Press machine

I. Definition
Presses are machines used for the processing of sheet metal, capable of
generating a continuous and progressive pressure, in order to cut or deform
the material placed in the mold.
There are different types of machines presses:
- Mechanical press
- Pneumatic press
- Hydraulic press
II. Types of machines presses
1. Mechanical press
A mechanical press is a machine that uses a mechanism to operate the dies at the
proper speed, and give them enough energy to cut, drill, and get the desired
shape. Stamped elements are made by profiling, stamping, cutting or drilling a
metal – sheet metal or coil – between two halves (upper and lower) of a press
tool called: matrix, the top element is attached to the punch and the bottom
element is tightened or bolted to the press support plate or bench. The matrix is
designed to create the shape of the part in a series work in order to satisfy
production demands. Force (load) and precision are necessary to achieve the
demands of the tolerance and quantity of the stamped part and to guarantee a
good assembly of the parts of the final part.

a. Advantages
- The tonnage of the mechanical press is easily adjusted.
- Mechanical press failures are easily detectable.

b. Disadvantages
- Mechanical press is more expensive than hydraulic press
- The mechanical press cannot be overloaded

2.
3. Pneumatic press
The pneumatic press is controlled by handling the compressed air.
The air is forced into a tube until it is full of air and applies pressure to move the
press. Once the stroke is completed the air is evacuated through the valves and
springs drives the pump to move upwards.
a. advantages:
The biggest advantage of pneumatic presses is the speed, they can operate ten
times more than hydraulic presses, they can also stop at any time just open the
valve to clear the air
Pneumatic presses are versatile and very easy to use

b. Disadvantages :
The only real drawback to pneumatic presses is that they can’t be used for jobs
requiring high pressures. As technology evolves, it’s likely pneumatic presses
capable of heavier work will be developed.
 4. Hydraulic press
A hydraulic press is a machine with a hydraulic circuit that provides great
compression force. It transmits a multiplied effort and a displacement, used to
crush, deform an object or lift a heavy part. It is preferable to use a hydraulic
press rather than a mechanical press, when it is essential to regulate the pressure
and keep it constant for a certain period of time

a. advantages:
- Hydraulic presses are very robust. They can create a large amount of pressure
tonnage.
- They are ideal for hydroforming which is a metal formation technique
requiring the presence
of a liquid agent.
- They are slow, which gives the metal enough time to form.

b. Disadvantages:
- However, hydraulic presses require a lot of maintenance. The oil must always
be present inside the press, in addition, they have several devices for pressure
control to ensure the proper functioning of the press. - A more powerful engine
than the mechanical press because there is no flywheel to store energy. -
Maintenance of the hydraulic press is more difficult.

=> Presses of all types are very important in the industry and are widely
used to design a lot of products that are used every day. To generate a
movement, either the mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic method is used
and each method has its advantages and disadvantages and the choice of a
method is made according to the task and the rate of production planned.
The presses have developed a lot and are currently digitally controlled.
III. The operations of the press
1. Punching Operation:

2.
3. Blanking Operation:
4.
 5. Embossing
6.

7.  Deep Drawing

8.