STRATEGIC REVISION IN 241/1 2022

1. History of the coast of East 7 European interests

Africa/Indian Ocean trade  Explorers
 The early inhabitants of the East  Chatterd companies
African coast - Organisation  Christian missionaries.
 Arab settlement at coast of East Africa  Religious wars
 Rise of the Swahili culture
 Rise & decline of coastal towns.
2 Portugues rule at the coast 8 Scramble and the establishment of
 Reasons for settlement colonial rule
 Conquest and reasons for the defeat of  Reason for scramble, problems faced
africans and effects of scramble.
 Administration  Methods of the establishment of colonial
 Problems and decline rule.
 Indirect and Direct rule.

3 Oman Arabs 9 African response to colonial rule

 Why they were not interested and why  Collaboration.ie. Semei Kakungulu,
the finally picked interest in the interior. Apollo Kaggwa.
 Busaid – Mazrui conflicts  Resistance; Abushiri, Mkwawa, Maji
 Seyyid Said at the coast of East Africa. Maji, Nandi, Mau-Mau
4 Migration and settlement 10 Colonial economy
 Bantu migration  Uganda railway
 River-Lake Nilotes migration  White settelers in Kenya.
 Plain Nilotes migration
 Ngoni migration
5 State formation (kingdoms and societies) 11 Political developments
 Batembuzi
 Chwezi  Buganda agreement
 Buganda  Devonshire white paper.
 Ankole  Kabaka crisis
 Buyoro  World war 1 & world war 11
 Karagwe  East African closer union
 Nyamwezi

6 Trade systems
 Indian Ocean
 Long Distance Trade 12 Nationalism and struggle for
independence.
 Slave trade
 Factors for the rise of nationalism and
problems.

 Rise of political parties .ie. TANU, KANU,

UNC.

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HISTORY OF EAST AFRICA (241/1).
THE EARLY INHABITANTS OF EAST AFRICAN COAST
Qn: Who were the early inhabitants of East
Africa?
Qn: Who were the occupants of the East
African coast by AD 1500?
 Little is known about early in
habitants
 However,its said that were hunters
and food gatherers
 At times were called
Bushmen/Hottentos
 Also known as Khoisan
 Occupied Tanzanian and Kenyan
highlands
 Were later displaced by Bantu and
Cushites
 Hadazzapi,Sandawe, and Ndorobo are
some of survivors
 Bantu came from central Africa around
500AD
 Occupied southern part of coast in
towns like Sofala,Malindi,Kilwa
 Later Cushites came
 Migrated from North or North–Eastern
Africa
 Occupied the North part of the coast
and were cattle keepers
 They are classified into Northern and
Southern Cushites
 From the 7th century the Arabs came
 Were the first non Africans to come to
the coast
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Way of life of the early inhabitants by
1000AD
Qn: Describe the way of life of the early
inhabitants of the Coast of East Africa.
Qn: What was the way of life of the early
inhabitants of the East African coast?
 Little is known about early inhabitants
 However,its said that were hunters and
food gatherers
 At times were called Bushmen/Hottentos
 Also known as Khoisan
 Occupied Tanzanian and Kenyan
highlands
 Were later displaced by Bantu and
Cushites
 Hazzapi, Sandawe, and Ndorobo are
some of survivors
 Bantu came from central Africa around
500AD
 Occupied southern part of coast in towns
like Sofala, Malindi, Kilwa
 Later Cushites came
 Migrated fromNorth or North–Eastern
Africa
 Occupied the North part of the coast and
were cattle keepers
 They are classified into Northern and
Southern Cushites
 From the 7th century the Arabs came
 Were the first non Africans to come to the
coast
 ZENJI EMPIRE
Qn: What was the land of the Zenj/Azania?
Qn: What was the term ‘the Zenj Empire’?
 It was a term used to refer to the coast
of East Africa.
 Was named Zenji by the Arabs
 Zenji referred to the land of black people
 The Greeks named it Azania
 Modern historians named it
Zinjathropole.
 It stretched between Mogadishu and
Cape Delgado
 Was approximately 3000km long
 This land stretched 10miles into the
interior of E. Africa.
 It consisted of 37 coastal towns and
islands.
 The coastal towns included Kilwa,
Mogadishu, Malindi, and Mombasa
among others.
 This land also had islands e.g.Pemba,
Zanzibar,Pate
 The Zenji land was grouped into 3
clusters of settlements that is
 Benadir (North of Mogadishu),
comprising Mogashu, Barawa, Merca
and Kisimyu
 Malindi comprising Gedi, Kalifi and
Takangu.
 South coast comprising KIlwa and
Sofala.
 Azania was originally inhabited by
 Bushmen, Bantu and Cushites
 Later Arabs, Persians, Indonesians,
 Indians settled on Azania
 However it was wrong to call it an
empire because it has never existed at
the coast
 Today the name Azania survives as
Zanzibar.
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Qn: Why was it incorrect to refer to the East
African coast as the Zenj Empire’?
Qn: Why was the term Zenj Empire/Azania
incorrect?
 The term land of the Zenji was mis leading
because there was no such empire
 The 37 towns located along or between
Mogadishu and the Kilwa group never
formed a state entity or an empire.
 The 37 towns at the coast were independent
 Settlement each aline of kings /rulers.
 The coast had not been at any oneTime
under asingle administration
 The existed terrible quarrels between
Malindi and Kilwa on one side against
Mombasa town.
 Most towns/states were independent and
the most powerfu l ones could gain control
over the weak state.
 These states were different in terms of levels
of development.
 They were also different in the mode
administration and many otheraspects.
 These towns rivaled one another because of
the desire to control the coastal trade
 There were frequent wars among the coast
settlements and therefore
 itisimpropertocallthecoastan Empire
 Someofthesestateswerealways
 Looking to the destruction of some of the
other settlements/towns.
 After AD.1000 many foreigners from Arabia,
Greece, Indonesia, and Egypt lived at the
coast of East Africa.
 Many Arabs and Persian had settled along
the coast in the different towns as a coastal
race.
 The Galla, Redille, Haraar, the Somalis and
the Cushitic races at the coastal were not a
black race.
 By the 16th century, the coast of East Africa
was under the Portuguese and this was a
multiracial Empire
 Inconclusion ,the Zenji Empire was there fore
 a myth be cause inreality it never existed at
the coast of East Africa

ARAB SETTLEMENT AT THE COAST

REASONS FOR COMING OF ARABS AT THE EFFECTS OF THEIR COMING

COAST Qn: How did their settlement affect the peoples of
Qn: Why did the Arabs settle on the Coast of the East African coast by AD1500?
East Africa before A.D1500?
Qn: Why were Arabs interested in the East
African coast between AD 1000 and 1500?
Qn: What led to the settlement of Arabs and  Guns caused insecurity.
Persians on the East African coast between  Spread Islam
AD1000and1500?  Led to development of slavetrade
Qn: Why were the foreigners interested at the
 Led to intermarriages
coast of East Africa between AD 1000 and
1500?  Led to birth of Kiswahili language

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  Came from Arabia, Persia
 Were First Foreigners to settle at the
coast?
 Wanted to spread Islam
 Wanted to control coastal trade
 Wanted to rule and control E.A
 Attracted by fertile soils
 Presence good natural harbors
 Fresh drinking water
 Blown by monsoon winds
 Hospitality of the costal people
 Political persecution in Arabia
 Religious persecution in Arabia
 Good coastal climate
 Spirit of adventure
 Seeking for refuge
 Availability of trade items e.g
 To participate in trade.
SWAHILI CULTURE AT THE COAST
 ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF
SWAHILI CULTURE
 Qn: What were the origins and the
development of the Swahili culture
along the East African coast?
 Qn: Describe the origins and the
developments of the Swahili culture
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 Built koranic schools and mosques.
 Introduced sharia laws
 Introduced new cropse.g.
 rice, wheat, sugar canes, bananas
 Introduced new foods e.g. chapattis, pilao
 Introduced new titles e.g. sheikhs, sultan
 Introduced new techniques of boat making
 Encouraged the use of Human feaces as
manure
 Led to development of coastal townse.g.
kilwa, Mombasa, Zanzibar, malindi
 Linked east Africa to the out side world
 Introduced new commoditiese.g. glassware,
silk, plates
 Became rulers of coastal towns
 Boosted trade
 Introduced Swahili culture e.g. dressingVeils,
Turbans
 Introduced Arabic architecture e.g.flat topped
houses, stoned houses
 Initially,ledtopopulationincrease
 Introduced the use cowrie shells
 Introduced the minting of coins
 Later led to depopulation due slave raids
 In conclusion their effects were both Positive
and negative effects (political, social and
economic)
 EFFECTS OF THIS CULTURE AT
THE COAST
 Qn: What effects did this culture have
on the people of the coast?
 Qn: How did the growt hand
development of the Swahili culture at
the coast affect the coastal people of
 along the coast of East Africa.
 Swahili was an Arabic word meaning
coast
 Began with Arab contacts at the coast
 Developed between 13th and 15th
centuries
 Came due to intermarriages between
 Arabs and Africans
 Swahilis were brown in colour
 Swahili spoke Kiswahili language
 Was mixture of Bantu and Arabic
words
 Were basically Moslems
 Swahili women wore veils and men
Kanzu.
 Were mainly traders in gold, silk, ivory
 Used the Quran as a holy book
 Swahili people took up Arabic
architecture
 Some were agriculturalist growing
vegetables, lemons, oranges.etc.
 Some kept animals e.g. goats, sheep
 , cattle
 Their main food stuffs were wheat,
rice.
 Restricted from eating pork.
 Used new titles of leadership e.g.
Sheik, Imam
COASTAL TOWNS 1000–1500AD
 Between 1000-1500AD the coast had around 37 towns
 These included Mombasa, Mogadishu, kilwa, Zanzibar etc..
 The reasons for the development of coastal towns were political, social and economic.
FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF
COASTAL TOWNS
Qn: What factors led to the growth of the East
African coastal towns between 1000 and
1500AD?
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East Africa?
 Mosques and koranic schools were
built.
 New crops were introduced at the
coast e.g. rice, wheat
 Led to intermarriages
 Kiswahili became daily language at
the coast
 Towns like Mombasa, kilwa developed
 Sharia laws improved morality
 Arabic was adopted as an official
language
 New foods were introduced like pilao,
chapatti
 Led to increased population
 Islamic practices were introduced e.g.
fasting
 Led to increased slavery at the coast
 Led to the introduction of foreign goods
g.clothes,glasses
 New titles were adopted by the east
Africans.
 Spead the Arabic dress eg. The kanzu
and
 New Arabic architecture.
 Took over the leadetrship of the coast.
 Boosted the activity of trade
 Linked coastal town to outside world
 In conclusion the effects of Swahili
culture were political, social and
Economic
DECLINE OF COASTAL TOWNS
Qn: Why did the set owns decline?
Qn: What factors led to the collapse of the
coastal states?
  Absorption and displacement of
hunters and foodgatherers
 The coming of foreigners like Arabs,
Persians
 The good natural harbours
 The presence monsoon winds
 The use of sharia law
 The use of Kiswahili language
 The introduction of cowrie shells
 The minting of coins
 Control of major trade items by some
towns e.g. Kilwa, Sofala for gold
 Availability of trade items e.g. gold,
ivory, slaves
 Cheap slave labour
 Strategic location of some towns like
Zanzibar on islands
 Hospitality of coastal people
 Favorable climatic conditions
 Introduction of Arabic architecture
 Fertile soils along the coast
 Coastal trade created wealth (IOT)
 Introduction of Islam that united
people.
 Introductions of guns for security
 Good leaders like al- Hussein of kilwa.
 Disunity of coastal states
 Rivalry among coastal towns
e.g.Malindi Vs. Mombasa
 Scarcity of trade items e.g gold
 The coming of the Portuguese
 Cultural and religious differences
 Out break of famine
 Negative effects of slave trade
 Invasion of zimba & Segeju cannibals
 Over taxation by the Portuguese
 Looting of wealth by Portuguese
 Burning of towns by Portuguesee.g.
Mombasa,Kilwa
 Constant rebellions for coastal people
Vs.Portuguese.
 Portuguese chased away Arabs from
the coast.
 Decline of the coastal trade.
 Corruption among Portuguese
administrators.
 Inconclusion the factors for decline
were. political,social&economic

PORTUGUESE RULE A T THE COAST 1498–1700AD

First Europeans to come to the coast/ the second group of foreigners to settle at the coast.
Came from a country called Portugal
Their interest was spearheaded by Prince Henry the Navigator

REASON FOR EFFECTS OF FACTORS THAT DECLINE OF

COMING OF PORTUGUESE RULE MADE PORTUGUES PORTUGUESE RULE
PORTUGUESE AT Qn: What where the ECONQUEST (PROBLEMS)
THE COAST effects/impacts of the SUCCESSFUL Qn:What led to the
Portuguese Qn:Why the coastal decline of Portuguese
administration on the people were easily rule at the coast of East
people of East Africa? defeated by the Africa by AD1700
Qn: How did the Portuguese? Qn: Describe the
Portuguese rule affect Qn:Why did the problems (challenges)
the people of East Portuguese conquer faced by the Portuguese
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 Africa the East African coast at the coast of East
with ease? Africa
Qn:Why did African betweenAD1500and1700
resistance against the
Portuguese
 Searching for  Broke the  Coastal states  The coast was too
direct sea route Muslim were rivals e.g. vast(wide)
to India monopoly of Malindi vs  Portugal was a
 Need to obtain trade at the Mombasa small and poor
wealth in gold, coast  Some coastal country
slaves, copper  Led to the towns  In adequate funds
 Need to spread decline of cooperated with  Greedy and corrupt
Christianity coastal towns Portuguese e.g. to fficials
 Strategic  Destruction of Malindi  Hated by the local
location of the property/burnt  Portuguese had people/ brutality
coast towns powerful  Portugal was too
 Presence of good  Disunity among weapons far
natural harbors towns e.g. canons  Religious
 Need to control  Use of cowdung  Portuguese had differences i.e.
the coast as manure big and strong Christianity Vs.
 Love for  Led to Famine ships Islam
adventure  Led to the  Their soldiers  Rivalry from
 The coast would decline of trade were protected powerful
provide bases in ivory & gold by body amour Europeans e.g.
for their troops  Led to misery & maskets British, Dutch
and ships and suffering  Portuguese had  Threats from sea
 Desire to  Introduced well trained pirates e.g.AliBey
revenge against Christianity but soldiers  Activities of Zimba
the Arab failed to spread  Portuguese had and Segeju
Muslims  Linked E.Africa support from  Forceful union of
 Need to impose to the outside Portugal Spain and Portugal
taxes and world  Portuguese had  Attacks from
tribute  Established garrisons diseases e.g.
 Prevent other links between E.  Portuguese Malaria
European Africa and India determination to  Harsh coastal
countries from  Introduced new conquer coastal climate
accessing games e.g. states  Frequent rebellions
coastal trade playing cards from coastal people
 Portuguese used
 Improved on  Oman Arabs
 Need to surprise attacks
participate in building of ships
 Portuguese used assisted coastal
profitable Indian  Led to loss of
scorched earth people
oceantrade coastal
policy  Luck of enough
 Looking for their independence
 Africans under ships
legendary king  Added few
estimated
John Prester words in  Language barrier
Portuguese
Kiswahili e.g.  Fall of fort Jesus
 Control coastal power
pesa, Meza,
trade  Portuguese were  In conclusion the
karata
 To avoid skillful in naval problems faced by
traditional land  Interrupted Portuguese were
war fare
coastal culture political, social and
route.  Portuguese had
 Led to wide economic
 To prevent the prior knowledge
spread of
Turkish and about the coast
poverty
Egyptians from  Coastal people
 Introduced new
helping their had been
crops and fruits
Muslim brothers weakened by
at the coast. e.g.maize,
guavas, Wazimba and

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 pawpaws segeju
 Built fort Jesus,  Coastal towns
now tourist lacked strong
attraction fortication
 Introduced new  Portuguese had
architecture able and brave
e.g.using bricks leaders like
 Led to loss of Vasco Da Gama
lives  Lacked
 Led to insecurity competition.
 Displaced Arabs  Had Strong
 Inconclusion the leaders
Portuguese  Weak African
effects were both economy
positive and  Africans
negative weakened by
diseases,
femine.

Course of Portuguese conquest

Qn: Describe the course of the Portuguese conquest of the East African coast between 1498 and
1510.
Qn: How did the Portuguese establish their administration at the coast of East Africa between 1498
and 1510?
Qn: How did the Portuguese gain control of the East African between 1498?
Qn: Describe the stages of the Portuguese conquest of the coast of EastAfrica.
Year Personality Event

1498 Vasco da Gama  Reached at the coast

1499  A report was made to the king of Portugal and

Decision to conquer Was taken
 Because of natural harbours, strategic location
& trade
1500 Pedro Alvares Cabral  Unsuccessfully captured Sofala due to its gold

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 trade
1502 Vasco da Gama  Returned on his 2nd journey with a fleet of 19
ships
 Attacked Kilwa because of its Gold trade
 Seized the palace and imprisoned sultan
Ibrahim
 However with his depature to India, the sultan
refused to pay tribute.
1503 Ruy Laurenco  Conquered Zanzibar, mafia
Ravasco  Forced them to pay tributes to the king of
 Portugal
1504 Lopez Suarez  Unsuccessfully attacked Kilwa and its harbors
 Disruptedgoldtrade
1505 Francisco  Came with a fleet of 20 ships and 1500 men
D’Almeida  Attacked Sofala,Kilwa and Mombaa
 Sofala surrendered withoutanystruggle
 Kilwa was attacked but the sultan had fled
 The town was looted and burnt down
 Mombasa tried to resist but defeated and
surrendered
 Mombasa was looted and destroyed
1506-1507  Triastao da  Invaded Oja, Brava, Pate, Lamu, Socrata
Cunha  Lamu quietly surrendered
 Oja, Brava tried to resist but destroyed
1509  Alfonso  Brought Zanzibar and Pemba under
D’Alberqueque Portuguese rule
  Defeated a large Egyptian fleetat Diu

1509  Dom Duarte  Visited Mafia, Pemba, Zanzibar and collected

Delmos tribute
1510   The entire E.African coast was under
Portuguese rule.

PORTUGUESE ADMINISTRATION
Qn: How did the Portuguese administer the East African coast during the16 thcentury?
Qn: Describe the Portuguese administration at the coast of East Africa between AD 1510 and 1700.
Qn: How did the Portuguese rule/govern he coast between 1500 and 1700 AD?
NB: Portuguese Administration, Structure of Portuguese +RoleofCaptains+Policies

Structure of portuguese
Role of the captains Policies
Administration

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 1. By 1510, the entire coast 1. Collected import & 1. Used divide and rule
was under Portuguese rule export duties policy
2. Goa–India (head quarters) 2. Collected tributes 2. Used direct rule
3. Sofala(regional head 3. Suppressed any 3. Used military
quarters) resistance commandos
4. Maintained law & 4. Imported hard core
4. Divided into two; Northern order criminals as
5. And Southern part. administraters.
6. Cape Delgado (mid-point) 5. Were segregative &
7. Each territory was under a isolated themselves
captain. 6. Constructed forts &
8. Head quarters North of garrisons e.g Fort
cape Delgado (Malindi)
Jesus
9. Head quarters South of
Delgado (Mozambique) 7. Were dictatorial and
10. Mombasa later had its own brutal.
captain 8. Tried to spread
11. Captains were answerable chritianity
to the Viceroy in India 9. Discouraged trade in
slaves and ivory.

THE OMAN ARABS

 The Oman Arabs were Arabs from Oman

 Their influence at the coast grew after the collapse of Portuguese rule in EastAfrica
Why did they have less interest in the Why finally they picked interest in the
interior? interior?

 Limited knowledge about the interior  Increased demand for interior goods
 Fear of hostile tribes in the interiorr  Increased demand for foreign goods in
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  Fear of wild animals in the interior
 Problem of transport and communication
 Language barrier
 Lack of effective leadership
 Presence African middle men e.g.Yao,
Kamba
 Limited financial resources
 Had no need to spread Islam in the
interior
 Low demand of interior goods
 No stiff competition at the coast
 Fear of diseases in the interior
 Lack of political interest by the Arabs in
theinterior
 Were still very few
SEYYID SAID
 Was a prince of Oman
Born in 1791 in Oman to Sultan Seyyid Ibn Ahmed
 Came to power in 1804 following the death of his death & transferd his capital to the coast
of east Africa in 1840.
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the interior
 Development of political interest by the
Arabs
 Coming of missionaries which created
rivalry at the coast
 Need to eliminate African middlemen by
theArabs
 The arrival of Seyyid SaidIncreased
demand for interior goods
 Increased demand for foreign goods in
the interior
 Development of political interest by the
Arabs
 Coming of missionaries which created
rivalry at the coast
 Need to eliminate African middlemen by
theArabs
 The arrival of Seyyid Said
REASON WHY HE TRANSFERRED EFFECTS OF HIS ADMINISTRATION
HISCAPITAL

a) Deep and widen natural harbors a) Introduced clove growing in Zanzibar and
b) Presence had sweet drinking water Pemba
c) Zanzibar had fertile soils b) Made Zanzibar and pemba the world’s
leading producer of cloves
d) Zanzibar had friendly and loyal to
c) Encouraged trade with othe countries e.g.
e) Oman Zanzibar had better climatic
Britain,America
conditions d) Encouraged the spread of Kiswahili and
f) Wanted to effectivlly control the coast Arabic languages
g) The coast had cheap source of slave e) United the coastal towns
labour f) Ended Busaid–Mazrui conflicts
h) Presence of natural resources e.g.gold, g) Created peace and security to the
ivory at the coast coastalslave trade
i) Religious persecution in Oman h) Loss of fertile land by Africans
i) Encouraged the Indian Banyans to come to
j) Political persecution in Oman
Zanzibar
k) Security advantage of Zanzibar j) Encouraged Arabic architecture e.g.flat
l) Strategic location Zanzibar for trade topped houses
m) Wanted to control rebellious Mazrui k) Encouraged the building of Mosques and
family l) Quaranic schools
n) Wanted to check on activities of the sea m) Promoted the use of sharia and Islamic laws
pirates n) Encouraged the spread of Islam
o) Need for prestige as ruler of two empires o) Encouraged Zanzibar an international port
p) Zanzibar became principal slave market
p) Wanted to control East African trade in
q) Introduced copper currency
slave and ivory r) Signed commercial treaties with USA,Britain
s) United coastal towns
t) Signed treaties with interior chiefs e.g.
Fundikira
u) Ended slave trade by signing the Hermaton
treaty
v) Fought sea pirates
NB: when handling the effects of Seyyid
w) Introduction of taxation on imports and
do not use the statement “introduced”
exports.
on aspects put in place by the Arabs but
x) Organisde caravans in the interior
rather use Encouraged or promoted. In conclusion the effects Seyyid Said’s settlements
were both positive and negative

MAZRUI–BUSAID CONFLICTS

Mazrui were governors of Mombasa and the busaid ruled Oman

The conflicts started with the depature of the Portuguese
Took place between 1698 -1840.
Causes of Mazaria-Busaid conflicts Effects of Mazaria–Busaid conflicts

Loss of life
 Failure of Mazrui governor to re cognizeThe Desturaction of property
Busaid rulers Disruption of trade
 Busaid family wanted to control Indian Mazrui leaders were killed

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 ocean trade Mazrui were defeated
 The Mazrui also wanted to control the Mazrui failed to achive their independence.
same trade The whole of east Africa came under the
 Mazrui wanted to be independent of oman rule
foreign rule Total defeat of the portugues
 The costal climate was favourable for Said sayyid transfared hi capital to
agriculture zanzibar
 Activities of Seyyid Said who was strongly
determined to crush the muzrui
 Coastal governors hated corruption and
ruthlessness of the Oman rulers
 High taxes imposed by Oman rulers
 The declaration of independence by
Mazrui governors
 Mazrui rulers considered them selves the
natural rulers of the coast
 Constant supply of man power to
theMazrui by Nyika
 The rebellious nature of Mombasa
 The busaid wanted to control the coast as
compasation for defeating the portgue.
 The weak and inffective rule of the busaid.
 Oman concentrated on the sea pirates and
enemies in Arabia giving little attention to
the coast.
 Oman Wanted to crush the Mazrui to set
an example to all rebellious towns
 The oman wanted to ensure that the
portugues do not come back to the coast

ROLE OF SEYYID SAID TO END MAZARIA–BUSAID CONFLICTS

Qn: What role did Seyyid said play in settling theBusaidi Mazrui conflicts?
Qn: How did Seyyid said settle the Busaidi Mazrui conflicts in EastAfrica?
Year Personality Activity

introduction  Sayyid said was aprince of oman

 On coming to power he faced a lot of
problems including the busaid- mazrui
 Busaid Mazrui conflicts were about control of
E. African coast

14 | P a g e
 1817 Seyyid Said  Sent a fleet of 4,000 men captured Pate
 seized Brava and controlled Pemba
 Ordered his subjects to stop trade with
Mombasa

1822 Seyyid Said  Sailed from Zanzibar and over ran Pemba
and liberated Brava
1824 Mazrui Governor of  Accepted British protectorate over Mombasa
Mombasa

1827 Seyyid Said

 Sailed to Mombasa with a large fleet and
forced Mombasa to submit to him

1829 Seyyid Said  Returned to oman but was Mazrui trouble

broke again

Seyyid Said  Sent his son Khalid to lure as many Mazrui

members as possible into the fortress
 He tricked others & staved some
 Some mazrui governors Were taken away
into a ship and some thrown into the Indian
Ocean
 Other were forced into exile
 This ended the conflicts between the mazrui
and Busaid.
1840 Seyyid Said  Moved his capital to Zanzibar to have firm
control over E.African dominion
 He made an alliance with the british to
strengthen his adminstration

Course of Mazrui-Busaid conflicts

Qn: Describe the course of these conflicts between 1741 -1840.
Year Personality Event

1698  In December for Jesus fell in the hands of the

Oman, after chasing away the portugues.
1728  The portugues attempted to recapture
Mombasa but were evicted with the help of the
Oman.
1741 Governor Muhhamed  Is elected as governor of Mombasa and is
Ibn Uthman expected to be loyal to the Oman.
 When said bin sultan of the yorubi died and
the busaidi took control of the Oman
administration. This was rejected by the
leaders at the coast including Muhammad ibn
uthman
 They there fore declared their independence
because the Busaid were not right family to
lead the Oman Empire.
 Ahmed bin saif opened up a war and ended up
killing Muhammad ibn uthman
15 | P a g e
1742 Ali Ibn Uthman  A brother to Muhammad ibn uthman took over
power and is detrmined to fight the Oman to the
very end.
 He continued with the expantion of mazrui
influence and by 1807, the mazrui territory
streached from pangani to malindi

1807 Abdullah bin ahmed  Took over power and tried to get suppor from the
British. but they were already helping his rival
sayyid Said
1817 Seyyid Said  Sent a fleet of 4,000 men captured Pate
 seized Brava and controlled Pemba
 Ordered his subjects to stop trading with
Mombasa
1822 Seyyid Said  Sailed from Zanzibar and over ran Pemba and
liberated Brava
1824 Mazru iGovernor of  Accepted British protectorate over Mombasa
Mombasa
1827 Seyyid Said
 Sailed to Mombasa with a large fleet and
forced Mombasa to submit to him
1829 SeyyidSaid  Returned to oman but the Mazrui trouble broke
out again
Seyyid Said  Sent his son Khalid to lure as many Mazrui
members as possible into the fort Jesus.
 He tricked others & staved some
 Some mazrui governors Were taken away into
a ship and some thrown into the Indian Ocean
 Other were forced into exile
 This ended the conflicts between the mazrui
and Busaid.
1840 Seyyid Said  Moved his capital to Zanzibar to have firm
control over E.African dominion
 He made an alliance with the british to
strengthen his adminstration

NB; the points should be expressed as push factors and not pull factors

Bantu Luo plain nilotes Ngoni

 PWere people who
spoke related
languages with a
common root word
NTU  Moved from Bahr-el
 Migrated from Niger -
Benue area,
Cameroon highlands
or Congo –Katanga
region.
16 | P a g e
Also known as  WWere part of nilotes  WWere part of the
river lake nilotics/ that migrated from Nguni speaking people
jonam the Ethiopian high who lived in south East
lands Africa (natal)
 TThey included the o TThey were the last
-Ghazel iteso, masai, group of Bantu to move
karamajong, into East Africa.
Trukana, Jei etc.
 Common Bantu Luo & plain Ngoni
causes nilotes

 Reason not  Internal  Internal  Due to

clear conflicts conflicts expansionist
 Internal  Over population  Over grazing policies of Shaka
conflicts  Diseases eg.  Over  Looking for water
 Over Malaria stocking and pasture
population  Exernal attacks  Over  Boer invasion of
 Human  Adventure population Natal
Diseases  Drought  Diseases eg.  Influence of good
 Animal  Floods Malaria. leaders e.g.
diseases  Famine  Cattle Zwangendaba,
 Exernal disease.eg. Maputo
 Search for
attacks Fertile soils nagana
 Adventure  Adventure  Harsh climate
 Need to export
 Drought  Exernal conditions .eg.
iron working
 Floods attacks Cold winters.
skills.
 Famine  Drought  Ruthless military
 Floods training by
 Fertile soils
Shaka
 Famine
 Out break of the
 Fertile soils
mfecane
 Pasture and
 Over grazing
water
 Over stocking
 Over population
 Internal
conflicts
 Need for pasture
 Cattle raids
 Human
diseases
 Animal diseases
 Adventure
 Famine
 Fertile soils

Effects of migration

Common Bantu Ngoni luo Plain nilotes

effects

 increased  Introduced  New weapons eg.  Established  Displaced the

population iron The assegai them selves kikuyu
 intermarria working  Loss of cattle as chiefs  Short horned
 Absorbed  Mirambo used  decline of
ges cattle was
the tactics to build
 birth of non bantu chwezi introduced
his nyamwezi
new  Introduced empire empire  intrduced
cultures centralize  Some socites like  established crafts.eg
 loss of d the sangu re- Bito dynasty stools
lives governme organised them  the idea of  New
17 | P a g e
 Destruction nt selves. chiefdoms weopones .eg.
of property  Introduced  prepaid some  short horned spears,
 New crops settled communitie like cattle arrows.etc.
the hehe to resist
e.g. life/grass  pet names  Idea of
colonial rule
 Displaced thatched  Disrupted trade
e.g.Akiiki,Ab building huts
local houses along the central woli  Femine
inhabitants  Introduced route.  system of  Traded with
 Led to birth barter  Led to decline of granting land the local
of new trade some states to clans people
tribese.g. e.g.Bena  Introduced  Misery and
 Increased slave system of
 Led to birth suffering
raids
of new royal burial
 Led to
languags depopulation
sites
e.g.  Led to creation of  New regalia
 Absorbed maviti group e.g. drum,
local /Ruga Ruga stools
inhabitants  People learnt
 Insecurity Ngoni military  femine
tactics
broke out
 Femine
 Misery and
suffering

Courses (Migration and settlement)

BANTU LUO/RIVER–LAKE NILOTES

 They were a group of people that spoke related
languages with a common root word “ntu”
 Migrated from Niger -Benue area, Cameroon
highlands or Congo –Katanga region
 Their contact with the people of east Africa were
either peaceful or hostile
 Entered E.A in groups of families or clans
 Migration was slow and gradual and spread over a
long period of time
 Entered E.A in four major groups i.e. western,
18 | P a g e
 Originally settaled at Bahr-el-Ghazel in south
Sudan.
• Their movement was slow and gradual
• Moved in small family or clans
• Their movements were seasonal.
• There movement was started in bahr-el-gazel
in the equatorial province.
• Moved south wards following the Nile
• Entered East Africa through Northern Uganda
 coastaland highland, northern Tanzania and
Southern Tanzania Bantu
 Western were the first to enter E.A
 They were also known as the interlacustrine Bantu.
 Entered EA between L.Edward and Albert
 Settled around lakeregion e.g.George, Edward,
Albert and Kyoga.
 These included Baganda, Batoro, Banyankole, and
Bakiga.
 They were mainly farmers
 Others moved int western Kenya giving rise to the
luyia and gusi
 The central Tanzania Bantu were the second group
to enter east Africa.
 This group entered between south of L.Victoria and
North of L.Tanganyika and Settled on the central
Tanzania plateau
 They included the Sukuma, Nyamwezi, bena, zinza
and Ha.
 They were initially farmers but changed to a semi
pastrol life and then to trade.
 The eastern bantu were the 3 rd group to enter east
Africa
 They were refered to as the castal and highland
Bantu.
 this group entered between south of L.Victoria and
North of L.Tanganyika Some crossed the Tanzania
plateau and reached Taita hills
 Taita hills become their 1st dispersal point.
 The Chagga, Taita and Pare remained in Taita
region
 Pokomo, Giryama, Segeju, Nyika moved north
wards towards Shungaya
 At Shungwaya they dispersed due to pressure from
the Galla and Somali
 The Nyika group moved southwards along the
coast and came to be known as the coastal Bantu.
 The chukka, kamba, kikuyu Embu etc moved into
Kenyan highland Bantu
A SKETCH MAP FOR BANTU COURSE OF MIGRATION
19 | P a g e
(Nimule)
• Settled at Pubungu in Pakwach
• This became their dispersal area
• One group of Gipir and Tifool moved west
wards Mixed with the Sudanic, Madi, Okebo
and Lendu giving birth to the Alur
• The second group of Labongo moved south
wards into Pawir
• This was the time when Chwezi empire was
disintegrating
• They setup Luo Bito dynasty and sub
dynasties in Busoga, Buganda and Bukedi
• Other migrations occured north wards, east
wards, and north eastwards into present day
Acholi.
• The major migrants of the time were labong of
the jo-bito clan.
• This group intermarried with the madi giving
birth to the acholi.
• The Joka –Jok pushed East wards from
Sudan through Acholi, Kaberamaido
• Some settled in Budama and others continued
to Ramogi hill in western Kenya
• The Jok Owiny moved from Pubungu then
Kaberamaido and settled in Sigoma Alego
• Were led by the fear less Owiny Singoma
• The Jok Omolo moved from Northern Bunyoro
through Busoga, Budama and settled in
Nyanza region
• The luo who settled in Budama were
Japadhola (Adhola)
• Other groups that moved to Kenya were the
Joka Jok, Jok Owiny, Jok Omola
A SKETCH MAP FOR THE COURSE OF LUO MIGRATION
PLAIN NILOTES NGONI

20 | P a g e
  Were a group of Nilotes who settled on the Plains of
East Africa
 These included theMasai, Iteso, Jie, Karamajong
 Their migration into EastAfrica is not clear
but believed to have Migrated from southern slopes
of the Ethiopian Highlands
 Their contact with the people of east Africa were
either peaceful or hostile
 Entered E.A in groups of families or clans
 Migration was slow and gradual and spread over a
long period of time
 From Ethiopia they moved south wards and settled
in North of L.Rudolf in Kenya
 L.Rudolf became their 1st dispersal point and took
different directions
 Got divided into two major groups, the Teso Masai
and Bari speakers
 The Bari speakers moved into the Sudan
 The Teso-Masai split into three small groups, the
Lotuko, Masai, Karamajong-Teso
 The Lotuko moved and settled in Sudan (gogo land)
 The Masai moved southwards and settled between
Mt.Kenya, Kilimanjaro and Taitahills.
 The Masai expanded south wards along rift valley
and as far as Dodoma.
 The Iteso and Karamajong first settled on Mt.Moroto
 Mount moroto became another dispersal point.
 The Karamajongs moved southwest wards from
Mt.Moroto and settled in the karamoja valley.
 The Dodoth and Jie moved northwards settling in
kotido.
 The Iteso moved further southwards into and
settled around lake Bisina and usuk hills
 Some teso moved and settled in present Soroti,
Mbale, Kaberamaido, and Kumi.
 Some moved and settled in Tororo.
 Some moved and settled in Kenya in malaba and
Amongura counties.
A SKETCH MAP FOR BANTU BANTU COURSE PLAIN NILOTES
21 | P a g e
 Were part of Bantu speaking people
 Migrated from South EastAfrica (Natal)
 Their migration was sparked off by Shaka’s
expansionist wars
 This was time of Mfecane
 Moved in two groups
 The 1st group was led by Induna Zwangendaba
 Moved north wards through central Africa Destroying
the great Shona settlement
 Crossed Zambezi river on 19 th November 1835 the
solar eclipse day
 They reached and settled at Ufipa plateau in 1840
 They defeated the small disorganized communities at
Ufipa
 1848, Zwangendaba died
 His group slipt into 5 different groups, 3 of these
groups moved southwards in Zambia and Malawi
 The Tuta and Gwangara Ngoni remained in East
Africa
 Tuta Ngoni moved northwards into Holoholo were
they were driven out
 And They finally settled in North West of Tabora
 They disrupted trade on the Ujiji Tabora route
 They captured Mirambo on their way
 The Gwangara Ngoni moved East wards towards
songea
 They destroyed the Hehe and Sangu settlements
 By 1860 they reached Songea and clashed with
Maseko Ngoni and defeated them
 Some of the maseko moved back to mozambiq
 Others moved to the kilombero valley were they came
to be known as the mbuga.
A SKETCH MAP FOR BANTU BANTU COURSE NGONI PEOPLE
 Reason why Ngoni invasion was successful?

 Had well organized and trained armies

 Captured many young men whom they trained as
warriors
 Used surprise attacks
 Had experienced fighters
 Applied scorched earth policy
 Had enough food
 Met disunited societies
 Met small and disorganized societies
 Had rare and superior tactics e.g.cow horn formation
 African societies had been affected by slave trade
 Ngoni moved bare footed for easy movements
 Had determination
 Used women as spies
 Divided their army into fighting groups/impis
 Strong weapons like short stsbbing spears, shields
 Faught bare footed for easy mobility
 Met small and weak societies
 Were well prepared for war
 Were loyal to their leaders
 East African societies were militarily weak
 Had good leadership e.g. Zwangendaba
 Ngoni carefully planned the battle
 The loon match from South Africa gave them
resilience
 Rewarded warriors for successful battles.

22 | P a g e
RISE OF INTERLUCUSTRINE KINGDOMS.
ATEMBUZI (origin and contribution)
 Their history is a myth
 However are believed to have been the
first inhabitants of interlacustrine region.
 Some Traditons say that they fell from
heaven
 Believed to be gods and miraculous
 Could not die but disappear from the
earth
 Introduced the idea of succession in the
region
 Some times are referred to as Abakama
 Their dynasty lasted 4 to 5 generations
 Their first ruler was Ruhanga
 Was assisted by his brother Nkya
 Ruhanga had no son but Nkya had 4 i.e
Kairu, Kakama, Kahima, Twale
 Kahima was the ancestor of herdsmen
 Kakama was the ancestor of rulers
 Kairu was the ancestor of farmers
 Ruhanga went back to heaven
 Left Kakama-Twale as the ruler of earth
 Kakama–Ttwale was succeeded by Baba
 Baba was succeeded by Ngonzaki
 Ngonzaki was succeeded by Isaza
 Isaza was last ruler of Tembuzi who
Were succeeded by the Bachwezi
THE BACHWEZI/CHWEZI/BUNYORO-KITARA
23 | P a g e
BITO (Babiito)
Their importance / Contribution
 Were part of Luo speaking people who
Migrated from Sudan
 Bito dynasty was founded by Rukidi
 Mpuga
 Adopted culture found in Bunyoro
 Set up Bito dynasty which lasted
upto1966
 Set up Bito sub dynasties in Busoga,
Bugweri.etc.
 Introduced new regalia e.g.drum,spear
 Introduced pet names e.g.Akiiki
 Led to granting of land to clans
 Introduced new crops e.g. millet,
sorghum.
 Introduced the idea of keeping short
horned cattle
 Brought the system of burial sites for
kings
 Led to the downfall of Chwezi rule.
 Centralized system of administration
 In conclusion the contribution of Luo Bito
were positive and negative
 Origin of the Contribution of Reason for Chwezi
chwezi /Bunyoro Chwezi to the decline
Kitara kingdom history ofE.Africa

 Origin was not  Introduced earth  Vastness of the kingdom

clearly known fortification  Civil wars among the prices
 Successors of the  Introduced iron  Resistances from the local people
Tembuzi of working  Death of Bihogo
Bunyoro Kitara  Introduced grass  Military weakness
 Believed to have thatched houses  Out break of famine
been Egyptians  Introduced the  Loss of popularity among the local people
came from wearing of  Lack of able leadership after the death of
NorthEast cowhide sandals Wamara
 Believed to have  Introduced pottery  Chwezi rulers were too oppressive
been Cushites or  Introduced royal  Lack of strong
Galla from Ethiopia regalia e.g.spears, economy
 Also believed to stools, drums  The Luo invasion
have been  Introduced games  Voluntary departure by the princes
Greeks,Portuguese e.g. omweso,  Outbreak of epidemics e.g. small pox
 Moved south wrestling  Rampant cattle diseases e.g.Nagana
wards from  Introduced bark  Break away of vassal states like
Ethiopia and cloth making Buganda
settled in  Introduced coffee Inconclusion the factors for the Chwezi decline
interlacustrine cultivation for were political, social and economic.
region chewing
 Believed to have  Introduced Organisation of the  Wore cow-hide
been demi gods centralized system Bachwezi sandles
and miraculous of administration Politically, Economically,
people  Introduced the  Had centralized  chwezi traded
 Known by various rearing of long monarchy with their
names e.g. Hinda, horned cattle  Omukama was neighbours
Tutsi, Hima  Introduced reed their head  Kept long
 Unlike the mythical palaces  Below him were horned cattle
Tembuzi, Bachwezi  Introduced palace chain of chiefs  Grew coffee for
were real people officials  Omukama was the chewing
 The founder of the  Introduced the final judge  Carried out
Bachwezi was idea of a standing  Had alarge pottery
Ndahura army standing army  Carried out
 Others findings  Introduced the  Had royal regalia bark cloth
indicate that they class system in as symbol of power making
were a group of society i.e Bahima, eg. drums, stools
Bantu who settle in Bairu  Succession was  Carried out salt
East Africa  Introduced roayal hereditary mining
 They established eclosures(oruremb  Had their capital at  Carried
the bunyoro Kitara o) Bigobya Mugenyi out basket
Empire.  Built their capital  Socially, were weaving
 They established at great sports men  Carried out
their capital at Bigobyamugenyi used to play hunting iron
Bigobyamugenyi  Introduced craft Omweso working
 Chwezi rule lasted making e.g. basket  Built grass thatched 
for 4 -5 weaving houses smeared
generations.  Inconclusion the with cow dung
contrbutions of  Believed in small
Bachwezi were gods
positive and  Had social classes
negative ie.

24 | P a g e
 Bahima& Bairu

BUGANDA KINGDOM
The Origin of Buganda Factors for Buganda’s Factors for decline
Kingdom expansion

 Favourable climate  Had grown too big

 Origin of Buganda was not  Fertile soils for agriculture  Breaking away of distant
clear  Weak neighbouring states areas e.g.Busoga
 Belonged to Bunyoro–Kitara e.g Busoga& Bunyoro  Abolition of kingdoms by
empire  Presence of a strong Obote
 Located on northern shores of standing army  Poor leadership of
L.Victoria
 Royal body guards Mwanga and ChwaII
 The People of Buganda
 Division of labour  Mwanga’s characters and
belonged to interlacustrine
Bantu  Small size of Buganda behaviours was not best
 It was believed that Kintu  Clear succession system for the king
was its founder  Decline of Bunyoro  Had many enemies
 He was believed to have come  Presence competent  Weakening of the army
from the Mt.Elgon direction leaders e.g.  Rebellions from conquered
 He moved through Bugisu, Kyabaggu,Ssemakokiro states
Budama, Busoga and finally  Buganda involved in local  L.Victoria opened up
to Buganda trade Buganda for white
 He was said to have come  Took part in L.D.T imperialists
with 13 -14 clans Kabaka married from each
  Regaining of strength of
 He came around AD 1314
major clan Bunyoro under Kabalega
 He took over 5–6 original
 Constant supply of tributes  Occurrence of religious
clans
 He established himself as
from conquered states wars
Ssaabataka  Absorption of conquered  Decline in trade
 Other theories state that it people  Period of scramble and
was founded by Kato Kimera  Centralized system of partition.
of Bunyoro Kitara administration.  Signing of the Buganda
 He was believed to be a twin  Good transport (roads) agreement.
brother of Isingoma Mpuga  Natural security e.g L.  In conclusion the factors
Rukidi the founder of Babiito Victoria for the decline of the
dynasty kingdom were political,
 He curved Buganda from social and economic.
Bunyoro Kitara
 He was believed to have come
with 5–6 clans
 Other clans came from Ssese
Island
 It started as a small kingdom
with Busiro, Mawokota and
Kyadondo counties
 By 17th century Buganda had
expanded to cover singo,
Gomba and Butambala.
 It was Kabaka Kateregga
who captured these counties
 Kabaka Jjunju captured
Buddu, Kooki and Kabula
 Bulemeezi, Kyaggwe and
Bugerere were captured by
Kabaka Mawanda
 Kabaka Sekamaanya
captured Buweekula
 Kabaka Muteesa I captured

25 | P a g e
 Buyaga, Bugangaizi and
Bululi with help of the British.
Political
 Politically, had  Agriculture was their back
centralized
administration
 Kabaka was assisted by
the Lukiiko
 Lukiiko was legislative
council of Buganda
 Kabakaship was
hereditary
 Kabaka had absolute
powers
 Kabaka had final control
over land
 Katikkiro was next in
command
 Was to advise Kabaka
and performed duties on
his behalf
 Namasole and queen
sister advised the
kabaka
 Kabaka had spies in his
palace
 Kabaka married from
major clans
 Buganda was divided
into counties (Amasaza)
 Had royal regalia e.g.
drums, spears, crown.
 Had standing army
(Abajaasi)
 Kabaka had royal body
guards (Abambowa)
 Socially, Buganda had
clans &Each clan had
aclan head
 Each clan had a totem
 Each clan had its own
burial site
 Kabaka was the
spiritual leader of
Buganda
 Each clan had hadits
ownshrine
 Baganda believed in
super natural being
called Katonda
26 | P a g e
Economically, How did Buganda’s
millitay strength affect
her neighbor?
bone and grew crops e.g.
bananas, cassava, ▪ Vessal states like busoga
potatoes
were forced to pay tribute
 Had division of labour ▪ Buganda traded with
 Reared animals like
neighbours like bunyoro.
cattle, goats, chicken
 Carried out internal ▪ Local trade with
trade neighbours declined due
 Also took part in the to wars
LDT ▪ Had a bitter relationship
 Carried out hunting with bunyoro to the extent
 Carried out bark cloth
of blocking her vistors
making.
from passing through
 Carried out iron work
Buganda.
 Taxation was also
▪ Neighbours like buyoro
carried out.
 Carried out fishing lost lost territories like
 Raided neighbours Kooki, buddu, mawogola.
like Bunyoro ▪ Buganda over run busoga
 Collected tribute from during the reign of Jjunju
nieghbours & kyabbagu
▪ Kooki acceped the over
lordship of Buganda.
▪ Buganda carried out raids
on bunyoro, busoga, Toro
and Ankole.
o Items of trade like ivory
and slave were got
through raids.
o Using Canoes Buganda
attaked buvuma,
kalangala and ukerewa
on Lake Victoria.
o Buganda recruited
mercenaries from her
neighbours for expansion
o Loyal vassal states like
Kooki were speared from
raids
  Marriage was  Some baganda
polygamous intermarried with
neighbours

ANKOLE KINGDOM
Ankole kingdom was one the kingdoms that made up Bunyoro Kitara empire of the chwezi.
Ankole kingdom was established by Ruhinda
Ankole kingdom was established in the present day south western Uganda.
It was made up of what is now Rwampara County

 Factors for the  Reason for its  Organisation of Ankole Kingdom

growth of collapse
Ankole

 Was small–  Lack of standing  Politically, had  Economically,

ensured army a centralized  depended on cattle
effective  The over taxation government rearing
administration of the Bairu by  The Omugabe  Herding was done
 Had well the Bahima was the political by the Hima
centralized  Attacks and raids head  Cultivation was
system of from Bunyoro  Assisted by a done by the Bairu
administration  The missionary chain of chiefs  Also depended on
 Had strong and influence in  Omugabe’s power iron working
capable leaders Ankole was hereditary  Did carpentry work
e.g.Ntare V  The coming of  Omugabe had  Practiced pottery
 Decline of British colonialists absolute powers  Traded with their
Bunyoro-kitara  Succession  Next to Omugabe neighbours
kingdom disputes was In conclusion the
 Had acquired  Out break of Nganzi–prime kingdom was
guns during cattle diseases minister organized politically,
trade e.g. rinder pest  Nganzi was the socially and
 Divisions of the  Outbreak of most important economically
kingdom into human diseases among the chiefs
districts e.g. small pox  Ankole was
 Carried out  Prolonged drought divided into
raids on her  Out break of sixteen districts
neighbours famine (16)
 Had good  Over  Each district was
succession centralization of under a
system       power by the Mukungu–chief
 Omugabe had Omugabe  Had royal
absolute powers  The kingdom was
27 | P a g e
  Omugabe too big regalia .eg.drums,
rewarded his  Death of ablel spears
loyal chiefs eaders e.g.NtareV  Also had royal
 Ankole had  Attacks from fire
astrong Buganda  Had no standing
economy  Poor relationship army
 Traded with her between the Bairu  Socially,
neighbours and Bahima Banyankole
 Presence of  The harsh spoke
Week treatment of the Runyankole
Hima on Bairu  Had social
neighbours
 Loss of vital classes i.e.
 Coming of Bahima and
trade.
chwezi migrants
 Attacks from Bairu
Rwanda under  Hima were highly
Respected in the
mwami
society
Rwabuguri
 The Bairu were
 Forced labour on Considered less
the bairu human beings
 A Mwiru could not
become a king
 Believed in a
supreme called
Ruhanga
 Respected the
spirits of the dead

BUNYORO KINGDOM
Founded by the luo babito dynasty under Isingoma rukidi mpuga
It came up with the collapse of the buyoro- Kitara Empire.

Factors for the rise of Decline of Bunyoro kingdom Organization of Bunyoro

Bunyoro Kingdom kingdom

 Was too big for effective  Politically,

 Came into existence after the administration  Omukama was the political
collapse of the Cwezi empire  Weak administration of head
 Gifted with strong and Kamurasi  Had achain of chiefs
ambitious leaders  Steady growth of Bunyoro’s  Divided into provinces,
e.g.Kabalega neighbours districts and counties
 Had well centralized system  Frequent revolts of Bunyoro’s  Initially, Bunyoro hadno
of administration princes standing army
 Strong army (Abarusula)  Bunyoro’s army had become
 How ever during the reign of
 Raids made by the army weak
kabalega he formed the
 Gifted with good fertile soils  Serious divisions among the
Abarusula
 Participated in L.D.T Banyoro
 Had royal regalia like. e.g.
 Minning of salt  Local or internal rebellions
drums, stools
 Traded with her neighbours  Local chiefs had much powers
 Increase in population  Epidemics e.g.diseases
Socially,
 The loyalty of the chiefs to the  Acquisition of guns by
 Believed in Ruhanga
Omukama Buganda
 Had many small gods
 Produced iron tools e.g. Economically,
arrows, spears  they reared cattle
 Practiced agriculture
 Carried out salt mining in
L.Katwe
 Practiced pottery
 Practiced iron working
 Carried out fishing
 Participated in internal trade
28 | P a g e
  Carried out bark cloth making
 Collected revenue from vassal
states
 Hunted elephants and rhinos

Inconclusion the kingdom was

politically, socially and
economically organized

Kabalega’s Reforms and
contributions in Bunyoro
Kingdom
 Encouraged the spirit of nationalism among the Banyoro
 Destroyed social classes in the kingdom
 Appointed even the commoners (Abairu)
 Encouraged the Banyoro to grow crops
 Built enough food stores
 Encouragedtradewithneighbours
 Defeated opposition from the royal family
 Established a highly centralized administration
 Built a strong army
 Expanded the frontier of

KARAGWE
How was the Hinda
dynasty established
 Karagwe was one
interlucustrine kingdom
 Located between Rwanda,
Burundi and l.Victoria (North
western part of Tanzania)
 The earliest Bantu in this
kingdom were farmers
 These Bantu had come from the
south west direction
 Many of the stayed for only 2or3
centuries before migrating to
Ankole,
Bunyoro and Toro
 Later, some returned to Karagwe
 By that time, they had mixed
with the Cwezi
 By the end of 16th century they
had reached Karagwe and setup
the Hinda
dynasty
 They were led by Ruhinda
 These were the Cwezi immigrants
from Ankole and moved into
Karagwe
 When he reached Karagwe,
Ruhinda overthrew the local
leaders
 Its not known how these new
comers established them selves
 Some say were welcomed
because of their intelligence and
administrative
qualities
 Others say that Cwezi corrupted
the local people with cattle
29 | P a g e
How was this kingdom
organized?
of Political organisation
 Had centralized system of
administration
 Kingship was hereditary
 Had royal regalia
Social organization.
 Based on clan systems
 Divided into two social
classes i.e. Bahima and
Banyambo
 Believed in supreme being
Ruhanga
 Believed in ancestral
spirits
 Celebrated important days
and events
Economic organisation
 Carried out agriculture
 Carried out pastoralism
 Carried out trade
 Carried out fishing
 Controlled Long Distance
Trade toBuganda
 Carried out hunting
 Carried out iron working
 Carried out pottery and
weaving
Reasons for the decline
It was too big
 Death of competent
leaders
 Rise of weak successors
 Constant civil wars
 Epidemic diseases e.g.
malaria.
 Cattle diseases.
 Friction between the
Bahima and the
Banyambo
 Raids from Bunyoro
 The weak economy
 Natural calamities e.g.
drought
 The creation of several
independent
 Hinda sub dynasties
 Oppressive and
inefficient leaders
 Break away of vassal
states.
 Lake of a standing army.
 Out break of femine.
 Factors for its decline
were political, social and
 Ruhinda established his capital economic.
at Bwehangwe
 He sent out his sons to establish
Hinda sub dynasties in
surrounding areas
 Other small independent
bkingdoms arose under his sons
 After Ruhinda’s death, they all

became ndependent Organisation

of Karagwe

NYAMWEZI/MIRAMBO EMPIRE
Factors for the rise of Reasons for the organization
Nyamwezi collapse

 Mirambo was born in  Death of Mirambo in1884 Political organization

1830’s to a Ntemi chief  Rise of weak leaders e.g.  Lived in small
 He spent his early years Mpandashalo independent
as Ngoni captive  The empire was too large states(chifdoms)
 The use of Ngoni military  Civil wars among  Eacgh led by a chief
tactics by Mirambo Nyamwezi called ntemi
 The weakness of  Decline of Long distance  Assistdby a council of
Nyamwezi neighbours trade elders – wanyampala
 The control of trade routes  Conflicts with the Arabs  Other chiefs included
e.g central route  European imperialism army
 Mirambo used revenue  The Ruga-Ruga became commander(mutwale),rev
got from taxes from uncontrollable enue officer(minile)
traders  Breaking away of vassal Economic organization
 Mirambo personally led states  Grew crops like millet,
his army to war  Failure to establish a Sorghum.
 The empire was lasting administrative  Food was collected as a
strategically located system by Mirambo form of tax
 Acquisition of guns from  Mirambo’s army was  Kept animals like cattle,
coastal Arabs disastrous sheep, goats.
 Mirambo’s personality,  Local chiefs retained a lot  Carried out fishing
energy, talent and of power  Controlled the central
courage  Lack of unity trade routes
 The recruitment of  Mirambo conflicted with  Pottery and craft making.
absorbed people in the the Arabs.  Iron working
army  Missionary activities.  Hanted elephants for
 The role of Ruga–Ruga  Mirambo had ivory
who were instrumental personalized the Social organisation
kingdom.
30 | P a g e
  The highly paid soldiers
and warriors
 Mirambo befriended
Europeans e.g.London
Missionary Society
 Mirambo befriended
African leaders e.g.
MutesaI,
 Strong army equipped
with Ngoni military tactics
TRADE SYSTEMS
INDIAN OCEAN TRADE 1000–1500.AD
 Trade between the coastal people and Arabs from Persia
 Also known as coastal trade/east African external trade/trans-Indian trade/Azania trade
Factors for the
development of
indian oceantrade
 The introduction of
cowrie shells
 The minting of coins
 Hospitality of the
coastal people
 The good climate
 The presence of
monsoon winds
 Good natural
harbors
 High population/
presence of market
 Role of Islam which
united traders
 Role of middle men
e.g. Makaranga
 Evolution of
Kiswahili
 The coming of
foreigners
 High demand of
31 | P a g e
 The empire had become
too large.
 Reasons were political,
social and economic
Organisation of Indian Ocean
Trade
 Foriegn participants were
arabs,
Greeks,Egyptians,Syrians etc
 Local traders were BANTU and
cushites.
 Conducted across Indian ocean
 Also conducted through the red
and Mediterranean seas
 Dhows of foreigners were blown
by monsoon winds
 Between November to April the
winds blew towards E.Africa
and between may and October
the winds blew to Asia.
 Head porterage was means of
transport.
 Slaves were also used to carry
goods at the coast.
 Controllers of this trade were
coastal rulers and local chiefs
 Barter was main medium of
exchange
 Cowrie shells were introduced
 Ntemi was the religious
leader and perfomed
riuals on behalf the
people
 Land was communally
owned
 Respect for elders
 Marrieg was polygomus
Effects of the Indian ocean trade
 Led to economic prosperity at the
coast
 Initially population increased
 Led to the development of coastal
towns e.g.Mombasa,Kilwa,Sofala
 Led to intermarriages at the coast
 Led to birth of Kiswahili language
 New crops were introduced e.g.
rice, wheat, bananas
 New foods eg pilawo, red pepper,
chapatti, etc.
 Slave trade was introduced.
 Led to depopulation due to slave
raids
 Linked East Africa to
outsideworld
 Coastal people started using
feaces as fertilers
 Attracted Portuguese
 Introduction of new goods e.g.
beads, clothes
 foreign goods  Later copper coin were minted
 Presence of local  Exports were ivory,slaves,gold
items e.g. slaves,  Other exports were skins,
ivory copper, gum, rhino horns
 Imports were silk, glassware,
clothes, beads
 Makaranga and Nyika were
middlemen
 Gold was got from
Mwenomotapa
 Kilwa and Sofala were major
gold centres
 Slaves were got through raids
 Ivory got through hunting
elephants
 Kiswahili was the business
language
 Main trading centres were
Kilwa, Mombasa, Sofala
 Inconclusion the organization of
this trade was political, social
and economic
 Introduction of cowrie shells
 Led to the minting of coins
 Mosques and Koranic schools
were built
 Arabic became the official
language of the coast.
 spread of Islam
 Arabic architecture
 New titles e.g.Imam, Sheikh
 Sharia laws
 Rivalry between coastal towns
e.g. Malindi Vs. Mombasa
 Insecurity due to guns
 Inconclusion the trade had both
positive and negative

LONG DISTANCE TRADE AND SLAVE TRADE.

LONG DISTANCE TRADE SLAVE TRADE

 This was the trade carried out between
the coastal Arabs and interior tribes.
 Also Known as pre colonia,l caravan
and interior trade
 This wad the buying and selling of human
beings
 It begun with the coming of the Arabs at
the coast of east Africa and increased
involume when they penetrated into the
interior.

Specific factors for the rise General factors for the Specific factors for
of L.D.T development of L.D.T and SLAVE TRADE
S.T

 High demand for local
goods e.g ivory, slaves
 Surplus production of
goods
 Introduction of cowrie
shells
 Minting of coins
 The flat nature of
land /Love for travel
 Evolution of Kiswahili
language
 specialization
 Good and favourable
climate
 The penetration of Arabs  High demand for slaves
and Persians in the world wide
interior  Way of getting rid of
 No developed means of criminals, witches
transport  No alternative source of
 Profitability of trade income
 Intertribal wars  Religious prejudice
 Acquisition of guns  Decline of the gold trade.
 Hospitality of Africans to
foreigners
 Establishment of clove
plantation by sayyid
 Abolition of slavetrade in
WestAfrica
 Presence ofcaravan

32 | P a g e
  Presence and influence routes
of Islam  Industrial revolutionin
 Seyyid Said organized Europe
caravans  Establishment of
 Some societies had slave markets e.g.Kilwa,
skills to produce unique Zanziba r
items  High demand of foreign
 Division of labour. goods e.g. guns
 Role played by Indian  Role of African chiefs
Banyans e.g. Mirambo

General organization of L.D.T and S.T

1. Definition  Long Distance Trade was trade over long distances to and from the
interior and with in the interior
 Slave trade was the commercial selling and buying of human beings
as commodities

2. Major  Local traders were Nyamwezi, Yao,AKamba Foreigner traders

participants were Arabs,Swahili, Zanzibaris
3. Caravans  Travelled incaravans of 100 to1000 men
 Included medicine men
 Nyamwezi provided experienced porters
4. Goods  Exports were slaves,ivory,gold,hides,skins
 Imports were clothes, beads, glasses, guns,
5. Acquisition of  Slaves were got by raids
goods  Gold was got from ancient Mwenomutapa Kingdom
 Ivory was got through hunting down elephants

6. Mode of  Kiswahili was business language

communication
7. Medium of  At first was conducted on barter system
exchange  Later cowrie shells were introduced
 Later replaced by coins
8. Routes  Long Distance Trade had 3 major trade routes i.e central, Northern,
Southern
 Slave Trade had 4 i.e. central, Northern, Southern and Khartoum
 Central controlled by Nyamwezi
 Southern by Yao
 Northern by Akamba

9. financiers  Financed by Indian Banyans

10. transport  Goods were transported on Head portarage

33 | P a g e
  Slaves were also used to ferry good to the coast
11. Taxation  The trade also involved taxation collected by chiefs

A sketch map of east Africa showing the long distance and slave trade routes

General effects of Problems / Factors for the Role played by the

L.D.TandS.T Decline of L.D.T/ ST Nyamwezi, Akamba, Yao
during L.D.T

 Participants became rich  Death of leaders e.g.  Nyamwezi controlled

 Rise of strong states e.g. Mirambo, MutesaI central route
Buganda  The coming of Missionaries  Akamba controlled
 Introduction of new  The abolition of slave trade northern route
commodities e.g. glass, which was the major item  Yao were controllers of
cloth  Scarcity of goods e.g.ivory southern route
 Development of towns e.g.  The colonization of East  Provided security to
Tabora, Ujiji Africa traders
 Caravan routes developed  Insecurity in the interior  Offered market for goods
into roads  Loss of money by Indian  Supplied trade items to the
 Led to the coming of Banyans traders (slaves,ivory and
Europeanse.g. explorers  Heavy taxation imposed gold)
 Led to colonization of East on traders by local chiefs  Carried out raids for
Africa  Intertribal wars in the slaves
 Introduction of new crops interior  Provided food stuffs and
e.g. rice, bananas  The coming of Ngoni beverages to traders
 Increased inter tribal wars  Wild animals in the interior  Provided lodging facilities
 Led to depopulation  The Arab interference in to the moving caravans
 Led to loss of lives the politics of many  Acted as porters carrying
 Linked East Africa to societies goods
outside world  The construction of  Acted as interpreters in the
 Introduction of cowrie Uganda railway to replace trade
shells and coins human transport  Convinced other tribes to
 Led to spread of Kiswahili  Competition between the join trade
language and culture communities  Provided information about
 Led to spread of Islam  Introduduction legitimate the availability of trade
 Led to intermarriages trade. items
 Led to detribalization and  Hostile tribes .eg. Masai.  Acted as guides in the
 The construction of trade
Uganda railway to replace

34 | P a g e
 deculturalisation human transport
 Competition between the
 Decline of local industries communities
 Industrial revolution made
slaves usless.
 introduduction legitimate
trade
 Acquisition of guns by
intrior tribes made them
organize against slave
traders.
 Tropical diseases
 Language barrier
 Anti slavery treaties.
 Inconclusion the factors
for the decline of LDT
were political, socialand

ABOLITION OF SLAVE TRADE

 Was spearheaded by the British government
 Championed by Thomas Foxwell, Grandville Sharp,Thomas Clarkson
Reasons for the abolition of slave trade Problems faced during abolition

 Role of philosophers e.g.Rousseau  Inadequate funds by the abolitionists

 Role played by religious groups e.g.
Quakers
 The formation of anti slavery league
 The role of European explorers e.g. Jacob
Erhardt
 Need for raw materials to feed industries
 Africa was seen as a market for
European goods
 Role played by the British navy
 Humanitarians regarded it as an evil
 Dr.Livingstone preached against it
 Industrial revolution made slaves useless
 Population increase in Europe
 Signing of agreement between
col.Artikins and SaidSeyyid
 Africa was seen as potential market for
European goods.
 Frequent srikes by slaves.
 Abolition of the trans- Atlantic slave
trade.
35 | P a g e
 Limited personnel
 The carrying of American flag by slave
traders
 Lack of enough equipments by the
abolitionists
 Arabs and Swahili found it profitable
 Some European powers still needed the
slaves
 Slave traders had arms & attacked
abolitionists
 Seyyid didn’t effect abolition treatis.
 No land patrols in the interior
 Slavery was an acceptable practice among
Africans
 No resettlement plan for freed slaves
 Freed slaves were reluctant to be freed
 Lack of transport in the interior (slaves)
 Hostile tropical climate to the abolitionists
 Lack of geographical knowledge by the
abolitionists
 Threat from the wild animals to the
abolitionists
 East African coast was too long
 The Indian ocean was too big to be
controlled
 No immediate substitute to slave trade
 There was no other alternative source of
 income
 Was profitable to African chiefs
 Freed slaves were reluctant to be freed
 Some times slave dealers threw slaves in
Indian ocean
 Attention was put mostly at the coastline
yet raiding was in the interior
 Tropical diseases in the interior attacked
the abolitionists e.g.malaria
 Language barrier
 Hostile tribes e.g.Nandi, Masai
 Geographical barriers e.g. forests, rivers,
 Inconclusion the slave trade abolitionists
faced political, social and economic
problems

Steps taken in the abolition of Slave trade

Qn: Describe the steps taken to abolish slave trade in East Africa up to1900.
Qn: How was slave trade abolished in east Africa up to1900?
Year Personality Event/Activity

1772 Humanitarians like Granville  Spear headed the crusade against slave
Sharp, William Wilberforce trade
1807 British government  Passed a law making slave trade illegal for
British subjects
1815 British navy  Started patrolling Indian ocean to check the
shipment of slaves
1817 Governor of Mauritius  Signed a treaty with leaders of Madagascar
to stop shipment of slaves

1822 Capt. Fairfox Moresby  Signed a treaty with Seyyid Said

 No slaves were to be exported to
Mauritius, Madagascar, India
1824 Capt.Owen  Declared Mombasa as a British Protectorate
to stop S.T in the area
 The British gov’t however did not recogonise
his intentions.
1833 Slavery  Was abolished in all British controlled areas

1841 Col. Artikins Hamerton  Was appointed the British Consul in Zanzibar
 Built a good relation ship with the sultan of
Zanzibar

36 | P a g e
 1845 Hamerton treaty  Was signed
 Was to stop S.T activities out side Seyyid
Said’s possession
1850 Christianity  Was introduced to stop S.T

1856 Sayyid  Sayyid said in 1856 and Col.Hermaton died

in 1857 which drailed the fight against S.T
1870 Sultan Bargash  Made good relation with the British Consul
Sir John Kirk
1873 Sir Bartle Frere  Signed a treaty with sultan Bargash
 It closed slave market in 24hrs
 It also made ST illegal in all parts of the
sultan’s dominion
1876 Sultan Bargash  Freed all slaves and were to enjoy a right of
protection.
Gen LLoyd  Stationed a small force in the interior to over
see the fight.
1889 Sultan Khalif  Signed the treaty with the British which freed
all persons entering the sultan’s territory
from 1/11/1890

1890 Zanzibar  Became a British protectorate

1897 Slavery  Was abolished in Zanzibar and Pemba and

all slaves were set free
1907 Slavery Was abolished in all British E.African territories

1921 Slave trade  Complete abolition of Slave trade.

  Construction of infrastructure e.g. roads, railways To help in the abolition of S.T

 Introduction of legitimate trade To help in the abolition of S.T

37 | P a g e
Qn: How did the abolition of slave trade affect the peoples of EastAfrica?/:How did slave
trade affect the peoples of EastAfrica?

Effects of slave trade Effects for the abolition of slave

 Increased intertribal wars
 Strengthend powerful states
like Buganda.
 Perticpants became rich
These points  Serious depopulation
make an  Out break of femine.
opposite of  Reduced African diginity.
each other  Slowed the spead of islam.
 Market centers become towns
e.g. tabora.
 Development of plantations in
the interior & coast
 Detriblization and
deculturelization
trade
 Reduced intertribal wars
 Decline of slave trading states like
nyamwezi.
 Loss of wealth by perticpants.
 Population increase.
 Improvements in agriculture.
 Restored human diginity.
 Increased the spread of christianity
 Slave markets lot wealth.
 Decline of clove plantations
 Introduction of legitimate trade

 Loss of life  Inproved security

 Desturaction of property  Africans hated leaders that had
These points enslaved them.
are not related
 Decline of the local industry.  Consturaction of the Uganda railway
 Displacement of people.  Led to coming of missionaries, explorers
 Misery and suffering.
 Spread Kiswahili language
 New items of trade
Common points  Slave routes become major communication lines

 Introductionof new crops .e.g. wheat and rice(slave trade) & cash
crops(Abolition of slave trade)
38 | P a g e
  Led colonialism/ loss of independence.

 Opened the intrerior to the out side world

ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIAL RULE IN EAST AFRICA

Role of Explorers in the colonization of EAS TAFRICA
These were 1st group of Europeans to enter the interior of east Africa
They were interested in finding about the lake system of east Africa and the source of Nile.
They Included Sir Samuel Baker, H.M.Stanley, John Speke, Richard Button, Dr. David

livingstone.etc.

Qn: What role did explorers play in the establishment of colonial rule in EastAfrica?

 Role  How it led to the colonisation

 Exaggerated the economic potential and  Which attracted colonialists

wealth of EastAfrica

 Exposed the effects of slave trade  Which attracted colonialists to end this evil

 Discovered routes/navigable waters  Which simplified the movements of

colonialists
 Drew maps  Which were used by the colonialists

 Gave information about hostile and  Which helped the colonialists to prepare in
accommodative societies of EastAfrica advance

 Destroyed the impression that east Africa  Which attracted many Europeans including
was a white mans grave. imperialists

 Established a working Relationship with  Which eased the work of the imperialist
African chiefs.

39 | P a g e
 Provided geographical information that  For example john speak discovered the nile
attracted colonialist to come that made the british take over Uganda.

 Exploration groups like the RGS provided
logistical support those who were willing to
come and collect information.
 Lured African chiefs to signtreaties
 Which informationwas used by colonialists
 Which were used by colonialists to claim
areas of control

 Built forts e.g.Fort Potiko  Which were later used as administrative

centres by colonialist.

 Served as colonial administrators  e.g. sir Samuel Baker

who was the governor of the Equatorial
province

 Explorers like David livingstone exposed  Which attracted colonialists to occupay EA.
the effects of slave trade

ROLE OF CHARTERED COMPANIES IN THE COLONIZATION OF E.A

Chattered companies were European traders who were given chatters by their home country to
carry out administration in European areas of intrest
They included the GEACo that operated in tanganika and IBEACo that operated in Kenya and
Uganda
GEACo founded by Carl peters in 1884 and the IBEACo founded by William macknon in 1888

Activity which Linked to the colonial rule

 Signed treaties with African chiefs ’’  Were Used by the colonialists to lay
claim over territories
 Fought slave trade ’’  Made E.A peaceful and ready for
colonialism
 Promoted cash crop growing Upon ’’  colonial economy depended

 Gave information about economic ’’  Attracted the colonialists to have

potential of East Africa interest
 Built roads ’’  Were Used by the colonialist to
transport their troops
 Financed colonial administration ’’  Reduced the costs of administration

 Set up administrative centres ’’  Were Used by the colonialists as

offices
 Protected missionaries ’’  Who were agents of colonialism

 Gave gifts and jobs to the Africans who  Supported colonialism in return

 Fought and defeated rebellious ’’  Forced them to accept colonial rule

groups

 Provided initial man power In areas  Where colonialists lacked leaders

40 | P a g e
  Provided arms and guns to who  Assisted the colonialists to impose
collaborators colonial rule

 Built administrative posts ’’  Were used as administrative

headquarters
 Built private armies ’’ 
Helped to protect colonial intrests
 Encouraged legitimate trade on ’’ 
The colonial economy servived.
 GEACO and the IBEACO rivaled 
Attracted colonialists to come
for East Africa
 IBEACO officials like Lugard campaigned greatly for the british to retain Uganda after
doing the groundwork
 Fullfiled the rquirments of the policy of effective occupation as men on spot.
 When they become bankrupt they called on their home governments to occupay their
areas of oparation

N.B A student should connect the sentence by showing how their role led to colonialism.

Qn: What problems did the companies face in EastAfrica?

 Inadequate manpower
 Constant rebellions
 Religious wars especially in Buganda
 Limited funds
 Tropical diseasese.g.malaria
 Poor and under developed transport
 Poor means of communication
 Wild animals.e.g.lions
 Harsh climatic conditions
 Poor accommodation facilities
 Corrupt and incompetent leaders
 Language barrier
 Hostile tribese.g.Nandi,Masai
 Stiff competition
 Delays in supply of necessities
 Stiff opposition from slave traders
 Conflicting interests between companies
 Hostile kings.
 Inadiquet support from home.
 Limited resources
 Slave traders.
 Goegrahical barriers.
 tropical diseases
 In conclusion the reasons for the collapse of chartered companies were political ,social
land economic

CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES
 These were the second group of Europeans to penetrate the interior of east Africa mainly to
spread Christianity.
41 | P a g e
  Came in groups e.g.C.M.S, White Fathers, Holy Ghost Fathers .etc.
Reasons for their coming Problems faced by Missionaries
 Spread Christianity  Inadequate funds
 Check on the spread of Islam  Tropical diseases e.g. malaria, smallpox
 Abolish slave trade and slavery  Unfavourable tropical climate
 Evangelical revival in Europe  Rivalry among the different missionary
 Promote legitimate trade groups
 Civilize African society  Inadequate supplies e.g.food,water
 Invited by Kabaka MutesaI  Language barrier
 Love for adventure  Wild animals e.g. lions, leopards
 Encouraged by the success of early travelers  Hostility from Islam
 The writings of Dr.Livingstone  Poor transport and communication
 Promote western education  Lack of literature for converts
 Pave way for colonialism  Lack of geographical knowledge
 Illiteracy of their converts
 Hostile tribes e.g. Nandi, Masai
 Opposition from slave traders
 Inadequate personnel
 Thick impenetrable forests
 Hostility from African traditional leaders e.g.
Mwanga
 Lacked accommodation
 Resistance from the land owners
 Lack of law and order
 Inconclusion the missionaries faced political,
social and economic problems.

MISSIONARY ACTIVITIES AND EFFECTS OF MISSIONARIES IN EAST AFRICA.

Qn: Describe the activities of Missionaries in east Africa between 1877and1900
Qn: What were the activities of the Christian missionaries in east Africa between 1877 and 1900?
activity which Linked to the effect
 Carried out evangelization ’’ • Made Many people convert to
Christianity
 Carried out exploration work ’’ • Attracted colonialists who erode African
independence.
 Built schools e.g. Namilyango, ’’ • Improved literacy in E.A
Buddo
• Built churches e.g. Lubaga, ’’ • Consolidated Christianity in E.A
Namirembe
 Built hospitals e.g. Lubaga, ’’ • Provided better health services in E.A
Nsambya
 Taught foreign languages e.g. ’’ • Eased communication in E.A
French, English
 Taught vocational skills e.g. ’’ • Anabled Africans gain employement
carpentry
 Built roads and bridges ’’ • Eased transport E.A
 Opened up mission stations ’’ • Developed into towns e.g. Nairobi,
Kamapala.
 Encouraged modern methods of ’’ • Increased agricultural yields
farming

42 | P a g e
 Decampaigned slave trade
 Promoted legitimate trade
 Encouraged cash crop growing e.g.
coffee
 Signed treaties e.g. 1900 Buganda
agreement
 Promoted western culture
 Carried out linguistic research in
African languages
 Introduced printing press
 Missionary education Produced who
pioneer nationalists e.g.Obote,
Nyerere
ROLE OF MISSIONARIES IN THE COLONIZATION OF E.A
Activity which
• Signed treaties with African chiefs ’’
• Spread Christianity
• When attacked, they Invited their
home governments
• Built schools
• Decampaigned slavetrade
• Built hospitals
• Promoted legitimate trade on
• Gave information about hostile and
accommodative societies
• Promoted cash crop growing on
• Sent information about
economic potential of
East.Africa
• Missionary education Created A
class of collaborators
• Taught foreign languages
e.g.French, English
• Built mission stations
• Finaced the IBEACo
• Divided Africans a long religious
43 | P a g e
’’ • Promoted human dignity and respect
’’ • Became a means of livehood in E.A
’’ • Increased house hold income
’’ • Eroded African independence
’’ • Undermined African culture
’’ • Led to the writing of African languages
’’ • Eased the production of literature for the
converts
• Led the liberation struggles in E.A
Linked to the colonial rule
• Were used by colonialists to claim for areas of contral.
’’ • Which softened the hearts of Africans to accept
colonial rule
To • Occupy areas where they worked
’’ • Acted as vehicles of indoctrination
’’ • Created a conducive atmosphere for colonial rule
’’ • Treated the colonialists
’’ • The colonial economy thrived.
’’ • Helped them to prepare in advance
’’ • The colonial economy thrived
’’ • Attracted the colonialists
’’ • Helped in the spread of colonialism
who • Made communication with colonialists easy
’’ • acted as administrative centres
• Was also an agent of colonial rule
’’ • Weakened The Africans efforts to resist colonialism
 lines
• Built roads ’’ were used by the colonialists
• Missionaries learnt African ’’ • Enabled them act as interpreters and translators forth
languages colonialists
Inconclusion,missonarie had political,social and economic contributions towards the establisment of
colonialial rule

RELIGIOUS WARS IN BUGANDA (W’AFRANSA W’INGLEZA WARS) 1885-1900

 Fought between different religious groups
 Involved Catholics,protestants,Muslims and traditionalists
 Were also known as wangereza wafaraza wars

CAUSES OF RELIGIOUS WARS Effects of religious wars on Buganda and

Uganda

 Presence of several religious groups
 Each religion wanted to win more converts
 Each wanted to win the favors of the
Kabaka
 Romours that Mwanga was learning
o Protestantism in exile in Kabula.
 Christians didn’t want to be dominated by
the Muslims
 Christianity condemned traditional religion
 Religious conflicts in Europe were extended
to their colonies
 Each religion wanted to win more offices
 Disagreement among Kabaka’s pages in
palace
 The coming of F.D Lugard and IBEACo to
fund protestants
 Imperial rivalries led to wars
 Involvement of Capt. Lugard and IBEACo.
 Death of Muteesa I
 Mwanga’s weakness and arrogance
 Mwanga’s failure to control foreigners in
Buganda
 The killing of Christian converts at Namugongo
 Mistrust among the various Christian groups.
 About 30 Christian converts were burnt at Namugongo
 Christian formed armed groups to protect themselves
 Offices in Buganda were divided according to religion
o loss of lives
o destruction of property
 Led to discrimination in civil service
 Catholics were sidelined at Mengo
 Led to the colonization of Uganda
 formation of political parties basing on religions e.g.
DP, UPC
 Mwanga was forced into exile
 Schools were run on denominational and sectarian
lines
 Led to the signing of the1900 Buganda agreement
 Checked the spread of Islam
 Led to wide spread of Christianity
 Some Baganda became prominente.g.
ApolloKaggwa, Mugwanya
 Increased disunity in Buganda
 Buganda counties were divided basing on religions
 Mwanga became confused
 Led to general insecurity.
 Led to Buganda’s loss of independence.
 Created enemity among followers of different religions
 Slowed the growth of nationalismin
Uganda
Had both positive and negative effects on Buganda
andUganda

COURSE OF RELIGIOUS WARS 1885AND1900

Year Personality Event/Activity

 Were wars between Christian, Muslim and traditional

religious groups
1877 C.M.S  Arrived in Buganda

1879 RomanCatholics  Also arrived in Buganda

 These two factions were soon competing for political

influence

44 | P a g e
1884 MuteesaI  Died
 Mwanga succeeded him
 Arabs warned Kabaka that Christians wanted to take
over his kingdom
 Mwanga responded by punishining those who refused
to denounce the new religions
1885 Bishop Hannington  Is murdered
1886 More Christians  Were burnt at Namugongo
 Mwanga planned to chase a way all religions from
Buganda
 They discovered his plans and overthrew him
 Kiweewawa is installed as new Kabaka
 Kiweewawa is deposed for refusing to be circumcised
 Kalema was installed
 Muslims started persecuting the Christians and fled to
Kabula
 The catholics came under Honerat Nyonyintono and
protestants under Apollo Kaggwa
1890 Christian faction  Came back and Mwanga was reinstalled
1890 Fredrick Lugard  Arrived inUganda
 He armed the Christians and followed the Muslims to
Bunyoro
 Protestants won the wars
1900 Buganda Agreement Is signed

SCRAMBLE AND PARTITION OF EAST AFRICA.

 Scramble was rush by European powers to occupay territories in east Africa and partition
referred to actual division of territories in east Africa among colonial powers.
 In East Africa scramble for territories was between Britian and Germany.
 The reasons for scramble were political, social and economic
Reasons for scramble and Effects of scramble and Methods used by the
partition of E.A partition/ colonialists to acquire
Colonial rule colonies

 Need for market for  Africans were subjected to  Used agreements

European manufactured
goods
 Need To invest surplus
capital
 Discovery of minerals in
South Africa
 Need to resettle excess
population
 Need to stop slave trade
 Unemployment in Europe
 Need to spread Christianity
 Strategic location
 Activities of King Leopold II
 Role of men on spot
e.g.traders
 Need for prestige and
recognition
45 | P a g e
forced labour e.g.1900 Buganda
 Introduction of heavy taxation  Used gifts and rewards
 Africans lost their culture and  Used Christian
customs missionaries
 Africans lost their land to  Used collaborators e.g.
settlers Semei Kakungulu
 Spread of western civilization  Gave harsh punishments
 Spread of Christianity to resistors
 Development of infrastructure  Used information from
e.g. roads, hospitals explorers
 Forced cash crop growing  Force
e.g.cotton in Tanganyika  Divide and rule policy
 Loss of lives due to rebellion  Built administrative and
 Introduction of plantation military bases
agriculture  Constructed infrastructure
 Out break of rebelions eg e.g.roads
abushiri, Maijimaji .etc.  Used intimidations and
 The reports of early  Loss of independence. threats
travelers  African chiefs lost authority.  Used tricks on some
 Need to spread western  Over explotation of resources. African chiefs
civilization  Introduction of legitimate trade.  Used strong imperialists
 The role of Berlin conference  Influx of white settlers. like Carl peters and Capt.
of 1884-1885  End of slave trade and slavery Fredrick Lugard.
 Unification of germay and  Ethinic groups divide as  Used chartered
Italy boounderies were drawn. companies
 Franco- Prussian war of  Monetarization of the economy.
1870-1871.  Increased spread of Christianity
 Rise of a class of collaborators
like semei kakungulu.
 African leaders were killed and
others exiled. Eg. Mwanga,
kabalega, kinjikitile, etc.
 Direct and indirect rule were
introduced.
 Increased tribalism through
divide and rule.
 Loss of land .eg. the Kikuyu,
Masai, and Nandi
 Inconclusion the effects were
positive and negative or
political, social and Economic.

COLONIAL SYSTEMS OF ADMINISTRATION

INDIRECT RULE
 This was a British system of administration were Africans were used to rule their fellow Africans on their
behalf.
 It was introduced and popularized by Capt. Fredrick Lugard in his book “the dual mandate of tropical
Africa”
Why was it applied in How it was applied Effects of the Problems faced by
Uganda? indirect rule system the british colonial
gov’t
 Was cheap  At the top was the  Ugandan
 Preserve traditional secretary for colonies resources were  Rebellions e.g.
institution based in London and exploited Nyangi & Lamogi
answerable to the British  Created a class of rebellion
 Successfully used
parliament
inIndia collaborators  Poor means of
 Below him was the
 Favoured
 Shortage of man transport
governor based at Entebbe
power and reported to the colonial
Buganda  Lack of man
 Would reduce sec  Saved Uganda power
resistance against  Colony was divided into from becoming a  Illiteracy among
the British provinces each under settler colony Ugandans
 Wanted unique provincial commissioners
 Demoralized &
system of Answerable to governor.  Language barrier
dehumanized
administration  Provinces were subdivided  Had a challenge
African chiefs
into districts under district of religious wars
 Poor means of  Increased the
commissioners Were  Some agents were
transport answerable to provincial spread of
 Feared tropical not loyal to the
commissioners Christianity
diseases British. Eg.
 Districts were divided into  out break of
e.g.malaria Kakungulu.
counties under county resistances e.g.
 Communication
 Local leaders chiefs Lamogi
 between Entebbe
understood their Counties were subdivided  Reduced the
into subcounties under sub and other parts
people better powers of chiefs
county chiefs was hard.
 African chiefs Promoted hatred
 Sub counties were divided and tribalism  Inadequate funds
secured ready
46 | P a g e
 obedience. into parishes under parish  Serious education  Diseases e.g.
 Wanted Africans to chiefs was neglected sleeping sickness
acquire leadership  Parishes were divided into  Encouraged  Limited man
skills subparishes under sub parochial/ self power
parish chiefs
 To Reward centerd thinking.  Buganda turned
 Sub parishes were divided
 Created a class of against the
collaborators
into villages under village
 Presence of well chiefs
cosevertive British in 1953
established africans after the crisis
 It worked mainly in
institutions centralized states like with the kabaka.
 To slove the Buganda  Had both positive  Rise of
challenge of langueg  The British created chiefs and negative nationalism and
barrier. and councils of elders in effects political parties.
 To entrench colonial decentralized communities.  Uganda lacked a
rule without  Colonial agents like semei uniform economic
Africans knowing. kakungulu were appointed activity
to adminster in  Kiganda system
 Had dual benefits
decentralized communites. of administration
 It indirectly granted
 Local chiefs were supposed failed in other
the British more to collect taxes, preside
powers over parts
over local courts, mobilized
Africans. people for public  Poor climatic
 Africa chiefs would works .etc. conditions
act as shock  Salaries and wages were  Sudanese mutiny
absorbers. given to chiefs for their in 1897
work.  political, social
and economic

GERMAN SYSTEM OF ADMINISTRATION

(DIRECT RULE)
It was a System of administration where the Germans themselves administered Africans.
It was introduced and popularized by Carl peters.
Reasons for application How it was applied.
 Had used force to capture
many parts of Tanganyika
 Believed it was the only
effective system of
administration
 To create employment for
German settlers.
 Tanganyika lacked many
centralized kingdoms
 Germans had enough
manpower
 Feared expenses of training
Africans as administrators
 Wanted to use unique
system of
Administration from that of
British
 Wanted to build a strong
empire in Africa
 Inspired by Bismarck’s
policy of Blood and iron
 Wanted to impose their
superior culture on Africans
 Wanted to effectively exploit
and benefit from African
resources
Effects of german rule.
 German government took over  wide spread
administration from GEACO. rebellionse.g.MajiMaji
 Applied mainly direct rule  Loss of power and
 Was introduced by Carl Peters authority by African
 At the top was a Governor leaders
based at Dar-es-salaam  Loss of independence by
answer able to Colonial Africans.
Minister
 African chiefs lost power
 At first governors were soldiers to the Akidas and
 In 1904 governors council was jumbes.
set upto advise the governor
 Tanganyika was divided into
 Loss of lives and
22 districts by 1914
desturaction of property.
 Rebellious districts of Mahenge
 out break of famine
and Iringa were put under
military control  Wide spread of
 Each district was put under a Christianity
district officer (Berziksmtman),
 had a police force and a small
 Rise of African
army to mantain law & order nationalism
 District officers collected taxes
 forced labour on Africans
 Also presided over courts,
 destruction of property
 Administered punishments and
due to wars
acted as the highest court of
appeal.  heavy taxation
 The districts were then divided  forced cash crop growing
in counties and sub counties.  decline of African culture
 The sub counties were divided  loss of land by Africans
into villages of 20,000 to  development of

47 | P a g e
  Had joined late the
scramble and partition
 Lacked experience in
colonial administration
 Had sufferd form early
revolts hence used the
akidas & jumbes to tame
Africans?
 Were a proud group that
never wanted to share their
administration with
Africans?
 Belived in the principal of
effective occupation that
called for direct rule.
30,000 people. infrastructure e.g. roads
 Below the district officers were  introduction of western
Akidas who were Arab and civilization
Swahili rulers imposed on  Africans were brutalized
Africans.
and humiliated
 Below the Akidas were the
 Wide spread discontent
Jumbes who were local
collaborators in charge of and resentment aginst
villages. german rule
 The Akidas and Jumbes were  African traders like the
supposed to collect taxes, nyamwezi were pushed
supervise gov’t projects. out of trade.germans later
 Traditional chiefs were replaced abolished forced labour.
with the Akidas and Jumbes  They also sacked the
 It was only in unyayembe were harsh Akidas & Jumbe.
local chiefs were left with  Many Africans were
traditional powers. appointed Akidas and
 Some puppet chiefs were Jumbes
created in areas like Usambara  Had both positive and
 In some areas like among the negative effects.
chagga the Germans tried to
use indirect rule.
 It encouraged cash crop
growing
 A German resident was posted
ineach area as a supervisor
 Used forced labour on road
construction and cotton growing
 They practiced brutal, harsh
methods of administration
 As a result, rebellions were
staged e.g Maji- Maji

REBELLIONS/AFRICAN RESPONSE AGAINST COLONIALSM

Year Rebellion Another country African fighters Category

name leader

1888 Abushiri Coastal Tanganyika Abushiri bin Arabs,

rebellion Salim, Swahilis, primary
Africans Vs
Bwana Heri Germans

1891– Hehe Mkwawa Tanganyika Chief Hehe Vs primary

1894 resistance Mkwawa Germans

1895– Nandi - Kenya Prophet Nandi Vs primary

1906 Orkoyoit British

1905– Maji Maji Revolts of Tanganyika Prohphet Pogoro,Bena, secondary

1907 southern Kinjikitile Ngoni Vs
tribes of Ngwale Germans
Tanganyika

1940- Mau M au Kikuyu Kenya Gen.China, Kikuyu Vs secondary

48 | P a g e
 1960 uprising Dedan
Kimathi
 With primary rebellion we use words such as defend, protect, maintain, preserve etc…
 With secondary resistances we use words such as regain, get back, win etc…
Specific causes
Abushiri Hehe
 Abolition of slave trade  Mkwawa had built a
 Arrogance of the strong army
germans  Wanted to control of
 Use of harsh akidas central trade route
and Jumbes  The killing of Mkwawa’s
 Brutal methods of tax peace messengers
collection  Expected support from
 Raping of women chief chibruma of Ngoni
 Germans had  Closure of trade routes by
dismissed the liwalis Mkwawa
 Confisication of  Mkwawa’s character.
property(houses)  Mkwawa’s refusal to meet
 Able leadership Germans at the coast
 Mkwawa’s expantionist
wars
 Germans called mkwawa
backward and uncivilized
MajiMaji MauMau
 Disrespect of African  Racial segregation
leaders  Creation of reserves
 Replacement of African  Poor conditions in reserves
leaders with Akidas  Low wages or no pay at all
and Jumbes germans  Africans were not allowed to
entered mosques with
grow cash crops
dogs  Kipande policy
 Forced cotton growing  Wanted direct representation  Harsh colonial rule.
scheme in the legco
 Brutal methods of  Denied participation in
collecting taxes politics
 Poor working  The World War II veterans
conditions
 Un employment among
 Giving asylum to a boy Africans
who slept with chief  Disliked the abolition of
Chibruma’s wife
49 | P a g e
British
Nandi
Believed in their military
superiorty.
 Construction of Uganda railway
 Believed in their cultural
superiority
 Colour of the whites looked like
female devils
 Prophecy of religious leader Arap
Samoei Kimyole
 Masai and Abaluyia had
collaborated
 Construction of Uganda railway
 British interference with ivory
and slave trade
 The murder of British trader
Peter West
 The British killing of Nandi
leader Orkoiyot
General causes
 To protect or regain lost
independence.
 To protect/ regain lost land
 To protect African culture
 Interfrance in trade
 Inspired by earlier rebellions
 Over taxation
 Forced labour
 Harsh methods of tax
collection
 Need to revenge the female circumcision
Boma massacres of  Massive arrests of African
1897 nationalists
 3 rupees pay for the
cotton
 Kinjikitile’s false
propaganda

Why Nandi resisted for long Reasons for the failure of rebellions

 Environmental advantage–mountainous  Superior weapons e.g.guns

 It was un suitable for use of guerilla  Determination
warfare  Used earth scorched policy
 Good leadership of Orkoyoit  Support from their home gov’ts
 Cutting of tele-communications and rails  Used mercineries
 Nandi had good military tactics, used  Disunity
surprise attacks, ambushes & guerrilla  Famine
war fare  Death of leaders
 The wet and cool climate–caused  Poorly organized
respiratory diseases  Poor military tactics (open warfare)
 The highly disciplined and efficient army  Some collaborated with the whites
of Nandi  Outbreak of diseases
 Nandi soldiers had experience in fighting  Poor economy/poverty
 Nandi fought in separate units  Believed in ATR
 Nandi never suffered from famine,
diseases
 Nandi were determined to defend their
country
 Nandi made their own weapons
 Nandi had guns acquired through trade
 Unity amond the Nandi
 Determination of the Nandi
 Nandi pride in being the strongest in the
region
 British lacked geographical knowledge of
Nandi land
 British underestimated the Nandi military
strength

General effects of rebellions

 Africans were defeated 7D
 Loss of land  Death
 Sent into reserves  Defeat
 Decline of agriculture–famine  Destraction of property
 Decline of trade–poverty  Decilne of trade
50 | P a g e
  Loss of lives  Decline of agriculture
 Depopulation  Depopulation
 Destruction of property  Displacement
 Misery and suffering
 Wide spread of Christianity
 Rise of African nationalism
 Inspired other rebellions
 Loss of culture
 Both positive and negative
(political,socialandeconomic)

UGANDA RAILWAY

Reasons for its construction Problems faced by constructors Effects of the railway

 The railway was built  Inadequate capital  Led to urbanization e.g.

from Mombasa to  Shortage of labour Kisumu, Jinja, Kampala
kisumu and extended  Led to influx of Asians and
 Wrangles in the British
to Uganda.
parliament Europeans in East Africa
 The work began on the
30th of may in 1896 at  Jiggers affected the  Promoted international and
Kilindini port at Indian coolies local trade
Mombasa with George  Tropical diseases  Promoted cash crop growing
white house as the e.g.Malaria,sleeping e.g. cotton,pyrethrum
chief engineer sickness  Linked Ugand at the coast
 Transport arms and  Out break of the small  Provided employment
military personnel
pox epidemic opportunities
 Ease administration in
Uganda  Delayed delivery of  Led to effective abolition of
 Enable British construction materials slave trade
establish firm control  Lack of transport for  Led to exploitation of
over theircolonies materials and workers resources like minerals
 Eliminate slave trade  Hostile tribes  Made transport
 Gain access to Uganda e.g.Nandi,Masai easier,cheaper,quicker
to control R.Nile  Theft of railway  Led to development of
 Fulfill the aims of
equipments by the Nandi feeder roads
Berlin conference
 Facilitate missionary  Drought especially in  Improved peoples standards
activities Nyika plateau of living
 Link Uganda to the  Famine  Promoted western
coast  Floods civilization
 Make the economy of  Wild animals e.g lions at  Led to wide spread of
Uganda selfreliant Christianity
Tsavo
 Promote exploitation of
resources e.g.  Steep escarpment of rift  Led to easy movement of
minerals valley colonial troops
 Fore stall other powers  Lack of decent  Led to spirit of nationalism
e.g.Egypt and accommodation for among Africans
 Khartoumers workers  Led to transfer of Kenya’s
 Provide an alternative  Lack of storage facilities capital from Mombasa to
for other forms of  Lack of communication Nairobi
trade / legitimate
51 | P a g e
 trade
 Develop the interior for
agriculture
 To make transport,
quicker, easier and
cheaper.
 To exploite reasouses
ie. minerals
back home
 Africans labores like
theAkamba were
reluctant to offer labour
 Those that accepted did
not go beyond their
home land
 Language barrier
 Total loss of independence.
 Lossof land by the nandi
and Masai.
 Small scale industries like
cotton ginneries.
 Taxation was introduced
 Economy was monetarised
 Kilindini habour developed
into a port.
 It was used to transport rice
to the Akamba

THE UGANDA RAILWAY

Qn: To which parts of Uganda and for what reasons was the railway extended between 1920 and 1962?
Qn: Describe the development of the Rail way system in Uganda between 1912and1965.
Qn: Describe the progress of Uganda railway between 1896 and 1965.
Year Place Reason

1896 Construction began at Mombasa Kilindini

1897 Reached Voi

1898 Reached Tsavo (met 2 lions)

1899 Nairobi For agricultural products

1900 Nakuru

1901 Crossed rift valley to reach Kisumu

1901 From Kisumu it connected to Uganda

1912 Extended to Port Bell Facilitate transport on L.Victoria

1912 Jinja-Namasagali line Tap products e.g. cotton, livestock

1923 Connected Jinja Transport cotton, coffee, food stuffs and people

1928 Namasagali line connected toTororo Reduce trffic congestion on Port Bell

1929 From Tororo to Soroti via Mbale Encourage cotton and coffee growing in Eastern
Uganda
1931 Extended to Kampala across Nile Tap coffee from the region

1956 Kampala-Kasese line Transport copper from Kilembe to Jinja for smelting

1961 Jinja–Bukuma line Tap agricultural products

1965 From Soroti to Packwach via Lira to Gulu Transport tobacco, cotton and people

52 | P a g e
 WHITE SETTLERS IN KENYA

Why white settlers were interested in Kenya Why Kenya developed into a setter colony or
why settler farms Were established in Kenya?

 White settlers came from Britain, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand etc.
 Before 1900, they arrived on their own initiative
 The good climatic conditions in Kenya for  The good climatic conditions in Kenyafor
European settlement European settlement and agriculture
plantation farming

 The Official encouragement by Charles Eliot  The colonial government through Charles Eliot
encouraged the white setters to come to Kenya
and establish plantation farms.

 There was need to resettle ex – soldiers of  The Anglo- Boer war of 1899 -1902 destroyed
the fast world war and the Anglo- Boer war farms forcing the Boers to shift to Kenya were
of 1899 -1902 they started farming afresh.

 The desire to stop slave trade also attracted  The desire to stop the inhuman slave trade led
many settlers to came into Kenya to the introduction of legitimate that required
crop production.

 The desire to introduce legitimate trade also  There was need to resettle ex- service men of
attracted many settlers to came into Kenya the second world war many of whom
established farms in Kenya.

 There was need to resettle excess European  Charismatic leaders like lord Delamare and col.
population in Kenya E.s. Gorgan who became the voice and
representatives of the settlers. They even
encouraged many settlers to grow cash crops.

 There was need to establish a white colony  The Devonshire white paper that granted the
in Kenya that was established on British Kenyan highlands exclusively to white settlers
principals, culture and traditions. encouraged many to come who ended up
establishing farms.

 To exploit African labor which was  Poverty among Africans forced them to provide
considered idle and un skilled. labor on setter farms.

 To exploit the volcanic fertile soils Kenyan  Kenya had fertile volcanic soils in the Kenyan
53 | P a g e
 highlands.
 land in Kenya was considered to belong to
the queen of England
 Attracted by the beautiful sceneries in
Kenya like the snow capped mountains and
wild life.
 To develop the land through which the
railway had passed in order to pay back
money that had been spent on the line.
 
EFFECTS OF WHITE SETTLERS IN KENYA PROBLEMS FACED BY THE SETTLERS IN KENYA
 Plantation agriculture was introduced
 New crops like cotton, coffee, tea,
sugarcane, pyrethrum, wheat, etc.
 Introduced Modern scientific methods
of farming eg. Use of fertilizers.
 The hut Tax was imposed on
Africans.
 Many Africans were employed on
settler farms
 improved standards of living as
Africans acquired income from settler
farms
 Bad labor conditions on settler
farms .eg. Little pay and working for
long hours.
 White settlers introduced racial
54 | P a g e
highlands that were ideal for plantation
farming.
 Few Africans had settled in the Kenyan high
lands that were easily displaced to create
space for settler farms.
 The Nomadic ways of life of Africans made it
easy to obtain land where farms were
established.
 Many of the governors in Kenya like sir Donald
Stewart and James Hayes were too lenient
and sympathetic to settler demands
The discovery of minerals in south Africa
between 1867 and 1885, forced many settlers
to rush to Kenya expecting new prospects were
they established farms.
 Reports made by earlier explores about the
fertile soils and reliable rainfall attracted
settlers to Kenya were they established farms
 Formation of the colonist association in 1902
also helped to further settler interests. It
secured land and labor for the settlers.
 Most of the communities in Kenya were
decentralized and too weak to resist loss of
land the settlers.
 The transfer of Kenya’s capital city from
Mombasa to Nairobi in 1907 increased settler
business in Kenya.
 The economic depression
 Raids from African tribes like the Maasai and
Nandi
 Disease attacked crops like the rust in wheat.
 Animal diseases like tick borne and coastal
fever attacked cattle keeping.
 Human diseases like malaria and sleeping
sickness
 Limited funds to carry out large scale farming
 Some crops like tea and rubber required large
estates
 Competition from imported products.
 challenge of coming up with the right choice of
crops to be grown
 Land was also limited since Africans were not
willing to sell it the whites.
 Besides Kenyan highlands, most of the land
was barren and unproductive.
 segregation in Kenya.  Theft of settler food by the Nandi, Maasai and
 Developed social services with the Turukan.
establishment of schools and  poor transport since the roads and railways
hospitals. had not yet been developed and the
 They received little support from the colonial
 Farming in Kenya shifted from
government
substance agriculture to large scale  They faced a problem of lack of labor since
farming Africans were reluctant to provide labor on
 Established Small scale industries settler farms.
were like UNGA limited (1909) a grain  Hash climatic conditions like heavy rain and
milling factory established in Nairobi. long dry seasons affected crops leading poor
 Companies were also established to yields.
aid agriculture were established like
the Kenya cooperative creameries to
support dairy farming in Kenya. What role did the white settlers play in the
economic development of Kenya?
 Settlers introduced rearing of exotic
 Grew crops like coffee, tea, maize to earn
animals in Kenya like sheep, cattle
revenue for colonial government
and pigs imported from New Zealand.
 Developed trade in Kenya
 A lot of idle land was put to use by
 Constructed .g.roads
settler farmers
 Established industries e.g.flour Millis
 African were stopped from growing
 Developed urban centres
cash crops.
 Settlers introduced rearing of exotic animals in
 Income from agriculture was used to
Kenya like sheep, cattle and pigs imported from
finance and strengthen colonial
New Zealand
administration.
 Created employment opportunities to Africans
 White settlers introduced the
 Introduced plantation agriculture contributing to
legislative council in 1906.
foreign exchange
 loss a lot of land to the white
 Monetorised the economy of Kenya
settlers.ie.Akamba, Maasai and
 Constructedverymanyschools
kikuyu
 White settlers introduced the legislative council
 Many Africans pushed into reserves.
in 1906
 African became poor as they lost land
 A lot of idle land was put to use by settler
and control of economy
farmers
 introduced The kipande (identity
 Companies were also established to aid
card)
agriculture were established like the Kenya
 Africans formed nationalist
cooperative creameries to support dairy farming
movements like the Mau Mau to
in Kenya
demand for the lost land.
 Developed social services with the
 The British formed an alliance with
establishment of schools and hospitals.
the Maasai to crush the Nandi
 Farming in Kenya shifted from substance
 Uganda’s east and north eastern
agriculture to large scale farming
territory was shifted to Kenya to
 New crops like cotton, coffee, tea, sugarcane,
create more land for the white
pyrethrum, wheat, etc.
settlers.
 Introduced Modern scientific methods of farming
 Africans lost their independence
eg. Use of fertilizers
 Towns developed e.g. Nairobi, Thika,
Voi
 Led to the signing of Devonshire white
paper.
 Asian immigration into Kenya was
restricted by the white settlers

55 | P a g e
 BUGANDA AGREEMENT OF 1900
Treaty signed between British commissioner Sir Harry Johnstone and Baganda regents.i.e.Apollo
Kaggwa, Stanislus Mugwanya and Zakaria Kisingiri.
It was Signed on10thMarch1900 at Mengo after deliberations for 2 and half months.

Why was the 1900 Terms/Provisions/ clauses of the Effects/Significance of

Buganda agreement the Agreement
signed? Agreement

 Define the position of  Key terms of the agreement  Buganda was made part
Bugandain Uganda were on land, boundaries, of Uganda
 British wanted to have governance and finance  Buganda started
effective control over  The institution of the kabaka demanding special
Buganda was to be retained and reformed. privileges
 Solve political conflicts  Kabaka was to be the supream  Loss of Uganda’s
in Buganda and leader of Buganda was to be independence
Uganda given an additional title “His  Loss of Buganda’s
 Limit and control the Highness” independence.
powers of Kabaka  Daudi Chwa was to be formally  Kabaka got a meaningless
 Fulfill the terms of recogoniesd as the king of title his “highness”
Berlin conference 1884- Buganda Kabakaship was to be  Kabaka’s powers were
85 limited to Muteesa’s lineage reduced
 Define the boundaries  The kabaka was to rule under  Kabaka become an
of Buganda close supervision of the British employee of the british
 Exploit the natural representatives.  Kabaka lost his spiritual
resources in Uganda  Kabaka was to be assited by 3 powers
 End Kabalega’s regents. Ie. Katikiro, mulamuzi  Kabaka lost power over
rebellion and muwanika. land
 End Sudanese mutiny  Lukiiko was to have  Kabaka lost His judicial
in North parliamentary powers and act as powers
 Make Buganda self– the court of appeal  Kabaka lost power over
reliant  Kabaka was to govern through the army
 Make Buganda safe for Lukiiko  Kabaka lost control over
missionary activities  LuKiiko was to have fixed his chiefs
56 | P a g e
 Reward leading chiefs
who had helped them
 End religious wars in
Buganda
 Settle political
confusion caused by
Mwanga
 Reduce administrative
costs
 Lay aplatform for
Buganda and Uganda’s
economic development
 Make Buganda aspring
board in the extension
of colonia lrule
 Introduce political
reforms in Buganda
 End conflicts between
Buganda and Uganda.
 Find a way of helping
the young king.
 Clear the confusion and
bad effects of the
IBEACo. Rule.
 To answer Bishop
Tucker’s cries to
fomaize privileges of
the Protestants.
57 | P a g e
membership of 89
 They were to include 20 county
chiefs, 6 kabaka nominees, 60
notables and 3 ministers
 Buganda’s laws were to remain
in force as long as they didn’t
contradict with protectorate
laws.
 Issues concerning foreigners
were to be handled by the
protectorate gov’t
 Buganda was to become a
province in Uganda
 All men above 18 years were to
pay a hut tax of 3 rupees
 Revenue from buganda was to
be for the protectorate gov’t not
Kabaka
 Chiefs were to receive monthly
salaries from the protectorate
gov’t
 Revenue was to becollected by
the chiefs
 No any other form of tax was to
be introduced in Buganda
without the consent of kabaka or
Lukiiko.
 Collection of tribute from
neighbouring states by Buganda
was to stop.
 All chiefs including the kabaka
was to recive a salary.ie. The
kabaka 1500punds and 20
pounds for the saza chiefs.
 Land was to be divided into
two .ie.Crown and Mailo
 Crown land was to be for the
protectorate gov’t
 People settling on this land were
not to pay rent
 It was to include swamps, hills,
forests, rocky areas and un
culitivated land.
 Mailo land was to belong to the
kabaka, royal family, chiefs
 The kabaka was to get 350sq
miles, 22sq miles for the princes,
10sq miles for the queen mother
and 8sq miles each for the saza
chiefs.
 Each was to recive a land title.
 Peasants settling on this land
were to pay rent(busulu)
 Buganda was to be sub–divided
into 20 counties
 Buganda’s boundaries were to
 Kabaka lost control over
revenue
 Kabaka lost control over
foreigners
 Buganda lost land to the
colonial gov’t
 Created a class of new
land lords.
 Led to the rise of the
“Bataka” federation
 Introduction of hut tax
 Led to congestion in small
huts to avoid the hut Tax.
 Some people migrated to
other areas to avoid taxes.
 Ended religious wars in
Buganda
 Encouraged the growing of
cash crops in Buganda
 Led to the exploitation of
uganda’s resources
 Baganda clan heads lost
their traditional powers
 Lukiiko became legislative
body of the Kingdom
 Buganda collaborated
with the british in
extending colonial rule
 Led to development of
roads, hospitals, schools
 Led to the signing of
similar agreements with
Ankole, Toro and Bunyoro.
 Led to growth of sub-
nationalism In Buganda.
 Buganda’s boundaries
were redrawn to include
Buyaga and Bugangaizi.
 Increased hostility
between Buganda and
Bunyoro due to the loss of
Buyaga and Bugangaizi
 Had both positive and
negative or political, social,
economic
 be redefined to include Buyaga
and Bugangaizi.
 The kabaka was not to form an
army with out he cosent of the
protectorate gov’t
N.B: Mentain the statement “was to be or were to be” in the terms.

DEVONSHIRE WHITE PAPER

This was Document signed by the Duke of Devonshire in London to settle the racial conflicts in Kenya.
The white settlers were led by Lord Delamere and Asians by A.M. Jeevanjee

Why was the Devonshire White How were these conflicts Effects of the Paper
Paper declared in 1923? settled by the 1923 Devonshire
White Paper?
Terms/clauses/provisions
Asian interests  Kenyan highlands were to be  All the three groups were
 Wanted equal representation reserved for settlers only disappointed with the out
in the Legco  Asians were to elect 5 comes of the paper
 Wanted equal voting rights representatives on Legco  More white settlers came into
 Wanted unrestricted  Asians were to be represented Kenya
immigration into Kenya on municipal councils  Asians failed to win equality
 Formed the of E.African  Restrictions on Asian with white settlers
Indian National Congress immigration were to be  Africans lost more land to the
 Wanted to acquire land in removed settlers
Kenyan Highlands.  Racial segregation in  Africans and Asians were
 Restrictions to live in urban residential areas was to stop denied settlement in Kenyan
centres  Kenya was to remain an highlands
 Need for equal treatment with African country  Free immigration increased
whites  African interests were to be Asian population in Kenya.
 Hated racial discrimination paramount  Africans were more enslaved
 A missionary in the names of on white farms.
Eueopean interests Dr. Authur was to represent  Laid foundation for future
 Wanted more seats on the Africans in the Legco. independence struggles in
Legco.  African were to be represented Kenya
 Make Kenya White settlers on local councils  Increased instabilities in
colony  The colonial office was to Kenya
 Wanted separate social watch over Kenyan affairs  Denied the Africans chance to
developments for each race.  The Legco was to have 11 sit on Legco.
 Opposed to Asian demands Europeans,  Colonialists started training
to participate in the politics of  5 Asian seats on Legco Africans future independence
Kenya.  1 seat for Africans on Legco responsbilities.
 Influence of Lord  No more constitutional  Africans remained
Delamere and col. Grogan changes were to be made in discriminated.
 Wanted to retain Kenya favour of White settlers  Asians were given commercial
Highlands  Voting in Kenya was to be and trading rights in Kenya.
 Wanted Africans to be
58 | P a g e
 discouraged from growing done on communal roll rather  Settlers lost the dream of
cash crops than common roll controlling Kenya as a racist
 Wantes restriction on Asian  Europeans were not to have country
immigration controlling influence in gov’t  Settlers started controlling
 The lenience of Govenor  All racial groups were to work finance, agriculture and
Hayes to settlers towards self governce of industrial sector.
African interest Kenya.  Asians continued to voice their
 Demanded the Withdrawal of  The document was to disertifaction over the favours
Kipande (IDs) recognize the contributions given to whites.
 To regain independence. made by White settlers  1931 one African was allowed
 To be allowed to grow cash towards the development of to sit in the legico.
crops. Kenya.  Africans remained
 Similar education policies  Inconclusion the terms of the discriminated, less paid,
with Whites paper were political, social exploited.
 To abolish racial and economic.  It created unity among Africans
dicrimination. and Asians.
 Wanted reduction in taxes  Asians refused to send their
 Wanted good labour representatives to the legico
conditions until after the 1st world war.
 Wanted their land back.
 Wanted representation on In conclusion effects were
Legco positive and negative or political,
 Had formed associations like social and economic)
Young Kikuyu Association

. N.B: Mentain the statement “was to be or were to be” in the terms.

KABAKA CRISIS OF 1953

 This was a political misunderstanding between the governor Sir Andrew Cohen and the
kabaka of Buganda Muteesa II
 It involved a lot of tention, mistrust and suspicion between Sir Andrew Cohen and the
kabaka Muteesa II.
 The tension resulted into the deportation of the kabaka to London on the 30 th of November
1953.
Causes of the crisis Effects of the crisis
 In 1945, 3 africans were nominated to  Out break of riots
the legico but Buganda refused to send  Men wore bark cloth and grew wild
her reprentative because it would be beards to morn the depotation of the
placing her on same footing with other kabaka.
regions  Budanda refused to choose a successor
 The kabaka’s act of applauding the to muteesa as demanded by the
lukiiko for refusing to send a governer.
representative to the legico.  Declaration of a state of emrgence.
 The report of A.C. willis’ about the local  Delegation of 3 baganda sent London to
gov’t problems increased tenstion when plead for the return of the kabaka.
it rejected dividing Uganda into federal  Professor Keith wancock was sent to
states as demanded by the baganda look into the isuues in Buganda at the
 Buganda was worried by the time.
developments in the legico as it was  Convining of the namirembe conference
developing into a small national of 26th June 1954.
assembly  49 articals of the Buganda agreement
 The formation of the UNC (Uganda were amended.
national congress) that was to unite all  Buganda agreed to remain part of
people for independence. Uganda.
 The proposal of the East African  Buganda agreed to elect her
federation by the colonial secretary representatives in the Legico.
 Buganda’s demand to transfer her  Buganda agreed to becom a
affairs from the colonial office to the
59 | P a g e
 foreign office.
 Kabaka’s failure to guarantee co-
oparation with the colonial gov’t as
provided for in the 1900 Buganda
agreement.
 Buganda’s demand to follow her own
road of independence.
WORLD WAR I
Reasons why East Africa was involved
in World War I
 Broke out on 28th July 1914
 It was between Serbia, Russia, Britain,
France against Austria-Hungary and
German.
 Was purely a European war but Britain &
Germany had colonies in East Africa.
 Germans were in Tanganyika
 British were in Uganda & Kenya
 Italy was in Somalia & Eriteria
 Germany & Britain were major war lords
in Europe.
 East Africans had been recruited in the
K.A.R
 British wanted to disorganize Germany
colonies
 Britain and german recruited Africans in
their armies.
 Extention of conflicts and suspicion from
Europe to E.A.
 Germans wanted divert British resources
from Europe to E.A.
 Some Africans were forced by their
colonial masters
 East Africans were under military
60 | P a g e
constitutional monarchy.
 Saza chiefs took up the role of electing
members to the legico.
 Buganda boycotted the legico elections of
1961.
 The Buganda agreement was violated by
both the kabaka and the colonial gov’t.
 No futher constitutional changes were to
be made in favour of Buganda for
7years.
 Buganda agreed that the kabaka was to
return if invited by the lukiko.
 The idear of the east African federation
was droped.
 Kabaka returned on the 17th of October
1955 amidist jubilations from the
subjects.
 A new agreement was signed to replace
the 1900 Buganda agreement.
 The crisis hastened political
developments in Uganda leading to the
attainment of independence.
 It led to the formation of political parties
like DP, KY, and UPC.
Results of the war
 Germany was defeated
 Germany surrendered her colony to the
league of Nations
 Britain took over the control of German
East Africa in 1920.
 Led to famine and starvation in E.A
 Led to exploitation of natural resources of
E.A
 Led to massive destruction of property
 Led to great loss of lives
 Led to depopulation
 Led to economic depression in 1930’s
 British introduced indirect rule in
Tanganyika
 Led to misery and suffering
 Africans learnt news kills of fighting
 Participants were awarded with ranks &
medals
 Led to the outbreak of influenza
 Led to influx of white settlers into E.A
 Descresed standerds of living.
 Rwanda and Burundi were taken over
by beligum.
 Wide spread poverty
 Sisal growing in taganyika increased
 obligation to fight on behalf of colonial greatly
masters.  Disrupted trade internally and
internationally.

World War II

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 Why East Africa was involved in
W.W.II
 Fought between 1939-1945
 Fought between Germay, Italy,
Japan, and allies against Britain,
France, Russia, USA and allies.
 East Africa got involved when Italy
joined the war on the side of germay.
 The presence of British and germans
in E.A. increased tension.
 The presence of Italy in Somalia and
Eritrea in increased tension.
 Bbritish also deployed the KAR on
the Kenya- Somalia boder increasing
tension between it and Italy.
 The importation of troops from
Nigeria, Ghana, South Africa and
India by the British.
 When japan joined the war, the
British expanded the KAR to 30
battalions.
 Some Africans were recuited by the
British and sent India, Burma,
Madagascar.
 Due to adventure
 East Africa was strategically located
near the Indian Ocean.
RISE OF AFRICAN NATIONALISM
Nationalism was strong love for one’s nation/
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Effects of the war
 Germany and aliies were defeated
 Rise of nationalism.
 Led to famine and starvation in E.A
 Led to exploitation on natural resources of
E.A
 Led to massive destruction of property
 Led to great loss of lives
 Led to depopulation
 Led to misery and suffering
 Attitude towards whites changed
 Uganda coffee and cotton growers had to be
helped by the colonial government.
 Poverty.
 Rubber production in tanganika increased.
 Africans in Kenya were allowed to grow
cash crops.
 Veterans spread STDs like syphilis
 General un employment.
 British established Technical schools to
produce weapons
 Influx of ex- soldiers who occupied land.
 The desire by a given group of people to acquire political, social and economic independence.
In east Africa it was characterized with rise of mass political parties.
Factors for rise
• Formation of political parties
• Involvement in the 2nd world war
• The return of ex-soldiers
• High levels of unemployment
• The granting of independence to India in
1947
• The role played by educated elites e.g.
Kenyatta, Nyerere
• The spread of socialism and communism
• The emergency of educated class of
Africans
• The formation of UNO
• The Pan African Manchester conference
of 1945
• Effects of colonialism i.e land alienation,
forced labour
• The domination of trade by Asians
• Racial discrimination
• Influence of Egyptian revolution of 1952
• The independence of Ghana in1957
• Pressure from USA and USSR
• Atlantic charter of 1941
• Influence of independent churches
• The Italo–Ethiopian crisis of 1941
• Evolution of the Kiswahili.
• High levels of un empolyment
• Urbanisation broke tribal ties
• Role of mass media
• Support of other African nationalists like
Kwame Nkrumah
• Urbanisation- exposed to new ideas
• Development of roads and railways
• Economic depressions in Europe
• Formation of co-operative movements.
• Rise of trade unions that become parties.
Why KANU was formed? Contributions of KANU in the
struggle for independence
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Problems Faced by Nationalists
• Tribal differences
• Ideological differences
• The death of leaders of national
movements e.g.General China
• Lack of proper organization
• Poor transport and communication
• The banning of political parties by the
colonial governments
• Presence of collaborators
• Nationalists over concentrated in urban
centres
• The arrest and imprisonment of
nationalists
• Foreign interferences
• Lack of funds to finance activities
• Language barrier
• Differences on how to achieve
independence
• High level of illiteracy
• Declaration of the state of emergencies
• Lack of acceptabal leaders.
• Religious differences
• Colonialists were harsh and used violent
methods
• Colonialists used dived and rule.
• Inconclusion the problems were political,
social and economic.
Contributions of TANU in
the struggle for

 Stated as KAU by Elidad in
1940s
 Later renamed KANU by
Africans in the legico
 To fight for independence
 To fight against colonial
evils
 To fight against european
exploitation
 To fight for the release of
imprisoned nationalists
 To fight against high levels
of poverty and un
employment.
 To fight against racial
discrimination
 To fight against restrictions
in trade
 To act as a mouth piece
 The rise of pan africanism
 Retun of jomo kenyatta
increased nationalism
 Ghan’s independence
inspired its formation
 To revive the African culture
 To Africanised the civil
service
64 | P a g e
 Called for the immediate
independence of Kenya.
 Made Kenya ungovernable
through the MauMau.
 Formed MauMau as a military
wing
 Created unity through the
harambee Philosophy
 Revived African culture.
 Fought against racial
segregation.
 Groomed leaders like gen.china
 Demande for greater African
representation in the legico
 Took part in formulation of the
independence constitution
 Demanded for the release of
imprisoned nationalists.
 Won national and international
support in the struggle for
independence.
 Demande for the Africa rights
to vote.
 Africanised the civil service.
 Worked as a mouth piece.
 Led Kenya to independence
with joma Kenyatta as
president.
independence
Was inttially known as
SabaSaba.
Formed on the 7th of july 1954
from the TAA (Tanganyika
African association) by Dr. J.K.
Nyerere.
Made a report to the UN visting
team on its plans for
independence.
 Called for the immediate
independence of
Tanganyika.
 Demande for the Africa
rights to vote.
 Africanised the civil
service.
 Adopted non violent means
in the fight for
independence.
 Won the 1958 legico
elections.
 Co-oparated with Sir
Richard turnbull a new
british governor in 1958
 Improved on infrastracure.
 Won national and
international support in the
struggle for independence
 Won the 1960 legico
elections that made
Nyerere Chief Minster.
 Led Tanganyika to
independence on the 9th of
December 1961.
 Worked as a mouth piece