STOICHIOMETRY

P. Nagaraja
Asst. Professor in Chemistry
RGUKT-RK Valley
P Nagaraja, Assistant Professor in Chemistry, RGUKT-RK Valley 2
 Contents
• Mole concept
• Formula weight and molecular weight

• Chemical reactions and equations

• Concept of Equivalent weight

• % composition of elements
• Empirical and molecular formula

• Oxidation numbers
• Balancing redox reactions

P Nagaraja, Assistant Professor in Chemistry, RGUKT-RK Valley 3

 Introduction
• Stoichiometry is the study of quantitative aspects of chemical reactions
• It tells about how much amount of reactant is consumed and the quantity
of product produced in a chemical reaction
• For example, consider the reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen to
form ammonia: N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
• It indicates one molecule of N2 reacts with three molecules of H2 to form
two molecules of NH3
• Quantitatively, 28g of N2 reacts with 6g of H2 to form 34g of NH3
• It is based on law of conservation of mass which states that
• Total mass of reactants = total mass of products

P Nagaraja, Assistant Professor in Chemistry, RGUKT-RK Valley 4

 The mole concept
 A mole is defined as the quantity of a substance that has the same number of
particles in exactly 12.000 grams of carbon-12.
 mole = weight of sample (g) / molar weight (g/mol)
 Avogadro's number, is 6.023×1023 particles
 The mass in grams of one mole of a compound is equal to the molecular weight
of the compound in atomic mass units.
 One mole of a compound contains 6.022×1023 molecules of the compound.
 The mass of 1 mole of a compound is called its molar weight or molar mass.
 The units for molar weight or molar mass are gram/mole.
 Moles of a substance can be calculated as
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
 No. of Moles, n =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
 No. of particles from moles = n × Avogadro number (NA)
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠
 No. of moles from particles =
𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑜′ 𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

P Nagaraja, Assistant Professor in Chemistry, RGUKT-RK Valley 5

The mole concept

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 Concept based problems
• Q1. How many moles are there in 9.0 g of H2O?
• Q2. How many atoms of Ag are there in 5.4g of piece?
• (Atomic weight of Ag = 108 g/mol) Ans: 0.301×1023 atoms
• Q3. A rest person inhales 9.72×1021 N2 molecules in an average breath of
air. How many moles of nitrogen atoms are inhaled?
• Ans: 3.23×10-2 moles
• Q4. How may Gallium atoms are present in 2.85×10-3 mole of Ga?
• Ans: 1.72×1021 atoms

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 Formula Weight (FW) Molecular Weight (MW)
• Sum of the atomic weights of the • Sum of the atomic weights of the
atoms in the chemical formula atoms in a molecule
• So, the formula weight of calcium • For the molecule ethane, C2H6, the
chloride, CaCl2, would be molecular weight would be
Ca: 1(40.1 amu)
+ Cl: 2(35.5 amu)
111.1 amu
C: 2(12.0 amu)
• These are generally reported for + H: 6(1.0 amu)
ionic compounds
30.0 amu

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  Problem 1: Find out the Molecular weight of H2O.

Calculate
Atomic weight of H = 1.00 amu, Atomic weight of O = 16 amu
 Problem 2: Find out the Molecular weight of H2O2.
 Problem 3: Al2(SO4)3
 atomic weight of Al is 27 amu, atomic weight of S is 32.0 amu.
 atomic weight of O is 16.00 amu.
 Problem 4: (NH4)2S
 N = 14.00 amu, H = 1.00 amu, S = 32.0 amu
 Problem 5: Fe2O3
 Fe = 55.84 amu, O = 16.0 amu
 Problem 6: KClO4
 K = 40 amu, Cl = 35.5 amu, O = 16 amu
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 Anatomy of a chemical reaction

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

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 Anatomy of a chemical reaction

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

Reactants appear on the left

side of the equation.
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 Anatomy of a chemical reaction

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

Products appear on the right

side of the equation.
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 Anatomy of a chemical reaction

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

The states of the reactants and products are

written in parentheses to the right of each
compound. P Nagaraja, Assistant Professor in Chemistry, RGUKT-RK Valley 13
 Anatomy of a chemical reaction

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

Coefficients are inserted to

balance the equation.
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Subscripts and Coefficients Give Different Information

• Subscripts tell the number of atoms of each

element in a molecule
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Subscripts and Coefficients Give Different Information

• Subscripts tell the number of atoms of each

element in a molecule
• Coefficients tell the number of molecules
(compounds). P Nagaraja, Assistant Professor in Chemistry, RGUKT-RK Valley 16
 General way of balancing chemical equations
• Write the basic or skeletal equation that showing the formulas of all
reactants and products
• Balance the equation using law of conservation of mass
• Balance by adjusting the coefficients in front of chemical formulas, never
by subscripts
• Best to start with atoms that appear only once on the left and right handed
side of an equation

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P Nagaraja, Assistant Professor in Chemistry, RGUKT-RK Valley 18
P Nagaraja, Assistant Professor in Chemistry, RGUKT-RK Valley 19
Types of chemical reactions

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 Concept of Equivalent weight

 The weight of a substance that combines with 1

gram of hydrogen or 8.0 g of oxygen or 35.5 g of
chlorine is called equivalent weight
 It can be calculated using, the atomic or
molecular weight divided by the valence.
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
 Eq. wt. of substance =
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 (𝑍)
 Z = acidity or basicity or charge or no. of
electrons transferred
 The formulae used to calculate the equivalent
weights of different substances are as follows

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P Nagaraja, Assistant Professor in Chemistry, RGUKT-RK Valley 22
P Nagaraja, Assistant Professor in Chemistry, RGUKT-RK Valley 23
 Percent Composition
The percentage by mass of each element in 100 g of the compound

One can find the percentage of the mass of each of the elements in the compound by using this
equation:
(number of atoms)(atomic weight)
% element = x 100
(MW of the compound)

So the percentage of carbon and hydrogen in ethane (C2H6, molecular mass =

30.0) is:
(2)(12.0 amu) 24.0 amu
%C = = x 100 = 80.0%
(30.0 amu) 30.0 amu

(6)(1.01 amu) 6.06 amu

%H = = x 100 = 20.0%
(30.0 amu) 30.0 amu

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Percentage composition from unknown

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 The empirical formula
•The empirical formula is also known as the simplest formula in chemistry.
•It gives the smallest whole number ratio of elements in a compound using
subscripts following element symbols.
•In some cases, the empirical formula is the same as the molecular formula,
which gives the actual number of atoms in a compound (e.g., H2O).
•Otherwise, the molecular formula is a multiple of the empirical formula (e.g.,
CH2O is the empirical formula for glucose, C6H12O6).

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Finding empirical formula

Combustion Analysis gives % composition

CnHnOn + O2 nCO2 + 1/2nH2O

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 Calculating Empirical Formula

One can calculate the empirical formula from the percent composition as
 % of elements = grams of element present in 100g of compound
 Divide the amount with atomic mass to get moles of each element
 Divide moles of each element with smallest number to get mole ratio of
elements
 If ratios of elements is not a whole number multiply with suitable number
to get empirical formula

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 Calculating Empirical Formula
The compound para-aminobenzoic acid (you may have seen it listed as PABA on your bottle of
sunscreen) is composed of carbon (61.31%), hydrogen (5.14%), nitrogen (10.21%), and oxygen
(23.33%). Find the empirical formula of PABA.

% of elements Atomic weight No. of moles Moles ratio

C = 61.31 12.00 amu 61.31/At.wt Divide
H = 5.14 1.008 amu 5.14/At.wt Moles
N = 10.21 14.00 amu 10.21/At.wt With
O = 23.33 16.00 amu 23.33/At.wt Smallest number

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 Calculating Empirical Formula
Assuming 100.00 g of para-aminobenzoic acid,
1 mol
C: 61.31 g x = 5.105 mol C
12.01 g
1 mol
H: 5.14 g x = 5.09 mol H
1.01 g
1 mol
N: 10.21 g x = 0.7288 mol N
14.01 g
1 mol
O: 23.33 g x = 1.456 mol O
16.00 g

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 Calculate the mole ratio by dividing by the smallest number
of moles:
5.105 mol
C: = 7.005  7
0.7288 mol

5.09 mol
H: = 6.984  7
0.7288 mol

0.7288 mol
N: = 1.000
0.7288 mol

1.458 mol
O: = 2.001  2
0.7288 mol

These are the subscripts for the empirical formula: C7H7NO2

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 Using Empirical Formula to Find Molecular Formula
STEP 1: Calculate the molar mass of the empirical formula.
STEP 2: Divide the given molecular molar mass by the molar mass calculated for the empirical
formula to get a whole-number multiple (n)
STEP 3: Multiply each subscript by the whole number of multiple (n) that resulted from step 2. This
is now the molecular formula.

Molecular mass = 2 × vapour density

Molecular formula = n × (Empirical formula) = (EF)n

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Q. A carbon compound contains 12.8% C, 2.1% H and 85.1% Br. The molecular
weight of the compound is found to be 188. Calculate molecular formula

% of elements Atomic weight No. of moles Moles ratio

12.8 1.067
C = 12.8 12.00 amu = 1.067 =1
12 1.067

H = 2.1 1.008 amu 2.1 2.1

= 2.1 =2
1 1.067
Br = 85.1 80.00 amu 85.1 1.067
= 1.067 =1
80 1.067

The empirical formula of the compound = CH2Br

Empirical formula weight = 12+(2×1)+80 = 94 g
Molecular weight of compound given = 188 g/mol.
n = M𝐹 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 188
EF weight
= 94 = 2

Molecular formula = Empirical formula × n = (CH2Br) ×2 = C2H4Br2

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Q. A sample of compound found to contain 6.444 g Boron and1.803 g of Hydrogen.
The molecular weight of the compound is 30. what is its molecular formula
Given that, B = 6.444 g, H = 1.803 g, Molar mass = 30

% of elements Atomic weight No. of moles Moles ratio

B = 6.444 11.00 amu 6.444 0.58
= 0.58 =1
11 0.58
1.803 1.803
H = 1.803 1.008 amu = 1.803 =3
1 0.58

The empirical formula of the compound = BH3

Empirical formula weight = 11+(2×3) = 15
Molecular weight of compound given = 30
n = M𝐹 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 30
EF weight
= 15 = 2

Molecular formula = EF×n = (BH3) ×2 = B2H6

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 Stoichiometric Calculations
From the mass of Substance A you can use the ratio of the coefficients
of A and B to calculate the mass of Substance B formed

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 Stoichiometric Calculations
Example: 10 grams of glucose (C6H12O6) react in a combustion
reaction. How many grams of each product are produced?

C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g)  6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

10.g ? + ?

Starting with 10. g of C6H12O6…

we calculate the moles of C6H12O6…
use the coefficients to find the moles of H2O & CO2
and then turn the moles to grams

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 C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O
10.g ? + ?
MW: 180g/mol 44 g/mol 18g/mol
#mol: 10.g(1mol/180g)
0.055 mol 6(.055) 6(.055mol)
6(.055mol)44g/mol 6(.055mol)18g/mol
#grams: 15g 5.9 g

• The no. of moles of Glucose = 10.0g/180 g/mol = 0.055 mole

• From balanced equation, 1 mole Glucose gives 6 mol. of CO2 & H2O
• Then 0.055 mole of Glucose gives 6×0.055 mol = 0.33 mole CO2 & H2O
• Mass of CO2 produced = 0.33mole × 44g/mol = 14.52 g
• Mass of H2O produced = 0.33mole × 18g/mol = 5.94 g

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 Concept based problems
• Q1. What mass of Hydrogen gas is produced when 92.0 g of
Sodium metal reacts with water?
• Na(s) + H2O(l) → NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
• Balance and calculate.
• Q2. What mass of CO2 is produced when 96.1g of propane is
combusted with oxygen?
• Q3. How many grams of Na2CO3 can be prepared from 2.40 g
of NaOH?
• NaOH(s) + CO2(g) → Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l)

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 Concept of Limiting Reactants

• The limiting reactant is the reactant present in the smallest stoichiometric amount
• The reactant that is completely consumed in the reaction is called limiting reactant (or)
• The reactant that consumes first in the reaction is called a limiting reactant
• Limiting reagent is available in less quantity than required and hence affects the extent of reaction.
• The limiting reagent determines the amount of product that can be formed.
• The maximum amount of product that can be formed in a reaction is called theoretical yield and the
obtained yield is called actual yield.
• The ratio of actual yield to the theoretical yield gives the percentage yield of product obtained

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 Concept of Limiting Reactants

2H2 + O2 --------> 2H2O

In the example,
#moles 14 7
the H2 would be the limiting reagent
10 5 10 And O2 would be the excess reagent
Left: 0 2 10

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Q. How many moles of NH3 can be formed from 3.0 mol. of N2 and 6.0 mol. of H2?
• The reaction between N2 and H2 is given by, N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
• 1mole N2 + 3moles H2 = 2 mol. NH3
• The no. of moles H2 required for complete consumption of 3.0 mol. of N2 is (3.0 mol. N2 × 3.0
mol. H2/1 mol. H2) = 9.0 mol.
• Simply, 1 mol. of N2 requires 3 mol. of H2
• 3 mol. of N2 requires 9 mol. of H2
• However only 6.0 mol. of H2 is present. Thus H2 will completely consumes before N2 is
consumed. Hence, H2 is Limiting reagent
The quantity of NH3 produced from 6.0 mol. of H2 is, mol. of NH3 = 6.0 mol H2× 2 mol NH3 = 4.0 mol.
3 mol H2

N2 3 H2 2 NH3
Before reaction 3.0 mol. 6.0 mol. 0 mol.
Change -2.0 mol. -6.0 mol. +4.0 mol.
After reaction 1.0 mol. 0 mol. 4.0 mol.

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 Concept of Oxidation number
 The oxidation number is the charge present on an atom in its compound state
 The oxidation number is equal to number of electrons lost or gained by an element

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 Concept of Oxidation number
 In a neutral compound, the sum of oxidation numbers must be equal to zero
 For a polyatomic ion, the sum of oxidation numbers is equal to charge on the ion

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Concept of Oxidation number

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 Redox reactions
 Reactions that involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another are called redox reactions
 In redox reaction, one atom loses electrons and another accepts the electrons
 An atom that lose electrons is said to undergo an oxidation reaction, and it reduces the another
substance hence it is known as reducing agent
 An atom that gain electrons is said to undergo reduction reaction and it oxidizes the another substance
and hence it is known as oxidizing agent
 In redox reactions both oxidation and reduction occurs simultaneously and one cannot occur without
other
 Consider the reaction between Mg metal and oxygen to form magnesium oxide (MgO). In this reaction,
Mg metal undergo oxidation (loses electrons) and acts as reducing agent while the oxygen undergo
reduction (gain electrons) and hence acts oxidizing agent

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 Balancing redox reactions

• Redox reactions can occur in acidic, basic or neutral medium and they can be balanced
by two methods
1) Oxidation number method
2) Ion-electron method or half reaction method

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 Oxidation number method
• Steps for balancing redox equations
• Write the skeleton of redox reaction.
• Indicate the oxidation number of atoms in each compound above the symbol of the element.
• Identify the element or elements, which undergo a change in oxidation number
• Calculate the increase or decrease in oxidation numbers per atom. Multiply this number of
increase/decrease of oxidation number, with the number of atoms, which are undergoing change.
• Equate the increase in oxidation number with decrease in oxidation number on the reactant side by
multiplying the formula of the oxidizing and reducing agents.
• Balance the equation with respect to all other atoms except hydrogen and oxygen.
• Finally, balance hydrogen and oxygen.
• For reactions taking place in acidic solutions, add H+ ions to the side deficient in hydrogen atoms.
• For reactions taking place in basic solutions, add H2O molecules to the side deficient in hydrogen
atoms and simultaneously add equal number to OH- ions on the other side of the equation.

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Write the net ionic equation for the reaction of potassium dichromate(VI), K 2Cr2O7 with
sodium sulphite,Na2SO3, in an acid solution to give chromium(III) ion and the sulphate ion.

P Nagaraja, Assistant Professor in Chemistry, RGUKT-RK Valley 48

 Ion- electron method or half-reaction method
• The balancing of a chemical equation by ion-electron method (using half reactions) is done
according to the following steps.
• Find the elements whose oxidation numbers are changed. Choose the substance, which acts as an
oxidizing agent and one that acts as a reducing agent.
• Separate the complete equation into two half reactions.
• Balance half equations by the following steps:
• Balance all atoms other than H and O.
• Balance oxygen atoms with H2O and hydrogens with H+ in acidic medium and oxygens with OH-
ions and hydrogens with H2O if basic medium
• Calculate the oxidation number on both sides of the equation and add electrons to whichever side
is necessary, to make up the difference.
• Balance the half equation so that both sides get the same charge.
• Add two balanced half equations. Multiply one or both half equations by suitable numbers so that
on adding the two equations, the electrons are balanced.

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Balancing redox reaction using half-reaction method
The oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ by Cr2O72- in acid solution?

1. Write the unbalanced equation for the reaction in ionic form.

Fe2+ + Cr2O72- Fe3+ + Cr3+

2. Separate the equation into two half-reactions.

+2 +3
Oxidation: Fe2+ Fe3+
+6 +3
Reduction: Cr2O7 2- Cr3+

3. Balance the atoms other than O and H in each half-reaction.

Cr2O72- 2Cr3+
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Balancing redox reaction using half-reaction method
4. For reactions in acid, add H2O to balance O atoms and H+ to
balance H atoms.
Cr2O72- 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
14H+ + Cr2O72- 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
5. Add electrons to one side of each half-reaction to balance the
charges on the half-reaction.
Fe2+ Fe3+ + 1e-
6e- + 14H+ + Cr2O72- 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
6. If necessary, equalize the number of electrons in the two half-
reactions by multiplying the half-reactions by appropriate
coefficients.
6Fe2+ 6Fe3+ + 6e-
6e- + 14H+ P+Nagaraja,
Cr2O 7
2- 2Cr 3+ + 7H O
2
Assistant Professor in Chemistry, RGUKT-RK Valley 51
Balancing redox reaction using half-reaction method
7. Add the two half-reactions together and balance the final
equation by inspection. The number of electrons on both
sides must cancel.

Oxidation: 6Fe2+ 6Fe3+ + 6e-

Reduction: 6e- + 14H+ + Cr2O72- 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
14H+ + Cr2O72- + 6Fe2+ 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

8. Verify that the number of atoms and the charges are balanced.

14x1 – 2 + 6 x 2 = 24 = 6 x 3 + 2 x 3

9. For reactions in basic solutions, add OH- to both sides of the

equation for every H+ that appears in the final equation.
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 Balance the redox reaction Al + NO3- → Al(OH)4- +NH3 in alkaline medium.
Solution: Dividing the equation in two half reactions
NO3- →NH3 (Oxidation Half Reaction)
Al + 4OH- →Al(OH)4- (Reduction Half Reaction)
•All the atoms other than O & H are balanced (N and Al in this case which are already balanced).
NO 3- → NH3
Al + 4OH- →Al(OH)4-
•Then O and H are balanced using OH- and H2O
• NO3- + 9H+ →NH3 + 3H2O (adding OH- ions on both sides results)
NO3- + 6H2O →NH3 + 9OH-
Al + 4 OH- → Al(OH) 4 -
•Electrons need to be added in order to balance the charge.
8 e- + NO 3- + 6 H2O →NH3 + 9 OH-
Al + 4 OH- → Al(OH)4- + 3 e-
•Loss and gain of electrons need to be made equal:
For this, we need to multiply first equation by 3 and second equation by 8
•Adding both equations we get the balanced redox equation
3NO 3- + 18H2O+ 8Al + 5 OH - → 8Al(OH) 4- +3NH 3

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Quote of the unit

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