Workshop 3

RODOLFO B. LORENZO 3RD SatSun 1:30-5:30

1. Consider the following set of data representing the performance ratings of 15
teachers:
4.09 4.23 3.91 3.89 4.42
3.78 4.04 4.32 4.18 4.21
4.62 4.43 4.25 4.52 4.64

a. Compute the Range, Mean Absolute Deviation, Variance and Standard

Deviation
3.78, 3.89, 3.91, 4.04, 4.09, 4.18, 4.21, 4.23, 4.25, 4.32, 4.42, 4.43, 4.52,
4.62, 4.64
b. Interpret the value of the MAD and Standard Deviation

I. Range = Highest Value – Lowest Value

= 4.64 – 3.78
Range = 0.86

II. Mean Absolute Deviation

N X – 𝑋̅ |𝑋 − 𝑋̅|
3.78 -0.46 0.46
3.89 -0.35 0.35
3.91 -0.33 0.33
4.04 -0.20 0.20
4.09 -0.15 0.15
4.18 -0.06 0.06
4.21 -0.03 0.03
4.23 -0.01 0.01
4.25 0.01 0.01
4.32 0.08 0.08
4.42 0.18 0.18
4.43 0.19 0.19
4.52 0.28 0.28
4.62 0.38 0.38
4.64 0.40 0.40
SUM -0.07 3.11
𝟑.𝟏𝟏
MAD = = 0.21
𝟏𝟓

Thus, 15 performance rating of teachers deviate from the mean of 4.235 by

an average of 0.21 ratings.
 III. Variance

Performance Deviation of PR Squared deviation

Rating d=X– 𝜇 of PR
N d2
3.78 -0.46 0.21
3.89 -0.35 0.12
3.91 -0.33 0.11
4.04 -0.20 0.04
4.09 -0.15 0.02
4.18 -0.06 0.00
4.21 -0.03 0.00
4.23 -0.01 0.00
4.25 0.01 0.00
4.32 0.08 0.01
4.42 0.18 0.03
4.43 0.19 0.04
4.52 0.28 0.08
4.62 0.38 0.14
4.64 0.40 0.16
𝝁 = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟒 ∑(𝑿 – 𝝁 )=-0.07 ∑(𝑿 – 𝝁)2 = 0.96

∑(𝑿 – 𝝁 )^𝟐 0.96

Variance: 𝜎2= = = 0.06
𝑁 15

Performance Deviation of PR Squared deviation

Rating d = X – 𝑋̅ of PR
X d2
3.78 -0.46 0.21
3.89 -0.35 0.12
3.91 -0.33 0.11
4.04 -0.20 0.04
4.09 -0.15 0.02
4.18 -0.06 0.00
4.21 -0.03 0.00
4.23 -0.01 0.00
4.25 0.01 0.00
4.32 0.08 0.01
4.42 0.18 0.03
4.43 0.19 0.04
4.52 0.28 0.08
4.62 0.38 0.14
4.64 0.40 0.16
̅ = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟒
𝑿 ̅ )=-0.07
∑(𝑿 – 𝑿 ̅ )2 = 0.96
∑(𝑿 – 𝑿

̅ )^𝟐
∑(𝑿 – 𝑿 0.96
Variance: (Unbiased) S2= = = 0.07
𝑁−1 14
IV. Standard Deviation

∑(𝑿 – 𝝁)^𝟐 𝟎.𝟗𝟔

𝝈=√ =√ 𝟏𝟓 = 0.25
𝑵

Thus, the performance rating of the 15 teachers deviate from the

mean by an average distance of 0.25 scores using the formula for standard
deviation of population data.
 ̅ )^𝟐
∑(𝑿 – 𝑿 𝟎.𝟗𝟔
𝑺. 𝑫. = √ =√ 𝟏𝟒 = 0.26
𝒏−𝟏

Thus, the performance rating of the 15 teachers deviate from the

mean by an average distance of 0.26 scores using the formula for unbiased
standard deviation of sample data.

c. Would the range be appropriate as a measure of variability for these data?

Explain.
No, because the range tells less information about a given data set.
And for these given data the range is slightly bigger than the standard
deviation and mean absolute deviation. Hence, the variability would
be widely spread and erroneous.

2. The following data are the Mean Percentage Scores in the National Achievement
Test of Fourth Year Students of the 17 regions in SY 2005-2006.

Data: 42.95; 45.03; 42.15; 41.56; 44.28; 40.87; 42.60; 52.17; 59.68; 45.09;
42.81; 41.52; 39.42; 42.30; 44.57; 33.64; 58.61.

a. Compute the Variance of the data.

Performance Deviation of PR Squared deviation

Rating d=X– 𝜇 of PR
N d2
33.64 -11.02 121.48
39.42 -5.24 27.46
40.87 -3.79 14.36
41.52 -3.14 9.86
41.56 -3.10 9.61
42.15 -2.51 6.30
42.3 -2.36 5.57
42.6 -2.06 4.24
42.81 -1.85 3.42
42.95 -1.71 2.92
44.28 -0.38 0.14
44.57 -0.09 0.01
45.03 0.37 0.14
45.09 0.43 0.18
52.17 7.51 56.40
58.61 13.95 194.60
59.68 15.02 225.60
∑(𝑿 – 𝝁 )2 =
𝝁 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔 ∑(𝑿 – 𝝁 )=0.03
682.31

∑(𝑿 –𝝁 )^𝟐 682.31

Variance: 𝜎2= = = 40.14
𝑁 17
 Performance Deviation of PR Squared deviation
Rating d = X – 𝑋̅ of PR
X d2
33.64 -11.02 121.48
39.42 -5.24 27.46
40.87 -3.79 14.36
41.52 -3.14 9.86
41.56 -3.10 9.61
42.15 -2.51 6.30
42.3 -2.36 5.57
42.6 -2.06 4.24
42.81 -1.85 3.42
42.95 -1.71 2.92
44.28 -0.38 0.14
44.57 -0.09 0.01
45.03 0.37 0.14
45.09 0.43 0.18
52.17 7.51 56.40
58.61 13.95 194.60
59.68 15.02 225.60
∑(𝑿 – 𝑋̅ )2 =
𝑋̅ = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔 ∑(𝑿 – 𝑋̅ )=0.03
682.31

̅ )^𝟐
∑(𝑿 – 𝑿 𝟔𝟖𝟐.𝟑𝟏
Variance: (Unbiased) S
2
= = = 42.64
𝒏−𝟏 𝟏𝟔

b. Compute and interpret the corresponding standard deviation.

Standard Deviation

∑(𝑿 – 𝝁)^𝟐 𝟔𝟖𝟐.𝟑𝟏

𝝈=√ =√ = 6.34
𝑵 𝟏𝟕

Thus, the Mean Percentage Scores in the National Achievement Test of

Fourth Year Students of the 17 regions in SY 2005-2006 deviate from the
mean by an average distance of 6.34 MPS using the formula for standard
deviation of population data.

̅ )^𝟐
∑(𝑿 – 𝑿 𝟔𝟖𝟐.𝟑𝟏
𝑺. 𝑫. = √ =√ = 6.53
𝒏−𝟏 𝟏𝟔

Thus, the Mean Percentage Scores in the National Achievement Test of

Fourth Year Students of the 17 regions in SY 2005-2006 deviate from the
mean by an average distance of 6.53 MPS using the formula for unbiased
standard deviation of sample data.
3. Estimate the variance and standard deviation of the entrance test scores of
freshman applicants in a certain university. Interpret the value of the standard
deviation.
Class
Interval f X u fu fu2 <cf
Interval
95 – 99 94.5 – 99.5 2 97 5 10 50 100
90 – 94 89.5 – 94.5 4 92 4 16 64 98
85 – 89 84.5 – 89.5 12 87 3 36 108 94
80 – 84 79.5 – 84.5 25 82 2 50 100 82
75 – 79 74.5 – 79.5 21 77 1 21 21 57
70 – 74 69.5 – 74.5 16 A=72 0 0 0 36
65 – 69 64.5 – 69.5 10 67 -1 -10 10 20
60 – 64 59.5 – 64.5 6 62 -2 -12 24 10
55 – 59 54.5 – 59.5 2 57 -3 -6 18 4
50 – 54 49.5 – 54.5 1 52 -4 -4 16 2
45 – 49 44.5 – 49.5 1 47 -5 -5 25 1
∑ 𝑓𝑢=
N =100 ∑ 𝑓𝑢2 = 436
96

I. Variance:
𝑁 ∑ 𝑓𝑢^2−(∑ 𝑓𝑢)^2
S2 =( )×c2
𝑁^2
100(436)−96^2
=( )×5
100^2
43600−9216
=( )× 5
10000
S2 = 17.19
II. Standard Deviation

𝑁 ∑ 𝑓𝑢^2−(∑ 𝑓𝑢)^2
S.D. = (√ )×c
𝑁^2

100(436)−96^2
= (√ )×5
100^2

43600−9216
= (√ 10000 )×5

S.D. = 9.27
Thus, the entrance test scores of freshman applicants in a certain
university deviate from the mean by an average distance of 9.27 scores.

4. Compute and interpret the index of skewness and kurtosis of the data in
number 3 above.
Class Interval F X fX u fu <cf
95 – 99 2 97 194 5 10 100
90 – 94 4 92 368 4 16 98
85 – 89 12 87 1044 3 36 94
80 – 84 25 82 2050 2 50 82
75 – 79 21 77 1617 1 21 57
70 – 74 16 A=72 1152 0 0 36
65 – 69 10 67 670 -1 -10 20
60 – 64 6 62 372 -2 -12 10
55 – 59 2 57 114 -3 -6 4
50 – 54 1 52 52 -4 -4 2
45 – 49 1 47 47 -5 -5 1
 Mean:
∑ 𝑓𝑋
𝑋̅ = 𝑁
7680
𝑋̅ = 100
̅ = 𝟕𝟔. 𝟖𝟎
𝑿

Class
f <cf
Interval
95 – 99 2 100
90 – 94 4 98
85 – 89 12 94
80 – 84 25 82
Median Class → 75 – 79 21 57
70 – 74 16 36
65 – 69 10 20
60 – 64 6 10
55 – 59 2 4
50 – 54 1 2
45 – 49 1 1
Median: Where N/2=100/2 = 50; LL = 74.5; Fb =36; c = 5; f=21
𝑁

Md= LL + ( 2
𝑓
−𝐹𝑏
)(c)
= 74.5 +( 50−36
21
)(5)
= 74.5 + ( 21)(5)
14

= 74.5 + 3.33
= 77.83

Class Interval f
95 – 99 2
90 – 94 4
85 – 89 12
Median Class → 80 – 84 25
75 – 79 21
70 – 74 16
65 – 69 10
60 – 64 6
55 – 59 2
50 – 54 1
45 – 49 1

Mode: Where LL= 79.5; d1= 25 – 21 = 4; d2= 25 – 12 = 13; c = 5

Mo= LL + ( 𝑑1+𝑑2
𝑑1
)(c)
= 79.5 + ( )(5)
4
4+13

= 79.5 + ( )(5)
4
17
= 79.5 + 1.18
Mo = 80.68
Solution: For this grouped data, the mean is 76.80, the median is 77.83, and
the mode is 80.68. From the above computation, the standard deviation is 9.27.
Thus using the mode, the measure of skewness is given by
 ̅ −𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒆)
(𝑿 (𝟕𝟔.𝟖𝟎 − 𝟖𝟎.𝟔𝟖)
Skewness = = = -0.42
𝒔.𝒅. 𝟗.𝟐𝟕
indicating that the distribution is slightly negatively skewed.
Using the median, on the other hand, the measure of skewness is given by
̅ −𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏)
𝟑(𝑿 𝟑(𝟕𝟔.𝟖𝟎 − 𝟕𝟕.𝟖𝟑)
Skewness = = = -0.33
𝒔.𝒅. 𝟗.𝟐𝟕
which could also mean that the distribution is indeed slightly negatively
skewed.

For the kurtosis, which coefficient of kurtosis K1 is defined by

𝟏
(𝑸𝒔𝒖𝒃𝟑−𝑸𝒔𝒖𝒃𝟏)
𝟐
K=
𝑷𝒔𝒖𝒃𝟗𝟎−𝑷𝒔𝒖𝒃𝟏𝟎
Q1 = P25: Where 25%N=25% of 100 = 25; LL = 69.5; Fb =20; c = 5; f=16

P25= LL + ( 25%𝑁−𝐹𝑏
𝑓
)(c)
= 69.5 + ( 16 )(5)
25−20

= 69.5 + ( 16)(5)
5

= 69.5 + 1.56
Q1= 71.06
Q3 = P75: Where 75%N=75% of 100 = 75; LL = 79.5; Fb =57; c = 5; f=25

P75 = LL + ( 75%𝑁−𝐹𝑏
𝑓
)(c)
= 79.5 + ( 25 )(5)
75−57

= 79.5 + ( 25)(5)
18

= 79.5 + 3.6
Q3 = 83.1
P10 Where 10%N=10% of 100 = 10; LL = 59.5; Fb =4; c = 5; f=6

P10 = LL + ( 10%𝑁−𝐹𝑏
𝑓
)(c)
= 59.5 + ( 6 )(5)
10−4

= 59.5 + ( 6)(5)
6

= 59.5 + 5
P10 = 64.5

P90 Where 90%N=90% of 100 = 90; LL = 84.5; Fb =82; c = 5; f=12

P90 = LL + ( 90%𝑁−𝐹𝑏
𝑓
)(c)
= 84.5 + ( 12 )(5)
90−82

= 84.5 + ( 12)(5)
8

= 84.5 + 3.33
P90 = 87.83
 𝟏 𝟏
(𝑸𝒔𝒖𝒃𝟑−𝑸𝒔𝒖𝒃𝟏) (𝟖𝟑.𝟏−𝟕𝟏.𝟎𝟔) 𝟔.𝟎𝟐
K=
𝟐
= 𝟐
= = 0.2580 which is slightly
𝑷𝒔𝒖𝒃𝟗𝟎−𝑷𝒔𝒖𝒃𝟏𝟎 𝟖𝟕.𝟖𝟑−𝟔𝟒.𝟓 𝟐𝟑.𝟑𝟑
lower than K = 0.263. Thus, the distribution is mildly platykurtic or
nearly mesokurtic.
-end-