GROUP 6

PRESENTATION
 THE DATA-INFORMATION-
KNOWLEDGE-WISDOM
FRAMEWORK (DIKW)
Nursing informatics was created by the merge of
three well established scientific fields: Informatics
science, Computer science, and Nursing Science.

Historically, the development of the DIKW

framework was urged by a search for a new
theoretical model explainingg the emerging field of
Nursing Informatics in 1980-90s. In their seminal
work, Graves and Corcoran (1989) defined that data,
information, and knowledge are fundamental
concepts for the discipline. Their framework was
widely accepted by the internation nursing
community.
01 DATA:
are the smallest components of the DIKW framework.
They are commonly presented as discrete facts;
product of observation with little interpretation
(Matney et al., 2011). These are the discrete factors
describing the patient or his/her environment.

02 INFORMATION:
might be thought of as "data+meaning" (Matney et al.,
2011). Information is often constructed by combining
different data points into a meaningful picture, given
certain context. Information is a continuum of
progressively developing and clustered data; it
answers questions such as "who", "what", "where", and
"when".
03 KNOWLEDGE:
Is information that has been synthesized so that relations and
interactions are defined and formalized; it is build of meaningful
information constructed of discrete data points (Matney et al., 2011).
Knowledge is often affected by assumptions and central theories of a
scientific disciplines and is derived by discovering patterns of
relationships between different clusters of information. Knowledge
answers question of "why" or "how"

02 WISDOM:
is an appropriate use of knowledge to manage and solve human
problems (American Nurses Association, 2008; Matney et al., 2011).
Wisdom implies a form of ethics, or knowing why certain things or
procedures should or should not be implemented in healthcare
practice. In nursing, wisdon guides the nurse in recognizing the
situation at hand based on patients' values, nurse's experience, and
healthcare knowledge. Combining all these components, the nurse
decides on a nursing intervention or action.
The boundaries of the DIKW
framework components are not
strict; rather, they are interrelated
and there is a "constant flux"
between the framework parts.
Simply put, data is used to
generate information and
knowledge while the derived new
knowledge coupled with wisdon,
might trigger assessment of new
data elements.
 INFORMATION
THEORY
Contemporary information theory has its
roots in the development of telephony.
During the middle of last century, an
engineer at Bell Telephone Laboratories, Dr.
Claude E. Shannon, innovated information
theory by extending the mathematical
observations of Boltzmann, Szilard, von
Neumann, and Wiener in the area of physics,
quantum mechanics, and particle physics
(Weaver, 1949). Dr. Shannon, however,
applied the theory to communication
technology, introducing entropy to the theory
(Nelson, 2002; Weavee 1949)
Weaver, who worked at the Sloan-Kettering Institute
for Cancer Research, adopted Shannon's technical
message transmission observations and adapted them
with his understanding of the semantics of a messages
meaning (as cited in Nelson, 2002)

Shannon and Weaver's Information and

communication Model details both the components of
a message and the requirements of delivery.

The data is also stored along the communication

pathway for future retrieval and delivery when the
patient presented again. Though this example satisfies
Shannon, if the intended recipient were blind, the
information shown on a computer screen would be
meaningless, according to Weaver, and would indicate
a limitation to overcome.
Evaluating hospital information systems developed, in part, from the Shannon and Weaver model, Bruce I.
Blum (1986) conducted analysis of object (data, information, and knowledge) processing in both hospital
and ambulatory care settings.

He concluded that system designs should reflect the artificial delineation between these three types of
objects and that these systems will benefit practitioners and patients by improving the overall health care
process.

Blum (1986) called for the "intergration of existing systems with medical knowledge and knowledge
based paradigms" in order to have a positive impact on health care delivery in the coming decades.
Information theory is concerned with the
adaptability of a message through a particular
channel for optimum transmission. In health
informatics, as Blum (1986) points out, information
theory can be a benefit by improving

1. " Structure - the capacity of the facilities and the

qualification of the personnel and organization.
2. Process - the changes in the volume, cost, and
appropriateness of activities,
3. Outcome - the change in health care status
attributed to the object being evaluated"

The major challenges, however, would be initial

implementation and acceptance (Blum,1986).
THANK YOU!
PRESENTERS:
Nicole Bagatua
Kenneth Bernas
Jascha Cynth Cristobal
Princess Diane Guivencan
Jade Maikha Miergas
Sharalene Raotraot