A

MINI PROJECT
ON

LASER SECURITY
SYSTEM
RAMAKRISHNA B SAHANA M B
By
(1EW18EE020) (1EW18EE021)

DHANUSH H M JEEVANANDAM B
(1EW19EE405) (1EW19EE407)

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS

Under the guidance of

Dr. Vijay Kumar C N Mr. Raghavendra K
HOD , Assistant Professor,
Department of EEE Department of EEE
EWIT EWIT
Bangalore Bangalore.

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ABSTRAC
T
This project deals with a model of laser security system design. Laser
security systems used to be difficult to install and rarely available to
anyone other than the super-rich. Now, there are dozens of different
security systems on the market that utilize lasers and can effectively
protect everything from small apartments and businesses to large areas of
property. Most home laser security systems consist of two parts: a basic
alarm unit and an infrared motion detector. Laser based security system is
a type of security and alarm system that uses laser light and a light
sensor. Why a laser to be used? It is known that a laser light goes through
long distance without any scattering effect (disturbing) and it is only visible
at source and the destination point so it can be used as mediator between
source and destination but to analyse the source a sensor is need, here
the use of LDR is applicable. Just analysis is not enough alerting should
be done in general alerting is sound effect so here buzzer act as alerting.
Making use of this, a laser security system is designed. Its working: There
is a laser diode that generates the laser beam which continuously strikes
over the Light dependent resister sensors. When any person crosses the
path, it inhibits laser to reach LDR and the sensor generate a low which is
read by controller to power on the buzzer. The objective of this project is
to design a Laser & LDR based Security System. This is based on the
principle of voltage divider circuit. When the laser beam continuously falls
on the LDR, the voltage drop across it is very low as the resistance of
LDR becomes less. And as soon as the laser beam is interrupted by any
means of object or a barrier the voltage drop across it becomes high due
to change in the LDR's resistance. This triggers the alarm or siren in the
circuit. This project is very simple and helped us to learn more about the
components we generally use in our labs and has increased our
knowledge to a certain extend.

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INTRODUCTION

o A security alarm is a system designed to detect intrusion –

unauthorized entry – into a building or area.

o A security alarm is a system designed to detect intrusion –

unauthorized entry – into a building or area.

o Security alarms are used in residential, commercial, industrial, and

military properties for protection against burglary (theft) or property
damage, as well as personal protection against intruders.

AIM OF PROJECT

o In general security systems are used for protection. Here we are with a
security system with Laser.

o The main aim of the project is to construct a simple and cheap laser
security system using 555 timer. And also explore its uses in all aspects.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

BLOCK DIAGRAM

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COMPONENTS REQUIRED

o LM358 (Op – Amp IC)

o NE555 (Timer IC)

o LDR

o 3 x 10 KΩ Resistors (1/4 Watt)

o 220 Ω Resistors (1/4 Watt)

o 10 KΩ Potentiometer

o BC547 (NPN Transistor)

o Small Buzzer

o 100 nF Capacitor (Ceramic Disc Type Capacitor – Code 104)

o Push Button

o Laser Pointer

o 9V Battery

o Connecting Wires

o Breadboard (Prototyping board)

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COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

Laser Pointer
Laser Pointer acts as the main source of light in this project. We have used
a small laser pointer with an output power of less than 1mW. The laser
pointer emits red light and the wavelength of the laser output is between
630 nm to 680 nm.

LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)

The LDR acts as a light sensor in this project. As the intensity of the light
falling on the LDR increases, the resistance of the LDR decreases and
vice
– versa. The LDR is used in combination with the laser to form the light
sensor and source.

NE555 (IC 555)

IC 555 is a precision timing IC that provides time delays or oscillations.
555 Timer IC has three modes of operation: Astable, Monostable and Bi-
stable. In this project, we are going to use the IC 555 in Bi-stable mode.

LM358 (OP – Amp)

LM358 is a dual Operational Amplifier IC and it is capable of operating in
all the conventional operational amplifier circuits. In this project, the
LM358 is used as a Comparator.

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CIRCUIT DESIGN

o The design of the laser security system circuit is very simple. We will
see the design of the circuit in this section and in the working
explanation we will see the working of the individual component.

o Coming to the design of the circuit, first, the LDR and a 10 K Ω resistor
are connected in a voltage divider fashion and its output (common
point) is connected to the pin 3 (non – inverting) of the Op- Amp IC
LM358.

o For the inverting terminal (pin 2), connect the wiper of a 10 KΩ

potentiometer (other two terminal of the POT is connected to VCC and
GND).

o The output of the Op – Amp (Pin 1) is connected to the base of the

transistor (BC547) through a
resistor. The trigger pin of 555 (Pin 2) is pulled high using a 10 KΩ
resistor.

o The reset pin (pin 4) of the 555 is connected to VCC through a 10 KΩ

resistor and a push button is connected between Pin 4 of 555 and
GND. A bypass capacitor of 100 nF is connected between pins 5 and
GND. A buzzer is connected to pin 3 of 555 IC.

o Reset of the connection as shown in the circuit diagram.

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WORKING PROCESS

o A simple, cheap and effective laser-based security system is developed

in this project. Let us see the working of this project.

o First, the Op – Amp circuit acts as a comparator i.e. It compares the

voltages at the inverting and non – inverting terminals and produces an
output accordingly.

o The LDR – 10 KΩ resistor Voltage divider is connected to the non –

inverting terminal of Op –Amp and a POT is connected to the inverting
terminal.

o Assume, the laser pointer is placed directly in line of sight to the LDR
and the light from the laser is continuously being incident on LDR.

o In this situation, the resistance of LDR falls down to few Ohms (or tens
of Ohms) and as a result, the voltage at the non – inverting terminal will
be less than that at the inverting voltage. The output of the Op –Amp is
low and the transistor is OFF.

o If the laser light is blocked by an intruder from falling on the LDR (even
for a small duration), the resistance of the LDR goes to few hundreds of
Ohms and as a result, the output of the Op –Amp will be HIGH. This will
turn on the Transistor.

o As the output of the transistor is connected to the Trigger Pin (Pin 2) of

the 555 Timer IC, if the transistor is ON, the trigger pin gets a short low
pulse and as a result, the output of the 555 becomes HIGH. This will
activate the alarm by turning ON the buzzer.

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o Since, the 555 Timer IC is configured as a Bi – Stable Multivibrator, a
small active low trigger pulse at the trigger pin will set its output to HIGH
and in order to reset it we need to push the reset button.

o Until the reset push button is pushed, the alarm will stay on hence, we
can place the reset button at a secret location so that only the owner
can disable the alarm.

ADVANTAGE
S
o The circuit, construction and setup for the Laser Security System is very
simple.

o If used with a battery, the laser security system can work even when
there is a power outage.

DISADVANTAGE
S
o The laser security system works only if the laser is obstructed. If the
intruder passes without obstructing the laser, it is considered as a
failure.

o In order to secure a larger area, we need more lasers and

corresponding sensors.

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APPLICATIONS

o Laser Security System can be used in safety lockers in our homes,

where even if the locker’s code is hacked, it acts as an additional layer
of security.

o Apart from security systems, this laser-based setup can also be used to
check if pets or babies crossed a certain boundary.

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Thank You