ELECTRONIC MOSQUITO REPELLENT CIRCUIT

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted to the University of Kerala in partial fulfillment of the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Electronics

By

AL RASHID N R

(Reg.No.34017806004)

Under the supervision of Mrs. Anjali M (Internal Guide)

Undertaken at

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS

MARTHOMA COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to the University of Kerala)

Chadayamangalam P.O, Ayur, Kollam (Dist.), Kerala

2020

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 DECLARATION

I do hereby declare that this project entitled “ELECTRONIC MOSQUITO REPELLENT

CIRCUIT” is a record of the independent project work carried out by me under the supervision
of the internal guide, Mrs. Anjali M, Assistant Professor in Electronics Department, Mar
Thoma College Of Science and Technology, Ayur, in partial fulfillment of the award of
BSc.Electronics of the University of Kerala during the academic year of 2019 - 2020.

AL RASHID N R
(Reg.No. 34017806004)

Place: Ayur
Date:

2
Mrs. Anjali M Department of Electronics
Assistant Professor Mar Thoma College of
Science and Technology

Certificate

This is to certify that the project entitled “ELECTRONIC MOSQUITO REPELLENT

CIRCUIT” is an authentic report of the project work done by AL RASHID N R
(Reg.No:34017806004) in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree in
BSc.Electronics of the University of Kerala during the academic year of 2019-2020 under my
supervision and guidance.

Place:
Date:

3
 MARTHOMA COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Chadayamangalam, Kollam (Dist.), Kerala-691534

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS

Certificate

This is to certify that the project entitled ” ELECTRONIC MOSQUITO REPELLENT

CIRCUIT ” is an authentic report of the project work done by AL RASHID N R
(Reg.No:34017806004) in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree
in BSc. Electronics of the University of Kerala during the academic year of 2017 – 2020.

Name & Signature

Of the Internal Guide: Mrs. Anjali M

Name & Signature

Of the Head of the Department: Mrs.Tintu.T.Kuriakose

Place: Ayur
Date:
Name & Signature of the External Examiner
:Name & Signature of the Internal Examiner:

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to thank the Almighty, for the love and the blessings showered upon
me for everything especially, think beyond our comprehension.

I am grateful to our Principal Dr. Joseph Mathai for providing all facilities for the fulfillment
of my project.

I am obliged to Mrs. Tintu T.Kuriakose, Head of the Department of Electronics, for the help
she had rendered.

I would like to express grateful thanks to my internal guide Mrs. Anjali M, Assistant Professor
in Electronics for her timely criticism and apt pieces of advice without which I could not
complete my project report.

Finally, I offer my whole hearted thanks to all the members on the staff of Electronics
Department and my friends for their timely help.

Thank You.

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 ABSTRACT

Control of mosquitoes is something of utmost importance in the present day with rising number
of mosquito borne illness. Specially products like mosquito repellant used to combat
mosquitoes are required. This project proposal presents the design and testing of an electronic
mosquito repellant. The project is aimed at developing a device that is capable of emitting
ultrasonic energy is varied frequencies. These frequencies do affect the auditory senses of pests
such as mosquitoes, rodents, avian and nocturnal insects by making them uncomfortable in
their abode. However, these frequencies do not affect the hearing ability of humans. The
mosquito repellant circuit generates an ultrasonic sound with a high output frequency that
allows spreading mosquitoes within a wide radius. The circuit is quite simple and requires few
external components. The oscillation frequency is given by the value of the resistors and
capacitor components.
The actual oscillation frequency of this electronic mosquito repellent is above 20 KHz so what
is needed is a good high frequency speaker, example being a piezo speaker.
The electronic mosquito repellent circuit can be supplied from a 1.5 V DC power supply.

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 CONTENTS

❖ INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………8
❖ LITERATURE SURVEY....................................................................................................................9
❖ PRINCIPLE BEHIND MOSQUITO REPELLENT CIRCUITS……………………………………..10
❖ BLOCK DIAGRAM AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM EXPLANATION………………………………11
❖ COMPONENT DESCRIPTION........................................................................................................13
❖ SIMULATION...................................................................................................................................17
❖ PCB DESIGN.....................................................................................................................................20
❖ ADVANTAGES , DIS ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS.....................................................25
❖ FUTURE SCOPE...............................................................................................................................26
❖ CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................27
❖ BIBLIOGRAPHY...............................................................................................................................28

TABLE OF FIGURES

❖ FIGURE 1 BLOCK DIAGRAM .........................................................................................................11

❖ FIGURE 2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ……………………………………………………………......12
❖ FIGURE 3 PCB DESIGN &SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM…………….………………………......23,24

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 INTRODUCTION

An electronic insect repellent is a safer alternative compared to toxic insect repellent. These
are electronic devices that have either electromagnetic or ultra sound waves to repel insects
like mosquitoes and roaches. The effectiveness of these devices has not been clearly established
but the numerous studies for experiments have shown that these electrical devices are indeed
effective in repelling or eliminating pests.
Some examples of electronic insects repellents are plug in electronic repellents, ultrasonic
transmitters and the electromagnetic lamps. These electronic pest control devices are very
affordable. And despite the fact that they have been around for more than two decades, they
have just recently been acknowledged worldwide because of their environmentally friendly
claims. Apart from this, they have also been proven to be less noticeable and cumbersome. The
absence of stinking spray repellants is truly a blessing by itself.

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 LITERATURE SURVEY

Electronic mosquito repellents (EMRs) are marketed in response to a huge demand from the public
for convenient, safe, and effective antimosquito products. Female Anopheles mosquitoes transmit
malaria by sucking blood from humans, and these small handheld,battery-powered EMRs are
intended to repel them by emitting a high frequency buzz almost inaudible to the human ear.
They can be used both indoors and outdoors, and are claimed to repel mosquitoes within a range
of up to 2.5 metres (Kutz 1974;Helson 1977). No adverse effects have been reported in the
literature.Mobile phone companies also market a ring tone that is claimed to repel mosquitoes
within a one-metre radius (BBC 2003).Some of the EMRs seem to be based on known aspects of
mosquito behaviour, while others have no scientific data to substantiate their claims. Manufacturers
have put forward at least two reasons to explain the alleged repellent action of sound against
mosquitoes. One reason is that the flight sound of males repels females once
they have been inseminated (Foster 1985); hence, whatever mimics the males’ flight sound may
repel females. However, research has shown that male mosquitoes are actually the ones attracted
by the female flight sound and females normally have a very weak sensitivity for sound compared
with the males (Wigglesworth 1965; Chapman 1982; McIver 1985; Michelsen 1985).
Another reason is that mosquitoes avoid the ultrasonic cries of bats (Foster 1985). Although both
explanations may be conceivable, there is no published scientific information to support either idea.
Different brands of EMRs have been examined for their efficacy under laboratory conditions, none
of which showed any effects for the devices tested (Singleton 1977; Curtis
1982; Iglisch 1983;Foster 1985; Jensen 2000; Andrade 2001; Cabrini 2006). There are review
articles concluding that the EMRs are ineffective in repelling mosquitoes(Coro 1998; Coro
2000). Scientific skepticism over the last 30 years and a successful prosecution of EMR sellers
under the UK Trade Description Act in 1980s (Curtis 1994; BBC 2005) seems to have done little
to deter manufacturers marketing EMRs and the people who buy them. This is a concern because
it is likely to lead to consumers not using other protective methods that are proven to work. This
could result in an increased risk of infection with mosquito-borne diseases, especially malaria
(Jensen 2000).Despite the scientific view and research findings, EMRs are still widely promoted
and used by the public.The project therefore tries to review all reliable research about the effects
of high pitched sounds in preventing mosquito bites and, hence, to assess whether there is any
evidence that EMRs have any potential in preventing malaria in the field setting.

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 PRINCIPLE BEHIND MOSQUITO REPELLENT CIRCUITS

Human beings can hear sound in the range of 20 to 20 KHz. Sound of any frequency
above 20 KHz is termed as Ultrasonic sound. Several animals like cats, dogs, insects,
Mosquitoes have the feature of being able to hear this ultra sonic sound. In mosquitoes, this
feature is attributed to the presence of sensory structures in their antenna.

Usually ultra sound is transmitted by male mosquitoes and received by female

mosquitoes. However after breeding, female mosquitoes generally avoid the ultrasound and
this fact can be used to produce ultrasound in a range similar to that produced by the male
mosquitoes and repel away the mosquitoes. The ultra sound produces a stress on the antennae
of the mosquitoes and repels them away.

THEORY BEHIND THE CIRCUIT:

• A multivibrator is an electronic circuit producing a pulsed output signal. Generally

multivibrators are classified based on the nature of stability of output.
• A multivibrator with one stable state is known as monostable multivibrator and is
used as a pulse generator.
• A multivibrator with no state is known as an astable multivibrator and is used as an
oscillator.
• A multivibrator with two stable state is known as a bistable multivibrator and is
used as a Schmitt Trigger.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

The battery circuit provide supply voltage. Then As per the inner circuit, initially the capacitor
voltage will be zero and hence voltage at threshold and trigger pin will be zero. This causes a
change in timer output. The capacitor now starts discharging through resistor Rb, i.e. the
discharge pin and continues so until the output voltage is back to the original. Thus the output
signal is an oscillating signal with frequenc y 38 KHz. The output from this astable
multivibrator circuit drives a 38 KHz piezo buzzer, producing ultrasound at regular repetitions.
On varying the value of potentiometer, the output frequency can also be varied.

Components Required

• 555 timer
• Resistor;1K Ohms
• Ceramic 104 capaciter
• Variable resister 103
• Bread board
• buzzer
• A 9 V battery

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

R1
8 U2 1K
B1 4 R VCC Q 3 BUZ1
9V CV DC RV1
BUZZER
2 6
TR GND TH
Set at 1.3k to
1NE555 ASTABLE generate 40KHz
frequency
C 0.01  F

• Pin1- Ground pin, which is directly connected to the negative terminal of the battery
• Pin2- Trigger pin. It is an active low pin. The timer is triggered when signal at this
pin is less than one third.
• Pin3- It is the output pin.
• Pin4- It is the reset pin. It is usually connected to positive rail of battery.
• Pin5- It is the control pin and is seldom used. For safety purpose, thin pin is
connected to ground through a 0.01microFarad ceramic capacitor.
• Pin6- It is the threshold pin. The timer output is back to its stable state when voltage
at this pin is gre ater than or equal to two-third of supply voltage. For astable
operation, this pin is shorted to pin 2 and connected to pin 7 using a resistor.
• Pin7- It I s the discharge pin and provides the discharge path for the capacitor.
• A multiv ibrator with no stable is known as an astable multivibrator and as an
oscillator.
• A multivib rator with two stable states is known as a bistable multivibrator and is
Schmitt trig ger

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 MOSQUITO REPELLENT CIRCUIT OPERATION:

Once the s witch is closed, the 555 timer gets the power supply. As per the inner circuit, initially
the capacitor voltage will be zero and hence voltage at threshold and trigger pin will be zero.
As the capacitor charges through resistors Ra and Rb, at a certain point voltage at threshold
pin is less than the capacitor voltage. This causes a change in timer output. The capacitor now
starts discharging through resistor Rb, i.e. the discharge pin and continues so until the output
voltage is back to the original. Thus the output signal is an oscillating signal with frequenc y
38 KHz. The output from this astable multivibrator circuit drives a 38 KHz piezo buzzer,
producing ultrasound at regular repetitions. On varying the value of potentiometer, the output
frequency can also be varied.

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

1.555 TIMER IC

The 555 timer IC I s an integrated circuit used in a variety of timer, pulse generation and
oscillator application s. It can be used to provide time delays, an oscillator, and as a flip-flop
element. The 555 is s till in widespread use due to its low price, ease of use and stability. Let
me tell you a fact abo ut why 555 timer is called so, the timer got its name from the three 5
kilo-ohm resistor in ser ies employed in the internal circuit of the IC.IC 555 timer is a one of
the most widely used IC in electronics and is used in various electronic circuits for its robust

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and stable properties. It works as square-wave form generator with duty cycle varying from
50% to 100%, Oscillator and can also provide time delay in circuits. In this circuit the 555
timer works as an astable multivibrator.

2. RESISTORS

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance

as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal
levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other
uses.

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous
in electronic equipment. Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits. The
electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors are
manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. The nominal value of the
resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the component. The electrical
resistance of a resistor is measured in ohms. The symbol for an ohm is the Greek capital-omega:
Ω. the (somewhat roundabout) definition of 1Ω is the resistance between two points where 1
volt (1V) of applied potential energy will push 1 ampere (1A) of current. Resistors of 1k, 2.2m,
10k ohms are used in this circuit.

3. CAPACITORS

A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is a passive electronic
component with two terminals. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some
capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor
is a component designed to add capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was originally known as
a condenser or condensator. The physical form and construction of practical capacitors vary
widely and many typ00es of capacitor are in common use. Most capacitors contain at least
two electrical conductors often in the form of metallic plates or surfaces separated by
a dielectric medium. A conductor may be a foil, thin film, sintered bead of metal, or
an electrolyte. The non conducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity.
Materials commonly used as dielectrics include glass, ceramic, plastic film, paper, mica, air,

14
and oxide layers. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common
electrical devices.0.47 μF, 0.01 μF, and 2.2MF are the capacitors used in this circuit.

4 BUZZER

A buzzer is a s mall yet efficient component to add sound features to our project/system. It is
very small and compact 2-pin structure hence can be easily used on breadboard, Perf Board
and even on P CBs which makes this a widely used component in most electronic applications.

There are two types are buzzers that are commonly available. The one shown here is a simple
buzzer which when powered will make a Continuous Beep sound, the other type is called a
readym ade buzzer which will look bulkier than this and will produce a Beep. Beep. Beep.
Sound due to the internal oscillating circuit present inside it. But, the one shown here is most
widely us ed because it can be customised with help of other circuits to fit easily in our
application.

This buzzer can be used by simply powering it using a DC power supply ranging from 4V to
9V. A simple 9 V battery can also be used, but it is recommended to use a regulated +5V or
+6V DC supply . The buzzer is normally associated with a switching circuit to turn ON or turn
OFF the buzzer at required time and require interval.

5.VARIABLE RESISTER

They are used as a three terminal device. Variable resistors are mostly used for device
A variable resistor is a device that is used to change the resistance according to our
needs in an electronic circuit. It can be used as a three-terminal as well as a two
terminal device. Mostly calibration.

Working of Variable Resistor

As shown in the diagram below, a variable resistor consists of a track which provides
the resistance path. Two terminals of the device are connected to both the ends of the
track. The third terminal is connected to a wiper that decides the movement of the
track. The motion of the wiper through the track helps in increasing and decreasing
the resistance.

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 Variable Resistors Working

The track is usually made of a mixture of ceramic and metal or can be made of carbon
as well. As a resistive material is needed, carbon film type variable resistors are
mostly used. They find applications in radio receiver circuits, audio amplifier circuits
and TV receivers. For applications of small resistances, the resistance track may just
be a coil of wire. The track can be in both the rotary as well as straight versions. In a
rotary track, some of them may include a switch. The switch will have an operating
shaft which can be easily moved in the axial direction with one of its ends moving
from the body of variable resistor switch.

The rotary track resistor with has two applications. One is to change the resistance.
The switch mechanism is used for the electric contact and non-contact by on/off
operation of the switch. There are switch mechanism variable resistors with an annular
cross-section which are used for the control of equipments. Even more, components
are added to this type of a variable resistor so as to make them compatible with
complicated electronic circuits. A high-voltage variable resistor such as a focus pack
is an example. This device is capable of producing a variable focus voltage as well as
a screen voltage. It is also connected to a variable resistance circuit and also a fixed
resistance circuit [bleeder resistor] to bring a change in the applied voltage. For this,
both the fixed and variable resistor are connected in series.

A track made in a straight path is called a slider. As the position of a slider cannot be
seen or confirmed according to the adjustment of resistance, a stopping mechanism is
usually included to prevent the hazards caused due to over-

6. 9v battery

The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, is a common size of battery that was
introduced for the early transistor radios. It has a rectangular prism shape with
rounded edges and a polarized snap connector at the top. This type is commonly used
in walkie-talkies, clocks and smoke detectors.
The nine-volt battery format is commonly available in primary carbon-zinc and
alkaline chemistry, in primary lithium iron disulfide, and in rechargeable form in
nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion. Mercury-oxide batteries of this
format, once common, have not been manufactured in many years due to their
mercury content. Designations for this format include NEDA 1604 and IEC 6F22 (for
zinc-carbon) or MN1604 6LR61 (for alkaline). The size, regardless of chemistry, is

16
commonly designated PP3—a designation originally reserved solely for carbon-zinc,
or in some countries, E or E-block.[1]
Most nine-volt alkaline batteries are constructed of six individual 1.5 V LR61 cells
enclosed in a wrapper.[2] These cells are slightly smaller than LR8D425 AAAA
cells and can be used in their place for some devices, even though they are 3.5 mm
shorter. Carbon-zinc types are made with six flat cells in a stack, enclosed in a
moisture-resistant wrapper to prevent drying. Primary lithium types are made with
three cells in series.[3]
9-volt batteries accounted for 4% of alkaline primary battery sales in the United States
in 2007, and 2% of primary battery sales and 2% of secondary battery sales in
Switzerland in 2008.[4][5]

SIMULATION

The software used here is Proteus 8.

About Proteus 8:

The Proteus Design Suite is a proprietary software tool suite used primarily for electronic
design automation. The software is used mainly by electronic design engineers and technicians
to create schematics and electronic prints for manufacturing printed circuit boards. The micro-
con troller simulation in Proteus works by applying either a hex file or a debug file to the microc
ontroller part on the schematic. It is then co-simulated along with any analog and digital ele
ctronics connected to it. This enables its use in a broad spectrum of project prototyping in are
as such as motor control, temperature control and user interface design. It also finds use in the
general hobbyist community and, since no hardware is required, is convenient to use as a
teaching tool.

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Proteus was initially created as a multiplatform system utility, to manipulate text and binary
files and to create CGI scripts. The language was later focused on Windows, by adding
hundreds of specialized functions for network and serial communication, database
interrogative, system service creation, console applications, keyboard emulation, ISAPI
scripting .Most of these additional functions are only available .Proteus was designed to be
practical (easy to use efficient, complete),readable and consistent.

Its strongest points are:

• Powerful string manipulating.

• Comprehensibility of Proteus scripts.
• Availability of advanced data structures, array, queues (single and double), stacks, bit
maps, sets, AVL trees. The language can be extended by adding user functions
written in Proteus or DDLs created in C/C++.

Proteus 8 is a single application with many service modules offering different functionality
(schematic capture, PCB layout, etc.). The wrapper that enables all of the various tools to
communicate with each other consists of three main parts.

Application Framework

Proteus 8 consists of a single application (PDS.EXE). This is the framework or container which
hosts all of the functionality of Proteus. ISIS, ARES, 3DV all open as tabbed windows within
this framework and therefore all have access to the common database.

Common Database

The common database contains information about parts used in the project. A part can contain
both a schematic component and a PCB footprint as well both user and system properties.
Shared access to this database by all application modules makes possible a huge number of
new features, many of which will evolve over the course of the Version 8 lifecycle.

Live Netlist

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Together with the common database the maintenance of a live netlist allows all open modules
to automatically reflect changes. The most obvious example of this is wiring in ISIS producing
ratsnest connections in ARES but it goes much further than that. The new Bill of Materials
module contains a live viewer and the 3D Viewer and Design Explorer are also linked into the
live netlist.

This document covers the Proteus 8 application framework and other functionality related to
the software suite as a whole. The various application modules (e.g. ISIS, ARES) each have
their own reference manuals and tutorial documentation.

Steps which are following the simulation are:

• Launch the Proteus 8 professional software.

• Select a new project and open it.
• Browse My computer and select the local disk C.
• Take program files from local disk C.
• From the program files choose the lab Centre electronics and take proteus professional
and select the BIN.
• Click next button.
• Open the schematic window.
• Create a circuit and create the schematic diagram.
• Select landscape A4.
• Click next button.
• Select generic single layer.
• Click next button.
• Select the firmware project and select the no firmware project.
• Click the next button.
• Click the finish button.
• To select the components right click the mouse and select place button.
• Choose components then click library and type the component required.
• Wire the components in the given circuit diagram.
• Save the entire circuit diagram.
• Select debug, click run simulation.
• Observe the output.

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 • Create PCB layout.
• In SIL connectors box select 2D graphics box mode then select the top silk in that click
board edge.
• In tools box select auto placer click auto router then select the begin router click the
save button and select 3D visualize.

PCB DESIGN

PCB:

Printed circuit board is the most common name but may also be called “printed wiring boards”
or “printed wiring cards”. A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically
connects electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from
copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. Components capacitors, resistors or
active devices – are generally soldered on the PCB. Advanced PCBs may contain components
embedded in the substrate. PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer), double sided (two
copper layers) or multi-layer (outer and inner layers). Conductors on different layers are
connected with visa. Multi-layer PCBs allow for much higher componets

PCB MAKING

The different steps for making PCB layout is given below:

Step 1: Prepare a layout of the circuit on any commonly used PCB designing software. A
layout is a design which interconnects the components according to the schematic diagram
(circuit diagram). Take a mirror image print of the layout on the OHP sheet using a laser printer.
Make sure that the design is correct with proper placement of the components.

20
Step2: Cut the copper board according to the size of layout. A copper board is the base of a
PCBs, it can be single layer, double layer or multi layer board. Single layer copper board has
copper on one side of the PCB, they are used to make single layer PCBs, it is widely used by
hobbyist or in the small circuits. A double layer copper board consists of copper on both the
sides of the PCB. These boards are generally used by the industries. A multilayer board has
multiple layers of copper; they are quite costly and mainly used for complex circuitries like
mother board of PC.

Step 3: Rub the copper side of PCB using steel wool. This removes the top oxide layer of
copper as well as the photo resist layer if any.

Step 4: Place the OHP sheet (wax paper) which has the printed layout on the PCB sheet. Make
sure that the printed/mirror side should be placed on the copper side of PCB.

Step 5: Put a white paper on the OHP sheet and start ironing. The heat applied by the electric
iron causes the ink of the traces on the OHP sheet to stick on the copper plate exactly in the
same way it is printed on the OHP sheet. This means that the copper sheet will now have the
layout of the PCB printed on it. Allow the PCB plate to cool down and slowly remove the OHP
sheet. Since it is manual process it may happen that the layout doesn’t comes properly on PCB
or some of the tracks are broken in between. Use the permanent marker and complete the tracks
properly.

Step 6: Now the layout is printed on PCB. The area covered by ink is known as the masked
area and the unwanted copper, not covered by the ink is known as the masked area. Now make
a solution of ferric chloride powder in the water. Dip the PCB into the Etching solution (Ferric
Chloride solution, FeCl3) for approximately 30 minutes. The FeCl3 reacts with the unmasked
copper and removes the unwanted copper from the PCB. This process is called as Etching. Use
pliers to take out the PCB and check if the entire unmasked area has been etched or not. In case
it is not etched leave it for some more time in the solution.

Step 7: Take out the PCB wash it in cold water and remove the ink by rubbing it with steel
wool. The remaining area which has not been etched is the conductive copper tracks which
connect the components as per the circuit diagram.

Step 8: Drill the PCB using a drilling machine on the pads.

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Step 9: Put the components in the correct holes and solder them.

SOLDERING

Soldering is a process in which two or more items are joined together by melting and flowing
a filler metal (solder) into the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting point than the
adjoining metal. Soldering differs from welding in that soldering does not involve melting the
work pieces. In brazing, the filler metal at a higher temperature, but the work piece metal do
not melts. In the past, nearly all solders contained lead, but environmental concerns have
increasingly dictated use of lead-free alloys for electronics and plumbing purposes.

Steps

1. Make the alloy of components in the circuit. Plug in the cord of the soldering iron into
the mains to get it heated.
2. Straighten and clean the component leads using blade or a knife. Apply little flux on
the leads. Take a little solder from iron and heated.
3. Apply the molten solid on the lead. Care must be taken to avoid the components from
heated up.
4. Mount the components on the PCB by leading the leads of the components. Use nose-
pliers.
5. Apply flux on the joints and solder the joints. Soldering must be done in minimum time
to avoid dry soldering and heating up of the components.
6. Wash the residue using Isopropanol and brush

SOLDER

Solder is the joining material that melts when heated by a soldering iron. The popularly used
solders are alloys of tin and lead that melts below the melting points of tin. The solder will have
minimum resistance so as not affect the electrical connection. Soldering joints in electronic
circuits will establish strong electrical connection between the components leads.

FLUX

The purpose of flux is to facilitate the soldering process. One of the obstacles to a successful
solder joint is an impurity at the joint, for example dirt, oil or oxidation. The impurities can be

22
removed by mechanical cleaning or by chemical means, but the elevated temperatures required
to melt the metal (the solder) encourages the work piece (and the solder) to reoxidize. This
effect is accelerated as the soldering temperatures increase and can completely prevent the
solder from joining to the work piece. One of the earliest forms of flux was charcoal, which
acts as a reducing agent and helps prevent oxidation during the soldering process. Some fluxes
go beyond the simple prevention of oxidation and also provide some form of chemical cleaning
(corrosion).

PCB LAYOUT

Layout is printed on a butter paper (transparent paper). It is screen printed on the copper clad,
etched by using ferric chloride solution and drilled by using a PCB drill.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

23
PCB DESIGN

24
 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS

Advantages

1. It is not audible from humans so no interference.

2. No heart diseases occur compared to liquid Mosquito Repellents.
3. No need to Plug-in to switch board.
4. No environmental pollution
5. Reduction in malaria infections.
6. Reduction in allergic reactions from mosquito bites

Limitations

• It requires a lot of frequency setting.

• Ultrasound signals travel at an angle of 45 degrees from the source. In case of any
obstacles in the path, the signals get reflected or deverted.
• It shows effect for lesser mosquito population.

APPLICATIONS OF MOSQUITO REPELLENT CIRCUIT:

As described, this circuit can be used as a mosquito repellent. By certain modifications and
changes in the value of resistors and capacitor, the circuit can also be used as other insect
repellent. Further, it can also be used as a simple alarm circuit.

25
 FUTURE SCOPE

The general description of the project is to develop a circuit that produces a tone above the
human audible range and this is supposed to keep the mosquitoes away

The mosquito repellent circuit generates an ultrasonic sound with a high output frequency that
allows spreading mosquitoes within a wide radius. The circuits is quite simple and require few
components.

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CONCLUSION

PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED

In the course of the design and test of this project, some problems were encountered. They are
• Getting some of the components proved had in the market, for instance a Piezo diaphragm that
will respond to 15 KHz was very difficult to find.
• Component Failures.
• Short Circuitry.
• Oscilloscope failure to run in the simulation, it had some setbacks.
The mentioned problems were later taken care of during the design processes and testing of this
project.
6.1.2 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER IMPROVEMENT
However, the project is still not reach full complete functions as it can be improved. There are
many ways to improve the circuit of which includes:
To put sensor and led lights in the circuit to detect mosquitoes so that we will be able to know when
there are mosquitoes all around us. It is also able to prove that this circuit works well because if the
led light does not work that means the area is safe from the mosquitoes.
In addition, we can use direct current and the battery charger circuit. Thus, this circuit can operate
during blacks out because usually mosquitoes are attracted to dark places.
Next, we can improve by enlarging the field to repel mosquitoes so we can use a circuit covering a
large area.

Preliminary results obtained from the preliminary performance evaluation revealed that the
device has the potential to eliminate mosquitoes.

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This circuit or project can be helpful in domestic area by keeping the mosquitoes away using a
high frequency sound produced by the circuit.

In addition, this circuit could apply to another system and it is not limited to mosquitoes only
if the frequency is modified

For the success of this project, proper method to design and construct the circuit has been taken
into consideration. Proteus 8 Professional software simulation tool is used to simulate the
circuit inside a computer. After that, the circuit is connected to a breadboard to test run the
project before transferring the circuit to a circuit board.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Electronic pests control, retrieved November 24, 2012 from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_pest_control
2. Strauss WG, Maibach HI and Khan AA. Drugs and disease as mosquito repellents
in man. Am. J Trop Med Hyg. 1968;17(3):461–464.
3. Enayati AA, Hemingway J and Garner P. Electronic mosquito repellents for
preventing mosquito bites and malaria infection,Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2007;18: 34-42.
4. A. P. Meehan, 1976. Attempts to influence the feeding behavior of brown rats using
ultrasonic noise generators. International Pest Control. July/August.
5. G. Elert 1998-2012, the nature of sound (the physics hypertextbook) Retrieved
October 12, 2012 from www.hypertbook/physics.info/sound
6. Suman Gupta and A. K. Dikshit, Biopesticides: An eco-friendly approach for pest
control, Journal of Biopesticides 3(1 Special Issue) 186 - 188 (2010) 186
7. Simple Electronic. (2011) “Electronic Mosquito Repellent Circuit Using 555”.
[Online].Available:http://www.simple-electronics.com/2011/09/electronic-
mosquito-repellent- circuit.html
8. Just Technika. (2011) “Electronic Mosquito Repellent [Circuit Diagram]”. [Online].
Available : http://justtechnika.com/articles/eltronic-mosquito-repellent-circuit-
diagram/

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