REVIEW

1. Narration
2. Description
3. Definition
4. Exemplification
5. Comparison and Contrast
6. Cause and Effect
 OBJECTIVE
Compare and contrast patterns of written
texts across disciplines, focusing on:

1. Process Analysis
2. Classification/Division
Process
analysis
What is process analysis?

 Process analysis explains:

• how to do something (play a computer game, change a
tire),
• how to make something (a butterfly sanctuary), or
• how something happens(how the modern firehouse has
evolved).

It explains a sequence of actions with a specified

result (the process) by dividing it into its
component steps (the analysis). Basically, it
answers the question how something happens.
What is the purpose of process analysis?

The main purpose of process analysis is to explain;

however, it might also prove something about the
process itself (perhaps its ease or difficulty) or
evaluate it (perhaps its close parallel to guidelines
issued by an authoritative agency).
What varieties of process analysis are
available?

Processes might include:

1. mechanical (a car engine),

2. natural (cell division),
3. psychological (acquisition
of sex roles), or
4. political (the electoral process)
What are the two main types of process
analysis?

1. A directive process tells how to do or make

something: repair a wagon wheel, negotiate an
argument, write an essay.

It should outline the individual steps completely so

that anyone can duplicate them and achieve the
specified result. It permits the use of second-person
you, concentrating on words that tell the reader
what to do, or the use of imperative (commanding)
mood of verbs (“Add an egg and stir vigorously”).
What are the two main types of process
analysis?

2. An explanatory process provides the

information necessary for readers to understand the
process, but more to satisfy their curiosity than to
teach them how to do something. Third person he,
she, it, and they is more common with this type
process than is second-person.
How is a process analysis usually organized?

All process analyses usually follow a chronological

sequence, especially a directive analysis, in which
order is important to the desired outcome
What kind of thesis is required for a process
analysis?

A process analysis thesis should contain two

elements:

(1) the main point of the analysis and, if possible,

3
(2) the organizational format for exploring the main
idea—
What kind of transitional expressions are
used in process analysis?

In order for readers to grasp the time and place of

each stage or step in the process, these and similar
signal words help keep the chronological sequence
straight: after five minutes, meanwhile, to the left,
before pumping the jack, and below.
Outline for a Five Paragraph Process Analysis

Introduction + Body + Conclusion

= Process Analysis
Topic : Process related to online education

Thesis: By following the steps, outlining how to

post to a discussion board in an online course, you
will learn a valuable skill all online student must
know.
Introduction

Introduction Outline:
1. Certain skills needed for online courses
2. Discussion on board posts are essential
3. Knowing how to post well
4. Thesis
Body

Body Outline:
1. Preparing your post (directions)
2. Reviewing your post (directions)
3. Posting your comment (directions)
Conclusion

Conclusion Outline:
1. Summarize value of good discussion posts
2. Remind audience of main steps
3. Remind audience of thesis
Classification
/ division
CLASSIFICATION/DIVISION

Classification takes one large concept, and divides it

into individual pieces. A nice result from this type of
writing is that it helps the reader to understand a
complex topic by focusing on its smaller parts. This
is particularly useful when an author has a unique
way of dividing the concepts, to provide new insight
into the ways it could be viewed.
CLASSIFICATION/DIVISION

This pattern allows you to either divide a topic into

its component parts, or to categorize (or
classify) a group of related items or events.

When dividing you begin with one central topic and

break that down into multiple parts. Think about
medicine. Medicine is one of several branches of
science and it can be divided into numerous
categories or specialties. Doctors can specialize in
internal medicine, dermatology, the immune
system, feet, ears, eyes etc.
CLASSIFICATION/DIVISION

Classification works in the other direction, putting things

together based on shared qualities or characteristics.
Imagine that all those doctors are at a doctor convention
and in order to make sense of them you need to organize
them into groups according to their specialty. Either way you
end up with doctors grouped by specialty but division
illustrates differences, while classification focuses on
similarities.
• Classification is sorting.
a. focus is on similarities
• Division is breaking into parts.
a. focus is on differences
Principle of Classification

• The principle of Classification is whatever rule or

characteristic etc. you are to determine which items
are grouped together.

• Remember to ONLY USE ONE PRINCIPLE OF

CLASSIFICATION AT A TIME otherwise your
designations will be confusing and irrelevant.
Transitional phrases

• can be divided
• is a kind/type/part of
• can be classified
• falls under
• can be categorized
• is related to/associated with
Outline for a Five Paragraph Classification &
Division

Introduction + Body + Conclusion

= Classification & Division

Topic : Higher education and technology

Thesis: Many students would not be able to achieve

the dream of a college education without the
advances of technology, which allows them to take
courses in various formats.
Introduction

Introduction Outline:
1. Background on technology and higher education
2. Various course formats (division)
3. Students have more choices than ever
(classification)
4. Thesis
Body

Body Outline:
1. Courses in person
2. Courses at a distance
3. Courses that combine both
Conclusion

Conclusion Outline:
1. Summarize impact of technology
2. Make a connection to each category
3. Affirm thesis that technology helps make a
college education possible for many people.
Example of a Classification Paragraph
Schools
Different students attend various types of schools; however, they
can usually be classified as either public, private religious, private
non-religious, or alternative. Public schools are funded by the
state, and the majority of students in the United States attend
them. Private religious schools are based around a particular
faith, such as Catholicism, Judaism, and so forth. The religion is
part of the everyday lives of the students and they also learn
about the faiths. All types of private schools do not receive state
funding. Therefore, private non-religious schools are simply just
that: schools which do not receive state funding and have the
ability to make their own rules. Alternative schools can be made
up of a variety of different categories, such as the Montessori
program or technical schools. Most students who attend class in
an actual school building go to one of these types of institutions.
Thank you!
God bless!