General Chemistry- Organic and Inorganic Lecture

Organic Chemistry: Alkene and Alkyne Organic Reactions

1. What is the E and Z designation? Give an example.

- The E and Z designation or E-Z system is used in naming and identifying alkene
isomers based on the same priority principles, developed by IUPAC. The
geometric isomers can be distinguished when each carbon in a pi (double) bond
is connected to a hydrogen and a non-hydrogen substituent using the cis-trans
nomenclature. However, there are some circumstances in which using the IUPAC
approach for naming alkene isomers is more crucial. The two substituents that
are connected to each carbon are examined by the E-Z system, which rates each
one as either high or low priority. The alkene has a Z isomer if the higher priority
group is on the same side of both carbons in the double bonds. An example of
the E-Z designation is the alkene, 1-bromo-2-chloro-3-fluoro-1-diethyl, which has
four various substituents connected to a pi bond.

2. What are the rules for determining priority groups in Alkenes and Alkynes?

- In determining priority groups in Alkenes and Alkynes, the first thing to do is to

check if there are carbon-carbon multiple bonds and if there is any present, they
are regarded as substituents with a lesser priority than amines. Due to that fact,
when an alcohol and an alkene are present in a single molecule, the alcohol
takes precedence and the molecule ends in “-ol.” The locant is then followed by
the prefix “en-“, which indicates the presence of the double bond. A molecule
containing an alkene will have the suffix “ene” if there are no higher priority
groups. Alkyne, on the other hand, its proper prefix and suffix are “-yn” and
“-yne,” respectively.

3. What are Markovnikov’s and Anti-Markovnikov’s rules? Elaborate.

- The Markovnikov’s states that in addition to reactions of alkenes or alkynes, the proton is
added to the carbon atom that has the highest number of hydrogen atoms attached to it.
This rule is very helpful in predicting the end product of a certain chemical reaction.
To create chemical compounds, we use chemical processes. With the right temperature and
other circumstances, we can produce the desired product if we have the necessary quantities of
reactants and catalysts. But occasionally, a chemical reaction may not produce the target
compound or it may produce a variety of compounds, some of which may include the desired
result.