Dept. of Civ Eng., PUST. CALCULATION OF AREA & VOLUME GENERAL METHODS OF DETERMINING AREAS: on ue Rasreas Horus ~/ The foll rr 1 methods of calcul: a Cd eT 7 lating a ¢ following are the general methods of calculating areas- Eatin + 1. BY COMPUTATIONS BASED ON FIELD MEASUREMENTS: v a. For Figures Bounded By Straight Lines: i By Dividing The Area Into A Number Of Triangles: Wy In this method, the area is divided into a number of triangles and the area of each triangle is calculated. The total area of the tract will then be equal to the sum of areas of individual triangles. ; Z ¢ If two sides and one included angle of a triangle are measured, the area of the triangle is given by Area =% ab sin C ‘When the lengths of three sides of a triangle are measured, its area is computed by the equation, Area = Vs(s-a) (s-b) (s-c) ‘Where,.s = half perimeter = % (a+b +c) @ ii, By Coordinate Methods: . In this method, the required area is equal to one half of the sum of products obtained by multiplying each Y- coordinate by the difference between the adjacent X- coordinates. The X- coordinate must always be taken in the same order around the traverse.cer Dept of Civil Eng... PUST Let, (%1, yi), (Xa, Y2)s (X35 ys) and (x4, ys) be the coordinates of the stations A,B, C, D respectively, of a traverse ABCD. If A is the total area of the traverse, we have ‘Area’= (area aABb) + (area bBCo) — (area cCDd) ~ (area dDAa) = AU(Yi y2) (Kr X2) + (Yor Ys) (Rt XS) ~ (Y= Ya) (Ket XB) — (Yim YA) (+ X4)) = Wlya(Xa — X4) + yal%s — x1) + ys(X4— x2) + Ya(X1 — ¥3) In general, if we haven stations, we get, Area = “(yi(X2 — Xn) + y2(X3 — X1) + Y3(X4— %2) +» + Ya(X1— Xe. 1)) iii, By Latitude And Departure. ». For Figures Bounded By Curved Lines: i Mid-Ordinate Rule: cecEnot Dept. of Civil Eng., PUST. Let, "01,02, Os, ..... «44 On ordinates at equal intervals L= length of base line d= common distance between ordinates Ay, ha, = mid-ordinates Area of plot=hy x d+hz* d+. thd = dit hy TR) common distance x sum of mid-ordinates. Gy Average Ordinate Rule: ie AreEEE Dept of Civil Eng. PUS cero 04 | — os —. Let, 01,02,05,, , 0, = ordinates or offsets at regular intervals ; L= length of base line n= number of divisions n+ 1 = number of ordinates Beas HO eee ee + O4) LOnei) 21 i.e. Area = sum of ordinates / no. of ordinates x length of base line iii, Trapezoidal Rule: While applying the trapezoidal rule, boundaries between the ends of ordinates are assumed to be straight. Thus the areas enclosed between the base line and the irregular boundary lines are considered as trapezoids.Dept. of Civil Eng., PUST Let, 01,02, Os, ordinates at equal intervals, d= common distance 1* area = (O; + O2)/2*d 2° area = (O2 + O3)/2*d 3 area = (0; +0,)/2xd Last area = (On +O,)/2*d Total area = (O; + O;)/2 d+ (Oz + Os) /2* d+ (Os +04) /2* d+ + Oni +0,)/2*d = dX (01404) /2 + Ort Ost see ove eee + Ont) ‘The trapezoidal rule can, therefore, be stated as: ‘Arei''§ equal to product of the common interval and sum of intermediate ordinates plus average of the first and last ordinates. If the intervals are not equal, the areas of the trapeziums have to be computed separately and added together. ‘Simpson's One-Third Rule: Gy In this rule, the boundaries between the ends of ordinates are assumed to form an arc of a parabola. Hence Simpson's rule is sometimes called the parabolic rule.: Dept. of Civil Eng., PUST cen0 Let, 0,02, O5= three consecutive ordinates d= common distance between the ordinates From the fig. K213), Area AFeDC = area of trapezium ‘AFDC + area of segment FeDEF Here, area of trapezium: AFDC = (0; + 03) /2 * 2d 2 AAgéa of segment FeDEF = 2/3 * area of parallelogram FfdD 2/3 « Be x 2d = 2/3 x (O2- (01 +03) /2) * 24 So, the area between the first two divisions = (01 + O3)/2 * 2d + 2/3 x (O2 - (O; + Os) /2) xd = 4/3 x (0; +402 + 03) ‘similarly, the area between next two divisions = &/3 x (Os + 40« + Os) and so on. So, Total area = d/3 * (O1 + 402 #205 + 404 # ns os On) x (OPFOR FAO Ost JA 203+ 05* ‘Simpson’s one third rule can be stated as follows: ‘Te aGs is equal to the’sumn of the two end ordinates plus four times the sum of the even The etic ordinates plus twice the sum of the odd intermediate ordinates, the whole ‘multiplied by one-third the common interval between them. “This vale is qpplicable only when the total number of ordinates is odd ie. the total number of, ares ivevenwit there is an odd numbers of divisions (Fesulting in even number of ordinates), the area of the last division must be calculated separately, and added to the rest.cenor Dept. of Ci EAg "BUST ‘The trapezoidal rule and Simpsoa’s rote may be compared in the following manner: SLNo. , Trapezoidal rule i ‘Simpson’s rule The boundary between the ordinates is |The tomdary between the ordinates is —+ considered to be straighi considered tu b= an arc of parabola. 2. There is no limitation. It can be applied |To apply this ruse, pumber of for any number of ordinates, | ofdinates must be odd. Thai is. the number of divisions must be even, | 3. It gives an approximate result It gives a more accurate result J By Sub-Division of the Area Into Triangles: The most convenient method is to divide the figure into a number of triangles. The base and altitude of each triangle are scaled and its area is found by multiplying half the base by the altitude. When the boundaries are imegular, they are replaced by straight lines termed as {Bite and fake" or “equatizing” lines. These lines are so drawn that they exclude ae much as they include. . By Sub-Division Into Squares: In this method a piece of tracing paper ruled out into square representing al definite number Of square meters or square centimeter, is placed over the drawing. The number of complete squares is then counted and the portions of the squares broken by the curved boundary are estimated in terms of a whole square. The required area is equal to the total number of squares multiplied by the square meters ete. which each square represents.cenor Dept. of Civil Eng., PUST c. By Division Into Trapezoids: In this method a series of equidistant parallel lines are ruied on a tracing paper, the constant distance betweon them representing some round number of meters or centimeters. The centimeter is then piaced over the plan so that the arca is exactly enclosed between two of the paraliet lines. The figure is thus divided into a number of strips, the curved ends of which are replaced by perpendicular give and take line. The sum of the. Jength of the rectangles thus obtained, multiplied by the common breadth gives the required arez. 3. BY MECHANICAL METHOD: . ‘The instruient used for computation of area from a plotted map is the Planimeter. The area obtained by Planimieter is more accurate than that obtained by the graphical method. There are two types of Planimeter- i. Amsler Polar Planimeter (frequently used) ii, Roller Planimeter.