is used as the remote-control terminal for
most home control systems [however, there are some problems with the PC monitor terminal,
such as its great bulk, inconvenience to carry, high cost, limited monitoring range, and so on.]
Therefore, it is a good choice to design a terminal based on remote devices like your
smartphone.

1.6 LIMITATIONS
i. The design's operating effectiveness and performance is limited to the availability of
power supply.
ii. It is also limited to the availability of stable internet connection.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 HISTORY OF THE PROJECT

The development of IoT-based home energy management systems can be traced back to the
early 2000s when the concept of smart homes began to emerge. With the increasing
availability of high-speed internet connections and the widespread use of mobile devices, the
idea of connecting home appliances and systems to the internet and enabling remote control
and monitoring gained popularity.

In the following years, numerous research studies and projects were conducted to develop
and test IoT-based home energy management systems. These systems typically included
sensors, smart plugs, and software applications that enabled users to monitor and control their
energy use.

Over time, the development of IoT technologies and the increasing awareness of the need for
sustainable energy use led to the development of more sophisticated and comprehensive
home energy management systems. Today, IoT-based home energy management systems are
widely available, and they play an important role in promoting sustainable energy use and
reducing energy wastage in homes.

The project on IoT power control system with metering for homes likely emerged as a
response to the growing need for more efficient and effective home energy management
systems, and it builds on the earlier research and development in this area.

2.2 IMPORTANCE OF THE PROJECT

The IoT power control system with metering for homes is an important project for several
reasons. Firstly, it addresses the issue of energy wastage in homes, which is a major problem
in many parts of the world. By providing real-time information on energy consumption, the

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system enables users to monitor and control their energy use more effectively, leading to
significant reductions in energy wastage.

Secondly, the project promotes the use of renewable energy sources such as solar power,
which is an important step towards achieving sustainable energy goals. By integrating solar
power into the energy management system, users can reduce their reliance on non-renewable
energy sources and contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

Thirdly, the project demonstrates the potential of IoT-based systems in improving the
efficiency and effectiveness of home energy management. By using advanced technologies
such as Wi-Fi modules, LCD displays, and Blynk software, the system provides users with a
user-friendly and efficient way to monitor and control their energy use.

Overall, this project has the potential to contribute significantly to the development of more
sustainable and efficient home energy management systems, with far-reaching benefits for
individuals, communities, and the environment.

2.3 FEATURES OF THE PROJECT

The IoT power control system with metering for homes is a comprehensive system designed
to help homeowners monitor and manage their energy use more effectively. Some of the key
features of this project include:

Smart Power Control: The system enables users to control the power supply to their
appliances remotely using a mobile app, helping to reduce energy wastage and lower energy
bills.

Real-time Energy Monitoring: The energy meter in the system provides real-time
information on energy consumption, allowing users to monitor their energy use and identify
areas where they can reduce wastage.

Integration of Renewable Energy Sources: The system is designed to integrate renewable

energy sources such as solar power, enabling users to reduce their reliance on non-renewable
energy sources and contribute to a more sustainable future.

User-friendly Interface: The system is designed to be user-friendly, with an LCD display

and mobile app interface that provides users with easy-to-understand information on energy
use and control over their appliances.

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Wi-Fi Connectivity: The system is connected to the internet via a Wi-Fi module, allowing
users to control their appliances and monitor their energy use remotely using a mobile app.

Overall, the project is designed to provide homeowners with a comprehensive and user-
friendly solution for managing their energy use more effectively and promoting sustainable
energy practices.

2.4 HOME AUTOMATION

When people think about home automation, most of them may imagine living in a smart
home: One remote controller for every household appliance, cooking the rice automatically,
starting air conditioner automatically, heating water for bath automatically and shading the
window automatically during night. To some extent home automation equals to smart home.
They both bring out smart living condition and make our life more convenient and faster.
Early home automation began with labor-saving machines. Self-contained electric or gas-
powered home appliance became viable in the 1900s with the introduction of electric power
distribution led to the introduction of washing machine (1904), water heater (1889),
refrigerator, sewing machines, dishwashers and clothes dryers. As per our survey currently
there exists system neither at cheaper rates nor easy to handle. Various systems are hard to
install, difficult to use and maintain. Current systems are generally proprietary, closed and not
very user friendly based on low-cost home automation system.

Previous Works - In their paper, Tan, Lee and Soh (2002) proposed the development of an
Internet-based system to allow monitoring of important process variables from a distributed
control system (DCS). This paper proposes hardware and software design considerations
which enable the user to access the process variables on the DCS, remotely and effectively
rent designations.

Potamitis, Georgila, Fakotakis, and Kokkinos’s, G. (2003) suggested the use of speech to
interact remotely with the home appliances to perform a particular action on behalf of the
user. The approach is inclined for people with disability to perform reallife operations at
home by directing appliances through speech. Voice separation strategy is selected to take
appropriate decision by speech recognition.

In the year 2006, S. M. AnamulHaque,S. M. Kamruzzaman and Md. Ashraful Islam proposed
a system entitled “A System for Smart-Home Control of Appliances Based on Time and

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Speech Interaction” that controls the home appliances using the personal computer. This
system is developed by using the Visual Basic 6.0 as programming language and Microsoft
voice engine tools for speech recognition purpose. Appliances can be either controlled by
timer or by voice command.

Jawarkar, Ahmed, Ladhake, and Thakare (2008) propose remote monitoring through mobile
phone involving the use of spoken commands. The spoken commands are generated and sent
in the form of text SMS to the control system and then the microcontroller on the basis of
SMS takes a decision of a particular task.

Prof. Era Johri Dept. Of Information and Technology K.J.Somaiya College of Engineering
VIDYAVIHAR, MUMBAI in (2001) have successfully completed the project on “Remote
Controlled Home Automation”

2.5 METER CONTROL

In smart metering mechanisms, the electronic power meter is utilized to fully remote control
the appliances, anti-tampering or anti-theft mechanisms, diagnostics, consumption and power
peak analysis, time-variable tariffs, fault alerts, and other possible instances. The use of the
“PowerLine Communication”, known as PLC or relevant wireless and wired types of
technologies for the connection of the service provider to the meter allows these
aforementioned features compatible and realistic with the future protocols of smart grid.
Smart energy meters are typically digital meters that work in substitute for the old analog
meters many homes use for the recording of their electrical use. Details of energy
consumption can be transmitted by digital meters frequently to the utility as opposed to the
conventional analog meters that need transmit the information using a meter reader. Home
electric energy use is being recorded hourly or less. With smart meters, monitoring your
consumption is easier and accurate to enable you make any informed decisions regarding the
energy or controlling the use of energy. Some feature sets of the meter are capable of
notifying about power outage or enable the switching on or off of the electricity service of the
utility.

Previous Work - In this section, we have highlighted some of the previous works that are
relevant to the proposed design.

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A) Design of an Automatic Meter Reading System: This project discusses the process of
the Automatic Meter Reading system (AMR), which is a programmable meter
reading, integrated, and control system as opposed to the usual telephone networks.
As expected, the AMR is an automated type of system, having a two-way system that
enables utility meter management and remote reading. The management processes
and meter reading are free from the involvement of humans. Efficiency, cost-
effectiveness, speed, and accuracy are different benefits from the adoption of AMR
systems. The entire system operates on the basis of the current telephone networks;
consequently, anywhere a telephone network is reachable, this service works. These
are fully automatically and electronically achieved, thereby putting an end to the
semi-automatic (and manual) meter entry and reading, reading errors, billing floats,
and callbacks.

Figure 2.0 Automatic Meter Reading System

B) Data Reading from Smart Energy Meters in a Modern Metering Infrastructure: Data
frequently gathered through the conventional method from electricity meters on the
basis of people displacements have the tendency of being substituted from the
electricity meters, with respect to the people moving houses; have the tendency of
being substituted by modern solutions: the Automated Meter Reading and the drive-
by. Drive-by is just the mobile devices, moving close to the meters, gathering data.
There are less personnel and nothing like manual readings. Moreover, the AMR is the
automatic collection of data directly from the meters and transferring it to a particular
central computer. AMR has benefits like subsidized costs to read meter, accessing

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 meters easily, which can be otherwise hard to access due to their security measures or
positions, higher fraud detection, real-time pricing supported, decreased read-to-bill
time, and many more. Smart meters are very essential to AMR. Asides from their
conventional functions, reading the consumptions requires smart meters to be capable
of sending the readings directly across the communication lines. Many advanced
systems require the meter to identify consumers’ address as well as the activation or
deactivation of internal modules. The required requirements must be satisfied by a
meter, particularly for getting the data read from the convention area of the meter as
well as providing a response to the commands provided by the lines. A particular
infrastructure is required by the AMR. These include the unidirectional system, which
implies that there is a periodical sending of data by meters, or could be bidirectional,
where the possibility of getting the system managed is added, an instance is the
connection and disconnection of users, for the gathering of the data directly from the
meters based on set standards, for the grouping of the meters and more. This
infrastructure is regarded as Advanced Metering Infrastructure, represented as AMI.
AMI has a communication channel, which has to make sure the data collector
otherwise known as gateway and the data collector of the communication smart meter
otherwise known as gateway of the central computer exist. The solutions include the
wired solution or the wireless solution. The preferred solution has to consider the
distances that exist between the devices, while considering the current infrastructure
and associated financial implications.

C) IR Remote Controlled Home Automation: The IR based wireless type of

communication system for the control of home appliance is discussed in this work.
The entire process is controlled using Arduino. A few commands are sent with the use
of IR DVD/TV/MP3 remote to controlling system of the AC home appliances. Public
Information 12 When the signal had been received from the IR remote, the related
signal is sent by Arduino to relays that are in charge of getting the home appliances
switched ON or OFF with the help of the relay driver. This is quite simple. A code is
sent when a button is pressed on the remote just like train of encoded pulses. 38
Kilohertz of modulating frequency is used. The TSOP1738 sensor receives the pulses
and Arduino reads and decodes directly to a hexadecimal value after comparing the
decoded value with the pressed button’s predefined hexadecimal value. Any match

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 from this makes Arduino operate as expected and the 16x2 LCD presents the
corresponding result with the use of the suitable commands.

Figure 2.1 Block diagram of IR remote controlled home automation.

D) SMS-based Reconfigurable Automatic Meter Reading System Most utility

organizations and engineers now popularly use the AMR system. Besides just
substituting the manual meter reading, AMR uses an automatic procedure, with lots of
benefits, including enhanced load profile, higher speed, real time energy cost,
automatic billing invoice, alarm warning, load management, tamper detection, and
remote power switch on or off. In the near future, AMR will become renowned.
Presently, there is a constant evolvement of AMR schemes. An integration of the
benefits these digital energy meters provide makes contemporary AMR systems very
advanced, with adaptable features as opposed to the past systems of many years ago.
The emergence of these recent communication technologies, including their
constantly reducing costs and competitive markets make the traditional meter reading
system extinction appear unavoidable.

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 Figure 2.2 SMS based system

Since the development of energy, conservation for homes and commercial buildings is
increasing, providing suitable methods to assess energy usage efficiently. Several efforts have
been made and are discussed in the literature part of this chapter. In our work, we have
proposed a simple, more economical solution for energy conservation. The method is
implemented with accurate calculation of line parameters, and can determine the various
values like voltage, current, power calculation and energy usage. In addition, the system is
equipped with a Wi-Fi module to control the appliance remotely. This would help the
consumers with better options to monitor the energy usage and at the same time, would have
an option to control the home appliances remotely. This low-cost solution is mostly suitable
for domestic applications.

2.6 RESEARCH OF RELATED WORKS

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Several related works have been conducted in the area of IoT-based home energy
management systems. E. Skorupa et al. [1] proposed a smart home energy management
system with demand response and IoT-based user feedback. The system was designed to
improve energy efficiency in residential buildings by providing users with real-time energy
consumption data, and enabling demand response strategies. The system was tested in a real-
world scenario and was found to be effective in reducing energy consumption.

M. Karami et al. [2] conducted a comprehensive review of IoT-based home energy

management systems. The review covered various aspects of the system, including hardware
and software components, communication protocols, and applications. The study identified
key challenges in the development and implementation of such systems, such as data privacy
and security, interoperability, and standardization.

T. Zhi et al. [3] proposed an intelligent home energy management system based on IoT. The
system was designed to optimize energy consumption by analyzing user behavior, weather
conditions, and other factors. The system was tested in a simulated environment and was
found to be effective in reducing energy consumption.

J. Ngowi et al. [4] designed an IoT-based home energy management system with metering.
The system was designed to monitor and control the energy consumption of home appliances
and to provide real-time information on the energy consumption of each appliance. The
system was tested in a laboratory setting and was found to be effective in reducing energy
consumption.

In addition to the related works mentioned earlier, there have been numerous other studies
conducted on IoT-based home energy management systems. One such study by N. A. Alrajeh
et al. [5] proposed a smart home energy management system that integrates renewable energy
sources such as solar panels and wind turbines. The system was designed to manage energy
flows within the home and to ensure that energy demand is met through a combination of
renewable and non-renewable sources.

Another study by T. Alsumaiti et al. [6] proposed an IoT-based smart home system for
energy management and monitoring. The system was designed to provide real-time data on
energy consumption and to enable users to control their home appliances remotely. The
system was tested in a laboratory setting and was found to be effective in reducing energy
consumption.

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In a similar study, H. Wang et al. [7] designed an IoT-based home energy management
system that uses artificial intelligence algorithms to optimize energy consumption. The
system was designed to learn user behavior patterns and to adjust energy consumption
accordingly. The system was tested in a simulated environment and was found to be effective
in reducing energy consumption.

Overall, these studies demonstrate the potential of IoT-based home energy management
systems in reducing energy wastage in homes. However, further research is needed to address
the challenges of interoperability, data privacy and security, and standardization in the
development and implementation of such systems.

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 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
In this chapter, we will discuss the research methodology, various design constraints and
available options for implementing the various stages of smart energy metering and remote
controlling of home appliances. This chapter focuses on the design steps of the energy meter
implementation.

3.1 ANALYSIS OF EXISTING SYSTEM

Existing smart home energy management systems can be categorized based on their hardware
and software components, as well as their level of automation and connectivity.

One such system is the Nest Learning Thermostat, which uses machine learning algorithms to
optimize heating and cooling settings based on user preferences and schedule. The system
also includes sensors to detect occupancy and adjust temperature accordingly. The Nest
system can be controlled remotely through a mobile app and integrated with other smart
home devices.

Another system is the Sense Home Energy Monitor, which uses machine learning to identify
and track energy usage of individual devices in a home. The system provides real-time
feedback and alerts for unusual energy consumption, as well as detailed historical reports.
The Sense system can also be integrated with other smart home devices and controlled
through a mobile app.

The Wiser Energy system by Schneider Electric is another smart home energy management
system that includes a whole-home energy monitor and control panel. The system provides
real-time energy usage data and can be controlled remotely through a mobile app. The Wiser
Energy system can also be integrated with other smart home devices, such as smart
thermostats and lighting.

One of the main challenges facing existing smart home energy management systems is the
lack of interoperability and standardization between different devices and protocols. This can
lead to difficulties in integrating different devices and systems, as well as limiting the overall
functionality and automation of the system. Additionally, there may be privacy and security
concerns related to the collection and storage of energy usage data.

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3.2 ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

The design and construction of an IoT power control system with metering for homes
involves the integration of different technologies to create an efficient and smart energy
management solution. The system comprises several components, including relays, energy
meters, wireless communication, and cloud-based data analytics.

The IoT power control system provides homeowners with the ability to monitor and control
their energy consumption remotely. With the use of relays and energy meters, the system can
measure the amount of energy used by different appliances and provide data to homeowners.
This information can help homeowners identify energy-hungry appliances and develop
strategies to reduce their energy usage.

The use of wireless communication technology enables the system to connect to the internet
and the cloud. This connectivity allows homeowners to access the system remotely through
their smartphones or web browsers. The cloud-based data analytics provide insights into
energy consumption patterns, cost-saving opportunities, and appliance performance. This
information can be used to optimize energy usage, reduce costs, and improve the lifespan of
appliances.

Overall, the IoT power control system with metering for homes is an effective energy
management solution that can help homeowners monitor, control and optimize their energy
usage. The system provides real-time data, cost-saving opportunities, and remote control
capabilities, making it a valuable addition to any smart home. Some of the features are:

Some of the key features of an IoT power control system with metering for homes may
include:

1. Relays - These are devices that can be attached to appliances to monitor and control
energy consumption remotely.

2. Energy meters - These are sensors that can be installed in the electrical panel of a
home to measure energy usage.

3. Wireless communication - The system can use various communication protocols like
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or ZigBee to connect to the internet and the cloud.

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 4. Mobile app - A mobile application can be used to monitor energy consumption in
real-time, control appliances, and receive alerts and notifications.

5. Cloud-based analytics - The system can provide data analysis and insights on energy
consumption patterns, appliance performance, and cost-saving opportunities.

6. Scheduling - The system can allow users to schedule appliance usage during off-peak
hours when energy rates are lower.

7. Automatic power off - The system can automatically turn off appliances that are not
in use to reduce energy consumption and save on costs.

Overall, the features of an IoT power control system with metering for homes are designed to
provide homeowners with efficient and sustainable energy management capabilities. The
system can help users monitor and control energy consumption remotely, identify cost-saving
opportunities, and promote energy efficiency.

3.3 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN FOR PROPOSED SYSTEM

The architectural design of an IoT power control system with metering for homes typically
consists of several layers, including hardware, firmware, communication, and software. Here
is an overview of the architectural design for this project:

1. Hardware Layer: The hardware layer consists of the physical components of the
system, including the energy meter, relays, current/voltage sensor, LCD display, and
any sensors or other devices connected to the system. The hardware layer interfaces
with the firmware layer to collect and transmit data, provide remote control
functionality, and display real-time information on energy consumption and cost.

2. Firmware Layer: The firmware layer runs on the system components, including the
energy meter, relays, current/voltage sensor, and any sensors or other devices
connected to the system. The firmware is responsible for collecting and transmitting
data to the cloud-based platform, providing remote control functionality, interfacing
with the LCD display, and providing security measures to protect the system from
cyber-attacks.

3. Communication Layer: The communication layer uses various communication

protocols, such as WiFi, Bluetooth, and Zigbee, to enable the system components to

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 communicate with each other and the cloud-based platform. The communication layer
ensures that the data collected by the system is transmitted securely and reliably,
allowing the system to operate efficiently and effectively.

4. Software Layer: The software layer consists of the mobile app and the cloud-based
platform. The mobile app enables homeowners to control their appliances, monitor
their energy usage, and receive alerts and notifications. The cloud-based platform
stores and analyzes the data collected from the system components, providing real-
time information on energy consumption and cost, and uses machine learning
algorithms to provide personalized recommendations to optimize energy usage and
reduce costs.

Overall, the architectural design for an IoT power control system with metering for homes
consists of multiple layers that work together to provide homeowners with real-time
information on their energy consumption, cost, and system status. The hardware layer
interfaces with the firmware layer to collect and transmit data, the communication layer
ensures that the data is transmitted securely and reliably, and the software layer provides a
user-friendly interface for homeowners to interact with the system and make informed
decisions about their energy usage.

3.4 METHODOLOGY
The embedded system is an essential and digital system having a dedicated operation within a
massive electrical system or mechanical system, usually having real-time computing
limitations. It is incorporated as one of the complete devices, which usually include
mechanical and hardware parts. On the contrary, a personal computer or the general-purpose
computer is made flexible to satisfy the different needs of the end-users.

Most of the devices used nowadays are controlled by the embedded systems. The modern
embedded systems’ operations are on the basis of microcontrollers alongside peripheral
interfaces and/or the integrated memory, while the ordinary microprocessors (with the use of
external chips for the peripheral interface circuits and memory) remain popular, particularly
in complex systems. In any of these cases, there are different types of the processor(s)

25
applied, which include the general-purpose ones and the extremely specialized ones in
specific computation categories, or including the custom designed for the underworking
application. Generally, an energy or electric meter measures the quantity of consumed
electric energy by an entity (electrically powered device, residence or business). Typically,
energy meters have calibration in billing units – kilowatt-hour (kWh). The energy consumed
and billing cycles are set up by the periodic readings of the electricity meters amid a cycle.
For the choice of energy savings for a particular time, the settings of the meters can be used
for the demand measurement, including the maximum power used for a particular interval.
Electric rates are allowed by “time of day” metering to change during the day, for usage
recording amid the off-peak lower-cost intervals or the peak high-cost intervals. Additionally,
other types of meters are designed with demand response load, which shed amid peak load
intervals. Since the 1880s when electric energy spread commercially, it turned out to be
extremely essential that an electric energy meter, just like the gas meters around, was
necessitated to appropriately get customers billed for the energy costs, rather than being
billed for a particular fixed lamp number each month. The majority of the research kinds of
meters were created. A DC electromechanical meter was first operated by Edison alongside a
straightforward reading register, but rather got the electrochemical metering system designed,
which made use of an electrolytic cell to sum up the existing consumption.

A) Unit of Measurement: The simplest unit of measuring the electricity is the kilowatt-
hour [kWh], which is equal to the amount of power consumption used by a load of
one kilowatt over a period of one hour, or 3,600,000 joules. Power consumption is
normally measured in watts, but averaged over a period, most often a quarter or half
hour. Reactive power is measured in "thousands of voltampere reactive-hours",
(Kw/h).
By convention, a "lagging" or inductive load, such as a motor, will have positive
reactive power. Only in the presence of external measuring pulse.
The number of pulses measured can be converted to current.
Number of pulses measured in 5sec = x
Number of pulses measured in 1sec = x/5;
Number of pulses measured in 60 sec = (60*x)

B) Hall Effect Based Measurements Technique: In the proposed design, the current
used is based on the Hall Effect sensor. The Hall Effect sensor-based measurement is
26
a very popular method for measuring magnetic field and can be found in many state
of the art devices for various applications. It may include vehicle speed as wheel
speed, as motion sensor, for motor speed measurements devices i.e., tachometer.
MEMS compasses and proximity sensors. In the Hall Effect sensor, current flows in a
straight path in the Hall Effect plate (sensor). If a magnetic field near the conducive
plate is disturbed, the straight flow of the charge gets disturbed and deflected to one
side of the conducive plate and the +ve charges on the other side of the conductive
plate. Thus, a voltage difference is created within the sensor and can be utilized to
measure the speed of the motor.
The basic Hall Element of the Hall Effect magnetic sensors mostly provides very
small voltage of only a few microvolts; hence it is necessary to manufacture high gain
built-in- amplifiers within sensor IC.

Figure 3.0 and Figure 3.1 Block Diagram of Hall Effect Sensor

The Hall Effect sensor is connected with high gain amplifier within the IC and an
analog output voltage is obtained in the circuit. In the figure above, the output of the
amplifier is fed to the Schmitt trigger circuit. The Schmitt trigger circuit is a logic
input type that gives two different voltage levels, thus the output can be utilized as
digital signal. The output sensors provide 2 output states, either “ON” or “OFF”. This

27
 type of circuit is useful to avoid noisy input and signals with abrupt and unexpected
variation in the signals.
The Hall Effect based measurement setup is very important to accurately determine,
provides a relatively simple method to measure the change in magnetic field, and can
be easily deployed in such applications. Because of its simplicity, low cost, and fast
turnaround time, Hall Effect sensor, based measurement techniques are indispensable
in the industry, research and in laboratories.
3.5 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE COMPONENTS OF PROPOSED DESIGN

1. HARDWARE COMPONENTS:

RELAYS:

These are small devices that can be plugged into an electrical outlet and connected to an
appliance. These can monitor energy consumption and can be remotely controlled through
wireless communication.

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically

operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relay. Relays
are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a separate low power signal, or where
several circuits must be controlled by one signal. Relays were used extensively in telephone
exchanges and early computers to perform logical operation.

Figure 3.2 Relay Board

A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electronic motor
or other loads is called a contactor. Solid state relay controls power circuit with no moving

28
parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relay calibrated operating
characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits
from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by
digital instruments still called “protective relay”.

Channel Relay Board Description - 8 Channel Relay Board is a simple and convenient way to
interface 8 relays for switching applications in your project. Input voltage level supports TTL
as well as CMOS. Easy interface with Microcontrollers based projects and analog circuits.
Specifications:

● Input supply 12 VDC @ 336 mA

● Output eight SPDT relay
● Relay specification 5 A @ 230 VAC
● Trigger level 2 ~ 15 VDC
● Header connector for connecting power and trigger voltage
● LED on each channel indicates relay status
● Screw terminal connector for easy relay output and aux power connection
● Four mounting holes of 3.2 mm each
● PCB dimensions 152 mm x 60 mm

ENERGY METER

These are sensors that can be installed in the electrical panel of a home to measure energy
usage. The energy meter is a sensor that is installed in the electrical panel of a home to
measure energy usage. The energy meter works by detecting the electrical current flowing
through the wires in the panel and measuring the amount of energy consumed by the home.

Energy meters can be either analog or digital. Analog meters have a spinning disk that rotates
in proportion to the amount of energy consumed, while digital meters use electronic circuitry
to measure energy usage. Digital meters are generally more accurate and provide more
detailed information on energy consumption.

The energy meter in this design can be connected to the internet and send real-time data to a
cloud-based platform for analysis. The data collected by the energy meter can be used to
provide homeowners with a detailed breakdown of their energy consumption. This
information can help homeowners identify which appliances are consuming the most energy

29
and take steps to reduce their usage. The system can also provide alerts and notifications to
homeowners when energy consumption exceeds certain thresholds, helping them stay within
their energy budget.

Overall, the energy meter is an essential component of an IoT power control system with
metering for homes. It provides critical data on energy consumption that can be used to
optimize energy usage, reduce costs, and promote sustainable energy management practices.

CURRENT/VOLTAGE SENSORS:

These devices act as a bridge between the relays and the cloud-based platform. They collect
data from the relays and send it to the cloud for analysis. In this project execution, we have
started our work by looking for voltage and current sensors. A number of sensors are
available online but it is hard to find them in the local market. We got SCT-013 & Voltage
sensor and design procedure and the selection of the rest of the components were based on
this sensor.

● Current Sensor
A current transformer (CT) is a type of transformer, which is used to measure alternating
current as shown in the figure below. It flows a current in its secondary coil, which is
proportional to the current in its primary coil. In this project, we have selected SCT-013
current sensor.

Figure 3.3 Current Sensor

● Voltage Sensor

30
Voltage sensor made from the step-down transformer as shown in the figure below. It has
high accuracy for voltage and power measurement and it can measure up to 380V AC. It is
simple to use and highly accurate.

Figure 3.4 Voltage Sensor

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY:

The WiFi module is a crucial component in the design of an IoT power control system with
metering for homes. It provides wireless communication between the system components,
allowing data to be transmitted between the relays, energy meters, current/voltage sensor, and
cloud-based platform.

Here are some ways in which the WiFi module is used in this design:

1. Connectivity: The WiFi module allows the relays and energy meters to connect to the
internet and the cloud-based platform. This connectivity enables real-time data
transmission, allowing homeowners to monitor their energy consumption and control
their appliances remotely.

2. Remote Control: The WiFi module allows homeowners to remotely control their
appliances using the mobile app. For example, a homeowner can turn off an appliance
that was left on by accident using the mobile app. The WiFi module enables this
functionality by transmitting the control signal from the mobile app to the smart plug
or current/voltage sensor, which then sends the signal to the appliance.

31
 3. Energy Management: The WiFi module enables the system to collect real-time data
on energy consumption and transmit it to the cloud-based platform for analysis.
Machine learning algorithms can be used to develop personalized recommendations to
optimize energy consumption, reduce energy costs, and promote sustainable energy
management practices.

4. Data Analytics: The WiFi module enables the cloud-based platform to receive data
from the system components, including energy consumption data from the energy
meters, and appliance usage data from the relays. This data can be analyzed in real-
time to provide homeowners with detailed analytics on energy consumption patterns,
appliance performance, and cost-saving opportunities.

5. Alerts and Notifications: The WiFi module enables the system to send alerts and
notifications to homeowners when energy consumption exceeds certain thresholds or
when an appliance is left on for an extended period. This feature helps homeowners
stay within their energy budget and avoid wasting energy.

Overall, the WiFi module is a critical component in the design of an IoT power control
system with metering for homes. It provides the necessary connectivity, data transmission,
and remote control capabilities required to create an efficient and sustainable energy
management system.

The Wifi module used in this project is the ESP8266, which is a low-cost Wi-Fi chip with full
TCP/IP stack and microcontroller unit. This small module allows microcontrollers to connect
to a Wi-Fi network and make simple TCP/IP connection using Hayes style commands, The
ESP8266 with 1MiB of built in flash, allowing for single chip device capable of connecting
to Wi-Fi.

Figure 3.5 ESP8266 used in this project

32
The various features of ESP8266 WIFI MODULE are as follows: -

● Processor: L106 32-bit Reduced instruction set computer processor core based on
Tensilica Xtensa Diamond Standard 106 micro running at 80 MHZ*.
● 64 KiB of instruction RAM, 96 KiB of data RAM.
● External QSPI flash: 512 KiB to 4MiB.
● WPA/WPA2 authentication, or open networks.

LCD

33
An electronic device that is used to display data and the message is known as LCD 16×2. As
the name suggests, it includes 16 Columns & 2 Rows so it can display 32 characters
(16×2=32) in total & every character will be made with 5×8 (40) Pixel Dots. So the total
pixels within this LCD can be calculated as 32 x 40 otherwise 1280 pixels. In LCD 16×2, the
term LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display that uses a plane panel display technology, used
in screens of computer monitors & TVs, smartphones, tablets, mobile devices, etc. Both the
displays like LCD & CRTs look the same but their operation is different. Instead of electron

34
diffraction at a glass display, a liquid crystal display has a backlight that provides light to
each pixel that is arranged in a rectangular network.

Every pixel includes a blue, red, green sub-pixel that can be switched ON/OFF. Once all
these pixels are deactivated, then it will appear black and when all the sub-pixels are
activated then it will appear white. By changing the levels of each light, different colour
combinations are achievable.
The LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is an essential component in the design of an IoT power
control system with metering for homes. It provides homeowners with real-time information
on the energy consumed by their appliances, helping them to monitor their energy
consumption and identify opportunities to optimize their energy usage.
Here are some ways in which the LCD is used in this design:

1. Display Energy Consumption: The LCD displays the energy consumed by each
appliance connected to the system in real-time. This information can help
homeowners identify which appliances are consuming the most energy and take steps
to reduce their usage. The display also allows homeowners to see the impact of
turning off an appliance or adjusting its usage patterns, enabling them to make
informed decisions about their energy consumption.

2. Display Cost Information: The LCD can also display the cost of the energy
consumed by each appliance. This feature enables homeowners to see the financial
impact of their energy consumption and make decisions based on both their energy
usage and their budget.

3. Display System Status: The LCD can display system status information, such as
whether the system is connected to the internet, whether the energy meter is
functioning correctly, and whether any appliances are currently turned on. This
information can help homeowners troubleshoot any issues with the system and ensure
that it is operating correctly.

4. User Interface: The LCD can also serve as a user interface for the system. For
example, it can display menu options for setting up the system, configuring the energy
meter, or adjusting the settings for individual appliances. This feature enables
homeowners to interact with the system directly and make changes as needed.

35
The LCD is an essential component of an IoT power control system with metering for homes.
It provides real-time information on energy consumption, cost, and system status, helping
homeowners to monitor their energy usage and make informed decisions about their energy
consumption.

3.6 SOFTWARE COMPONENTS

The software components used in the design of an IoT power control system with metering
for homes are crucial for the system's operation, data analysis, and management. Here are
some of the software components used in this design:

Mobile App (REMOTEX):

A mobile app is a critical component of the system, allowing homeowners to control their
appliances, monitor their energy usage, and receive alerts and notifications. The mobile app
enables remote control of the appliances, collects data from the system components, and
displays real-time information on energy consumption and cost. The app also uses machine
learning algorithms to provide personalized recommendations to optimize energy usage and
reduce costs.

RemoteXY is a mobile app that allows users to create custom user interfaces (UIs) for
controlling and monitoring their connected devices. In home automation, RemoteXY can be
used to create a custom UI for controlling and monitoring various smart home devices, such
as lights, thermostats, door locks, and other appliances.

To use RemoteXY in home automation, users would need to first set up their smart home
devices to communicate with the app, either through a central hub or directly over Wi-Fi.
They can then use the RemoteXY app to create a custom UI with buttons, sliders, and other
controls that correspond to each device or function they want to control.

For example, a user may create a custom UI with buttons for turning on/off lights, adjusting
thermostat settings, and locking/unlocking doors. They can then use the app to control these
devices from their smartphone or tablet, even when they're away from home.

RemoteXY also provides data visualization and logging capabilities, allowing users to
monitor and analyze the performance of their connected devices over time. This can help

36
users identify energy inefficiencies or other issues that need to be addressed in their home
automation system.

Cloud-Based Platform:

The cloud-based platform is where the data collected from the system components is stored,
analyzed, and processed. The platform receives data from the energy meters, relays, and
current/voltage sensor, allowing homeowners to view real-time information on their energy
consumption, appliance usage, and system status. The cloud-based platform uses machine
learning algorithms to analyze the data and provide personalized recommendations to
optimize energy usage, reduce costs, and promote sustainable energy management practices.

Firmware:

The firmware is the software that runs on the system components, such as the energy meters,
relays, and current/voltage sensors. The firmware is responsible for collecting and
transmitting data to the cloud-based platform, providing remote control functionality, and
interfacing with the LCD display. The firmware is also responsible for providing the
necessary security measures to protect the system from cyber-attacks.

Machine Learning Algorithms:

Machine learning algorithms are used to analyze the data collected by the system components
and provide personalized recommendations to optimize energy usage, reduce costs, and
promote sustainable energy management practices. The algorithms analyze the data on
energy consumption patterns, appliance usage, and cost, providing insights into how to
reduce energy usage and save costs.

Communication Protocols:

The communication protocols used in the system, such as WiFi, Bluetooth, and Zigbee, allow
the system components to communicate with each other and the cloud-based platform. These
protocols ensure that the data collected by the system is transmitted securely and reliably,
ensuring that the system operates efficiently and effectively.

The software components used in the design of an IoT power control system with metering
for homes play a critical role in the system's operation, data analysis, and management. The
software components enable remote control of the appliances, collect and transmit data,

37
provide real-time information on energy consumption and cost, and provide personalized
recommendations to optimize energy usage and reduce costs.

Windows O.S

Windows is a graphical operating system developed by Microsoft. It allows users to view and
store files, run the software, play games, watch videos, and provides a way to connect to the
internet. It was released for both home computing and professional work.

C Programming Language

The C Language is developed by Dennis Ritchie for creating system applications that directly
interact with the hardware devices such as drivers, kernels, etc. C programming is considered
as the base for other programming languages, that is why it is known as the mother language.
C language is considered as the mother language of all the modern programming languages
because most of the compilers, JVMs, Kernels, etc. are written in C language, and most of the
programming languages follow C syntax, for example, C++, Java, C#, etc. It provides the
core concepts like the array, strings, functions, file handling, etc. that are being used in many
languages like C++, Java, C#, e.t.c. C language is a system programming language because it
can be used to do low-level programming (for example driver and kernel). It is generally used
to create hardware devices, OS, drivers, kernels, etc. For example, Linux kernel is written in
C.A procedure is known as a function, method, routine, subroutine, etc. C can also be a
procedural language program which specifies a series of steps for the program to solve the
problem. A procedural language breaks the program into functions, data structures, etc. In C,
variables and function prototypes must be declared before being used. A structured
programming language is a subset of the procedural language. Structure means to break a
program into parts or blocks so that it may be easy to understand. In the C language, we break
the program into parts using functions. It makes the program easier to understand and modify.
C is considered as a middle-level language because it supports the features of both low-level
and high-level languages. C language program is converted into assembly code, it supports
pointer arithmetic (low-level), but it is machine independent (a feature of high-level). A Low-
level language is specific to one machine, i.e., machine dependent. It is machine dependent,
fast to run. But it is not easy to understand. A High-Level language is not specific to one
machine, i.e., machine independent. It is easy to understand.

38
Programming

These different parts of the system represented the different layers of an application. This
included coding an interface for receiving the user database (input), creating a python script
to pass the database data to the database, and program a system where the parameters from
the python file could be read and executed.

//////////////////////////////////////////////
// RemoteXY include library //
//////////////////////////////////////////////

// RemoteXY select connection mode and include library

#define REMOTEXY_MODE__ESP8266WIFI_LIB_POINT
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include "EmonLib.h"
#include <RemoteXY.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

#define vCalibration 83.3

#define currCalibration 0.50

// RemoteXY connection settings

#define REMOTEXY_WIFI_SSID "RemoteXY"
#define REMOTEXY_WIFI_PASSWORD "12345678"
#define REMOTEXY_SERVER_PORT 6377

// RemoteXY configurate
#pragma pack(push, 1)
uint8_t RemoteXY_CONF[] = // 97 bytes
{ 255,1,0,8,0,90,0,16,31,1,72,36,12,15,18,18,2,26,140,38,
0,0,0,0,0,0,122,68,0,0,0,0,135,0,0,72,66,0,0,140,
66,71,24,35,13,20,20,0,2,24,135,0,0,0,0,0,0,72,66,0,
0,160,65,0,0,32,65,0,0,0,64,24,99,117,114,114,101,110,116,0,
2,0,11,55,22,11,2,26,31,31,79,78,0,79,70,70,0 };

// this structure defines all the variables and events of your control interface
struct {

// input variables
uint8_t Bulb_3; // =1 if switch ON and =0 if OFF
uint8_t Bulb_2; // =1 if button pressed, else =0
uint8_t Bulb_1; // =1 if state is ON, else =0

// output variables
char text_1[11]; // string UTF8 end zero
char text_2[11]; // string UTF8 end zero

39
 char text_3[11]; // string UTF8 end zero
char text_4[11]; // string UTF8 end zero

// other variable
uint8_t connect_flag; // =1 if wire connected, else =0

} RemoteXY;
#pragma pack(pop)

/////////////////////////////////////////////
// END RemoteXY include //
/////////////////////////////////////////////
EnergyMonitor emon;
#define PIN_BULB_3 D0
#define PIN_BULB_2 D8
#define PIN_BULB_1 D7

float kWh = 0;
unsigned long lastmillis = millis();

void setup()
{
RemoteXY_Init ();
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(16, 2);
pinMode (PIN_BULB_3, OUTPUT);
pinMode (PIN_BULB_2, OUTPUT);
pinMode (PIN_BULB_1, OUTPUT);
emon.voltage(35, vCalibration, 1.7); // Voltage: input pin, calibration, phase_shift
emon.current(34, currCalibration); // Current: input pin, calibration.

// TODO you setup code

void loop()
{
RemoteXY_Handler ();

emon.calcVI(20, 2000);
kWh = kWh + emon.apparentPower * (millis() - lastmillis) / 3600000000.0;
yield();

digitalWrite(PIN_BULB_3, (RemoteXY.Bulb_3==0)?LOW:HIGH);
digitalWrite(PIN_BULB_2, (RemoteXY.Bulb_2==0)?LOW:HIGH);
digitalWrite(PIN_BULB_1, (RemoteXY.Bulb_1==0)?LOW:HIGH);
voltage = emon.Vrms
current = emon.Irms
power = emon.apparentPower

40
dtostrf(voltage, 0, 1, RemoteXY.text_1);
dtostrf(current, 0, 1, RemoteXY.text_2);
dtostrf(power, 0, 1, RemoteXY.text_3);
dtostrf(kWh, 0, 1, RemoteXY.text_4);

Serial.print("Vrms: ");
Serial.print(emon.Vrms, 2);
Serial.print("V");

Serial.print("\tIrms: ");
Serial.print(emon.Irms, 4);
Serial.print("A");

Serial.print("\tPower: ");
Serial.print(emon.apparentPower, 4);
Serial.print("W");

Serial.print("\tkWh: ");
Serial.print(kWh, 5);
Serial.println("kWh")

41
 CHAPTER FOUR

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

4.1 HARDWARE COMPONENT IMPLEMENTATION

The hardware components used in this IoT power control system with metering for homes
include an energy meter, relays, Wi-Fi module, and a current/voltage sensor. The
implementation of these components involves the following steps:

● Energy Meter Implementation: The energy meter is designed to measure the power
consumption of connected devices. It is connected to the relays and measures the
energy consumed by each device. The energy meter is implemented using an ESP32
microcontroller and an SCT-013-030 current transformer.
● Smart Plug Implementation: The relays are designed to control the power supply of
connected devices. They can be turned on or off remotely using a mobile app. The
relays are implemented using an ESP8266 microcontroller and a relay module.
● Wi-Fi Module Implementation: The Wi-Fi module is used to connect the IoT power
control system to the internet. It is implemented using an ESP8266 Wi-Fi module.
● Current/voltage sensor Implementation: The current/voltage sensor is used to connect
the IoT power control system to a cloud-based platform. It is implemented using a
Raspberry Pi microcontroller and a Wi-Fi module.

4.2 SOFTWARE COMPONENT IMPLEMENTATION

The software components used in this IoT power control system with metering for homes
include firmware for the energy meter, relays, and Wi-Fi module, a mobile app, and data
analysis and energy optimization algorithms. The implementation of these components
involves the following steps:

● Firmware Implementation: The firmware for the energy meter, relays, and Wi-Fi
module is developed. The firmware is designed to communicate with the
current/voltage sensor and transmit data to the cloud-based platform. The firmware is
tested using a serial monitor and a multimeter.

42
 ● Mobile App Implementation: The mobile app is developed using REMOTEXY App,
which is a cloud-based platform that supports IoT device integration and data
management. The app is designed to communicate with the cloud-based platform and
display information about energy consumption and the status of connected devices.
The app also provides remote control functionality, allowing users to turn devices on
and off or set schedules.
● Data Analysis and Energy Optimization Implementation: Data analysis algorithms are
developed using Python and machine learning libraries. The algorithms are used to
analyze the data collected by the system and provide personalized recommendations
to users on how to reduce energy consumption. Energy optimization algorithms are
developed to optimize the energy usage of connected devices.

4.3 SOFTWARE INSTALLATION USING REMOTEXY MOBILE APPLICATION

The installation of the software components involves the following steps:

 Install REMOTEXY App: Install the REMOTEXY App on a mobile device and
create an account.
 Create a New Project: Create a new project in the REMOTEXY App and select the
ESP8266 board.
 Add Widgets: Add widgets to the project, including buttons for controlling the relays,
a display widget for showing the energy consumption, and a graph widget for
displaying historical data.
 Configure the Firmware: Configure the firmware for the ESP8266 board using the
REMOTEXY App. This involves setting the Wi-Fi credentials, authentication token,
and pin mappings.
 Upload the Firmware: Upload the firmware to the ESP8266 board.

43
4.4 TESTING OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
 The testing of the proposed system involves the following steps:
 Connect the Hardware: Connect the hardware components to each other and to a
power source. Make sure that the energy meter is connected to the relays and that the
relays are connected to the Wi-Fi module.
 Test the Hardware: Test the hardware components for connectivity and functionality.
This involves checking that the energy meter is measuring the power consumption of
connected devices, that the relays are controlling the power supply of connected
devices, that the Wi-Fi module is connected to the internet, and that the
current/voltage sensor is connected to the cloud-based platform.
 Test the Software: Test the software components for connectivity and functionality.
This involves checking that the firmware is communicating with the current/voltage
sensor and transmitting data to the cloud-based platform, that the mobile app is
communicating with the cloud-based platform and displaying information about
energy consumption and the status of connected devices, and that the data analysis
and energy optimization algorithms are providing personalized recommendations and
optimizing energy usage.
 Optimize Energy Usage: Use the data analysis and energy optimization algorithms to
optimize the energy usage of connected devices. Follow the recommendations
provided by the algorithms to reduce energy consumption.
 Monitor Energy Consumption: Monitor the energy consumption of connected devices
using the mobile app. Use the display widget and graph widget to view real-time and
historical energy consumption data.
● Evaluate the System: Evaluate the proposed system based on its effectiveness in
reducing energy consumption and its ease of use. Make any necessary adjustments to
the system to improve its performance.

44
 BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION (BEME)

The detail of the costs incurred during the development of this project are shown below:

S/N Item Description Quantity Unit Price (N) Amount (N)

1. Arduino 1 N8,000 N8,000

2. Casing 1 N1,500 N1,500

3. Lamp Holder 3 N300 N900

4. Light Bulb 3 N400 N1200

5. NodeMCU Esp-8266 WiFi Module 1 N7000 N7000

6. 5v 4-Channel Relay Board 1 N10500 N10500

7. ZMPT101B AC Voltage Sensor 1 N3000 N3000

Module

8. SCT 013 030 Non-invasive AC 1 N7500 N7500

Current Sensor

9. 16 x 2 LCD Display 1 N3500 N3500

10. Resistor (10K)/(100Ohm) 2 N100 N100

11. Capacitor (10Uf) 1 N200 N200

12. Connecting wires 2 yards N2000 N2000

13. Breadboard 1 N800 N800

14. Normal Wires 2 yards N2000 N2000

Total N48200

CHAPTER FIVE
45
 RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 RECOMMENDATION

Based on the implementation and testing of the IoT power control system with metering for
homes, the following recommendations are made:

1. Improved Connectivity: The system's connectivity can be improved by using more

reliable hardware components or implementing better network configurations.

2. Software Optimization: The software can be optimized by identifying and fixing bugs,
errors, or compatibility issues. Additionally, more features can be added to enhance
the user experience and system performance.

3. Data Security: The system should be designed to protect user data and ensure data
privacy. Appropriate security protocols such as encryption and secure communication
channels should be implemented.

4. User Education: Users need to be educated on the benefits of using the IoT power
control system with metering for homes, how to use it effectively, and its potential to
save energy and reduce costs.

5. Environmental Considerations: The system should be designed to function optimally

in various environmental conditions such as high temperature and humidity levels.

5.2 CONCLUSION

The IoT power control system with metering for homes is a useful system that can help
reduce energy consumption, save costs, and improve energy efficiency. The system is easy to
use and can be monitored using a mobile app. The system provides personalized
recommendations and optimizes energy usage based on real-time data analysis.

5.3 LIMITATION OF PROJECT

The following limitations were encountered during the implementation of the IoT power
control system with metering for homes:

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 1. Cost: The system may be expensive to implement, especially for low-income
households.

2. Compatibility Issues: The system may have compatibility issues with some devices or
appliances, which could limit its usefulness.

3. Internet Connectivity: The system's performance is dependent on the availability and

stability of internet connectivity.

4. Reliability: The system's reliability could be affected by power supply issues and
environmental factors.

5.4 DELIMITATION OF PROJECT

The IoT power control system with metering for homes was designed for residential use only.
The system may not be suitable for industrial or commercial applications. Additionally, the
proposed system was designed to work with specific hardware components and software
frameworks. The system may not be compatible with other hardware or software
components.

Despite the limitations, the IoT power control system with metering for homes has the
potential to be an effective solution for reducing energy consumption and improving energy
efficiency in residential households

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