Solid - water ~ Air Relation ship and Index * = Propest es of soil z = Scanned with CamScannerKase ataQvams A Soil AAS GMSLRO SOA RB QALUSS GAs NOVAS Castel FF ACQ) fda Merween AWems Wese Noid are exthe, PFOIMSA VOL Ate OF WEY 1 THe ALAM aA, Show ma we como ent OF Sov bh AS Leemed aS PUsse AL Aram + { t Gyr ony JSOvas i ppp. ! LL Md ABs r | eek AQ iy TASS TA t TiS! = Busse. Atadvam NWO SUAS © —netii = euese_ Maser CASO cane, — Kune esis: aS | Xe Soly cee rer Ao ssM Awe ei a ——F Sv wee hss . Ae @, COMES Ley MSS C_Sy eke wy, on eee SANS orrated on eu Ne 5 ae “PUNY A eg Scanned with CamScanner‘ \ SIeody ES A MAA PMATS Markavar ag tk | TIS So seas OF SONA Pavkve led qud-wuyd Qed i Perr Wem + WH! NIgeS are “> 24 Bosic Relavor swe (a ‘ SEUNG _ Aid puase ——ay : Ruled =~ i rt 1 } Cenase 4 tagvam “4 | mere Nis Toray Nowme GF Soir ee let), Nau Aig. & NILE Venimes OF ote weer SOaS AM I Aigias vesPece ey — Wee Wu & Ws = Weiswes 2 aly (ware, and Sard aud Wasd Cweignr OF We {8 wegictole } [sma Ws Turar Weigue of Sail : | pas Ny s Nae Nu oo [So Ns Met Vue! Va - 7 [ ss \Nz NvtNs\ : | | [Res wea Wun Wg 2 : ’ [PS wwe oF Scanned with CamScanner‘3 ASS Aelwryy’ ons | Scanned with CamScannert e@= WN. Naxis , Ns N's =e a) sX AS Bene vauwy expresses tw ae SMALD i WHR — onthe ag Sy SS Raasety (Gisegiea os snd ama tte, Nowme Of Voias Lo ane Rp cat rome _oe S. Sou } 4 Gengrany exrvesced iu Per cevtage | ava AS aways 1 Awa Ane x Vs 3 j “) Degree US SarwarroC Sv\ EB AWE OL NV OUME oF worse RON UME of ean: ‘| a Se 2 Nw sg ol: i! \ NN Z pe Foy aweaurserC Pung) WY Sot Nycaslged_ Z| te AYSAMAAY Cu Stra eke NWoea _ A Ny 2 No | cae Vs AYO. = 4 \ @ Sa Seate OF Nowe of in kg) NOME OR _NOSAQ Scanned with CamScanner— af center rend Blea age a= ~ Soarrared Sa Naso. acco Sea Qos WAVES ysgol = xo Sk = SN Ce WANs Gls hss of aUolas Oral ty Qaala Ge vowme POR Oty 40. tokoy Linume OF Sart = i | le ex \y exer eS Sed ei age. Oe MOIS twee Content = . We Ge Waren we Ws OF Grogen rds s SN aor Cente Sou” OR baci 7 flee wh Wy An =i ANS (% WAL GL Sy WON i ‘ N N BATE Wor Scanned with CamScannerWer SQLS TSVer SonfHoasear Soo} We Mass swt Wes 3 ONS BEI. fon. vay te wd Scanned with CamScannertbe WAY a 7 LAS N Ohm 2 of | | SOW MAS. | OE Sov mags ee a) Sarsrered Whe IF So mass \ DerH UAce NOME GH SQ.) MOS) . Scanned with CamScanner© ‘ a = _SrecS Grea OF SONED LASHOS AB of GEE SS greg RL Qrand Seuey. Ag Parente Se whe a kag Ses Area Sate SE Scanned with CamScanner: Volume, mass _Telatfonship 8- : 1), Bulk “mass Density ?- [S0) — | fg degined a5 the vatio of total mass per total volume - $= om Vv 2 6 Also known a5 wergr wel mass density or bulk _ density or__dlensity. 2) bry mass Density (Sa)e- : : This dene d as the” ratio -0f mace _ of “Solid _per wot jem volume. I : $0 = Ms - 5 . a ID %5 used fo express the densenpss. 0 OK soil. A tee soil 15 10 Scanned with CamScannerer _@mpact cond?ions a ‘ ca. ___Relatensmp between € 0, G1, par esIEeMIEaTIEIEE) Ai) Saturated mass density 2 ee fee eee | i Ssor =_Msat “i _ e volume oe as Ssop 4 iv) | Submerged moss _densitys- - | Ssub =. sup. fust | volume 7 I a ; Baw = Ssat - Sw} _ [toe derivation Teyer to. ER Arora Scanned with CamScanner[Relationship between ¢, w, $x, ] e= Wis VW Vi Vs Ww OS | = Ly Ww Yous Ww V2 Ww | Sr Tw Vw Yay i Ws e - B %s / 7 Ste Ve a Sr (Tw) Ws | = f xX WX GA — Se Df a eh x WX G eae Scanned with CamScanner“Relationship between e andn Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanneror, or, or, Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner= \N weno wang (as Nu 2 No TNIss NN Ns ai we" Lo a et a Aye Mg (Aas = Wy Woe, a a = le ‘Nig = | = WEEMS oarw | aye. . - SS = AwCGr Wl, @xe) 2i\ = Rg swe Bol AY Se) €' Ye=wa) ! axe\ , 2 Se Sar ared ) = Sete Wa h ! Cosess. Qs Ane Sori ss_Faiss Sarur ed , Yrs Uso. ‘ Buse sont Seek (Seu { Bartke Unde sey | Visas pee \ p ES NCB oe ZH AWE | SOAS YS) apsaurey ae, Svsa [Apa = Ards a — \ ate ro 50 Scanned with CamScanner. _ - Bo Relationship between diy unit weight (%4,), bulk voit weight [7) _and_woter content | W)- = _ Scanned with CamScannerW, Water content (w) = Ww. s Adding 1 on both sides; we get, =7+ We __Ws+ Ww oe ae ev W. or ltw= Ww. WwW. or, Ws=Taw (1 Also, oe Ws Dry unit weight (ya) ay Q From equation (1) and (2); we get, Ww ” if we Vet? oa We 7 Ya"G+w) xV =i : Ye Taw Gee Scanned with CamScanner| Specitie gravity. and wid Yotio. _ Relationship between Submerged! unit weight ( tue) ] 7), Yeu = Year - Tw ; : — | 29%] Gres) va rr —__ —t Ite els 7 i = ty) fGre na 2 Scanned with CamScanner(URevant gw bear “sok and Risa) | NS Les WW Wwe Awe (WAT GO Soar~atea Sot] Man § a Nowme Nt Scanned with CamScannerPe . nen, Loss Bal ea eboney x. =! Maas 7 Sas ee es was Nsuy = Ws OWN 24 = aM 2 a NI / Vea £ c t | ses sea 0 [—O B Asan: «(Are Mw Boe BAe, eI wa xe Tre { A i Scanned with CamScannerWoationsnp bet” ay init weight ty) Specipie got water _centent and_ percentage of dir_yoids | Ya [4- =Na Cha. H THUG Scanned with CamScannerTirexartow peaneen, acd oat’: we NONACU A ave tae Ge Vala DWH Sor | MWeve, Ne Nas Asan Ue Nt av tr aaa senor Nas > 35 Sper 3\q—vs) = WY as WN NS || (ama: Na G:Yan ’ - re al WN — eusWs 4 va Gus ww | mg “a, Ae. “is! __ | _ wry a Gaels 8a + Sa Scanned with CamScannerWhen nz = 072, when soil mass becomes fully saturated of a given water content then, —-—Clw_ Ya “T+wG Scanned with CamScannerRelationship between percentage air wid 0nd _air_content3- Scanned with CamScanner(3) Ya = (1 -n) Gy a i) r= (5) (G5) Scanned with CamScanner@ Ore eons bbe yo ae oe VE we Scanned with CamScannerane erennenennee panne nep festa Ne — “37 ( jd pe Nal ih. ae Scanned with CamScannerii) Let, V,=1m3 Ve Ve ery ty te, e=Vy Scanned with CamScanner5.-w : at v ) VWw=S;xe Now, Total weight Bulk unit weight (g) = Total volume . Wet Wt Wa _ Ghw* YX Vw $0 Gyn tw XS Xe tans VetVag 1te eae yea PF Tt+e° When soil is fully saturated; then, “S,=1 and, Y= Ysat , ® % ; 4 tr SEE xy * Bees - Also, we know that; Sxe=wxG = For fully saturated soil; y : tis S=1 | vera see 1xe=wxG Hence, e . iE : ; G=y é ae " From equations (1) and (2); we get, - x ; : : +e) £04) 4, SD, = ite Rw w (1+e) : : F i a or a (DE ‘tw (Proved) Scanned with CamScannerAE BeeNe_ene_e a MSMR werwed Sawwase; snide 022 iGite gar) beyie ant eh 4Cy), bd Lente te Se Che Wiad Aeqee | ua tration CS.) _ i Scanned with CamScannerRo te, Gy eYw or, Y=TeetSI+e (G+ Se)yw on mee te Gyw g [Gt Gtw @] or, y- fits Pe-Tette G (G+e)yw Giw Ot Oe. Also, we know that; (G + e) Yw Ysat="—T ae Gyw and, Ya=T +e Introducing these values; we get, 1 =Ya+t S; (Yea - Ya); which is required expression. Scanned with CamScannerShow that degree of saturation S, is given by the expression; = : as+w-¢ where, w is water content, Yw is unit weight of water, y is bulk unit weigh and G'is specific gravity of soil particles. ght Scanned with CamScannerWe have, (G+See) yw ° i dee) Also, we know that, Se=wG wG a, ,e* S; Combining equations (1) and (2); we get, (G+ wG) Ww - el or, Seca+wl “41 »G S, co W Scanned with CamScanner 10} @)Show that the water content w of a partially saturated soil can be Ss) F 1-\G_ expressed as: w = 7G.) >" ‘m @- where, Gm is mass specific gravit ity, G is specific gravity and S is degree of saturation. : % F « Scanned with CamScannerSolution: We have, a Mass specific gravity (Ga) = Also; we have, =f _(G*se) Gm =o . (lite) or, GnteGn=G+S. : = (G-Gn) : : &*'Gn-S) ; . 0 Also, Se = wG wG : . aor @ em : ; From equations (1) and Q); we get, - WG _(G-Gn) S ~ (Gn-S) 8 G-Go) 2, oe (Gass) Gm 1-(= we @)-1 (Proved) 7: 1 Scanned with CamScanneree — QS ~e2 Ww =e - on — : . &) w= aoe ot ote H a AM @__ x= (Gas § Ms « (GrwG \%o =Gew, ave 3+Ee rte Scanned with CamScanner—_@) Msuys (GR -2\ nx (H=a\ No ov © eM = (>) ae) Ce’ Le L phd @) was (anal Ges J AAW, io @)_S- = Nhu OD lon -€))- ad f 4 wil saa) ae ' PN fy Ot. L “gents a @y Va = Se me A : 2 Ep SK0 GexSvs TMV wo err iz is i: ; S a WN = WN ES Scanned with CamScannerQO Faget Doe: / / LW WE Mute srr of Sot JS 291.32 KN 3 QnA Me, SR grand of Soi 6922 Qn ' Line mo lSAave conden of Ane Soils paar fy AS H+) Carewrare, LET @B_avy ate woes 2 . ja ® Nola So tu) Ngee + = @®_veavee oF Sarwar \ fe lV) f. Weast+eqas ,Usr19:e2 el Uk ‘wees || fe BOD Mae ANA Lia ab) ce ey if ere a = ASO 6x93 = Le AP , 4 re > es 9/554 CNW Varig) ms ® Of gas e pe we ae eT ChusaSag). i iv oar a& =. Ss ied eye, WoCaw) 33 i ™ Die o2) Se 299915 Oo: = 33 sABRS AQ 2 -BSrw(A,04S) A wel (j AS-GrexgS CSeQvee oo Sarwabion] we)! Of ome G Ay Paw Uae (Amal QA) / LENG SD AS OCa = (A= Ma) ¥2-R x9. GI9 25-0357 ae MOS Y'9S9S 5 Of iSOS/. (CpexcenteSe of adwords} Scanned with CamScannerA. SQ dt SamMe Wes ame Cy uy vo NAL . =~9- esq: aud w= 220-34 Psvreuiete, Qe Aeusey AVY unt Ws, Wek Acvgrrs p Wet Guth sk aud AeQrvee Of Sarva! Scanned with CamScanner9 Q Soe Wak WAC sr Gru Foy S_WeeSsu wnNind Se DE br SD Avy Aeustyy Sal: Xe = AQSTU ees | gos ey My a 7 a AGISSY= UM) i Zz TONY Sp = ECF ens _ ENO Se MACE WEY Sp ek deus iny = Mo = AGG ~ pSBe L923 RY HQ EN Segvee of Satavaxion = Sy pl4 2, NT sso WWF) Ls MM qQ SS-5 ~O°S4 6239, SS2OGqay) i A wR G1 995), ROTA Fag>, Ag 2 Gas. & Se Gh we C= NG SD -S¥29'6=G 24K 1-AGL = Cegnvee seal ll Scanned with CamScanneriT = OY =r0fonasring | Actas ture Sven fer, Se Seana 9 Coyess Sodl (Ma 272 gq MSS A1G 9m Gye Tea Ses SY AEMY / —- 8 NEQUE COAG ROVGSHY GK - —— 1 —_Srecimeus z ——5 SNe t ; Set “MESS SE Were Soy Ma_223 Quy a B98 of avy Soil Mg SAIL IS Mes8 9.6 : 1 S08) 8oita: SRecCich_ Grvon tay, of BULL) AS we = ——— —Dedeee of daxariou Sun ASY =o- : . ss Scanned with CamScanner le i iia atAIQLE GWE 1.99 yay) 9 eh wy | NS ASFEMK AQMD = AB ANOS Ce CQ) C-—yrar NOUME AC SRecway] wo wes Gasve) Yu, Grey > _e> @27'63 Crag roti) a = was O14224 = ws. a! a Q ’ See =i DOS» CS _O'ALCIALA 2S neat as <0) w= & Oa 13M = Arte) - ae oy Cro~oSiky) L 5 . mas, Wan Gs LAY IPA | = AI. GAGOINN? SE QIAN J Bare Ma =e A pe Se a N= RB WO3.CC | Scanned with CamScanner- _ ee a. wSwra SSNS Su MOSts Soll Mas qo | Nowene, OS Qoagams ane WL Ba. en’ TMS, ONO any wre of Ere Sot Jo il . 2 ‘ ot 22 A, —_—} x we, conrenk jp MOIS ttc Se Care (mage tale We Tard Gut i WH NIL d ete Rove SAY and Ae Qveo ot Sta sera 04 \ SoPt Whe gS mg tse Sos We aya WE Of ey SGh NSS ASR GY | nA s- o & Waxer Woe W- WS = t 1 Scanned with CamScannerUve\y if Gr dSge Scanned with CamScannerWOW) Ma = AW 32+ > —O=5) . Boise oe ae mo AAS, > ©= O'Ga= Gate Crinrea ~axto) : Wo Row Sa Cus = = 93% = BEL fy fe eee ta pt EE areca sola! pow, Se cI _ t ee ee ee | DS SNV40'S93 =65-30-h ys a Scanned with CamScannerA clay sample containing its natural moisture content weighs 0.333N. The specific gravity of solid of this soil is 2.70. After oven drying the soil sample weighs 0.2025 N. The volume of the moist sample before oven drying found by displacement of mercury is 24.30 cm?. Determine the moisture content, void ratio and degree of saturation of soil. Scanned with CamScannerGiven that; Volume soil mass (V) = 24.30 cm? Weight of soil mass (W) = 0.333N. Weight of dry soil mass (wa) = 0.2025N Specific gravity (G) = 2.70 : : Www W=Wa _ 0.333 - 0.2025 i) Moisture content (w)="w.=" wa ~ 0.2025 = 0.644 = 64.4 % Also, Wa _ 0.2025 Yar ry = 3gg9 7833 * 103N/emP ‘ya = 8330 N/m3 = 8.33 kN/m3 ii). Void ratio =o 1-2 1-218 DU > Qiw iif) “We have, ‘ : VEG S.xe=wxG _WxG 0.644% 2.7 or, soe ome Pa aay Scanned with CamScannerA soil sample was collected in a sampling tube of internal diameter Sem and length 12cm. The weight of extracted sample was 420gms. On oven drying its weight was 380gms. Assume the specific gravity of soil grains to be 2.7. Determine: i) Bulk Unit Weight. Water Content. iii) Void ratio. iv) Degree of saturation. Scanned with CamScannerGiven that; Internal diameter of sampling tube (d) = Sem Here, Length of sample = 12 cm Moist weight of sample = 420 gm Dry weiglit of sample = 380 gm Specific gravity (G) =2.7 ‘ a Volume of sample (v) ="—q Now, i) ii) iti) iv) W420 Bulk unit weight (1) = -y = 935.62 (420 - 380) 100% = io Water content (w) = ia pert 1.78 T+ w ~1+0.1053 ” Also, le Ya= _ +f + 2 at or, 161= or, 161+ tis e=27 e=0.68 We know, Ss xe=wxG BEE 0.68 ’ WG 9105927 2; o x 12 = 235.62 cm? = 1.78 gm/cm? =1.61 g/cm? = 41.81% Scanned with CamScannerA nif soil deposit has a bulk unit weight of 17 kN/m? and water content of 10%. Determine the amount of water required to be added to Im’ of soil to raise the water content to 15%. constant. Assume void ratio remains Scanned with CamScannerGiven that; Unit weight of soil () =17 KN/m3 ‘Water content (wi) = 10% Volume of soil (V) = 1 m3 Water éontent (w2) = 15.% We know that, eee Bee Ya=Taw oa Now, Wa “Yay Also, 5. We Ww") Weord or, Ww=W* Wa From equation (1) and (2); we e get, Ww =w ya* V Case I ‘ When water content (w) = 10%; then, asap 15.45 x 1=1.55kN° 1.55 and,. Vw = 7 = gy 70.158 m? Case II When water content (w’) = 15%; then, Scanned with CamScanner (t) @ 8)Ww =0.15 x 15.45 x 1=232kN 232 — and, Vw = 9g] = 0:236 m? Hence, amount of volume to be added (V) = V'; ~ Vw = 0.236 ~ 0.158 = 0.078 m° Scanned with CamScannerTwo Soils A and B are mixed dry in proportion of 30%, 70% by mass. The a Specific gravity of soil A and B are 2.60 and 2.70 respectively. If the bulk density of mixed soil is 1.8 gm/c.c. at 15% water content, determine voic ratio and degree of saturation. . Scanned with CamScannerGiven that; : For soil A For soil B Mass (Ma) = 0.3 M Mass (Ms) = 0.7M Specific gravity (Ga) = 2.6 Specific gravity (Gp) = 2.7 Bulk density mix (Pmix) = 1.8 gm/c.c. Water content (w)=15% * Void ratio (e) = ? and, Degree of saturation (S,) = ? . We have, _ . 1 Vs = (Va)s + (Vs)s : : Ps. ~ (Pa)stora) (Px)a" ae ; M 03M , _0.7M _ Gan = Gapw'* Ga* Pw [:< or, Deo pecxn 7 Ca Gt a On Gi 26 497 ‘ * Gmix = 2.67 ‘Now, ; 18 (4) mix =f =Tro1s 7157 g/cc. Also, - _ Gmix.X Pw . (®d)mix=T + mix ' 157 =26221 Oh DO Tt Ginx ‘ mix = 0.7 Again, (Gr)mix ¥ mix = WX Gmix 0.15 * 2.67 *. Gdmx=—~ 97 0572 =57.2% Scanned with CamScannerTwo soil C and D are mixed dry in proportion of 35%, 65% by mass. The specific gravity of soil C and D are 2.65 and 2.75 respectively. If the bulk density of mixed soil is 1.7 gm/ce at 15% water content, determine void ratio and degree of saturation. Scanned with CamScannerIn an oil well drilling project drilling mud was used to retain the sides the bore well. In.one litre of suspension in water the drilling mud flui consisted of the following materials: Materials | Weight (gm) | Specific gravity 410 clay 2.81 sand 75 2.69. Iron filling | "320 ig TAB. Find the unit weight of the drilling fluid of uniform suspension. Scanned with CamScanner‘ Solution: Given that; Weight of clay (Wsana) = 380 gms Weight of sand (Wana) = 82 gms Scanned with CamScanner ~ © aWeight of iron filling (Wiron) = 300 gms Now, Geay = Mt iy = 281 x1= = 2.81 gm/c.c. Similarly, te Yeand = 2.69 X 1 = 2.69 m/c.c. and, Yin =7.13*1=7.3 gm/cc. . Now, Total yoluine of solid (Vs) = Vetay + Vsand + Viron = 145.91 + 27.88 + 44.88 = 218.67 em? Volume of water (Vw) = V - Vs = 1000 - 218. 67 = 781.33.cm3 We have, Ww Yu = Vey “Ww = Yw* Vw = 1 < 781.33 = 781.33 gm Now, te weight (whe = Wey + Weand + Wiron + Wwater = 410 + 75 + 320 + 781.33 = 1586.33 gm Ww 86.33, Unit wt (7) = =e a = 1,59 gm/c.c. Scanned with CamScannerInan oil drilling project, a heavy viscous liquid (drilling mud) was used to keep the drilling hole open. It consists of suspension in water of the following properties per litre of volume. 380gm of clay of G = 2.82 82gm of sand of G = 2.68 300gm of iron fillings of G = 7.13 ‘Assuming that unit weight of water = 1.00 gm per cc and a uniformly mixed suspension, what is the unit weight of suspension? Scanned with CamScannerA project engineer receives a laboratory report with test performed central material testing laboratory, IOE Pulchowk. The engineer susp that one of the measurements is in error. Are the, engineer suspici correct? If so, which one‘of these values is wrong and what should be correct value? Y = Unit weight of sample = 18.4 kN/m? Ys = Unit weight of solids = 26.1 KN/m? w = Water content = 40% e = Void ratio = 1.12 8 = Degree of saturation = 45%, : Scanned with CamScannerCheck the accuracy of 4 out of 5 of the variables using, sxe=wxG Here, Z i sxe=0.95 x 1.12=1.06 And, w x G= 0.4 x fs = 04 x 31 = 1.06 Since, sxe=wxG=1.06 a Therefore, these four variables are correct. The only possible incorrect value is y. We have, Vetexs 26.1 49.95 x1.12 v= (SE) xy, =(%™ x Yw = | 281, —,— ] x 9.81 THe )* iw =|" T¥e T¥1i2 ¥=17.23 kN/m? # 18.4 kN/m° so, Corrected value of unit weight of sample @Y = 17.23 kN/m’. Scanned with CamScannerThe mass specific gravity of a fully saturated specimen of clay having a water content of 30.5% is 1.96 on oven drying the mass specific gravity * drops to 1.50 calculate the ae gravity of clay. ylution: : je have, : Mass specific gravity (Gm) =f ora Ye or fully saturated.condition; Gn = 1.96 and, Y= sat Ysat = Gm * Yw = 1.96 Yw Also, we have, vy + e)w Yst= “Te : _(Gte) x Ww Or, 196 YW = Ite G+e) (Fe =1,96 « Bade ‘ (1) On oven drying Gn = 1.50 and, y= 44 “ Ya= Gn * Yw = 1.50 Wenave im Yw = 1.50 Yw 6 : Treas ‘ . @- Scanned with CamScanner eee SEWater content (wsat) = 30.5% e=0.305G : Thus, from equation (1); we have, _ (G+0305Gy = (1+ 0.305 G) G=277 Assuming the void ratio remain unchanged then from equation (ii); we have a ‘ (1 + 0.305G) G=2.76 1.96 15= Scanned with CamScannerA soil mass has a bulk weight density of 20.6 kN/m? and water content of 16%. Calculate the water content if the soil partially dries to a density of 49.2 kN/mand the void ratio remains unchanged. Scanned with CamScannerSolution: Given that; Bulk unit weight (7) = 20.6 KN/m> Water content (w)=16% Dry unit weight (ja) = sees re 7 [e016 71776 KN/m If the void ratio remains unchanged while drying takes place, the dry weight density also remains unchanged. Since, G and yw do not change. New value of y = 19.2 kN/m3 Now, Tw -@ 2 or, weasiy Scanned with CamScannerA natural soil deposit has a bulk density of 1.86 g/cm? and water content °f5%. Calculate the amount of water to be added to 1m: of soil to raise the aa content to 15%, Assume void ratio remains constant. What will be degree of saturation? Assume: G = 2.68 Scanned with CamScanneriven that; Giver sensity of soil (P) = 1.86 gm/c.c. ~ Water content (w) =5% Volume of soil (v) = 1m? t; 1.86 Dry density 03) = Tyg “TH OOET N77 B/em? Mw \ ; a (1 W* Moira) " pa=y or, =paxV ease above equation (1) and (2); we get, Mw = wpaV Case I When w = 5%; : My = 0.05 x (100) x, 1.77 = 8.85 x 104 gm. Also, Mw Pw = Veo Me — SER EAD = 8.85 « 10% cm? = 885 lites Pw 1 Case IL : When water content (w) = 15% = 0.15 Mw = 0.15 0 x 1.77 x (100)3 = 26.55 x 104 g 2 55 _ and, Vu =F % 10! = 26.5 x 10! cm? = 265.5 litres Hence, joss of water required to be added to raise the water content from >" 3 to 15% = (265.5 - 88.5) = 177 litres. pea Gow ; Pa“Tre 2.68 x1 l+e e=0514 or, 1.77= Degree of saturation (s) = xg Assuming the void ratio (e) to fe the same after water has been added. _ 0.15. 2.68 S=— ppg 7 78.2% Scanned with CamScannerA soil mass in its natural state is partially saturated having a water co} of 17.5% and a void ratio of 0.87. Determine the degree of saturation, unit weight, and dry unit weight. What is the weight of water required make a mass of 10 m volume to get saturated? Assume: G = 2.69 Scanned with CamScannerSolution: Given that; Water content (w) = 17.5% Void ratio (¢) = 0.87 Now, a) wG 0.175 x 2.65 Degree of saturation Oe. ee = 54.11 % w(d + Total unit weight (¥)=— +e 2.69 x (1 + 0.175) * 9.81 or, 13087 = 16.58 kN/m? 16.58 Dry unit weight (1d) = Tw 71+ 0175 > MATL KN/ a To make void fully saturated; then, S,=4 (Ge) _ 9.81 x (2.69 + 0.87) _ and, taa="“Gre = 14087 7 18.68 KN/nt Weight of water to make soil full saturation = (sat - ¥) V = (18.68 - 16.58) x 10 =21kN Scanned with CamScannerThe natural water content of a sample taken from a soil deposit was fo to be 11.5%. It has been calculated that the maximum density for the s will be obtained when the water content reaches 21.5%. Compute much of water must be added to each 100 KN of soil (in its natural state) it order to increase the water to 21.5%, Assume that degree of saturation i its natural state was 40% and G = 2.7. Scanned with CamScannerDegree of saturation at natural state (S) = 40% G _ 0,115 x 2.7 Void ratio for the soil in natural states (e) =“g-=—gq— = 0.776 Assume, Total volume (v) = 1 m3 For the same void ratio 0.776 the water content has to be increased to get maximum dry density so dry density remains same. ie, Y= a Laity ‘ (Being G , Yw and e constant) 27% 981 w= T5076 7ST N/m? We have, = Water content x Dry unit weight x Total volume ie, Ww=wyaxV i Case I When w = 11.5% Wy = 0.115 x.14.91 1 = 1.715 kN Case II When w = 21.5% Ww = 0.215 x14.91 x 1 = 3.206 kN Weight of water to be added = (3.206 - 1.715) KN = 1.491 kN Now, weight to mass at 40% saturation; we know, a= Vv Ws=¥g* V = 14.91 x 1 = 14.91 KN and, Wy = 1.715 kN : Total weight at 40% saturation = (14.91 + 1.715) = 16.625 kN Now, for every 16.625 kN of mass;, Excess weight of water = 1.491 For 100 kN of mass; Excess of water required = seas x 100 = 8.97 kN Scanned with CamScannerA saturated clay sample was found to have a dry mass of 57.38 gm when it was tested with a sample of diameter of 6.35 cm and height of 1.75 cm. Determine the void ratio, dry density water content and bulk density of soil sample. Also find the mass of soil if the water content is decreased by 5%. Take specific gravity of soil as 2.7. Scanned with CamScannerSolution: Given that; Pee ck! . Diameter (D) =6.35cm | ~ Height (h) = 1.75 cm a2 |” nx 6.352 Volume of soil mass (V) -= x ee Dry mass (Wa) =57.38 gm | Wa 5738 | Dry unit weight (ya) ="y" = 35q5 = 1.04 gm/om’ Again, e=16 For saturated clay, WG=S, xe Se 116 Weg = p77 59.12% * 1.75 = 55.42 cm3 Scanned with CamScanneron. LOE= 7595912 = 1.65 gm/cm3" : : 4 When water content is decreased by 5%; then, = Water content (w') = (59.12 - 5)% = 54.12% Now, 1.04 New unit weight (y) = re] = Ts 0.5412 = 1:60 gm/cm> Again, Ww YEy or, W=yx V=1.60 x 55.42 = 88.67 gm Weight of the soil is 88.67 gm, when the water content is decreased by 52%. Scanned with CamScannerDry sand of 10,676 gm is poured fully into a cylinder having internal diameter of 200m and height of 200 mm. The porosity of the sand is 35% water is carefully added until the sand becomes saturated. While the porosity remains same determine: . a) _ the saturated density of the soil. b) the amount of water needed to saturated the soil. ©) _ the specific gravity of sand particles, d) _ the water content of the sand at saturated condition. Solution: Given that; Weight of dry sand (Wa) = 10,676 gm - Diameter of cylinder (d) = 200 mi = 20 cm Height of cylinder (h) = 200 mm = 20 cm 2 : Volume of sand (v) = 22 x n= ), = . rho mnvaa vO Ov Pye iC ay zope Aveo df GB | So OB ee We Sohe 4 ROSE Bet ‘ Cu *ESEO ————— t ave Sayed Mmdex Propertyes Of So lS Scanned with CamScannerMEN octuug yrorersigy 0 Sot wmtey MOM ye CarSQened aS tndex PrdPeviicg 1 Are [Bee Seek se ne LB BB SELCS— z © 4 {UO ACMA Gey CONSVSREMTY. SE Me Boise | Aide A . on 2 { oN S. [ee en Sanevaeal ae Se ES QAIS_Cam Ye Q RANG MC BAMAGS SO Bvoln Sxawevkd ee FSSA ct + Soe “SYS. Proper “od I adc NA = AMIDE. Pv pres NE - a $ aaa Awe, cea ss ST Sot we. Wen Macon, FAME WAS fe me SS Ro Semaion SS ieee oS fees S082 ont Stee og Scanned with CamScannerPrac Wiese, Wing engine See Are. Coundea Sori deVos dS. wg Serucgurep Scanned with CamScanner ON UM AYS*M Wed mag}etermination 0% yoridus in dex rope Heo $= 1) Determination pj’ wotw pontent by gven drying motnod > Standard: laboratory mothod jot determining woter _@ntent K | soil_sample : most accusate metiod. ) — i} | wi W I __ Pan ony wot | 30i) Sam : | We Wey = We -uy V — | Ws bg -W 7 = Scanned with CamScanner~ conesoam eel ——) ate @ clear pan § find the 4 nanan “| Procedure :~ weit st Ld he pans - = Toke neaily 100gm_0, wl. mee in Me pon & wk. pon agin. 2) | keep ine “soil ish “pan an__oven_for_ 24 prs at ioe oc +) |Ayter_drying cool tne pan and Find. tne wt. 64 the pan and the diy sotl. Wis Wwe WoW Ws W9- Wr ! W, = wt-of empty pon We = wt oY pon & guet Soi) _ wt of foot ary soi | tempt below 119 £5C may not cause complete’ evaporation oy water and ne temp" hgter won is. femp “may Cause tp x ihe 01 contains Organic _matte «s jtnen the 40mp’ oy the owen should he _in pet” 60 to Bec. ; 1 2 [Determination of Water content by Pycnometer me tnod $- Procedure s~ j Po Find the mass 0 yee moter | M,) i _ s | t - — Fill the pycnometer with about 200g | Of wet Sample + 7 5 § 2 take it's weight a5 _M,. 3) | Add water in pyenomele’ such shak je is _ moh gull 8 water. The oir in ne __ soi) omple is Sh go ‘ ‘ to by heating or suc Hon. ti. waler 1s " added! to, Scanned with CamScannerfai 1 ¥ completely fra freer) Page no. ~NEW Le Cone gt ea = —_ aT {-supesion : {ull_copacity § pycnometer is weighted 03 ky 4) Emp ty’ the Pyenometor 8" dean. \ijt- All the Pycnomeien > with “water § determine it's weignt 06 Ma, eo fia o SAY { ‘MASS of emply pycnometer = H, 2 mass og Pyoromeler wet scil = M, ‘ ——2282_04 pycnometer + wet Soil s water: My, {MOSS of pycnomoter + water = We i a : : | We: Ww Mi ae ls Me M aa =Ms — = Ms ‘i My = My = Ms + Vs Su) Wot My Sy wig gs a is mg- Mot s iM, von Very . he y Scanned with CamScanner————NI [age No,: pate g_J — tt. Ma - Mg 2 ™- od [ 4 or M. 4 M3 -M. Gh Ws M3 - Mgt Ve Sur | My = Mg Ms + Ms - ae | My = Mg *[My-M,)4 [My -m,)) Pes Oy MyM = [Hy —H4,] =} ne ot Mesh, = bod Fa] G o1, [Hata] ‘ — ra 7 | 1 | -p—ee,_ [ity ng J = = [Mme [a ty) ‘ na : ; Eu 7 p86 mg=my = [My =) [ym ; Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerA pycnometer weighing 640gms was used in the following measurement on sample A and B of the same soil. Sample Aa was oven dried and B was completely saturated. Weight of pycnometer when filled with water was only 1495 gms. Samples wwe Aw BO Wt. of sample only (gms.) as 1000 B44 Wt. of pycnometer full of soil sample and water 2125 2200 Find _ i) The specific gravity of soil and ii) The water content and void ratio of sample B. Scanned with CamScannerFor sample A Weight of pycnometer (W1) = 640 gm * Weight of pycnometer + Dry soil (W2) = 1000 + 640 = 1640 gm Weight of pycnometer + Soil sample + Water (Ws) = 2125 gm Weight of pycnometer + Fall of water (W4) = 1495 gm Now, : : f Oe Wi). (1640 - 640) Specific gravity (G) = (W.-W) - (Ws - Wa) “(sso = 640) - (2125 - 1495) 1000 =379 = 2.70 For sample B Weight of pycnometer (W1) = 640 gm Weight of pycnometer + Soil sample (W2) = 640 + 1344 = 1984 gm Weight of pycnometer + Soil sample water (Ws) = 2200 gm Weight of pycnometer + Water (W,) = 1495 gm Now, Water content (w) = ew (3)- 1} «100% [Geen * «4. 1) 1008 = 20.03 % ney, [Since, specific gravity of soil can be determined fom dry soil sample] Sixemwxc SX e= 0.203 «27 0.203 x 2.7 —— =0.55 ° Scanned with CamScannerAn oven-dried soil sample having mass of 195gm was put inside a pycnometer which was then completely filled with distilled water. The mass of pycnometer with soil and water was found to be 1584 gm. The mass of pycnometer filled with water alone was 1465 gm. ie: specific gravity of soil solids. olution: flere, Mass of solid (M,) = 195 gm Mass of pycnometer + Soil + Water (Ms) = 1584 gm Mass of pycnometer + Water (Mb) = 1465 gm We have, _ (Mi - Mi) _ 195, “i “Wh Mh) = (Ms-Ma > Ma - ae Mia) ~ 195 - (1584 - 1465) = 257 Scanned with CamScannerFollowing observation were made while determining water content of a soil sample pycnometer method. Weight of soil sample (W) = 2.308 N Weight of pycnometer + Soil + Water wy Fi eect N Weight of pycnometer + Water (W2) = ws Ses Calculate water content of soil sample Scanned with CamScannerSons WL: of Satl Saaple = Ma=phy = a: 308y WIR UE PY Comomersee bi Si tewavlens 20: $80 sot ea gmomene a uidten git My _ Z ! Mi _ 3 sat : race Ls Mag 5 ne A GH - Yaw i (a ——— Now, AS gf ok — Hy hoe aos ove N Nouues] a fay AL AS IM, Scanned with CamScanner[consisury Ihe. wommdey | [obegves of Soemass | BSE O | Onenge gram one GRoRE Eb amen EE « Sh ME WOE Comdev UML Se PaHares Naw! OF Sot cS Carred / i r ‘andl i Siawtk- Pa PI | SSE ; 7 ede wat ‘ ‘ ln AC | So(L 2 : —— I eee | 7 a Rin Me | cA : ‘ Rares: Sole i ' Scanned with CamScannerWee rosxuic Mat! Woz Lanta vd \. Scanned with CamScanner— Liquid limit 3- =| | The _liguid_limit ia she water content at whith soi) changes pom liquid stole 10 piste § state. ze hUJ “minimum water content at. wnith ye Soil iS SHill_ in [liquid stato but has _a__emal)_ shearing ner _ageinst I flowing « At_lquid Imi _vhe. soil) possess _Q_small_value { Mme liquid limit. ig determinod:. using ye standard iiguid limit apparatus. : 4 | procedure 8 & : an , ))Pi¥ogm a tne dried sample passing throug h 425 j i is_taken: 2 -i5 mixed shoroughly “with “water JA ps?” { | of. sre Soil_poste is kept in up pM ef a J standard groving too! D.- grove jg Cut jn _ we Heng 4 2 ia Scanned with CamScannersai rom __bock to “he front dividing whe__pasle_jn the cup into _pwo equol_parts- Consider Cassa grandé’s 400] __ ¢_Q_ normal ine groin Soil. & a 4 peer ea gE tet 4) | Tem _- the handle__ 0, cassaqrande's device at a steady | rato oy 2 rev) 6ec- Conkinawe twining unk) two hale of Soi] “come __in contact at He bottom 0 he Groove along the | distonce ot J3mm- i i ma 6)| wore he number oy blows, aah ; 0 fre__water ‘content _p, she Soil ig qhtered _gnd__ she | process is repeated. : et, 2) 6x adjusting the water ino such a way hat_the_ro-c ‘blows i) “close the - groove moy yall within the _vange of. 510 40 blows Carry Dut atleast A _test- 8)| The water conten ‘values are __plotled _ a3_ordinate along “yong on natural Seale agoinst 0: Of blows 0 obtain a best yting stroignt line which ig _regerred qs glow curve. 9)! From _+h's" plot “the Ifquidlimit_i9 obtained 05 wate — Scanned with CamScanner4 me. _ + Shosts sews Css ao HRA ANB _ COME, oat ACM SON CMOnGe Qo. Scanned with CamScannerLDlosttc mit &- iL Plastic limit |siops behaving Stops 4 Wis water content soll uses ils plasticity 4 passes _jn10__gemi-aol'd state: _ Th jg the__min’erum water content at which Soil fe _ will just _begn i0 cracle when rolled int. a_shrea'd appeox, Smm in. diameter. ig the water content below - which __ #he_ soil a5 __plaskic pioterials At Scanned with CamScannerFrocedure 3- : Be__apout 209 _og Soil _yor_plastie limit__S0il- The ai) Should poss. Hyrough _%125 micron Sieve. mix _yne soi) with _water to_get [m)-ms - [ye ]sw From Oepini Hon; Shinkage limit - water content in stage I. —_—— We =| m,-ms) - { vi-vo)8 e 0 ; a Where Se i= water content in Stoge-T- i$ Scanned with CamScannerath ! Alternatively 3- ; | From Stage -Z a Ws_= [vp- Vs] 3.0. - | ms where; Vs is he Volume 04 S0l'd53 ~ —— Ws = \VoSw VsSw = it Hi | ms ms. - : Seem | We 2 So = VeSw ut i] 8a GV5 Sw axes | Ws = Sw L Vee | 8d g ——_ 1 Scanned with CamScannerShrinkage parameters é- | Shrinkage Thdex 8- Dis the _ numerical _disgoence bet Liquid limit | w,) Land the Shrinkage _|imit [Ws : U-sl | Ts = Wh - (Ws, b 2 Wy-Ws ——— 9) | shrinkage kato $- - : . i i i | R_is__deyined ds she toto Ga Guen volume | chonge expressed 08 a _pertentage of dry yolume_to_ the | corresponding change in__water content - { Se i cu : ____ _____—=—~ —- ma) Scanned with CamScannerStoge- FT 3Are cfg volume change J Wsa W equol . Where V= Volume soil_moss at water content w) Vo = Volume ok 80) moss at. water content W Va: volume of ony Soil_moss When the volume [Y2) if at Shrinkage Imit _Wh= Ws Vp = Ug Vi-Vo 3 Va. Wye gins [y-v Ja —— © | Ms | W,- Ww, SR Vi-Vo2 Va fy. Vj] 90 ms MN x ms x160. 100, Va Ly=¥5 [$0 Sa 100. Thys the Shrinkage _ratio- iS equal to moss gravity | Soil_in dry state, - [See Oe —er BE Scanned with CamScanner| Volumetric Shin koge &- _ | The volumetric shrinkage oF volumetric change is deyined Os. change in volume expressed as Percentage Of Ory volume when the water content i6 reduced fom a given value tO Shrinkage limit [ Ves Vive, 505 _ Va as WF Wy Fos _ Vs = WW ye yo0r/,1 : va | ; [ Ve: Sexf' Soe Vi- Va V4 x 100 7 pes w,- Ws Se_= vs ee re ral am w-ws J) Scanned with CamScannernEWLNK | | | Page Wo, pate Atterberg Tndices3- 1). PlostfeFty Tnaéacs- Plasticity index_is the range of water content over _ which jhe _Soil_remaing in plastic state. Plasticity ‘Tndex ig dened 05 the Iquid limit -_ plastic limit. | Ty R | i siquid ; : 1 |e lof ue old — Paoli | | el PL a ; Ip = U- Pl = Wy - Wp — Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner2). potting water content as ordinate | Lipw _ index s- | ‘flow _index_is re Slope “a ow curve obtained by en natural scale against ‘no. of blows as - alfisse. on. logaxittrmie cale- Jee w= We ‘call sie [ ae +} S— | where _w, = water content corresponding to number of blows. i ff bois at. s 5 Scanned with CamScannerautem e fF are warren comer Se ww yy TES OWS ar reguyred tO YVR, Be bourbon fare sgeN QO HW RIS ge 13H —— { ene Noe ew yowse Qscaye ag 7 : | | —SweSciaso ist Sash Guaadesnerndag of - it | ae Xe sf O_Of Wats me _& ENO TwdexCie) ¢ LSAMme _Swre aS - | AW CUVVNS OVATQMEed YorAW AMO | a Laws OLMLOWS And Carve: POM AMg wearer - Se Scanned with CamScannerA MS | TTOUGUMeSS awaexCT) -S ts soot LES RASA CLAY Wrdex to Sau Mdex. eS Ane \arSexn tS Ave NaQue of Vaugyncor 7 , Ade X AWE WESALM {5 Awe We I? Hy _Saeng ih SE PWS CME ees Scanned with CamScannerswaex CEL ATCT SANS dee * = | < NS Jas a waria oe whseverce im \idutg— | aati ands as deena wearke, ; | w xM nsfe tty eg MOSK + Pas Wy: Wats Wach WEVoartural) Water [2 ANC O48 Bes PLASHAY tder | ko Xe HO CUE > Kata ] i T | net Q 701153 VeYy Soe sei GIS = OFS _ S68 Bes Gr eS= a a say se se >A > SoNd | ae O'S -O ASS medium Si Sos al pe ac eas; kwe Sot Saumarve. vemaltea 7 Lh) OSC IS ACESS Aram QALY KO antes J We Sat _Carsa- ws @ manaayded Kamo ded. q — — Scanned with CamScannerLX Soe 7 ia Liautar = Cx Se ee OF LS} s kvse a _ TEBE NRREO_OF ALGER VEER an Ss es ONEW CoMBuy, 8 eee Seavey RLOSwTE Land m= Sorte, ay Sot WINS SO -AME BOS EICLAY @ inden of. 7 TE Wa 9S SON SS MW Sara Srage, “SM7eRd- | Qaonen Merewrah WO RES. COW be AHA HO Rlagaye Wa (| f ous => ‘Sone us ef eRe SAO TS 91 SS Sil de medlin gst AO 3 O'S - OFS —S Sole | yt eS =. Nevy Sof. Scanned with CamScannerARAN AY 00 Sout CAcKIIAY ve: G@S0tI) “3 5 MARE Vat d OF WOWEAY index to WE TEUAQAYIO G& Vavrtwues Cie Away TSS TN Canicwouls 4 wel A= 38 ; “fr SMHev Anan 2) a Reais ay CA) Piagys cond oth - <9'RS LUEwsxewvew/ / 4 ! Sy = Sams Barna - ! Sais Rone _ Scanned with CamScannerTAs OP YY Se The ape We Wy AWE Sosy wv Ind Burew : AME XO. AME ve avvand3emeus OF Sgt) AWA WER Barnes IS cawed Wi rorvs PY. Scanned with CamScannerSewsveniry(S ' wa 5 WAAL tO in Contined comme SSvve — Sve JAM eae Mar str yed Cnc aval) __| “ a Coma wwe _ Sree «Qawu ak 3S eft _ Axier Scanned with CamScannerCommmarneyn ens | Sona ~ Omg COMESWOM LADS “Sott— i WWE e _Simax > Manta NO arta i Rant = Minium Oa ako I @= Soil an Some nad MOAG, i ’ AWmwew Siti tS Nery WU SE ea Emax Ss Iprg— pes “SOMME Nev y/dense, es Cm as Tp = 106: 2 MOEN ws WA. Way mm 5 Mw wy Ls SAQee Mas hey eal wre | ona Nery ase SSE SE we SevgsSe: AS-35 \gose 25 ~G5 WMLd= AeMSe th 6S~@5 Deus e_ at) : QS~ 300 Nevd deuse_ — Scanned with CamScannerWane DA SNE ws WAS SAGE Sate... mS Waek = ute We ak eases Wass Hh Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner| Representing. dry density “inne loosest, densest § natural conditions ot Spa, Smox and $4, De | Gu _ 4 = feet] . =| Snin [adw -)]- [G80 _ at 7 | Smin Sox : i | _ 7 } I @» [fo ~fmin wie chet | cg Smin $4 | = ie t a =8min_| Sw - Smax Simin Smax ve Scanned with CamScannerSu, - 4-~ fa = yee da, Smin 2 Bes: aa Gea a af et { Smin G8w { bina Be Bee Ye ale Simin Cue Sok egal ae ie Ey ree &min Sw Smox Sw | peti) Smin 8a PPA Smin » Smax_ Ba-Smin ySefiakSmon _Santé x8a Sax — Smin - Smax | 84-Smin J A MA $4 | Smax-Smin eee Scanned with CamScannerThe following index properties were determined for the two soils X and Y. Liquid Limit (%) Plastic limit (%) Water content (%) Specific gravity Degree of saturation Determine which of this soil: i) contains more clay particles. ii). has a greater wet density, . “ iii) has a greater dry density, iv) has a greater void ratio. Give reasons in your answers, Scanned with CamScanneri) ForsoilX Plasticity index (PI) = Liquid limit - Plastic limit or, PI=62% - 26% =36% = 0.36 For soil Y »_° + Plasticity index (PI) = LL - PL = (34 - 19) % = 15% = 0.15 “1 Since, (PI)x > (PI)y. So, soil X contains more clay particles. ii) SoilX yo Gt) Gt (1+0.38) x 2.72 x1 Qs)" + x 8S) 1+ 1t( a 1 (i) = 1.85 gm/cm? Soil Y : (1+ .w) Gtw _ (1+ 0.25) x 2.67 x1 “a e) eC) 1+ 1+ T (Dy = 2 gm/cm? Hence, soil Y has greater wet density. iii) For soil X a"T+w 1.85 “| Wae= T4938 = 133 g/cc. For soil Y ed : ' "Tew 2 (ay = T4025 ~ 1.6 gm/c.c. Hence, soil Y has the greater dry density, Scanned with CamScanneriv) Forsoil X _WG 0.38 x 2.72 _ Eee Se oie For soil Y ANG 0.25% 2.67 + on S: 1 = 0.67 Hence, soil X has the greater void ratio. Scanned with CamScanner[TAC er BRYN MARA ata imumn Nota neartde Bown Sand. oe O11 PS JQua_ a+SOr vesvpechiy, Re Gag vensisy LeASidW Les ts Ver Comed aA tue — Same _SGW GANS Aer COmaw Ag ~e gnyte 1 sn nace, | Qaqr! SRIGNERE | Aemgay 5 ex enetede. om = Canoe = O'S, Cminr Oo 1503 wwe LAY sgA1 C22 Qa Pagid = +s x ag*SxrgS kalad DOF agra g e3ln3_ YyaP9 = A2AGx 9-83 = ASRS GQ NhB Coos sate sNELQWd ssa, Mas S Nae Daas - Asa S-302N3 7 aL Om _ Ss Gu = ASHSS: 302 er we i DAK 98IG = ASHSS: 202 DOs OSE —— Tye — Sy = 91 O52 S84 cory ot S904 Ss e520 NY Scanned with CamScannerA soil sample having a grain Specific gravity of 2.67 was filled in a 1000 mi container in the loosest possible state and the dry weight of the sample was found to be 1545g. It was then vibrated and filled at the densest state obtainable and weight was found to be 1870g. The void ratio of the soil in the natural state was 58%. Determine the density index of soil. Scanned with CamScannerSolution: Loosest state Weight of soil = 1545 g Volume of solids = ae = 578.65 cm3 Volume of voids = (1000 - 578,65) = 421.35 cm? Void rats 421.35 Old ratio (¢max) 578.65 7 0.728 Scanned with CamScannerDensest state Weight of soil = 1870 g : en 1870s Volume of solids = De7x1~ 700.37 cm3 Volume of voids = (1000 - 700.37) = 299.63 cm : 299.63 | Void ratio (emin) = 799.37 = 0.428 Ee Now, | emax-@ 0.728 = 0.580 _ s Density index (Iv) = ae a= 0728-0428 0.493 = 49.3% Scanned with CamScannerSolution: a) b) 9) 4) Perec Two soils S; and S; are tested in the laboratory for the consistency limits. The data available is as follows: Soil Si Soil Sz Plastic limit (wp) 19% | 21% Liquid limit (wi) 39% 61% Flow Index (1) 10 5 Natural water content (w) 40% 50% a) Whichsoilis more plastic? b) Which soil is better foundation material when remoulded? CS) Which soil has better strength as a function of water content? d) Which soil has better strength at the plastic limit? Plasticity index (I,) : 1p for soil Sy = (Ww - Wp) = (39 - 19) = 20% - Tp for soil Sp = (wi - Wp) = (61 - 21) = 40% Thus, soil S; is more plastic. Consistency index (I,) = (39 - 40) 4 Leforsoits =“ SO) =~ 005 Wi- 61-50) =. Lforsoit = 9) _ 0975 Since, consistency index for soil Sy is negative it will become sherry on remolding, therefore soil Sp is likely to be a better foundation material on remolding. Flow index (I) Tr of soil S; = 10 Trof soil) = 5 Since, the flow iridex of soil S is smaller than Sy, Soil Sp has better strength 3 a function of water content, Toughness index (Iz) 7 Ip - 20 Ir for soil Si = 7 =p =2 I, 40 Infor soil 2= 7, =5 06 Since, toughness index is greater for soil $2, So, it has’better strength * plastic limit. oo i sitll Scanned with CamScanner_ The laboratory tests on soil gave the following results: Wa= 24%, Wi = 62%, Wp= 28% Percentage of particle less than 2 = 23% Determine: a) liquidity index b) activity number ¢q i : Solution erm el os Gea. Here, Scanned with CamScannera) Plasticity index (PI) = wi - wp = (62 - 28) % = 34 % Liquidity index (L) = “57? = -38. =-012 Since LI is negative, the consistency of the soil is mits stiff to extremity stiff (ser - solid state). PL _ % of particles <2m ~ 23 Since, A: value is greater than 1.40 the soil is active and is subjected to significant volume change (shrinkage and swelling) just like black cotton soil. b) Activity number (AC) = =148 Scanned with CamScannerThe dry unit weight of a sand sample in the loosed state is 13.84 kN/m? and in the densest state it is 21,69 kN/m’. Determine the density index of this sand when it has porosity of 34%. Assume grain specific gravity as 2.68. olution: 3) 3 siven that; : Yin loosed state) = 13.84 KN/ m3 ‘Ynax (densest state) = 21.69 kN/m3 Porosity (n) = 34% or 0.34 034 Void rate (0) =7 a= 7-034 ~ 05182 Dry unit weight Wd) =e"5 z 2.68 x 10 Ye"(1+ 05152) We have, = 17.35 kN/m a (ya)max[ __Ya- We) Density index (Ip) = a = Tacit 21.69 _ (17,35 - 13.84) = 9735 * (21.69 13.84) = 0,551 = 55.9% ° Scanned with CamScannerThe liquid limit and shrinkage limit of a soil-sample are 49% and 16% respectively. If the volume of a specimen of this soil decreases, on drying, from 37.2 cm} at liquid limit to 22.4 cm? at shrinkage limit to 22.4 cm: at shrinkage limit, compute the specific gravity of soil particles. lution: : Liquid limit (Wi) = 49% Shrinkage limit (w,) = 16% - : Volume of soil specimen at liquid limit (V2) = 37.2 cm’ Volume of soil specimen at shrinkage limit (Va) = 22.4 cm? Ve have, -V. 7.2. - 22.5 iF 2) 10 ze 252) «100 sre = Also, 7 We Va = (SR) Ww = 2yw de 1 2w” G eat 1 Ws Wah G= or, ors=$ = . ek : 034.5 2.94 Scanned with CamScanner